Bedding and Linens
Brevibacterium
Laundry Service, Hospital
Cheese
Sulfur Compounds
Housing, Animal
Laundering
Geotrichum
Pressure Ulcer
Animals, Laboratory
Wood
Corynebacterium
Volatilization
Animal Husbandry
Paper
Sudden Infant Death
Mites
Pyroglyphidae
Animal Welfare
Rodent Diseases
Environment, Controlled
Ventilation
Fadrozole
Waste Products
Cyperaceae
Refuse Disposal
Textiles
Peromyscus
Zea mays
Dairying
Manure
Oxyuroidea
Oncogene Proteins v-fos
Animal Technicians
Mice, Inbred ICR
Sleep
Newspapers
Feathers
Viola
Asphyxia
Polycarboxylate Cement
Pheromones
Molecular Sequence Data
Scabies
Sterilization
Parvovirus
Air Microbiology
Allergens
Arthropod Proteins
Livestock
Ammonia
Can anything be done to maintain the effectiveness of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets against malaria vectors? (1/490)
Pyrethroid-treated bednets are the most promising available method of controlling malaria in the tropical world. Every effort should be made to find methods of responding to, or preventing, the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles vectors. Some cases of such resistance are known, notably in An. gambiae in West Africa where the kdr type of resistance has been selected, probably because of the use of pyrethroids on cotton. Because pyrethroids are irritant to mosquitoes, laboratory studies on the impact of, and selection for, resistance need to be conducted with free-flying mosquitoes in conditions that are as realistic as possible. Such studies are beginning to suggest that, although there is cross-resistance to all pyrethroids, some treatments are less likely to select for resistance than others are. Organophosphate, carbamate and phenyl pyrazole insecticides have been tested as alternative treatments for nets or curtains. Attempts have been made to mix an insect growth regulator and a pyrethroid on netting to sterilize pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes that are not killed after contact with the netting. There seems to be no easy solution to the problem of pyrethroid resistance management, but further research is urgently needed. (+info)Effects of truss mattress upon sleep and bed climate. (2/490)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a truss mattress upon sleep and bed climate. The truss mattress which has been designed to decrease the pressure and bed climate humidity was tested. Six healthy female volunteers with a mean age of 23.3 years, served as subjects. The experiment was carried out under two conditions: a truss mattress (T) and a futon (F) (Japanese bedding). The ambient temperature and relative humidity were controlled at 19-20 degrees C, and RH 50-60% respectively. Sleep was monitored by an EEG machine and the rectal temperature, skin temperature and bed climate were also measured continuously. Subjective evaluations of bed and sleep were obtained before and after the recording sessions. No significant difference was observed in the sleep parameters and time spent in each sleep stage. Rectal temperature was significantly lower in T than F. Although there was no significant difference in bed climate over the T/F, the temperature under T/F was significantly higher in T. No significant difference was observed in subjective sleep evaluation. The subjective feeling of the mattress was significantly warmer in F than T before sleep. These results suggest that although T does not disturb the sleep parameters and the bed climate is maintained at the same level as with F, it may affect rectal temperature which can be due to low thermal insulation. (+info)Cigarette smoking and other risk factors in relation to p53 expression in breast cancer among young women. (3/490)
p53 mutations may be a fingerprint for cigarette smoking and other environmental carcinogens, including breast carcinogens. This study was undertaken to explore whether p53 mutations are associated with environmental or other suspected or established risk factors for breast cancer. p53 protein detection by immunohistochemistry (which is more easily quantified in large epidemiological studies than are mutations, and are highly correlated with them) was determined for 378 patients from a case-control study of breast cancer. In this population-based sample of women under the age of 45 years, 44.4% (168/378) of the cases had p53 protein detected by immunohistochemistry (p53+). Polytomous logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for p53+ and p53- breast cancer, as compared with the controls, in relation to cigarette smoking and other factors. The ratio of the ORs was used as an indicator of heterogeneity in risk for p53+ versus p53- cancer. The ratio of the ORs in a multivariate model was substantially elevated among women with a greater than high school education [2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43-4.00], current cigarette smokers (1.96; 95% CI, 1.10-3.52), and users of electric blankets, water beds, or mattresses (1.78; 95% CI, 1.11-2.86). Nonsignificant heterogeneity was noted for family history of breast cancer and ethnicity but not for other known or suspected risk factors. Coupled with the strong biological plausibility of the association, our data support the hypothesis that in breast cancer, as with other tumors, p53 protein immunohistochemical detection may be associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens such as cigarette smoking. (+info)Monitoring community response to malaria control using insecticide-impregnated bed nets, curtains and residual spray at Nsukka, Nigeria. (4/490)
A project testing the efficacy of insecticide (permethrin)-impregnated bed nets, compared with impregnated door and window curtains, residual house spraying, and a control group was implemented in 12 village clusters in the Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria, using epidemiologic and entomologic indicators. The appropriate materials and services were given free to all families. During the first year of study, three monitoring exercises were carried out in a random selection of homes where children under 5 years of age resided. Information was collected on perceived effectiveness of the interventions, condition of nets and curtains, reasons for not sleeping under nets, and recall of steps required in caring for nets and curtains. Bed nets were perceived as more effective in reducing mosquito bites compared with the two other interventions. At the last monitoring period, which occurred a few weeks before a re-impregnation exercise, respondents also perceived bed nets to be most effective in preventing malaria. These findings coincided with epidemiologic evidence. Curtains, especially those at doors, were more likely to be torn and dirty than bed nets. Although holes would not reduce the effectiveness of the insecticide, they could reduce the 'beauty' of the curtains, a perceived benefit that initially attracted villagers to both curtains and nets. Bed net owners reported significantly less frequent use of other mosquito control measures in their homes than did members of the other groups. Finally, bed net users demonstrated increased knowledge of use and care steps than did those with curtains. These findings suggested a high level of social acceptability of bed nets, and point to the need to test their acceptability further under conditions where people would pay for nets and communities would manage distribution and re-impregnation systems. (+info)The impact of charging for insecticide on the Gambian National Impregnated Bednet Programme. (5/490)
During the second year of the Gambian National Impregnated Bednet Programme (NIBP) charges for insecticide ($0.50 per net) were introduced into the half of the primary health care villages in the country where insecticide have been provided free of charge the previous year. Free insecticide was provided in the remaining villages that had acted as controls during the previous year. In villages where insecticide was provided free, 77% of nets were treated with insecticide. In contrast, in villages where charges were made coverage was only 14%. During the first year of the NIBP, mortality in children was significantly lower in villages where insecticide was provided free than in the control villages. Introduction of a charge for insecticide into the first group of villages and the provision of free insecticide in the latter abolished this difference. The cash income of rural Gambians is very limited and payment of even $2-3 for insecticide treatment for all the bednets in a household represents a substantial outlay. Further education on the benefits of treatment of nets and/or the provision of cheaper insecticide will be required before the full benefits of this powerful new malaria control measure can be fully realised in the Gambia. (+info)Control of malaria vectors: cost analysis in a province of northern Vietnam. (6/490)
The cost of permethrin-treated bednets (50% EC; 0.2 g/m2, 2 rounds per year) was compared to the cost of residual spraying with lambdacyhalothrin 10% WP (0.03 g/m2, once yearly) in Hoa Binh, a mountainous province in northern Vietnam. Calculations of the amounts of insecticides needed were based on national guidelines, on data from a cross-sectional survey and on district activity reports. The actual cost of insecticide required per person per year was lower for impregnation (US$ 0.26) than for spraying (US$ 0.36), but the difference was smaller than expected. The total cost for impregnated bednets per person per year amounted to US$ 0.90 compared to USS 0.47 for spraying. The determining factor was the cost of the net, amounting to US$ 0.58 per person per year, assuming a 5-year life of the net. Other material (excluding nets), labour and transport combined, accounted for only 17% of the impregnation cost and 23% of spraying expenses. However, for the National Malaria Control Programme of Vietnam, the cost per person per year for impregnated bednets amounted to US$ 0.32 only, because the vast majority of nets are bought by the population. For spraying, the programme had to bear the entire cost. (+info)A new strategy for treating nets. Part 1: formulation and dosage. (7/490)
