Bcl 2 associated x protein. Medical search

A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

A family in the order MONONEGAVIRALES comprising one genus Bornavirus. This family has a unique form of mRNA processing: replication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A RNA-binding protein that is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM. It helps regulate GENETIC TRANSLATION in NEURONS and is absent or under-expressed in FRAGILE X SYNDROME.

An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A species in the genus Bornavirus, family BORNAVIRIDAE, causing a rare and usually fatal encephalitic disease in horses and other domestic animals and possibly deer. Its name derives from the city in Saxony where the condition was first described in 1894, but the disease occurs in Europe, N. Africa, and the Near East.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: AVIHEPADNAVIRUS and ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS. Hepadnaviruses include HEPATITIS B VIRUS, duck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK), heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK).

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A secreted phospholipase A2 subtype that contains a interfacial-binding region with specificity for PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. This enzyme group may play a role in eliciting ARACHIDONIC ACID release from intact cellular membranes and from LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Members of this group bind specifically to PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the BCL2L1 mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A transcription factor that regulates the expression of a large set of hepatic proteins including SERUM ALBUMIN; beta-fibrinogen; and ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN. It is composed of hetero- or homo-dimers of HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-ALPHA and HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-BETA.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A family of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain caspase activation and recruitment domains. Proteins that contain this domain play a role in APOPTOSIS-related signal transduction by associating with other CARD domain-containing members and in activating INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha is a transcription factor found in the LIVER; PANCREAS; and KIDNEY that regulates HOMEOSTASIS of GLUCOSE.

Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.

Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.

A member of the Bcl-2 protein family that reversibly binds MEMBRANES. It is a pro-apoptotic protein that is activated by caspase cleavage.

The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-LYMPHOCYTES are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) are stimulated to generate memory cells.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Storage-stable glycoprotein blood coagulation factor that can be activated to factor Xa by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. A deficiency of factor X, sometimes called Stuart-Prower factor deficiency, may lead to a systemic coagulation disorder.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Members of the beta-globin family. In humans, two non-allelic types of gamma-globin - A gamma and G gamma are encoded in the beta-globin gene cluster on CHROMOSOME 11. Two gamma-globin chains combine with two ZETA-GLOBIN chains to form the embryonic hemoglobin Portland. Fetal HEMOGLOBIN F is formed from two gamma-globin chains combined with two ALPHA-GLOBIN chains.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

A subtype of RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS that are specific for 9-cis-retinoic acid which function as nuclear TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that regulate multiple signaling pathways.

Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

A member of the myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) protein family with multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. In hematopoietic cells, it is located mainly in the nucleus, and in non-hematopoietic cells, primarily in the cytoplasm with a punctate nuclear localization. MLF1 plays a role in cell cycle differentiation.

Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS. Gene segments of the heavy chain genes are symbolized V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant).

Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the B lymphocyte lineage. The pro-B cell stage of B lymphocyte development precedes the pre-B cell stage.

A malignant disease of the B-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow and/or blood.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.

The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.

An increase in circulating RETICULOCYTES, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated ERYTHROCYTE production. Reticulocytosis occurs during active BLOOD regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of ANEMIA, particularly CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the T lymphocyte lineage.

Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.

A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.

A class of cell surface receptors for PURINES that prefer ATP or ADP over ADENOSINE. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system.

The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.

The middle piece of the spermatozoon is a highly organized segment consisting of MITOCHONDRIA, the outer dense fibers and the core microtubular structure.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

A cyclin D subtype which is regulated by GATA4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D2 in granulosa cell proliferation and gonadal development.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.

A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A subclass of caspases that contain short pro-domain regions. They are activated by the proteolytic action of INITIATOR CASPASES. Once activated they cleave a variety of substrates that cause APOPTOSIS.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

A family of transcription factors that share an N-terminal HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF and bind INTERFERON-inducible promoters to control GENE expression. IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

Regions along polytene chromosomes that are uncondensed and active in DNA REPLICATION or RNA transcription (GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION).

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

Blood coagulation disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, though it can be acquired. It is characterized by defective activity in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, impaired thromboplastin time, and impaired prothrombin consumption.

A nuclear co-repressor protein that shows specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS and THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS. The dissociation of this co-repressor from nuclear receptors is generally ligand-dependent, but can also occur by way of its phosphorylation by members of the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. The protein contains two nuclear receptor interaction domains and four repressor domains and is closely-related in structure to NUCLEAR RECEPTOR CO-REPRESSOR 1.

Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A member of the beta-globin family. In humans, delta-globin is encoded in the beta-globin gene cluster located on CHROMOSOME 11. Two delta-globin chains along with two alpha-globin chains form HEMOGLOBIN A2 which makes up about 3% of the HEMOGLOBIN in adults.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

The GENETIC TRANSLATION products of the fusion between an ONCOGENE and another gene. The latter may be of viral or cellular origin.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.

A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.

A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Members of the beta-globin family. In humans, they are encoded in a gene cluster on CHROMOSOME 11. They include epsilon-globin, gamma-globin, delta-globin and beta-globin. There is also a pseudogene of beta (theta-beta) in the gene cluster. Adult HEMOGLOBIN is comprised of two ALPHA-GLOBIN chains and two beta-globin chains.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 3 and CASPASE 10. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

CXCR receptors isolated initially from BURKITT LYMPHOMA cells. CXCR5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating B-LYMPHOCYTES and are specific for CHEMOKINE CXCL13.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

A pro-apoptotic protein and member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by PHOSPHORYLATION. Unphosphorylated Bad protein inhibits the activity of BCL-XL PROTEIN.

A photodynamic pathway to apoptosis and necrosis induced by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone and hypericin in leukaemic cells: possible relevance to photodynamic therapy. (1/4256)

The mechanism of cell death induction by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone (DTHe), a new second-generation photodynamic sensitizer, is analysed in human leukaemic cell lines in comparison with the structurally related hypericin. DTHe has a broad range of light spectrum absorption that enables effective utilization of polychromatic light. Photosensitization of HL-60 cells with low doses of DTHe (0.65 microM DTHe and 7.2 J cm(-2) light energy) induced rapid apoptosis of > or =90% of the cells. At doses > or =2 microM, dying cells assumed morphological necrosis with perinucleolar condensation of chromatin in HL-60 and K-562 cell lines. Although nuclear fragmentation that is characteristic to apoptosis was prevented, DNA digestion to oligonucleosomes proceeded unhindered. Such incomplete apoptosis was more prevalent with the related analogue hypericin throughout most doses of photosensitization. Despite hypericin being a stronger photosensitizer, DTHe exhibited advantageous phototoxic properties to tumour cells, initiating apoptosis at concentrations about threefold lower than hypericin. Photosensitization of the cells induced dissociation of the nuclear envelope, releasing lamins into the cytosol. DTHe also differed from hypericin in effects exerted on the nuclear lamina, causing release of an 86-kDa lamin protein into the cytosol that was unique to DTHe. Within the nucleus, nuclear envelope lamin B underwent covalent polymerization, which did not affect apoptotic nuclear fragmentation at low doses of DTHe. At higher doses, polymerization may have been extensive enough to prevent nuclear collapse. Hut-78, CD4+ cells were resistant to the photodynamically activated apoptotic pathway. Beyond the tolerated levels of photodynamic damage, these cells died exclusively via necrosis. Hut-78 cells overexpress Bcl-X(L) as well as a truncated Bcl-X(L)tr isoform that could contribute to the observed resistance to apoptosis. (+info)

Microsatellite instability, Epstein-Barr virus, mutation of type II transforming growth factor beta receptor and BAX in gastric carcinomas in Hong Kong Chinese. (2/4256)