The conventional dosages of pyrethroid insecticides on mosquito nets assume that nets will be retreated at 6-12 month intervals. However, dosage should be related to washing of nets; if nets are only washed once or twice a year, their dosage requirements will be different to those which are washed fortnightly. A 'low-dose, frequent-wash' retreatment system might be technically more appropriate and more affordable where nets are washed frequently, as they are in Dar es Salaam. Moreover, for use as a domestic insecticide, water-based formulations of pyrethroid are preferable to the more commonly used emulsifiable concentrates (ECs). This paper reports laboratory evaluations of three formulations (ECs, Flowable, CS) of three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin). Insecticidal activity was tested using serial bioassays at a range of dosages using Anopheles gambiae. The water-based formulations were no less effective than the ECs, even at the lowest dosages. Nets treated with 3 mg/m2 and then repeatedly washed and retreated after each wash with either 3 mg/m2 or 1 mg/m2 were subjected to gas chromatography analysis. This showed that the amounts of pyrethroid in the nets accumulated rapidly over the first few wash-retreatment cycles and then remained fairly stable over subsequent cycles. These nets gave consistently high bioassay mortalities throughout the experiment, while the mortality declined rapidly after several washes with the nets that were treated at 3 mg/m2 but not retreated. Experimental huts were used to compare the effectiveness of these 2 net retreatment regimes and nets which were not retreated. All nets caused high mortality rates amongst Anopheles females, but had negligible effects on culicines; either in killing them or in preventing feeding. Therefore use of a high 'loading' dose for initial treatment with lower 'maintenance' doses for retreatment may be preferable to ensure that net users promptly perceive the benefits of the insecticide against culicines. (+info)A new strategy for treating nets. Part 2: users' perceptions of efficacy and washing practices and their implications for insecticide dosage. (8/490)
The conventional way to treat a mosquito net with pyrethroid insecticide is to apply a standard dosage every 6-12 months, and to avoid washing the net until just before retreatment. In some places, nets are normally washed much more often than this, and it may then be more appropriate to apply smaller amounts of insecticide after each wash. The choice of strategy must take into account not only biological effectiveness, but also users' perceptions of this effectiveness and their net-washing habits. We used focus groups to compare users' responses to nets treated with different dosages and chemicals. One hundred current net users in urban Dares-Salaam were each given a net that had been pretreated either with permethrin (200 or 500 mg/m2), or with lambdacyhalothrin (3 or 15 mg/m2), or with water. Neither participants nor investigators knew which group had received which treatment. Focus group discussions were held after 2, 8 and 12 weeks. Participants greatly preferred treated nets. Low doses were perceived to be less effective, especially after 8 and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks most participants had washed their nets, despite requests to the contrary Dirty nets were regarded as unhealthy and socially unacceptable. Few participants experienced side-effects or expressed fears about the safety of treatment. We conclude that asking people to refrain from washing their nets is unrealistic. A 'low-dose frequent-treatment' strategy of insecticide application may be more appropriate in the long run. At first, however, low doses give perceptibly inferior protection. An initial high (loading) dose, followed by frequent lower (maintenance) dosages, might solve this problem. (+info)'Bedding and linens' is a term that refers to the items used to cover, clean, and maintain beds and other furniture in medical and residential settings. These items include:
1. Sheets: These are flat pieces of cloth that are placed on top of the mattress and beneath the blankets or comforters. They come in various sizes (twin, full, queen, king) to fit different mattress sizes.
2. Blankets/Comforters: These are thicker, often quilted or filled, pieces of fabric that provide warmth and comfort to the user.
3. Pillows and pillowcases: Pillows are used to support the head and neck during sleep, while pillowcases are the removable covers that protect the pillows from dirt, sweat, and stains.
4. Mattress pads/protectors: These are additional layers placed between the mattress and the sheets to provide extra protection against spills, stains, or allergens.
5. Bed skirts: These are decorative pieces of fabric that cover the space between the box spring and the floor, hiding any storage area or providing a more finished look to the bed.
6. Towels and washcloths: While not directly related to the bed, these linens are often included in the 'bedding and linens' category as they share similar cleaning and maintenance requirements.
In medical settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, strict infection control protocols are followed for handling, washing, and storing bedding and linens to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Brevibacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in nature, particularly in soil, water, and various types of decaying organic matter. Some species of Brevibacterium can also be found on the skin of animals and humans, where they play a role in the production of body odor.
Brevibacterium species are known for their ability to produce a variety of enzymes that allow them to break down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules. This makes them useful in a number of industrial applications, such as the production of cheese and other fermented foods, as well as in the bioremediation of contaminated environments.
In medical contexts, Brevibacterium species are rarely associated with human disease. However, there have been occasional reports of infections caused by these bacteria, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or who have undergone surgical procedures. These infections can include bacteremia (bloodstream infections), endocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves), and soft tissue infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as vancomycin or teicoplanin.
A hospital laundry service is a department or external service that is responsible for the cleaning, disinfection, and maintenance of textiles used within a healthcare facility. This includes items such as bed sheets, patient gowns, scrubs, towels, and other linens. The service ensures that these items are processed and returned in a hygienic and timely manner to maintain a clean and safe environment for both patients and staff. Hospital laundry services must adhere to strict infection control guidelines and use specialized equipment to ensure the removal of potential pathogens and prevent cross-contamination.
I am not a doctor, but I can provide some information about the term "cheese" in a general and food science context. Cheese is a dairy product made from the curdled milk of various animals, most commonly cows, goats, or sheep. The process involves enzymes (such as rennet) to coagulate milk proteins (casein), which then separate from the liquid whey. The curds are then aged, treated, and processed in various ways to create different types of cheese with unique flavors, textures, and appearances.
However, if you are looking for a medical definition related to health issues or conditions, I would recommend consulting a reliable medical resource or speaking with a healthcare professional.
Sulfur compounds refer to chemical substances that contain sulfur atoms. Sulfur can form bonds with many other elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, among others. As a result, there is a wide variety of sulfur compounds with different structures and properties. Some common examples of sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfonic acids (R-SO3H).
In the medical field, sulfur compounds have various applications. For instance, some are used as drugs or drug precursors, while others are used in the production of medical devices or as disinfectants. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are essential components of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes.
However, some sulfur compounds can also be harmful to human health. For example, exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, while certain organosulfur compounds found in crude oil and coal tar have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of sulfur compounds properly to minimize potential health hazards.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Housing, Animal" is not a standard term in medical terminology. Medical terminology typically relates to the human body, diseases, treatments, and healthcare practices. "Housing, Animal" would be more related to veterinary medicine or animal care fields, which pertain to the accommodation and environment provided for animals. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
In the context of medical billing and healthcare, "laundering" is not a term that has a specific or widely accepted definition. It may be used informally to refer to illegal activities such as submitting false claims for reimbursement or engaging in kickback schemes, but it does not have a recognized medical meaning.
In general, the term "money laundering" is used to describe the process of making illegally-gained proceeds appear legal by disguising the true origin of the money. It typically involves three steps: placement, layering, and integration. Placement is the act of introducing the illicit money into the financial system, often by breaking it up into smaller amounts and depositing it into various accounts. Layering is the process of moving the money through a series of transactions to make it difficult to trace back to its original source. Integration is the final step, in which the laundered money is mixed with legitimate funds and used for normal business or personal expenses.
It's important to note that engaging in any form of illegal activity, including money laundering, is a serious crime and can result in severe penalties, including fines and imprisonment.
Geotrichum is a genus of saprophytic fungi that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and organic matter. The most common species is Geotrichum candidum, which is often associated with dairy products and is used in the production of certain cheeses. However, G. candidum and other Geotrichum species can also be isolated from human respiratory samples and are occasionally identified as causes of respiratory tract infections or allergic reactions in immunocompromised individuals.
In a medical context, Geotrichum infection is called geotrichosis. It primarily affects the lungs and may present with symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, the infection can spread to other organs, including the brain, causing meningitis or brain abscesses. Geotrichum infections are typically treated with antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, or itraconazole.
It is important to note that Geotrichum species are commonly found in the environment and on human skin without causing any harm. Invasive geotrichosis is relatively rare and primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.
A pressure ulcer, also known as a pressure injury or bedsore, is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as "localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device." The damage can be caused by intense and/or prolonged pressure or shear forces, or a combination of both. Pressure ulcers are staged based on their severity, ranging from an initial reddening of the skin (Stage 1) to full-thickness tissue loss that extends down to muscle and bone (Stage 4). Unstageable pressure ulcers are those in which the base of the wound is covered by yellow, tan, green or brown tissue and the extent of tissue damage is not visible. Suspected deep tissue injury (Suspected DTI) describes intact skin or non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence due to pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Triacetin is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula C9H14O6. It is also known as glycerol triacetate and is an ester formed from glycerin and acetic acid. Triacetin is used in various applications including as a food additive, plasticizer, solvent, and in the manufacture of explosives.
In the medical field, triacetin has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses, such as a topical agent to enhance the penetration of drugs through the skin, and as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. However, it is not commonly used as a medication or treatment.
'Laboratory animals' are defined as non-human creatures that are used in scientific research and experiments to study various biological phenomena, develop new medical treatments and therapies, test the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other products. These animals are kept under controlled conditions in laboratory settings and are typically purpose-bred for research purposes.
The use of laboratory animals is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure their humane treatment and welfare. The most commonly used species include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and fish. Other less common species may also be used depending on the specific research question being studied.
The primary goal of using laboratory animals in research is to advance our understanding of basic biological processes and develop new medical treatments that can improve human and animal health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding their welfare and potential for suffering.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
In medical terms, "beds" generally refers to:
1. A piece of furniture for sleeping, typically consisting of a mattress on a frame with rails at the sides to prevent falling out. Hospital beds are specially designed to meet the needs of patients and may include features such as adjustable height, backrest, and side rails.
2. Inpatient capacity or number of available hospital beds for patient care. For example, "the hospital has 500 beds" means that there are 500 inpatient beds available for admitting patients.
3. Sometimes, it can also refer to the number of ICU (Intensive Care Unit) or CCU (Critical Care Unit) beds, which indicate the capacity of a hospital's critical care services.
Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some species of Corynebacterium can cause disease in humans, including C. diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, and C. jeikeium, which can cause various types of infections in immunocompromised individuals. Other species are part of the normal flora and are not typically pathogenic. The bacteria are characterized by their irregular, club-shaped appearance and their ability to form characteristic arrangements called palisades. They are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.
In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.
It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.
Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "paper" is not a medical term. In general, it refers to a thin material made from pulp derived from wood, rags, or other fibrous substances, which is used for writing, printing, drawing, or packaging. If you have a question about a specific medical concept or condition, I'd be happy to help if I can!
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics as "the sudden unexpected death of an infant
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Floors and Floorcoverings" is not a medical term. It refers to the physical structures and materials used to cover floors in buildings or homes. If you have any medical terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!
Mites are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, which also includes spiders and ticks. They are characterized by their small size, usually measuring less than 1 mm in length, and their lack of obvious segmentation on their bodies. Many mites are parasitic, feeding on the skin cells, blood, or fluids of plants and animals, including humans. Some common mite infestations in humans include scabies, caused by the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), and dust mites (e.g., Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae), which are commonly found in household dust and can cause allergic reactions in some people. It's worth noting that the majority of mites are not harmful to humans and play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers and predators.
Mite infestations refer to the presence and multiplication of mites, which are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, on or inside a host's body. This can occur in various sites such as the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract, depending on the specific mite species.
Skin infestations by mites, also known as dermatophilosis or mange, are common and may cause conditions like scabies (caused by Sarcoptes scabiei) or demodecosis (caused by Demodex spp.). These conditions can lead to symptoms such as itching, rash, and skin lesions.
Lung infestations by mites, although rare, can occur in people who work in close contact with mites, such as farmers or laboratory workers. This condition is called "mite lung" or "farmer's lung," which is often caused by exposure to high levels of dust containing mite feces and dead mites.
Gastrointestinal infestations by mites can occur in animals but are extremely rare in humans. The most common example is the intestinal roundworm, which belongs to the phylum Nematoda rather than Arachnida.
It's important to note that mite infestations can be treated with appropriate medical interventions and prevention measures.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Pyroglyphidae" is not a medical term. It is actually a family of small arthropods, specifically mites, that are often found in houses and other buildings. These mites are commonly known as dust mites or storage mites, and some species are associated with allergies and asthma symptoms in humans. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'll be happy to help!
Animal welfare is a concept that refers to the state of an animal's physical and mental health, comfort, and ability to express normal behaviors. It encompasses factors such as proper nutrition, housing, handling, care, treatment, and protection from harm and distress. The goal of animal welfare is to ensure that animals are treated with respect and consideration, and that their needs and interests are met in a responsible and ethical manner.
The concept of animal welfare is based on the recognition that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and emotions, and that they have intrinsic value beyond their usefulness to humans. It is guided by principles such as the "Five Freedoms," which include freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress.
Animal welfare is an important consideration in various fields, including agriculture, research, conservation, entertainment, and companionship. It involves a multidisciplinary approach that draws on knowledge from biology, ethology, veterinary medicine, psychology, philosophy, and law. Ultimately, animal welfare aims to promote the humane treatment of animals and to ensure their well-being in all aspects of their lives.
Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.
A laboratory (often abbreviated as lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurements may be performed. In the medical field, laboratories are specialized spaces for conducting diagnostic tests and analyzing samples of bodily fluids, tissues, or other substances to gain insights into patients' health status.
There are various types of medical laboratories, including:
1. Clinical Laboratories: These labs perform tests on patient specimens to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. They analyze blood, urine, stool, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and other samples for chemical components, cell counts, microorganisms, and genetic material.
2. Pathology Laboratories: These labs focus on the study of disease processes, causes, and effects. Histopathology involves examining tissue samples under a microscope to identify abnormalities or signs of diseases, while cytopathology deals with individual cells.
3. Microbiology Laboratories: In these labs, microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are cultured, identified, and studied to help diagnose infections and determine appropriate treatments.
4. Molecular Biology Laboratories: These labs deal with the study of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to understand their structure, function, and interactions. They often use techniques like PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and gene sequencing for diagnostic purposes.
5. Immunology Laboratories: These labs specialize in the study of the immune system and its responses to various stimuli, including infectious agents and allergens. They perform tests to diagnose immunological disorders, monitor immune function, and assess vaccine effectiveness.
6. Toxicology Laboratories: These labs analyze biological samples for the presence and concentration of chemicals, drugs, or toxins that may be harmful to human health. They help identify potential causes of poisoning, drug interactions, and substance abuse.
7. Blood Banks: Although not traditionally considered laboratories, blood banks are specialized facilities that collect, test, store, and distribute blood and its components for transfusion purposes.
Medical laboratories play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases, monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and assessing patient outcomes. They must adhere to strict quality control measures and regulatory guidelines to ensure accurate and reliable results.