Microsatellite instability (MI), the phenotypic manifestation of mismatch repair failure, is found in a proportion of gastric carcinomas. Little is known of the links between MI and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status and clinicopathological elements. Examination of genes mutated through the MI mechanism could also be expected to reveal important information on the carcinogenic pathway. Seventy-nine gastric carcinomas (61 EBV negative, 18 EBV positive) from local Hong Kong Chinese population, an intermediate-incidence area, were examined. Eight microsatellite loci, inclusive of the A10 tract of type II transforming growth factor beta receptor (TbetaR-II), were used to evaluate the MI status. MI in the BAX and insulin-like growth factor II receptor (IGF-IIR) genes were also examined. High-level MI (>40% unstable loci) was detected in ten cases (12.7%) and low-level MI (1-40% unstable loci) in three (3.8%). High-level MI was detected in two EBV-associated cases (11%) and the incidence was similar for the EBV-negative cases (13%). The high-level MIs were significantly associated with intestinal-type tumours (P = 0.03) and a more prominent lymphoid infiltrate (P = 0.04). Similar associations were noted in the EBV-positive carcinomas. The high-level MIs were more commonly located in the antrum, whereas the EBV-associated carcinomas were mostly located in body. Thirteen cardia cases were negative for both high-level MI and EBV. All patients aged below 55 were MI negative (P = 0.049). Of the high-level MIs, 80% had mutation in TbetaR-II, 40% in BAX and 0% in IGF-IIR. Of low-level MIs, 33% also had TbetaR-II mutation. These mutations were absent in the MI-negative cases. Of three lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas, two cases were EBV positive and MI negative, one case was EBV negative but with high-level MI. In conclusion, high-level MIs were present regardless of the EBV status, and were found in a particular clinicopathological subset of gastric carcinoma patient. Inactivation of important growth regulatory genes observed in these carcinomas confirms the importance of MI in carcinogenesis. (+info)

Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury. (3/4256)

We investigated mechanisms of cell death during hypoxia/reoxygenation of cultured kidney cells. During glucose-free hypoxia, cell ATP levels declined steeply resulting in the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Concurrently, there was cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Cells that leaked cytochrome c underwent apoptosis after reoxygenation. ATP depletion induced by a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in similar alterations even in the presence of oxygen. Moreover, inclusion of glucose during hypoxia prevented protein translocations and reoxygenation injury by maintaining intracellular ATP. Thus, ATP depletion, rather than hypoxia per se, was the cause of protein translocations. Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevented cytochrome c release and reoxygenation injury without ameliorating ATP depletion or Bax translocation. On the other hand, caspase inhibitors did not prevent protein translocations, but inhibited apoptosis during reoxygenation. Nevertheless, they could not confer long-term viability, since mitochondria had been damaged. Omission of glucose during reoxygenation resulted in continued failure of ATP production, and cell death with necrotic morphology. In contrast, cells expressing Bcl-2 had functional mitochondria and remained viable during reoxygenation even without glucose. Therefore, Bax translocation during hypoxia is a molecular trigger for cell death during reoxygenation. If ATP is available during reoxygenation, apoptosis develops; otherwise, death occurs by necrosis. By preserving mitochondrial integrity, BCL-2 prevents both forms of cell death and ensures cell viability. (+info)

Apoptosis during breast carcinoma progression. (4/4256)

The purpose of this study was to investigate apoptosis, proliferation, and the expression of apoptosis-influencing proteins bcl-2 and bax and estrogen and progesterone receptors during breast carcinoma progression. The material consisted of 53 paired breast carcinoma samples representing primary and recurrent tumors and 24 control samples. The recurrent sample was located either in the breast scar tissue or at a distant metastatic site. Apoptosis was detected both morphologically and by 3' end labeling of fragmented DNA. Cell proliferation was evaluated immunohistochemically by the MIB index. The expressions of bcl-2, bax, and estrogen and progesterone receptors were studied immunohistochemically. There was a significant increase in the extent of apoptosis and proliferation in recurrent tumors compared to the primary lesions (P = 0.015 and P = 0.038, respectively). In primary tumors with an apoptotic index of >0.50%, the survival of the patients was significantly shorter (P = 0.015). In cases with a significant increase in apoptosis or proliferation in the recurrent tumor, the survival of the patients was significantly shorter (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). Of the variables analyzed, bcl-2 expression and a positive estrogen receptor status were significantly associated with a low extent of apoptosis (P = 0.010 and P = 0.042, respectively). Their changes were parallel to the changes in apoptosis during tumor progression, although the associations did not reach statistical significance. The results show that increased apoptosis is associated with a worse prognosis in breast carcinoma. A significant increase in apoptosis in recurrent breast carcinoma lesions predicts a worse clinical outcome. (+info)

Expression of apoptosis-related genes in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas undergoing p53-mediated programmed cell death. (5/4256)

Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines infected with a replication-defective Ad5CMV-p53 vector bearing a wild-type human p53 gene were used to examine alterations in the production of proteins implicated in regulating apoptosis. Because HNSCC lines express abundant levels of c-myc, and simultaneous expression of c-myc and p53 is known to trigger apoptosis in other cells, cooperation between these two genes was examined. Surprisingly, levels of c-myc mRNA and protein were rapidly and profoundly suppressed after infection with wild-type p53. Suppression of c-myc using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (in the absence of p53) was sufficient to trigger apoptosis in Tu-138 cells, raising the possibility that the reduction of c-myc may be involved in at least one of the cell death pathways mediated by p53. Expression of a panel of Bcl-2 homology proteins was also examined in HNSCC lines undergoing p53-mediated apoptosis. No changes in Bcl-2, Bak, or Bcl-xS were found after p53 expression. Increased levels of the apoptosis-accelerating protein Bax were found in HNSCC lines after infection with Ad5CMV-p53. Induction of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein Bcl-xL was observed in Tu-167 cells and may account for the delayed onset of apoptosis in these cells. These studies suggest that multiple pathways may regulate apoptosis after transient overexpression of p53. (+info)

Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. (6/4256)

This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective actions of lithium against glutamate excitotoxicity with a focus on the role of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. Long term, but not acute, treatment of cultured cerebellar granule cells with LiCl induces a concentration-dependent decrease in mRNA and protein levels of proapoptotic p53 and Bax; conversely, mRNA and protein levels of cytoprotective Bcl-2 are remarkably increased. The ratios of Bcl-2/Bax protein levels increase by approximately 5-fold after lithium treatment for 5-7 days. Exposure of cerebellar granule cells to glutamate induces a rapid increase in p53 and Bax mRNA and protein levels with no apparent effect on Bcl-2 expression. Pretreatment with LiCl for 7 days prevents glutamate-induced increase in p53 and Bax expression and maintains Bcl-2 in an elevated state. Glutamate exposure also triggers the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Lithium pretreatment blocks glutamate-induced cytochrome c release and cleavage of lamin B1, a nuclear substrate for caspase-3. These results strongly suggest that lithium-induced Bcl-2 up-regulation and p53 and Bax down-regulation play a prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. Our results further suggest that lithium, in addition to its use in the treatment of bipolar depressive illness, may have an expanded use in the intervention of neurodegeneration. (+info)

Expression of bcl-2 and bax in glomerular disease. (7/4256)

Bcl-2 may account in part for the maintenance of hypercellularity in human glomerular diseases through preventing cell death and by counteracting bax which may be expressed to regulate excessive proliferation. This process is associated with the effect of PDGF B-chain expression. Bax expression may be important in the cell loss leading to glomerulosclerosis and TGF-beta1 participates in this process by increasing bax expression. Thus, the balance of bcl-2/bax expression may be critical in the course of human glomerular diseases. (+info)

MycN sensitizes neuroblastoma cells for drug-induced apoptosis. (8/4256)

Amplification of the MYCN gene is found in a large proportion of neuroblastoma and considered as an adverse prognostic factor. To investigate the effect of ectopic MycN expression on the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to cytotoxic drugs we used a human neuroblastoma cell line harboring tetracycline-controlled expression of MycN. Neither conditional expression of MycN alone nor low drug concentrations triggered apoptosis. However, when acting in concert, MycN and cytotoxic drugs efficiently induced cell death. Apoptosis depended on mitochondrial permeability transition and activation of caspases, since the mitochondrion-specific inhibitor bongkrekic acid and the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk almost completely abrogated apoptosis. Loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria preceded activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. CD95 expression was upregulated by treatment with cytotoxic drugs, while MycN cooperated with cytotoxic drugs to increase sensitivity to CD95-induced apoptosis and enhancing CD95-L expression. MycN overexpression and cytotoxic drugs also synergized to induce p53 and Bax protein expression, while Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) protein levels remained unchanged. Since amplification of MYCN is usually associated with a poor prognosis, these findings suggest that dysfunctions in apoptosis pathways may be a mechanism by which MycN-induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells is inhibited. (+info)

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.

Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.

Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.

Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.

Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.

https://www.medicinenet.com › Medical Dictionary › G

A genetic translocation is a change in the number or arrangement of the chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material, which can have significant effects on the individual.

Genetic Translocation | Definition & Facts | Britannica
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Genetic translocation, also called chromosomal translocation, a type of chromosomal aberration in which a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material. Genetic translocations are often found in cancer cells and may play a role in the development and progression of cancer.

Translocation, Genetic | health Encyclopedia - UPMC
https://www.upmc.com › health-library › gene...

A genetic translocation is a change in the number or arrangement of the chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material, which can have significant effects on the individual.

Genetic Translocation | Genetics Home Reference - NIH
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov › condition › ge...

A genetic translocation is a change in the number or arrangement of the chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material, which can have significant effects on the individual.

In conclusion, Genetic Translocation is an abnormality in the number or arrangement of chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, resulting in a gain or loss of genetic material that can have significant effects on the individual.

There are several subtypes of lymphoma, B-cell, including:

1. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): This is the most common type of B-cell lymphoma and typically affects older adults.
2. Follicular lymphoma: This type of lymphoma grows slowly and often does not require treatment for several years.
3. Marginal zone lymphoma: This type of lymphoma develops in the marginal zone of the spleen or other lymphoid tissues.
4. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are abnormal cells that can be identified under a microscope.

The symptoms of lymphoma, B-cell can vary depending on the subtype and the location of the tumor. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Treatment for lymphoma, B-cell usually involves chemotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be recommended.

Prognosis for lymphoma, B-cell depends on the subtype and the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with early-stage disease, but the cancer can be more difficult to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Prevention of lymphoma, B-cell is not possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not known. However, avoiding exposure to certain risk factors, such as viral infections and pesticides, may help reduce the risk of developing the disease. Early detection and treatment can also improve outcomes for patients with lymphoma, B-cell.

Lymphoma, B-cell is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can be treated with chemotherapy and other therapies. The prognosis varies depending on the subtype and stage of the disease at diagnosis. Prevention is not possible, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

People with Fragile X syndrome may have intellectual disability, developmental delays, and various physical characteristics such as large ears, long face, and joint hypermobility. They may also experience behavioral problems such as anxiety, hyperactivity, and sensory sensitivities. In addition, they are at increased risk for seizures, sleep disturbances, and other health issues.

Fragile X syndrome is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, genetic testing, and molecular analysis. There is no cure for the condition, but various interventions such as behavioral therapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and medications can help manage its symptoms.

Prevention of Fragile X syndrome is not possible, as it is a genetic disorder caused by an expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. However, early identification and intervention can improve outcomes for individuals with the condition.

Overall, Fragile X syndrome is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires comprehensive and individualized care to help individuals with the condition reach their full potential.

DLBCL is characterized by the rapid growth of malignant B cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. These cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The disease is often aggressive and can progress quickly without treatment.

The symptoms of DLBCL vary depending on the location and extent of the disease, but they may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Itching

The diagnosis of DLBCL is based on a combination of physical examination findings, imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsy results. Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, immunotherapy or targeted therapy. The prognosis for DLBCL has improved significantly over the past few decades, with overall survival rates ranging from 60% to 80%, depending on the stage and other factors.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

Word count: 190

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Source: National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov)

The above definition is given by the National Cancer Institute, which is an authoritative source of information on cancer and lymphoma. It provides a concise overview of follicular lymphoma, including its characteristics, diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis. The definition includes key terms such as "slow-growing," "B cells," "lymph nodes," and "five-year survival rate," which are important to understand when discussing this type of cancer.

Symptoms of this type of cancer can include swelling of the lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Treatment options for marginal zone B-cell lymphoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may involve a combination of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and/or targeted therapy.

The prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. However, in some cases, it can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and the prognosis may be poorer.

There are several subtypes of B-cell leukemia, including:

1. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): This is the most common type of B-cell leukemia, and it typically affects older adults. CLL is a slow-growing cancer that can progress over time.
2. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): This is a fast-growing and aggressive form of B-cell leukemia that can affect people of all ages. ALL is often treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
3. Burkitt lymphoma: This is an aggressive form of B-cell leukemia that typically affects older adults in Africa and Asia. Burkitt lymphoma can be treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
4. Hairy cell leukemia: This is a rare type of B-cell leukemia that is characterized by the presence of hair-like projections on the surface of cancer cells. Hairy cell leukemia can be treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.

The diagnosis of B-cell leukemia is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options for B-cell leukemia include chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, and in some cases, targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells. The prognosis for B-cell leukemia varies depending on the subtype of the disease and the patient's overall health.

The term "reticulocytosis" is derived from the Latin words "reticulum," meaning net-like, and "cytosis," meaning the condition of cells. This refers to the characteristic net-like appearance of reticulocytes under a microscope.

There are several possible causes of reticulocytosis, including:

1. Inherited disorders such as hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary spherocytosis, and pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency.
2. Acquired disorders such as hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, and sickle cell disease.
3. Infections such as malaria, dengue fever, and babesiosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and anti-inflammatory medications.
5. Other conditions such as chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and autoimmune disorders.

Reticulocytosis can be diagnosed through a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) or a reticulocyte count. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in other cases, medication or blood transfusions may be required.

In LLCB, the B cells undergo a mutation that causes them to become cancerous and multiply rapidly. This can lead to an overproduction of these cells in the bone marrow, causing the bone marrow to become crowded and unable to produce healthy red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.

LLCB is typically a slow-growing cancer, and it can take years for symptoms to develop. However, as the cancer progresses, it can lead to a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.

LLCB is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for LLCB include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation.

Overall, while LLCB is a serious condition, it is typically slow-growing and can be managed with appropriate treatment. With current treatments, many people with LLCB can achieve long-term remission and a good quality of life.

When a chromosome breaks, it can lead to genetic instability and potentially contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer. Chromosome breakage can also result in the loss or gain of genetic material, which can further disrupt normal cellular function and increase the risk of disease.

There are several types of chromosome breakage, including:

1. Chromosomal aberrations: These occur when there is a change in the number or structure of the chromosomes, such as an extra copy of a chromosome (aneuploidy) or a break in a chromosome.
2. Genomic instability: This refers to the presence of errors in the genetic material that can lead to changes in the function of cells and tissues.
3. Chromosomal fragile sites: These are specific regions of the chromosomes that are more prone to breakage than other regions.
4. Telomere shortening: Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of the chromosomes, and their shortening can lead to chromosome breakage and genetic instability.

Chromosome breakage can be detected through cytogenetic analysis, which involves staining the cells with dyes to visualize the chromosomes and look for any abnormalities. The detection of chromosome breakage can help diagnose certain diseases, such as cancer, and can also provide information about the risk of disease progression.

In summary, chromosome breakage is a type of genetic alteration that can occur as a result of various factors, including exposure to radiation or chemicals, errors during cell division, or aging. It can lead to genetic instability and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer. Detection of chromosome breakage through cytogenetic analysis can help diagnose certain diseases and provide information about the risk of disease progression.

Factor X deficiency can be inherited or acquired, and it can have mild to severe effects on the body. People with factor X deficiency may experience prolonged bleeding after an injury or surgery, easy bruising, and frequent nosebleeds. In severe cases, factor X deficiency can lead to spontaneous bleeding, especially in the joints and internal organs.

There are two types of factor X deficiency:

1. Classic factor X deficiency: This is the most common type of factor X deficiency and is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for factor X. It is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that the child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition.
2. Acquired factor X deficiency: This type of factor X deficiency can occur due to certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or exposure to certain medications. It can also occur in people who have a high risk of bleeding, such as those with hemophilia.

Treatment for factor X deficiency typically involves replacing the missing clotting factor through infusions of factor X concentrate. In some cases, medications that help the body produce more factor X may also be used. People with factor X deficiency may need to receive regular infusions to maintain adequate levels of factor X in their blood.