In medical terms, "dust" is not defined as a specific medical condition or disease. However, generally speaking, dust refers to small particles of solid matter that can be found in the air and can come from various sources, such as soil, pollen, hair, textiles, paper, or plastic.
Exposure to certain types of dust, such as those containing allergens, chemicals, or harmful pathogens, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues like asthma, allergies, and lung diseases. Prolonged exposure to certain types of dust, such as silica or asbestos, can even lead to serious conditions like silicosis or mesothelioma.
Therefore, it is important for individuals who work in environments with high levels of dust to take appropriate precautions, such as wearing masks and respirators, to minimize their exposure and reduce the risk of health problems.
"Controlled Environment" is a term used to describe a setting in which environmental conditions are monitored, regulated, and maintained within certain specific parameters. These conditions may include factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, air quality, and cleanliness. The purpose of a controlled environment is to ensure that the conditions are optimal for a particular activity or process, and to minimize the potential for variability or contamination that could affect outcomes or results.
In medical and healthcare settings, controlled environments are used in a variety of contexts, such as:
* Research laboratories: To ensure consistent and reproducible experimental conditions for scientific studies.
* Pharmaceutical manufacturing: To maintain strict quality control standards during the production of drugs and other medical products.
* Sterile fields: In operating rooms or cleanrooms, to minimize the risk of infection or contamination during surgical procedures or sensitive medical operations.
* Medical storage: For storing temperature-sensitive medications, vaccines, or specimens at specific temperatures to maintain their stability and efficacy.
Overall, controlled environments play a critical role in maintaining safety, quality, and consistency in medical and healthcare settings.
The prone position is a body posture in which an individual lies on their stomach, with their face down and chest facing the floor or bed. This position is often used in medical settings for various purposes, such as during certain surgical procedures, respiratory support, or to alleviate pressure ulcers. It's also important to note that the prone position can have implications for patient safety, particularly in critically ill patients, and should be carefully monitored.
Ventilation, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process of breathing, which is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment. It involves both inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling). During inspiration, air moves into the lungs, delivering oxygen to the alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken up by the blood and transported to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the body during expiration.
In a medical setting, ventilation may also refer to the use of mechanical devices, such as ventilators or respirators, which assist or replace the breathing process for patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions like respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or injuries. These machines help maintain adequate gas exchange and prevent complications associated with inadequate ventilation, such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels).
Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.
Clothing is not a medical term, but rather a general term used to describe items worn on the body for various reasons such as protection from the elements, modesty, or fashion. In a medical context, clothing may be referred to in relation to certain conditions or treatments that require special garments, such as compression stockings for deep vein thrombosis or protective gear for athletes. However, there is no specific medical definition for 'clothing'.
Fadrozole is a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor drug that is used in the treatment of breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors work by blocking the production of estrogen, which some types of breast cancer cells need to grow. By reducing the amount of estrogen in the body, fadrozole can help slow or stop the growth of these cancer cells.
Fadrozole is typically used as a treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. It may be used as a first-line therapy or after other treatments have failed. The drug is administered orally, and the typical dosage is 1-2 mg per day.
Like all medications, fadrozole can cause side effects, including hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain. In some cases, it may also cause more serious side effects such as liver damage or an increased risk of bone fractures. Patients taking fadrozole should be monitored closely by their healthcare provider to ensure that the drug is working effectively and to manage any side effects that may occur.
Waste products, in the context of physiology and medicine, refer to substances that are produced as a result of various metabolic processes within the body's cells but have no further use for the body's normal functioning. These waste materials must be eliminated from the body to maintain homeostasis and prevent toxic accumulation.
Common examples of waste products include:
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2): A byproduct of cellular respiration, which is exhaled through the lungs.
2. Urea: formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids and proteins, then excreted by the kidneys in urine.
3. Creatinine: a waste product generated from muscle metabolism, eliminated through the kidneys in urine.
4. Water (H2O): A byproduct of various metabolic reactions, excreted as urine or sweat, and lost through respiration and evaporation.
5. Bilirubin: a waste product formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells, eliminated through the bile and feces.
6. Lactic acid: produced during anaerobic metabolism, especially with intense exercise or hypoxia; it can be converted back to pyruvate for energy production or removed by the liver and excreted in urine.
7. Hippuric acid: formed from the conjugation of glycine and benzoic acid, primarily eliminated through urine.
8. Indican: a waste product resulting from the metabolism of tryptophan, excreted in urine after being converted to indigo by intestinal bacteria.
9. Estrogens and androgens: hormonal waste products produced by the gonads and adrenal glands, metabolized and eliminated through urine and feces.
Maintaining the efficient elimination of these waste products is essential for overall health and well-being. Failure to do so can result in various medical conditions, such as kidney or liver failure, that can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Cyperaceae is a family of monocotyledonous plants that are commonly known as sedges. This family includes around 5,500 species that are distributed worldwide, with the greatest diversity found in tropical and subtropical regions. The plants in this family are typically characterized by their triangular stems and narrow, grass-like leaves.
The inflorescences of Cyperaceae species are often composed of tightly packed spikelets, which contain tiny flowers that are usually reduced to only the essential reproductive parts. Many sedges also have distinctive, hardened bracts that surround the base of the inflorescence and can be used to help identify the plant to species level.
Cyperaceae species are important components of many ecosystems, including wetlands, grasslands, and forests. Some species are grown as ornamental plants, while others have economic importance as sources of food, fiber, and medicine. For example, papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus) was used in ancient Egypt to make paper, and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) produces edible tubers that are consumed in some parts of the world.
It's worth noting that Cyperaceae species can be difficult to identify due to their small flowers and similar morphology, so a proper identification often requires careful examination of multiple plant features.
I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Refuse disposal" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in waste management and public health. It refers to the process of getting rid of waste materials generated from human activities, such as household trash or clinical waste from hospitals and healthcare facilities.
However, if you are referring to the medical management of patients who refuse treatment or disposal of their remains after death, here are some relevant definitions:
* "Refusal of treatment" is a term used in medical ethics and law to describe a situation where a patient declines medical intervention or care. This can occur for various reasons, including lack of consent, lack of decision-making capacity, or religious or cultural beliefs.
* "Disposition of human remains" refers to the handling, processing, and final placement of a deceased person's body. In the context of patients who refuse treatment and die, this may involve arranging for their bodies to be transported to a funeral home, crematorium, or other designated facility for disposal.
I hope this clarifies any confusion. Let me know if you have any further questions!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "textiles" is not a term that is typically used in a medical context. In general, textiles refer to the broad category of flexible materials made by weaving, knitting, braiding, or felting fibers together. They include things like clothing, upholstery, and other soft goods.
In a medical setting, terms such as "medical textiles" or "healthcare textiles" might be used to refer to textile-based products that are specifically designed for use in medical applications, such as bandages, wound dressings, sutures, and implantable materials. These products must meet strict regulatory requirements to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
However, it's important to note that while some healthcare professionals may be familiar with the term "textiles" in this context, it is not a standard medical term and would not be used in a formal medical definition.
"Peromyscus" is not a medical term, but a genus of rodents commonly known as "deer mice." They are small mammals that belong to the family Cricetidae and are found in various parts of North America. Peromyscus mice can carry and transmit diseases, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), although they are not typically referred to in a medical context unless discussing potential zoonotic risks.
'Zea mays' is the biological name for corn or maize, which is not typically considered a medical term. However, corn or maize can have medical relevance in certain contexts. For example, cornstarch is sometimes used as a diluent for medications and is also a component of some skin products. Corn oil may be found in topical ointments and creams. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to corn or corn-derived products. But generally speaking, 'Zea mays' itself does not have a specific medical definition.
"Infant equipment" is not a medical term per se, but rather refers to various devices and supplies used in the care and support of infants. Here are some examples of infant equipment with brief descriptions:
1. Infant car seat: A safety device designed to protect infants during vehicle transportation. It is required by law in many jurisdictions for newborns and young children to travel in a properly installed car seat.
2. Stroller: A wheeled vehicle that provides a convenient means of transporting infants and young children. Some strollers come with additional features such as reclining seats, sunshades, and storage baskets.
3. Baby monitor: An electronic device used to remotely monitor an infant's activities and sounds in a separate room. It typically consists of a transmitter unit near the baby and a receiver unit for the parent or caregiver.
4. Bassinet or cradle: A small bed designed specifically for newborns and young infants. It is often used during the first few months of life, providing a safe and cozy sleeping environment.
5. Diaper bag: A specialized bag designed to carry diapers, wipes, clothing, and other essential supplies for infant care while on-the-go.
6. Breast pump: A device used by breastfeeding mothers to express milk from their breasts. It can be manual or electric and is often used when a mother needs to provide expressed milk for her baby when she is away or unable to nurse directly.
7. Bottle warmer: An appliance that heats infant formula or breastmilk to a safe temperature for feeding.
8. Pacifier or dummy: A small, silicone or rubber teat used to soothe and comfort infants by providing something to suck on.
9. Infant tub: A specialized bathtub designed for bathing newborns and young infants. It often features a slanted design with a non-slip surface and a gentle slope for easy washing and rinsing.
10. Changing table or mat: A raised, flat surface used to change an infant's diaper. Some changing tables are built into dressers or cribs, while others are standalone units or foldable mats that can be placed on a bed or the floor.
"Dairying" is not a medical term. It refers to the industry or practice of producing and processing milk and milk products, such as butter, cheese, and yogurt, typically from cows but also from other animals like goats and sheep. Dairying involves various activities including breeding and raising dairy animals, milking, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It is not a medical concept or procedure.
"Manure" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it is commonly referred to in agriculture and horticulture. Manure is defined as organic matter, such as animal feces and urine, that is used as a fertilizer to enrich and amend the soil. It is often rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. While manure can be beneficial for agriculture and gardening, it can also pose risks to human health if not handled properly due to the potential presence of pathogens and other harmful substances.
Oxyuroidea is a superfamily of small parasitic worms, also known as nematodes, that includes pinworms and other related species. These parasites are primarily found in the intestinal tracts of various animals, including humans, and can cause a number of health problems, such as itching, irritation, and infection.
Pinworms, which are the most common type of Oxyuroidea, are tiny white worms that live in the human colon and rectum. They are particularly common in children and can be spread easily through close contact or contaminated surfaces. Symptoms of pinworm infection may include itching around the anus, restless sleep, and irritability.
Other species of Oxyuroidea can infect a wide range of animals, including dogs, cats, and livestock. These parasites can cause similar symptoms in their hosts, such as diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased appetite. In severe cases, they can lead to more serious health problems if left untreated.
Treatment for Oxyuroidea infections typically involves the use of anti-parasitic drugs, which can help to kill the worms and alleviate symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and cleaning contaminated surfaces, can also help to prevent the spread of these parasites.
An oncogene protein, specifically the v-fos protein, is a product of the v-fos gene found in the FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus. This viral oncogene can transform cells and cause cancer in animals. The normal cellular counterpart of v-fos is the c-fos gene, which encodes a nuclear protein that forms a heterodimer with other proteins to function as a transcription factor, regulating the expression of target genes involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and transformation.
However, when the v-fos gene is integrated into the viral genome and expressed at high levels, it can lead to unregulated and constitutive activation of these cellular processes, resulting in oncogenic transformation and tumor formation. The v-fos protein can interact with other cellular proteins and modify their functions, leading to aberrant signaling pathways that contribute to the development of cancer.
An Animal Technician, also known as a Laboratory Animal Technician, is a professional who cares for and handles animals in a research or testing facility. They are responsible for ensuring the welfare and well-being of the animals, which includes providing them with proper housing, feeding, and medical care. They also assist researchers and veterinarians with procedures and experiments involving animals, and help to maintain accurate records of animal health and behavior.
Animal Technicians must have a strong understanding of animal biology, husbandry, and ethology, as well as knowledge of relevant regulations and guidelines governing the use of animals in research. They may work with a variety of species, including rodents, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and farm animals.
In addition to their technical skills, Animal Technicians must also have excellent observational and communication skills, as they are often responsible for monitoring animal behavior and reporting any changes or concerns to researchers or veterinarians. They must be able to work independently and as part of a team, and may need to work flexible hours, including evenings and weekends, to meet the needs of the animals in their care.
ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.
Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.
It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.
Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.
Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.
Oxyuriasis is a parasitic infection caused by the intestinal roundworm, Enterobius vermicularis (also known as the pinworm or threadworm). The infection is most commonly found in school-aged children.
The life cycle of this worm begins when an infected person passes microscopic eggs through their stool. These eggs can then be ingested unknowingly, often by touching the mouth with contaminated hands. Once inside the body, the larvae hatch and migrate to the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms. The female adults then move to the large intestine (colon), particularly the cecum, where they lay their eggs on the perianal skin, usually at night. This causes intense itching, which leads to scratching and further spread of the eggs through self-infection or transmission to others.
Symptoms of oxyuriasis include perianal itching, restless sleep (due to anal itching), irritability, and, in some cases, abdominal pain. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by identifying pinworm eggs using the "scotch tape test," where a piece of cellophane tape is pressed against the anus first thing in the morning and then examined under a microscope for the presence of eggs.
Treatment typically involves administering anti-parasitic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, to both the infected person and their close contacts to break the transmission cycle. Good hygiene practices, including regular handwashing and frequent nail trimming, are essential in preventing reinfection and spreading the infection to others.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "newspapers" and "medical" are not related. A newspaper is a periodically published printed or online publication that reports news and provides information on politics, local events, sports, arts, and entertainment, as well as advertising. If you have any medical questions or concerns, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
I believe you may have made a typo in your question. "Archaeology" is the scientific study of past human cultures and societies through the recovery, examination, and analysis of material remains such as artifacts, buildings, biofacts (e.g., bones, shells), and cultural landscapes. It is not typically associated with medical definitions. If you intended to ask for a different term related to medicine or healthcare, please let me know so I can provide the correct information.
For more information about archaeology, you may be interested in visiting the World Archaeological Congress () or the Society for American Archaeology () websites to learn more about this fascinating field of study.
Feathers are not a medical term, but they are a feature found in birds and some extinct theropod dinosaurs. Feathers are keratinous structures that grow from the skin and are used for various functions such as insulation, flight, waterproofing, and display. They have a complex structure consisting of a central shaft with barbs branching off on either side, which further divide into smaller barbules. The arrangement and modification of these feather structures vary widely among bird species to serve different purposes.
"Viola" is a term that has different meanings in various scientific and medical contexts. Here are some possible definitions related to medicine and biology:
1. Viola tricolor L. (Heartsease or Johnny-jump-up) - A species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, which is used in herbal medicine for treating skin conditions, coughs, and respiratory issues.
2. Viola odorata L. (Sweet violet) - Another species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, whose leaves and flowers are used to make teas, syrups, and other medicinal preparations for treating various ailments such as coughs, colds, and skin conditions.
3. In anatomy, "viola" is an archaic term that refers to the human uvula or the conical piece of soft tissue hanging down at the back of the throat.
4. Viola (musical instrument) - While not directly related to medicine, it's worth noting that "viola" is also a stringed musical instrument similar to a violin but slightly larger and with a deeper sound. In some contexts, such as music therapy, musical instruments can have therapeutic applications in healthcare settings.
It's essential to clarify the specific meaning of "Viola" in the given medical or scientific context since it can refer to different things depending on the field.
Asphyxia is a medical condition that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen supply or excessive carbon dioxide buildup in the body, leading to impaired respiration and oxygenation of organs. This can result in unconsciousness, damage to internal organs, and potentially death if not treated promptly.