Overall, factor X deficiency is a rare but potentially serious condition that can affect the body's ability to form blood clots and stop bleeding. With proper diagnosis and treatment, however, most people with factor X deficiency can lead normal lives.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

There are several subtypes of NHL, including:

1. B-cell lymphomas (such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma)
2. T-cell lymphomas (such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides)
3. Natural killer cell lymphomas (such as nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma)
4. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma
5. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
6. Mantle cell lymphoma
7. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
8. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
9. Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) related lymphoma

These subtypes can be further divided into other categories based on the specific characteristics of the cancer cells.

Symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
* Abdominal pain
* Swollen spleen

Treatment for NHL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of NHL, the stage of the cancer, and other individual factors.

Overall, NHL is a complex and diverse group of cancers that require specialized care from a team of medical professionals, including hematologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other support staff. With advances in technology and treatment options, many people with NHL can achieve long-term remission or a cure.

T-ALL typically occurs in children and young adults, although it can also occur in older adults. The symptoms of T-ALL can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. If left untreated, T-ALL can progress rapidly and lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

The exact cause of T-ALL is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the T cells. The diagnosis of T-ALL typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as CT scans or PET scans.

Treatment for T-ALL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill the abnormal T cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may also be recommended. The prognosis for T-ALL depends on several factors, including the age of the patient, the severity of the disease, and the response to treatment. Overall, the survival rate for T-ALL is relatively low, but with intensive treatment, many patients can achieve long-term remission.

Some common types of nervous system neoplasms include:

1. Brain tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the brain, including gliomas (such as glioblastoma), meningiomas, and acoustic neuromas.
2. Spinal cord tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the spinal cord, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and metastatic tumors.
3. Nerve sheath tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the covering of nerves, such as neurofibromas and schwannomas.
4. Pineal gland tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain.

Symptoms of nervous system neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, speech, or balance. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans) and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

In summary, nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and can have a significant impact on the body. Diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive approach, involving a team of medical professionals with expertise in neurology, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and other related specialties.

Also known as Burkitt's Lymphoma.

There are several different types of leukemia, including:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

The most common types of hemoglobinopathies include:

1. Sickle cell disease: This is caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It results in the production of sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can cause anemia, infections, and other complications.
2. Thalassemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin and can result in anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
3. Hemophilia A: This is caused by a defect in the F8 gene that codes for coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for blood clotting. It can cause bleeding episodes, especially in males.
4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is caused by a point mutation in the G6PD gene that codes for an enzyme involved in red blood cell production. It can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals who consume certain foods or medications.
5. Hereditary spherocytosis: This is caused by point mutations in the ANK1 or SPTA1 genes that code for proteins involved in red blood cell membrane structure. It can cause hemolytic anemia and other complications.

Hemoglobinopathies can be diagnosed through genetic testing, such as DNA sequencing or molecular genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder but may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.

* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL): This is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma that can develop in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.
* Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): This is a type of PTCL that affects the skin and can cause lesions, rashes, and other skin changes.
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL): This is a rare subtype of PTCL that can develop in the lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow.
* Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL): This is a rare and aggressive subtype of PTCL that is caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1).

Symptoms of T-cell lymphoma can include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Skin lesions or rashes

Treatment options for T-cell lymphoma depend on the subtype and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Chemotherapy
* Radiation therapy
* Immunotherapy
* Targeted therapy

Prognosis for T-cell lymphoma varies depending on the subtype and stage of the cancer, but in general, the prognosis for PTCL is poorer than for other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, many people with T-cell lymphoma can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

... the gene encodes both of the human proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Bcl-2 protein ... Tagami S, Eguchi Y, Kinoshita M, Takeda M, Tsujimoto Y (Nov 2000). "A novel protein, RTN-XS, interacts with both Bcl-XL and Bcl ... Ayllón V, Cayla X, García A, Fleischer A, Rebollo A (Jul 2002). "The anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-xL and Bcl-w target protein ... encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-like_protein_1

"Identification of the protein-protein contact site and interaction mode of human VDAC1 with Bcl-2 family proteins". Biochem. ... "Entrez Gene: BCL2-associated X protein". Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (August 1993). "Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo ... This protein forms a heterodimer with BCL2, and functions as an apoptotic activator. This protein is reported to interact with ... For instance, binding of HA-BAD to BCL-xL and concomitant disruption of BAX:BCL-xL interaction was found to partly reverse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-associated_X_protein

These pro-apoptotic proteins are in turn activated by BH3-only proteins, and are inhibited by the function of BCL-2 and its ... encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". The ... The pro-apoptotic proteins in the BCL-2 family, including Bax and Bak, normally act on the mitochondrial membrane to promote ... Tagami S, Eguchi Y, Kinoshita M, Takeda M, Tsujimoto Y (November 2000). "A novel protein, RTN-XS, interacts with both Bcl-XL ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2

Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-w), which is also seen in some pro-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-x(S), Diva, Bok-L and Bok-S. On the other hand ... Bcl-x(S)) and the β-isoform (Bcl-xβ) promote cell death. Bcl-x(L), Bcl-x(S) and Bcl-xβ are three isoforms derived by ... or those proteins that have only the BH3 domain (e.g. Bim Bid and BAD) All proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family contain ... all pro-apoptotic proteins contain a BH3 domain necessary for dimerization with other proteins of Bcl-2 family and crucial for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2_family

This protein also interacts with the tumor suppressor P53 after exposure to cell stress. BAK1 is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form oligomers or heterodimers and act ... two proteins of the mitochondrial protein sorting and assembly machinery, are essential for Bak activation during TNF alpha ... "Proapoptotic Bak is sequestered by Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, until displaced by BH3-only proteins". Genes & Development ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2_homologous_antagonist_killer

This protein shares a critical BH3 domain with other death-promoting proteins, BAX and BAK. Bcl-2-interacting killer has been ... encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO ... The protein encoded by this gene is known to interact with cellular and viral survival-promoting proteins, such as BCL2 and the ... Because its activity is suppressed in the presence of survival-promoting proteins, this protein is suggested as a likely target ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-interacting_killer

Such proteins include Bcl-2 and Bax. Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein. The level of Bcl-2 in PD8 male rats is much higher than ... It is proved that Bcl-2 level in AVPV is higher whereas Bax level is lower in females than in males, just as being opposite of ... On the other hand, Bax, a proapoptotic protein, shows lower level in PD8 males than in PD8 females. Also, the number of active ... In MPNc, the levels of some proteins, which are related to apoptosis, were shown to be of significant difference between males ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic_nucleus

Its purified protein is composed of alpha and beta subunits in equal quantities. R-PC II has PCB at beta-84 and the ... When BCl-2 decreases, the expression of caspases increases. As a result, apoptosis occurs. C-PC alone is not enough to treat ... Stability of this protein invitro at these temperatures has been shown to be substantially lower. Photo-spectral analysis of ... These molecules decrease BCl-2 (regulator of apoptosis) production. Here, BCl-2 inhibits proteins called caspases. Caspases are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycocyanin

Small molecule Bcl-xL inhibitor that directly binds to Bcl-xL and releases their partner such as Bax, a proapoptotic protein, ... While the exact signaling pathway of Bcl-xL is still not known, it is believed that Bcl-xL differs highly from Bcl-2 in their ... This protein has also been shown as a requirement for heme production and in erythroid lineage, Bcl-xL is a major survival ... Bertini I, Chevance S, Del Conte R, Lalli D, Turano P (April 2011). "The anti-apoptotic Bcl-x(L) protein, a new piece in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-xL

14-3-3 proteins also contribute to the autoinhibition. As 14-3-3 proteins are all known to form constitutive dimers, their ... C-Raf has been shown to interact with: AKT1, ASK1, BAG1, BRAF, Bcl-2, CDC25A, CFLAR, FYN, GRB10, HRAS, HSP90AA1, KRAS, MAP2K1, ... Raf kinases A-Raf kinase B-Raf kinase KSR1 protein KSR2 protein GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000441 - Ensembl, May ... Yuryev A, Wennogle LP (February 2003). "Novel raf kinase protein-protein interactions found by an exhaustive yeast two-hybrid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Raf

... attaches to a protein called Bcl-2. This protein is present in high amounts in CLL cancer cells, where it helps the ... protein, leading to programmed cell death of CLL cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in some lymphoid malignancies has been linked ... By attaching to Bcl-2 and blocking its actions, venetoclax causes the death of cancer cells and thereby slows down progression ... The apparent volume of distribution for venetoclax is approximately 256-321 L. It is highly bound to human plasma protein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetoclax

"Presenilin 1 protein directly interacts with Bcl-2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (43): 30764-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30764. PMID ... Levesque G (1999). "Presenilins interact with armadillo proteins including neural-specific plakophilin-related protein and beta ... They found that there is higher level expression of both proteins and a multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1) was ... "A new splice variant of glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP epsilon, interacts with the presenilin proteins". J. Biol. Chem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenilin-1

... resides on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it co-localizes with the apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BID. MTCH2 ... February 2005). "Automated yeast two-hybrid screening for nuclear receptor-interacting proteins". Molecular & Cellular ... Gross A (August 2016). "BCL-2 family proteins as regulators of mitochondria metabolism". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ... a clue to cracking the BCL-2 family riddle?". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 37 (3): 113-9. doi:10.1007/s10863-005- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTCH2

... while studying the bcl-2 gene in follicular lymphoma, the most common human lymphoma. He studied for his B.Sc at Emory ... "The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival". Science. 281 (5381): 1322-6. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1322. PMID ... He is married to his fellow scientist and collaborator Suzanne Cory; they have 2 children. "ACRF Medical Research Advisory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Adams

Ayllón V, Cayla X, García A, Fleischer A, Rebollo A (July 2002). "The anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-xL and Bcl-w target protein ... encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO ... bcl-Associated+Death+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human BAD genome location ... The BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family which is involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-associated_death_promoter

... is an inhibitor of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. This inhibition induces apoptosis in cancer cells, preventing tumor ... a Small-Molecule BCL-2 Family Antagonist, for Patients with Myelofibrosis". Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia. 10 (4): 285- ... a small molecule pan-Bcl-2 family antagonist in patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma". Blood. 119 (9 ... "Mechanisms of Antileukemic Activity of the Novel Bcl-2 Homology Domain-3 Mimetic GX15-070 (Obatoclax)". Cancer Research. 68 (9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obatoclax

Many families of proteins act as negative regulators categorized into either antiapoptotic factors, such as IAPs and Bcl-2 ... The adenovirus E1B-55K protein and the hepatitis B virus HBx protein are examples of viral proteins that can perform such a ... these inhibitory proteins target retinoblastoma tumor-suppressing proteins. These tumor-suppressing proteins regulate the cell ... Finally, the Akt protein kinase promotes cell survival through two pathways. Akt phosphorylates and inhibits Bad (a Bcl-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis

2005). "BMRP is a Bcl-2 binding protein that induces apoptosis". J. Cell. Biochem. 94 (3): 611-26. doi:10.1002/jcb.20292. PMID ... 39S ribosomal protein L41, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL41 gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ... This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the YmL27 ribosomal protein family. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... 2005). "Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41 suppresses cell growth in association with p53 and p27Kip1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_ribosomal_protein_L41

... and there may be an increase in expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCl-2. Many physicians over the centuries have tried ... Zhang Z, Sobel RA, Cheng D, Steinberg GK, Yenari MA (November 2001). "Mild hypothermia increases Bcl-2 protein expression ... April 1992). "Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein". Cell. 69 (1): 119-128. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90123-T ... 95 (1-2): 75-85. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(01)00247-9. PMID 11687278. Wang H, Olivero W, Wang D, Lanzino G (May 2006). "Cold as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia_therapy_for_neonatal_encephalopathy

Protein families, Membrane proteins, Transmembrane proteins, Transmembrane transporters, Transport proteins, Integral membrane ... Sequence similarity with Bcl-2 family members was not detected. Humans and other animals (Drosophila, Caenorhabditis), as well ... BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BNIP3 gene. BNIP3 is a ... The dimeric mitochondrial protein encoded by this gene is known to induce apoptosis, even in the presence of BCL2. Change of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNIP3

WD-40 repeats are sequences around 40 amino acids long which end in Trp-Asp and are typically involved in protein-protein ... Members of the Bcl-2 family of pro-apoptotic proteins can induce the opening of the VDAC (12). This will cause the same release ... the inner membrane protein adenine nucleotide translocator (AdNT) and the matrix protein cyclophilin D (CyD) (12). This pore ... by acting on intracellular protein-protein interactions without altering the transcriptional levels of the apoptosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosome

BAD is a pro-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family. Akt1 can phosphorylate BAD on Ser136, which makes BAD dissociate from the ... Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases ... Akt1 is also able to induce protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key signaling protein in the cellular pathways that ... Akt1 is involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and other signaling pathways.[citation needed] The Akt proteins possess a protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_B

Ras-related protein R-Ras is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRAS gene. RRAS has been shown to interact with: ARAF, ... Fernandez-Sarabia MJ, Bischoff JR (November 1993). "Bcl-2 associates with the ras-related protein R-ras p23". Nature. 366 (6452 ... "Novel raf kinase protein-protein interactions found by an exhaustive yeast two-hybrid analysis". Genomics. 81 (2): 112-25. doi: ... Ohba Y, Mochizuki N, Yamashita S, Chan AM, Schrader JW, Hattori S, Nagashima K, Matsuda M (2000). "Regulatory proteins of R-Ras ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRAS

... encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO ... Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK ... "Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32". Cell Death Differ ... HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRK_(gene)

There are few protein-protein interaction inhibitors with specific and non-toxic effect in various cancer types. The first and ... June 2005). "An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours". Nature. 435 (7042): 677-681. Bibcode: ... Targeting protein-protein interaction with small molecule is known to be extremely difficult due to the fact that binding ... AI-10-49 belongs to a select group of protein-protein interaction inhibitors that has been shown to have specific and potent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-10-49

Once triggered, it results in the diffusion of proteins from the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes into ... Kalkavan, Halime; Green, Douglas R. (2018). "MOMP, cell suicide as a BCL-2 family business". Cell Death & Differentiation. 25 ( ... Initiation of MOMP involves Bcl-2 family proteins, including BAX and BAK. The outer mitochondrial membrane, typically permeable ... to molecules smaller than 5 kDa, forms pores during MOMP that allow it to accommodate proteins larger than 100 kDa. During MOMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_outer_membrane_permeabilization

BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BNIP2 gene. This gene is ... Low BC, Lim YP, Lim J, Wong ES, Guy GR (November 1999). "Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Bcl-2-associated protein BNIP-2 by ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode: ... and GTPase-activating protein domains of a novel Rho GTPase-activating protein, BPGAP1". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (46): 45903-14. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNIP2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Bcl-2 family. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript ... June 2005). "Proapoptotic Bak is sequestered by Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, until displaced by BH3-only proteins". Genes ... Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCL1 gene. ... The protein MCL1 has a very short biological half-life of only 20-30 minutes. The loss of MCL1 has a more dramatic impact than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCL1

... alpha interacting protein (synphilin), and SYPH1. This gene encodes a protein containing several protein-protein interaction ... "Lack of binding observed between human alpha-synuclein and Bcl-2 protein family". Neurosci. Lett. 316 (2): 103-7. doi:10.1016/ ... Synphilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCAIP gene. SNCAIP stands for "synuclein, alpha interacting protein ... The SNCAIP gene provides instructions for making a protein called synphilin-1 and a slightly different version of this protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCAIP

Members of the Bcl-2 protein family regulate apoptosis by controlling the formation of MAC: the pro-apoptotic members Bax and/ ... by BCL-2 family proteins". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1762 (2): 191-201. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.07.002. PMID 16055309. Evgeny V. ... or Bak form MAC, whereas the anti-apoptotic members like Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL prevent MAC formation. Once formed, MAC mediates the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_apoptosis-induced_channel

2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. ... "Apoptosis initiated by Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome". ... The protein caspase DNase is an endonuclease involved in the cell apoptotic process that facilitates the DNA breakup. Cell ... It also depends on the activity of a protein or a common signal. The factor that seems to induce more cell differentiation is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase

The encoded protein is an Fe(II)-containing nuclear protein expressed in all tissues of the body and concentrated within dot- ... 1999). "The Bcl-3 oncoprotein acts as a bridging factor between NF-kappaB/Rel and nuclear co-regulators". Oncogene. 18 (22): ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode: ... Pirin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PIR gene. This gene encodes a member of the cupin superfamily. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIR_(gene)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as ... Bcl-2-modifying factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMF gene. ... This protein contains a single BCL2 homology domain 3 (BH3), and has been shown to bind BCL2 proteins and function as an ... This protein is found to be sequestered to myosin V motors by its association with dynein light chain 2, which may be important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMF_(gene)

The protein has N- and C- terminal carbohydrate-binding domains connected by a link peptide. Multiple alternatively spliced ... "Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand activates a lysosomal pathway of apoptosis that is regulated by Bcl-2 ... However, it can also interact with other proteins (CLEC7A, CD137, CD40). For example, an interaction with CD40 on T-cells ... Galectin-9 was first isolated from mouse embryonic kidney in 1997 as a 36 kDa beta-galactoside lectin protein. Human galectin-9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galectin-9

The anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 is up regulated by Gli2 and, to a lesser extent, Gli1 - but not Gli3, which may lead to ... The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor. GLI2 belongs to the C2H2-type zinc finger protein subclass of the ... Gli2+protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) GLI2+protein,+human at the US National ... Zinc finger protein GLI2 also known as GLI family zinc finger 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLI2 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLI2

This is typically via characterising protein-protein interactions in the BCL-2 signalling pathway via structural ... Lee's research focuses on cell death and survival, and in particular the role of the BCL-2 protein and its associated homolog ... She then applies this information to animal models to understand the contributions of these proteins to normal physiology and ... characterisation of the constituent proteins (both X-ray and NMR methods) as well as biochemical and biophysical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinna_Lee

Blood tests show the level of IgM in the blood and the presence of proteins, or tumor markers, that are the key signs of ... Nichols, G.; Stein, C. (2003). "Modulation of the activity of Bcl-2 in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia using antisense ... Serum protein electrophoresis results indicate evidence of a monoclonal spike but cannot establish the spike as IgM. An M ... This is attributed to the IgM monoclonal protein increasing the viscosity of the blood by forming aggregates to each other, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenström_macroglobulinemia

MicroRNA 195 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIR195 gene. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs ... "miRNA-195 sensitizes human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to 5-FU by targeting BCL-w". Oncol. Rep. 27 (1): 250-7. doi:10.3892/ ... Gonsalves C, Kalra VK (November 2010). "Endothelin-1-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression in monocytic ... that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIR195

An alternatively-spliced protein variant, called Bcl-rambo beta, is composed of only the BH4 domain, completely lacking the BH ... BCL2-like 13 (apoptosis facilitator), also known as BCL2L13 or Bcl-rambo, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ... Bcl-rambo is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that regulate apoptosis. In cells, Bcl-rambo is localized to the ... This gene encodes a mitochondrially-localized protein which is classified under the Bcl-2 protein family. Overexpression of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL2L13

Transport protein ZIP1 is responsible for the transport of zinc into prostate cells. One of zinc's important roles is to change ... The upregulation of BCL-2 after androgen ablation in prostate carcinoma cell lines and in a castrated-male rat model further ... The oncoprotein BCL-2 is associated with the development of androgen-independent prostate cancer, due to its high levels of ... Catz SD, Johnson JL (January 2003). "BCL-2 in prostate cancer: a minireview". Apoptosis. 8 (1): 29-37. doi:10.1023/a: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

"Protein kinase C-theta-mediated signals enhance CD4+ T cell survival by up-regulating Bcl-xL". Journal of Immunology. 176 (11 ... Masuda A, Yoshikai Y, Kume H, Matsuguchi T (November 2004). "The interaction between GATA proteins and activator protein-1 ... "Human cytomegalovirus IE1 protein activates AP-1 through a cellular protein kinase(s)". The Journal of General Virology. 80 ( ... However, Fos proteins do not dimerize with each other and therefore can only bind to DNA when bound with Jun. The Jun-Fos ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor

... proto-oncogene proteins - proto-oncogene protein C-kit - proto-oncogene proteins c-abl - proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 - ... protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - ... protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - ... Proto-oncogene proteins c-fos - proto-oncogene proteins c-jun - proto-oncogene proteins c-mo - proto-oncogene proteins c-myc - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Bcl-2, cytochrome c and PARP proteins". Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 36 (6): 379-389. doi:10.3109/08923973.2014. ... changes between baseline and 16 weeks on either the placebo or the MSM groups with the exception of C-reactive protein levels, ... In rats, no adverse events were observed after daily doses of 2 g MSM per kg of body weight. In a 90-day follow-up study, rats ... 123 (2-3): 169-77. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00396-4. PMID 11641045. Engelke UF, Tangerman A, Willemsen MA, Moskau D, Loss S, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane

... who jointly published a paper detailing their findings in May 1999 and named the protein TALL-1. The same protein was named ... levels of Bcl-2, a survival factor, are increased. When all three BAFF receptors are stimulated, levels of NF kappa B, which ... BR3-Fc, a recombinant fusion protein built with the extracellular ligand-binding portion of BAFF-R, blocks activation of this ... Other drugs addressing B lymphocyte hyperactivity include atacicept, a recombinant fusion protein that is built with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belimumab

Lee MO, Kang HJ, Cho H, Shin EC, Park JH, Kim SJ (November 2001). "Hepatitis B virus X protein induced expression of the Nur77 ... Nuclear receptor 4A1 has been shown to interact with: AKT1, Bcl-2, HIF1A, Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, Promyelocytic ... In addition, subcellular localization of the NR4A1 protein appears to play a key role in the survival and death of cells. ... Translocation of the protein from the nucleus to mitochondria induces apoptosis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A1

STAT 6 protein is crucial in IL4 mediated biological responses. It was found that STAT6 induce the expression of BCL2L1/BCL-X(L ... family of proteins. The proteins of STAT family transmit signals from a receptor complex to the nucleus and activate gene ... STAT6 protein also regulates other transcription factor as Gata3, which is important regulator of Th2 differentiation. STAT6 is ... In the human genome, STAT6 protein is encoded by the STAT6 gene, located on the chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1. The gene encompasses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT6

... protein oxidation and altered protein expression reveal targets of damage, stress response, and antioxidant responsiveness. ... 2004 PMID 15205666 Rapamycin-resistant proliferation of CD8+ T cells correlates with p27kip1 down-regulation and bcl-xL ... Journal of Immunology, 2006 PMID 17056525 HIV Nef-mediated CD4 down-regulation is adaptor protein complex 2 dependent. Jin YJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Burakoff

"Association of protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2B with a common anchoring protein". Science. 267 (5194): 108-11. ... "Suppression of signalling through transcription factor NF-AT by interactions between calcineurin and Bcl-2". Nature. 386 (6626 ... Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium and calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase ... Giri PR, Higuchi S, Kincaid RL (1991). "Chromosomal mapping of the human genes for the calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcineurin

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AZ1 gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are ... 2000). "BCL-6 mutations are associated with immunoglobulin variable heavy chain mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic ... 1305 (1-2): 59-62. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(95)00223-5. PMID 8605251. El Kharroubi A, Piras G, Zensen R, Martin MA (1998). " ... 24 (2): 166-74. doi:10.1002/bies.10038. PMID 11835281. S2CID 39905043. Hatch CL, Bonner WM (1988). "Sequence of cDNAs for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2A.Z

Ayllón V, Cayla X, García A, Fleischer A, Rebollo A (July 2002). "The anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-xL and Bcl-w target protein ... The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). PP1 is a serine/ ... Hung WJ, Roberson RS, Taft J, Wu DY (May 2003). "Human BAG-1 proteins bind to the cellular stress response protein GADD34 and ... Schillace RV, Scott JD (March 1999). "Association of the type 1 protein phosphatase PP1 with the A-kinase anchoring protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1CA

Identification of a high-risk subset with coexpression of CD10 and bcl-2". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 116 (2): 183-90. doi:10.1309/ ... Synthesized as a membrane-bound protein, the neprilysin ectodomain is released into the extracellular domain after it has been ... Córdoba A, Guerrero D, Larrinaga B, Iglesias ME, Arrechea MA, Yanguas JI (2009). "Bcl-2 and CD10 expression in the differential ... This protein is present on leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype, which represent 85% of cases of ALL. Hematopoietic progenitors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neprilysin