Asphyxia can be caused by various factors such as strangulation, choking, smoke inhalation, chemical exposure, or drowning. Symptoms of asphyxia may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), rapid heartbeat, confusion, and eventually loss of consciousness.
Immediate medical attention is required for individuals experiencing symptoms of asphyxia. Treatment may involve providing supplemental oxygen, removing the source of obstruction or exposure to harmful substances, and supporting respiratory function with mechanical ventilation if necessary. Prevention measures include avoiding hazardous environments, using proper safety equipment, and seeking prompt medical attention in case of suspected asphyxiation.
Polycarboxylate cement is not a medical term, but rather refers to a type of hydraulic cement used in construction and engineering. It's a specialized kind of cement that contains polycarboxylate-based high-range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRAs). These admixtures improve the workability and durability of concrete by reducing the amount of water needed for mixing while maintaining or even enhancing the strength of the final product.
The use of polycarboxylate cement is not directly related to medical practice or patient care, but it may have indirect implications in medical fields such as construction safety, environmental health, and industrial medicine.
Pheromones are chemical signals that one organism releases into the environment that can affect the behavior or physiology of other organisms of the same species. They are primarily used for communication in animals, including insects and mammals. In humans, the existence and role of pheromones are still a subject of ongoing research and debate.
In a medical context, pheromones may be discussed in relation to certain medical conditions or treatments that involve olfactory (smell) stimuli, such as some forms of aromatherapy. However, it's important to note that the use of pheromones as a medical treatment is not widely accepted and more research is needed to establish their effectiveness and safety.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the infestation of the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). The female mite burrows into the upper layer of the skin, where it lays its eggs and causes an intensely pruritic (itchy) rash. The rash is often accompanied by small red bumps and blisters, typically found in areas such as the hands, wrists, elbows, armpits, waistline, genitals, and buttocks. Scabies is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual or through sharing of contaminated items like bedding or clothing. It can affect people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds, but it is particularly common in crowded living conditions, nursing homes, and child care facilities. Treatment usually involves topical medications or oral drugs that kill the mites and their eggs, as well as thorough cleaning and laundering of bedding, clothing, and towels to prevent reinfestation.
Sterilization, in a medical context, refers to the process of eliminating or removing all forms of microbial life, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, and any other biological agents from a surface, object, or environment. This is typically achieved through various methods such as heat (using autoclaves), chemical processes, irradiation, or filtration.
In addition, sterilization can also refer to the surgical procedure that renders individuals unable to reproduce. This is often referred to as "permanent contraception" and can be performed through various methods such as vasectomy for men and tubal ligation for women. It's important to note that these procedures are typically permanent and not easily reversible.
Parvovirus is a type of virus that is known to cause diseases in various animals, including dogs and humans. The most common strain that infects humans is called Parvovirus B19. This particular strain is responsible for the illness known as Fifth disease, which primarily affects young children and causes symptoms such as fever, rash, and joint pain.
Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory droplets, such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through blood or contaminated objects. Once the virus enters the body, it typically targets and infects rapidly dividing cells, particularly those found in the bone marrow and the fetal heart.
In dogs, a different strain of parvovirus called Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is responsible for a highly contagious and often fatal gastrointestinal illness. CPV primarily affects puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old, but older dogs can also be infected if they haven't been vaccinated.
It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices and ensure proper vaccination to prevent parvovirus infections in both humans and animals.
"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.
While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.
Air microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are present in the air. These microorganisms can be suspended in the air as particles or carried within droplets of liquid, such as those produced when a person coughs or sneezes.
Air microbiology is an important field of study because it helps us understand how these microorganisms are transmitted and how they may affect human health. For example, certain airborne bacteria and fungi can cause respiratory infections, while airborne viruses can cause diseases such as the common cold and influenza.
Air microbiology involves various techniques for collecting and analyzing air samples, including culturing microorganisms on growth media, using molecular biology methods to identify specific types of microorganisms, and measuring the concentration of microorganisms in the air. This information can be used to develop strategies for controlling the spread of airborne pathogens and protecting public health.
An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction in some people. These substances are typically harmless to most people, but for those with allergies, the immune system mistakenly identifies them as threats and overreacts, leading to the release of histamines and other chemicals that cause symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, rashes, hives, and difficulty breathing. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, insect venom, and certain foods or medications. When a person comes into contact with an allergen, they may experience symptoms that range from mild to severe, depending on the individual's sensitivity to the substance and the amount of exposure.
Arthropods are a phylum of animals that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other creatures with jointed appendages. Arthropod proteins, therefore, refer to the proteins that are found in these organisms. These proteins play various roles in the structure, function, and regulation of arthropod cells, tissues, and organs.
Arthropod proteins can be classified into several categories based on their functions, such as structural proteins, enzymes, signaling proteins, and defense proteins. Structural proteins provide support and protection to the arthropod exoskeleton, which is composed mainly of chitin and proteins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in arthropod metabolism, while signaling proteins regulate various physiological processes, including growth, development, and reproduction. Defense proteins protect arthropods from pathogens, parasites, and environmental stressors.
Arthropod proteins have attracted significant interest in biomedical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery, vaccine development, and diagnostic tools. For example, some arthropod proteins have been identified as promising targets for the development of new insecticides and antiparasitic drugs. Additionally, arthropod-derived proteins have been used in the production of recombinant vaccines against infectious diseases such as Lyme disease and malaria.
Understanding the structure and function of arthropod proteins is essential for advancing our knowledge of arthropod biology, evolution, and ecology. It also has important implications for human health, agriculture, and environmental conservation.
I apologize for any confusion, but "livestock" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is an agricultural term that refers to animals that are kept or raised on a farm or ranch for commercial purposes, such as the production of food, fiber, or labor. Examples of livestock include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and horses. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help.
Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.
In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
Draw sheet
International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services
Shlisselburg Fortress
Hotel Carter
HM Prison Forest Bank
Standard Textile Company
Pandi, Bulacan
Bedding
Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd
Ukrainian embroidery
Cotton
Baháʼí Faith in Italy
Elizabeth Glover
Bed Bath & Beyond
Luxor Linens
Pymatuning State Park (Pennsylvania)
Bed
2022 Ürümqi fire
Acorn Green
Statue of Peter the Great, Deptford
Linen
List of Mr. Men
Lars Nilsson (designer)
Costache Aristia
Hedebo embroidery
Slavery in the 21st century
Grand Embassy of Peter the Great
Schlossberg Textil
Punishment in Australia
Connaught Hall, London
Hanukkah Laural Home Hanukkah Linens - Bed Bath & Beyond
Linen, Christmas Christmas Table Linens - Bed Bath & Beyond
Bedding | Bed Linen | Next UK
Bedding & Bed Linen Buying Guide | M&S
Hottie-Covered Bed Linens the Next Best Thing
How to Get the Sour Smell Out of Bed Linen | ehow
Organic Baby Bedding - tagged "Linens" - Lifekind®
Go to Belledorm
Paisley Relaxed-Linen Bedding | Garnet Hill
Bed & Bath Linen | Personalised Bedding & Pillowcases
Bedding | Buy Bedding Sets & Linen Online | Very.co.uk
Bed linen buying guide - Consumer NZ
Bed Linen - Buy bedspreads online at affordable price in india. - IKEA
Garment Washed Belgian Flax Linen Breathable Duvet Bed Cover | Lands' End
Fine Italian linens | Defining Elegance Luxury Bedding
Bowsers Sanibel Stripe Linen Donut Dog Bed - Dog.com
Why I Love the Silk & Snow Flax Linen Bed Sheets | Apartment Therapy
Household Essentials Coffee Linen Under the Bed Storage Bag - Macy's
Duvet Covers
Textiles | Bed Linen - top3 by design
Bamboo/Linen Sheet Set, White | Bedding | Rebecca Minkoff
Guide To Choosing Bed Linens | Gracious Style
Kevin OBrien Studio Double Tux Linen Bedding
Bed Linen | COCO-MAT
Go to Belledorm
Signoria ‐ Dimora Bed Linens ‐ Pioneer Linens
Schlossberg Urban Micromodal Bed Linens
Signoria ‐ Aida Bed Linens ‐ Pioneer Linens
Linen Merchant Residence Bed & Breakfast - Galgorm
Duvet covers and bed linens2
- Schlossberg Urban MicroModal duvet covers and bed linens are oversized and will shrink to fit after washing. (plumeriabay.com)
- St. Geneve Colette Stripe duvet covers and bed linens are made to order. (plumeriabay.com)
Fine Linens2
- Most fine linens are made from linen or cotton because they are durable, absorbent, and they become softer with use and laundering. (graciousstyle.com)
- Schweitzer Linen extends their reputation for fine linens for the home to the bathroom, with contemporary and traditional bath decor items including shower curtains, lush terry bathrobes, cushy slippers, soaps, and an unbelievably posh supply of towels imported from Europe, plus many more quality linens for the home bathroom! (catalogs.com)
Fabric8
- Separate the linens into small loads using the highest water level and hottest temperature suitable for the fabric. (ehow.com)
- Sometimes, you'll come across bedding or clothing that claims to be made of linen, but when you look at the fabric composition, it's a blend of synthetic materials. (apartmenttherapy.com)
- This perfectly blended luxury fabric was created to provide you the superior softness you can only find in Rayon from Bamboo, along with the strong durability of Linen. (rebeccaminkoff.com)
- And if you are undecided about patterns or fabric, consider those that work with the bed and bedroom style you have chosen. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- Shop for intricately crafted and handmade comforters, duvet covers, blankets, throws, pillowcases, sheets, shams and dust ruffles in all of the finest fabric linens, from Egyptian cotton sateen to Damask and Chenille, and more sumptuous linens to dream on. (catalogs.com)
- Constructed in the USA, this navy platform bed is covered in 100% European flax linen fabric, bringing a subtle texture into a modern room. (unisonhome.com)
- Chrome legs take this navy linen bed to another level as the polished metal contrasts the slubby textured fabric. (unisonhome.com)
- Fabric content 100% linen. (unisonhome.com)
Towels4
- Discover a range of indulgent linens, from bedding to towels and more. (brownthomas.com)
- Wash bed sheets and towels with normal laundry soap and tumble dry on a hot dryer setting. (cdc.gov)
- Do not share items that may have the virus on them such as bed linens, clothing, towels, wash cloths, drinking glasses, or eating utensils until the items are disinfected as described in How to Clean and Disinfect Types of Surfaces . (cdc.gov)
- Kemicentrum does not provide linens and towels, but can be rented from us. (lu.se)
Wash7
- Durable fibres and StayNew technology mean your bed linen looks and feels like new, wash after wash. (marksandspencer.com)
- Wash and dry the linens immediately once you smell an odor, using your regular laundry detergent. (ehow.com)
- Wash sour-smelling linens with bleach whenever possible. (ehow.com)
- You should always wash your bed linens before putting them on your bed for the first time. (graciousstyle.com)
- It's OK to wash the sick person's bedding or clothes with other people's laundry. (cdc.gov)
- Wash bedding and underclothing frequently, particularly those of any affected family members. (medlineplus.gov)
- How often do you wash your child's bed linens? (cdc.gov)
Cotton5
- And as we've created them with sustainable and soft materials, our linen, from the elegant PUDERVIVA quilt cover combo to the durable cotton KLIBBARV flat sheet, strives to help you sleep better. (ikea.com)
- What is the difference between linen and cotton? (graciousstyle.com)
- Both linen and cotton are natural fibers: linen comes from the flax plant and cotton comes from the cotton plant. (graciousstyle.com)
- Our essential collection of linen, made from 100% organic cotton with high-quality standards and fully aligned with our philosophy. (coco-mat.com)
- Specialising in fine Egyptian cotton, Belledorm offers a wide range of bed linen in simple, classic designs, as well as different colours and patterns. (arnotts.ie)
Flax linen3
- The flax linen bed sheets from Silk & Snow are cooling yet ideal for year-round use, not to mention delightfully wrinkly - just the way I like 'em. (apartmenttherapy.com)
- What are the flax linen bed sheets? (apartmenttherapy.com)
- The thing is, I live in one of those NYC apartments that has a ridiculously hot furnace, so I'm still sleeping on my flax linen sheets in mid-November. (apartmenttherapy.com)
Bedclothes1
- That's why we make sure all our bedclothes and bed linen are made from quality materials that will feel soft against your skin and help you maintain an even body temperature at night. (ikea.com)
Duvets2
- But for now, I'll settle for linen bed sheets , duvets, and even gingham linen pajamas that I've been tempted to wear outside on more than one occasion. (apartmenttherapy.com)
- Personalize your new duvets, sheets and shams with tailored or scalloped edges, customized colors and embroidery details that will give your bedding pieces and home linens a truly personal touch. (catalogs.com)
Bedroom15
- Whether you like to make your bed or not, you can't deny that the right bed linen makes your bedroom cosier. (ikea.com)
- We typically spend a third of our lives in our bedroom, so be sure to get a set of linens you'll love using over and over again. (graciousstyle.com)
- This charming linen adds both a light texture and pattern that elevates any bedroom. (plumeriabay.com)
- From dust ruffles to duvet covers, this article provides a description of the bedroom linens you'll need to make your bed cozy and luxurious and tells you where to find them. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- Do you know what bedroom linens are needed to make a luxurious bed these days? (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- To see what I mean, just check out the bed below and then the list of suggestions for bedroom linens. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- As you might expect, selecting the right bedroom linens is a matter of personal taste and style. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- Just make sure that the color scheme of your bedroom linens complements the rest of the room. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- But whatever you decide, don't settle for "Bedroom Linens - The Basics" listed below. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- The search for exceptional linens for the home begins in the bedroom. (catalogs.com)
- Design your own quality linens for the bedroom online, at no additional cost. (catalogs.com)
- Schweitzer Linen will incorporate your color schemes and design ideas, transforming your bedroom into the master bedroom you've always dreamed of. (catalogs.com)
- Marriott understands that, at the end of the day, your bedroom is your sanctuary and your bed is the ultimate retreat. (shopmarriott.com)
- Create a sleeping sanctuary out of your bedroom with this linen navy bed. (unisonhome.com)
- Modern and minimalistic, the Arran bed is paramount for the most stylish and comfortable of bedroom retreats. (dcgstores.com)
Sheets9
- Picking the best buy from the rows and rows of bed sheets at the shops can almost be enough to keep you up at night. (consumer.org.nz)