This protein binds to anti-apoptotic proteins resulting in these proteins' inhibition. As a p53 inducible gene, NOXA is ... Noxa, isolated from mice, is a member of the Bcl-2 family and is able to regulate cell death through a variety of intracellular ... NS1 is considered a regulatory protein due to its activity in transcription, translation, and protein-protein interactions, ... This protein, also known as viral protein 3 (VP3) was isolated from chickens, and has been shown to cause PCD in transformed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticancer_gene

CHOP causes downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2, favouring a pro-apoptotic drive at the ... An important example is that the proapoptotic protein CHOP (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), is upregulated ... exposed hydrophobic residues of the misfolded protein are bound by the protein glucose regulate protein 78 (Grp78), a heat ... Unsuccessful protein folding can be caused by HLA-B27, disturbing balance of important (IL-10 and TNF) signaling proteins. At ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response

Cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1-like protein (CLPTM1-like protein), also known as cisplatin resistance-related ... Bcl-xL. Inhibition of CLPTM1L has been shown to inhibit oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis caused by the KRas oncogene ... protein 9 (CRR9p), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLPTM1L gene. CRR9p is associated with cisplatin-induced ... Cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1 ENSG00000274811 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000049656, ENSG00000274811 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLPTM1L

Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share. Cdk1, like other kinases, ... Pathan N, Aime-Sempe C, Kitada S, Basu A, Haldar S, Reed JC (2001). "Microtubule-targeting drugs induce bcl-2 phosphorylation ... Cdk1-cyclin complexes are also governed by direct binding of Cdk inhibitor proteins (CKIs). One such protein, already discussed ... phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression. Cdk1 is a small protein (approximately 34 kilodaltons), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_1

Smudge cells are due to cancer cells lacking in vimentin, a type of cytoskeleton proteins which is a structural component in a ... Targeted drugs used in CLL include venetoclax (a Bcl-2 inhibitor), ibrutinib (a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor), idelalisib ... and only recommended in specific cases where front-line therapies have either failed or there is a lack of response to BCL-2 ... and have some of the same cell marker proteins, chromosome abnormalities, and gene mutations found in CLL. CLL/SLL MBL consist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia

In protein synthesis, DNA is first transcribed into mRNA, and then translated in an amino acid sequence. Gapmers take advantage ... "Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with an Antisense Oligonucleotide Gapmer Against Bcl-2 for Treatment of Lung Cancer". Pharmaceutical ... Kynamro targets the mRNA product of the APOB gene, which codes for the Apolipoprotein B-100 protein, a component of low-density ... The functional consequences of gapmer off-target effects can vary widely, depending on the proteins affected and the extent of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapmer

Coppola D, Fu L, Nicosia SV, Kounelis S, Jones M (1998). "Prognostic significance of p53, bcl-2, vimentin, and S100 protein- ... The S100 proteins are a family of low molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates characterized by two calcium-binding sites ... S100 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions, such as regulation of protein ... and knockdown of aryl hydrocarbon receptor downregulates the expression of S100 proteins in THP-1 cells. Most S100 proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100_protein

Targets: M-protein levels in blood, patient-specific assays for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes (high levels of ... Jun 2006). "The bcl-2/IgH rearrangement in a population of 204 healthy individuals: occurrence, age and gender distribution, ... These proteins can be stained with fluorescent dye labeled antibodies and detected using flow cytometry. The limit of detection ... White blood cells (WBC) can show a variety of proteins on the surface depending upon the type of WBC. Leukaemic cells often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_residual_disease

Zhang H, Li Y, Huang Q, Ren X, Hu H, Sheng H, Lai M (2011). "MiR-148a promotes apoptosis by targeting Bcl-2 in colorectal ... that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to ... 43 (2): 77-86. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2010. PMID 21081659. Muiños-Gimeno M, Espinosa-Parrilla Y, Guidi M, Kagerbauer ... miR-138-2, miR-148a, and miR-488 are associated with panic disorder and regulate several anxiety candidate genes and related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA_148a

N1 protein is an intracellular virulence factor that has a Bcl-2-like structure and inhibits both apoptosis and signalling from ... The vaccinia virus (VACV) N1 protein is an intracellular virulence factor that has a Bcl-2-like structure and inhibits both ... Vaccinia virus lacking the Bcl-2-like protein N1 induces a stronger natural killer cell response to infection J Gen Virol. 2008 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18931086/?dopt=Abstract

Bcl-2 protein in 518A2 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro. / Benimetskaya, Luba; Ayyanar, Kanyalakshmi; Kornblum, Noah et al. ... Bcl-2 protein in 518A2 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro. In: Clinical Cancer Research. 2006 ; Vol. 12, No. 16. pp. 4940-4948 ... Bcl-2 protein in 518A2 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Clinical Cancer Research. 2006 Aug 15;12(16):4940-4948. doi: ... Purpose: Bcl-2 is an apoptotic protein that is highly expressed in advanced melanoma. Several strategies have been employed to ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/bcl-2-protein-in-518a2-melanoma-cells-in-vivo-and-in-vitro-2

Anti-apoptotic pro-apoptotic protein ratios (Bcl-2Bax, p < .001; Bcl-2Bak, p = .01; Bcl-xL Bax, p = .006, Bcl-xLBak, p = .011; ... The pro-apoptotic proteins; Bak, Bax and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 were detected significantly higher in ... Bcl-xL, Mcl-1) proteins were determined by multiplex immunoassay method. RESULTS:. ... The aim of the study was to identify the tissue levels and ratios of anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in peri- ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-37035912

Marchal J, Kambouchner M, Tazi A, Valeyre D, Soler P. Expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins in lesions of pulmonary ... Some studies have also indicated that expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); Bcl-2 family proteins; and FADD ... Immunohistochemical detection of the apoptosis-related proteins FADD, FLICE, and FLIP in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J ... Shima H, Takahashi T, Shimada H. Protein-losing enteropathy caused by gastrointestinal tract-involved Langerhans cell ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1100579-overview

Dive into the research topics of Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein is prevented after overexpression of bcl-2 ... keywords = "Amyloid precursor protein, Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Beta-amyloid, Caspase, Mouse model, Neurofibrillary tangles, Plaques, ... T1 - Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein is prevented after overexpression of bcl-2 in a triple transgenic mouse ... Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein is prevented after overexpression of bcl-2 in a triple transgenic mouse model ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/caspase-cleavage-of-the-amyloid-precursor-protein-is-prevented-af

Presently, inhibitors from the apoptosis protein, mobile FLICE-like R935788 inhibitory proteins (c-FLIP) and inhibitors of ... The protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates the phosphorylation → Because of the enhanced metabolic ... The discovery from the TRAIL protein and its own death receptors. * Post author By colinsbraincancer ... The discovery from the TRAIL protein and its own death receptors DR4/5 changed the horizon of cancer research because TRAIL ...

http://colinsbraincancer.com/2019/03/11/the-discovery-from-the-trail-protein-and-its-own-death-receptors/

2023 bcl-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis Powered by WordPress ... Supplementary MaterialsAdditional file 1: Table S1 A-C HLA-A2 binding peptides derived from apoptotic cell-associated proteins ... Supplementary MaterialsAdditional file 1: Table S1 A-C HLA-A2 binding peptides derived from apoptotic cell-associated proteins ... we analyzed inside a eukaryotic CHO cell line the cross-reaction of the mAbs generated against the SUMO protein ...

http://www.informationalwebs.com/2021/03/06/%EF%BB%BFsupplementary-materialsadditional-file-1-table-s1-a-c-hla-a2-binding-peptides-derived-from-apoptotic-cell-associated-proteins/

General protein information Go to the top of the page Help Preferred Names. beclin-1. Names. Bcl-2-interacting protein beclin. ... APG6; Autophagy protein Apg6. pfam12777. Location:194 → 267. MT; Microtubule-binding stalk of dynein motor. pfam15285. Location ... APG6; Autophagy protein Apg6. pfam17675. Location:31 → 63. APG6_N; Apg6 coiled-coil region. ... protein coding. RefSeq status. VALIDATED. Organism. Mus musculus Lineage. Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=56208