- My Favorite Linen Sheets Are 25% Off for Black Friday (They Keep Me Cool and Comfortable All Year Long! (apartmenttherapy.com)
- After trying Cozy Earth's linen sheets, I was sure I'd found the perfect set . (apartmenttherapy.com)
- As their name states, these linen sheets are made from 100 percent flax, so they're the real deal. (apartmenttherapy.com)
- Still, I expected them to feel like my previous set of linen sheets: smooth and cool with a slightly grainy texture. (apartmenttherapy.com)
- For less wrinkle in your sheets, remove them promptly from the dryer and put them on the bed or fold them right away. (graciousstyle.com)
- This is the Arianna collection of Bed Linen available in duvet covers, pillowcases, and fitted sheets, for single and double sizes. (coco-mat.com)
- Gone are the days of simply replacing the sheets and covering your bed with the same bedspread. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- From our crisp white Signature Sheets to the exquisite detailing and stylish colors of our Hemstitch Sheets, our linen collections set a new standard for relaxation. (shopmarriott.com)
Pillows2
- The Double Tux linen duvet set is accented with two stripes of velvet trim, making it the perfect base for layering stylish velvet pillows. (definingelegance.com)
- And extra pillows seem to give a bed an extra snuggly appeal too. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
Elegance2
- This premium, high-threadcount linen supplies the very best in luxury elegance. (arnotts.ie)
- Whether you're preparing a family dinner, an intimate meal for two, or a festive affair for a large group of diners, you'll impress every guest with classic table linens that add elegance to every place setting. (catalogs.com)
Fibres1
- Pick linen with natural fibres that breathe. (consumer.org.nz)
Sizes1
- The Grace quilt is offered in all bed sizes along with standard and Euro shams. (americancountryhomestore.com)
Jacquard2
- Linen Jacquard 100% Italian linen. (plumeriabay.com)
- St. Geneve Colette Stripe Linen Jacquard. (plumeriabay.com)
20231
- How can I request a Schweitzer Linen catalog for 2023? (catalogs.com)
Colors2
- Use regular bleach on white linens only and color-safe bleach on most other colors. (ehow.com)
- Capturing the simplistic beauty and rich colors of New England autumn leaves, the Marblehead bedding ensemble from Nancy Koltes is available in four colorways: Claret (red/gold), Gold, Luna (soft green), and Mocha (brown/teal green). (definingelegance.com)
Cover3
- We hit the small size and it's a perfect fit for our Fable Brand pet bed size medium ( I got the small Lifekind cover for it). (lifekind.com)
- For protection, you can slip the feather bed into its own removable, washable, duvet cover. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
- A draw sheet is a small bed sheet placed crosswise over the middle of the bottom sheet of a mattress to cover the area between the person's upper back and thighs, often used by medical professionals to move patients. (wikipedia.org)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Bedding and linens. (who.int)
Texture1
- Generally, linen feels lighter and has more texture, but it requires pressing after use. (graciousstyle.com)
Pillowcases1
- There'll be no quibbles about whose side is whose with personalised pillowcases and unique couples bedding sets. (notonthehighstreet.com)
Headboard1
- The deep foam padded headboard offers maximum comfort for sitting up in bed, and the sprung slats improve your comfort when you lay down to sleep. (robertdyas.co.uk)
Luxurious3
- Bedding\',\'brand\':\'Designers Guild\',\'description\':\'This luxurious floral bed linen print features vibrant graphic flowers and leaves, artfully arranged in a dramatic brocade inspired form on a warm neutral ground. (designersguild.com)
- Luxurious Design - Handcrafted in the U.K. and upholstered in high quality Eire linen - available in Grey or Natural. (robertdyas.co.uk)
- You deserve to lay your head every night on bed linens that feature luxurious thread counts, inspired designs and magnificent embroidery details. (catalogs.com)
Slightly damp1
- If you do want to iron your bed linens, take out of the dryer slightly damp for easier ironing, and always press embroideries on the reverse side. (graciousstyle.com)
Pillow1
- Are you currently using a mattress or pillow covering on your child's bed? (cdc.gov)
Reversible1
- This statement decorative printed bedding design is fully reversible to an all-over leaf pattern in soft sepia and nutmeg shades. (designersguild.com)
Laundry2
- Keep your linens looking and smelling fresh with laundry tips and tricks. (ehow.com)
- We recommend that a basic collection of bed linens include one set for the bed, one set for the laundry, and one set for the linen closet. (graciousstyle.com)
Skirt1
- Dust Ruffle or Bed Skirt - Used for hiding that ugly box spring and the frame legs. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
Velvet1
- The Hepburn ottoman is also available upholstered in Aspire's Signature Kimyo linens as well as plush Velvet. (robertdyas.co.uk)
Make4
- And again, you can use your bed linen to make a statement about who you are and what you value. (ikea.com)
- Make friends and family feel pampered with these luxury linens with a dash of soothing color. (definingelegance.com)
- A beautiful color palette and special geometric patterns make up the Emmelia bed linen collection. (coco-mat.com)
- And to make your bed look absolutely gorgeous, watch this video for some great tips. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
Mattress1
- know the size of your bed and measure your mattress to be doubly sure of the right fit. (consumer.org.nz)
Requires1
- Today, dressing your bed requires some thought and planning. (home-decorating-made-easy.com)
Elegant1
- Schweitzer Linen has served as the world's premier supplier of exquisite, high-quality linens for over 35 years, adorning master bedrooms with the most elegant collections of imported and domestic bedding, and enhancing bathrooms and dining rooms with the finest bath and table linens for the home. (catalogs.com)
High quality5
- High-quality bed linen has usually been singed and mercerised. (consumer.org.nz)
- Now you can own high quality bedding from Signoria Italian linens at a fraction of the cost. (definingelegance.com)
- Junior Bedding by Oyoy with black dot printbrand OYOY miniSleep tight in this high quality. (pop-line.com)
- The Aspire Hepburn Ottoman Storage Bed is handcrafted in the U.K. and upholstered in a high quality signature Eire Linen. (robertdyas.co.uk)
- The Lepo bed linen from Marimekko is a high-quality manufactured, nobly designed eye-catcher on every bed. (connox.com)
Closet1
- Rearrange that linen closet and use that enormous shelf under your bed, your savvy use of storage will astound. (macys.com)
Fabrics5
- Simply put, it's o ne of the best-looking, best-feeling fabrics you can put on your bed. (landsend.com)
- All bedding ensembles are meticulously crafted in the USA from fabrics woven in Italy. (definingelegance.com)
- All bedding ensembles are maticulously crafted in the USA from fabrics woven in Italy. (definingelegance.com)
- Much consideration to the fine points is made by Taylor Linens in all their bedding collections from the fabrics to the lace to the stitching. (americancountryhomestore.com)
- Furnish every room with the finest fabrics found around the world featuring linens for the home that have met all of Schweitzer Linen's standards of excellence. (catalogs.com)
Sets2
Bath1
- Indulge in home linens for the bed, bath or table that reflect magnificence. (catalogs.com)
Blend1
- Blend it with almost all the Taylor Linens collection. (americancountryhomestore.com)
Covers1
- Schlossberg Bed Linens and Duvet Covers may not be returned, except for manufacturing defects. (plumeriabay.com)
Quality1
- While important, thread count should always be considered in conjunction with the quality of the fiber, workmanship and finishing process used on the linens. (graciousstyle.com)
Collection of bed3
- The 'Leaves' collection of bed linen is what will bring Spring to your spaces! (coco-mat.com)
- The effortless beauty of linen is beautifully captured in the Oreozili collection of bed linen. (coco-mat.com)
- Relax, sleep and escape with our fabulous collection of bed linen delights designed and curated with our skilled makers from around the world. (sophieconran.com)
Sustainable1
- Discover our sustainable bed linen. (carreblanc.com)
Made to or3
- Schlossberg Urban Micro Modal bed linens are made to order. (plumeriabay.com)
- St. Geneve bed linens are made to order and may not be returned. (plumeriabay.com)
- St. Geneve bed linens are 'made to order' and are considered to be Custom Orders. (plumeriabay.com)
Beautifully1
- Beautifully soft 180 thread count bed linen that's great value, too. (marksandspencer.com)
Slats2
- Metal bed frame, and pine and eucalyptus slats. (unisonhome.com)
- Platform style bed with slats included, box spring not recommended. (unisonhome.com)
Soft1
- Not only is all our bed linen soft and well ventilated, some are also extra friendly towards the environment. (ikea.com)
Dimensions1
- What are the dimensions of your bed linens? (graciousstyle.com)
Design1
- Finer linens are usually characterized by a combination of beautiful materials, expert construction, and design. (graciousstyle.com)