Synergistic activity of these drugs resulted from auranofin-mediated upregulation of NOXA pro-apoptotic protein and potent ... we observed that auranofin orchestrates upregulation of the NOXA-encoding gene Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate-Induced Protein ... long-term exposure to venetoclax in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft model leads to downregulation of several tumor protein ... Inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 with venetoclax emerged as a promising strategy for this subtype of BCP-ALL, however ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41388-022-02196-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c82850ae-f21d-4477-9efd-48c8803b0da5

Venetoclax is a molecularly targeted therapeutic directed against the protein BCL-2. BCL-2 is a protein that promotes cell ... It targets the protein FLT3 and it is intended for use in the treatment of adults of any age whose leukemia tests positive for ... By blocking BCL-2, venetoclax triggers the leukemia cells to die by apoptosis. The first FDA approval for venetoclax was for ... Elevated levels of BCL-2 have been seen in several types of leukemia cells, including AML cells and chronic lymphocytic ...

https://www.aacr.org/blog/2018/12/06/fda-approves-three-new-treatments-for-aml/

Decreased apoptosis caused by overexpression of Bcl-2 protein in a mouse model of plague. Wild-type mice (A) and mice that ... Note the decrease in apoptotic cells in the thymus of the Bcl-2 transgenic mouse (magnification ×400). ... Volume 13, Number 2-February 2007 Synopsis. Immune Cell Apoptosis Prevention as Potential Therapy for Severe Infections Janie ... overexpressed Bcl-2 in lymphocytes (B) were injected intranasally with Yersinia pestis. Thymuses were obtained at 72 h ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/2/06-0963-f3

1995) Cytoskeletal and calcium-binding proteins in the mammalian organ of Corti: cell type-specific proteins displaying ... 1990) Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 348:334-336. ... Although the exact function of these proteins is still unclear, high levels of calcium-binding proteins in neurons and hair ... Other calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin and parvalbumin can also be used as inner ear hair cell markers. To find out ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/21/8270

... is an apoptotic protein and a member of the Bcl-2 family containing BH1-4 domains. ... FITC anti-Bcl-2 Antibody - Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia 2) ... Apoptosis regulator proteins, Bcl-2 family, BH1-4 domains. Homo ... This protein is modified by ASK1/JNK1, PKC, ERKs, and stress-activated kinase phosphorylation and can be ubiquitinated. Bcl-2 ... This protein blocks apoptotic death by controlling mitochondrial membrane permeability. Cleavage of Bcl-2 can convert to pro- ...

https://www.biolegend.com/fr-fr/products/fitc-anti-bcl-2-antibody-6345?GroupID=BLG2934

2 Kagitala Anvesh Rao,1 R Nagarajan1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 ... Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003;15:691-699. ... Approaches for enhancing oral bioavailability of peptides and proteins. Int J Pharm. 2013;447:75-93. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm. ... 53 Cancer cells have been suppressing apoptosis as exemplified by a few proteins and between cell death and cell proliferation. ...

https://www.dovepress.com/ultrasonic-nanoemulsification-of-cuminum-cyminum-essential-oil-and-its-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN

... we not only see a reduction in phospho-BTK protein, which is expected, but also a decrease in the total BTK protein. Because ... Venetoclax neutralizes the Bcl-2 protein, a culprit that is accountable for existence, maintenance, and survival of CLL ... Through this work, based on molecular changes we observed in the Bcl-2 family of proteins following ibrutinib treatment, we ... one molecule of ibrutinib is needed to neutralize one molecule of BTK protein, we postulated that ibrutinib doses could be ...

https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/cancer-frontline/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-expert-discusses-treatment-advances.h00-159300678.html

... has been shown by researchers at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Servier to block a protein that is essential for the ... "BH3 mimetics inhibit a group of proteins known as the pro-survival BCL-2 proteins," he said. "MCL1 is a member of this ... "MCL1 is important for many cancers because it is a pro-survival protein that allows the cancerous cells to evade the process of ... Walter and Eliza Hall Institute researchers revealed the role of BCL-2 in cancer more than 28 years ago and the essential role ...

https://www.wehi.edu.au/news/new-compound-shows-promise-treating-multiple-human-cancers

View Rabbit Polyclonal anti-bcl-x Antibody [Unconjugated] (AF800). Validated Applications: WB, Simple Western, IP. Validated ... Alternate Names for bcl-x Antibody [Unconjugated]. *Apoptosis regulator Bcl-X;BCL2L;BCL2L1;Bcl-2-like protein 1;BCLX;Bcl-X;BCL- ... Blogs on bcl-x. There are no specific blogs for bcl-x, but you can read our latest blog posts. ... bcl-x Antibody [Unconjugated] Summary. Immunogen. KLH-coupled Bcl-x synthetic peptide. CSAINGNPSWHLADSPAVNGA ...

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In particular, we focus on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of histone demethylases from the JARID1/KDM5 protein family. ... We use a multidisciplinary approach to study select pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins. ... The Kyriakides Laboratory is focused on elucidating the mechanism through which the endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis TSP-2 ...

https://medicine.yale.edu/pathology/research/researchlabs/researchlabslist/

In addition, activation of antiapoptotic factors including phospho-Akt (protein kinase B) and Bcl-2 was detected. Further ... Activation of Akt and Bcl-2 may play an important role in preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm ... Western-blot analysis showed an activation of proapoptotic factors including Fas (CD95), Fas-associated protein with death ... Advanced Search Search Help About NIOSHTIC-2 Feedback Terms: ultrafine* OR (nano* AND particle*) OR nanotech* OR ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=+%27ultrafine%2A%27+OR+%28%27nano%2A%27+AND+%27particle%2A%27%29+OR+%27nanotech%2A%27+OR+%27nanomaterial%2A%27+OR+%27nanoparticle%2A%27+OR+%27nanotube%2A%27+&f1=%2A&Startyear=&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&Limit=25000&Sort=DP+DESC&whichdate=DP&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=162&RecNo=1619&View=f&

Cancer prevention by tea polyphenols is linked to their direct inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family proteins. Cancer Res. ... Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and ... Posted by: Reason at January 16th, 2018 2:27 PM The data in this study does show that Q selectively kills SC, just not ... Posted by: Florin Clapa at January 16th, 2018 2:02 PM @Florin Clapa: True, but it is hard to argue against the evidence of ...

https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2018/01/quercetin-is-probably-not-a-useful-senolytic/

Identification of biphenyl-based hybrid molecules able to decrease the intracellular level of Bcl-2 protein in Bcl-2 ...

https://www.broadinstitute.org/bibcite/keyword/3321

Function of apoptosis and expression of the proteins Bcl-2, p53 and C-myc in the development of gastric cancer. World J ... A protein band with positive signal was found at Mr 30 indicating that the soluble MG7 scFv was a protein of Mr 30 (Figure 3). ... Figure 3 Western blot of the molecular mass of soluble MG7 scFv. M: Protein marker; 1: Perplasmic extracts from induced E.coli ... Lin GY, Chen ZL, Lu CM, Li Y, Wang J, Ping XJ, Huang R. Immu-nohistochemical study on p53, Hrasp21, cerbB2 protein and PCNA ...

https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v8/i1/99.htm

Bcl-XL antibody for FC, IF, IHC, IP, WB, ELISA and reacts with human, mouse, rat. ... Bcl-X(beta) is a 227 amino acid protein. This antibody can recognize Bcl-XL, Bcl-X(s) and Bcl-X(Beta). ... Bcl-X(s) and Bcl-X(beta) , and is located at the outer mitochondrial membrane. The Bcl-X(L) isoform is a 233 amino acid protein ... Structural and functional analyses of hepatitis B virus X protein BH3-like domain and Bcl-xL interaction.. Authors - Tian-Ying ...

https://ptglab.com/products/Bcl-xL-Antibody-10783-1-AP.htm

One of the isothiocyanates was able to trigger apoptosis in cells overexpressing Bcl-2, a protein that is present at high ... Laboratory for Cell & Protein Regulation. *Mackenzie Cancer Research Group. *Māori Indigenous Health Innovation (MIHI) ... The isothiocyanate had a greater effect on mitochondrial function in cells with Bcl-2, suggesting a mechanism for how it ... 2 Riccarton Avenue. PO Box 4345. Christchurch 8140. New Zealand. Tel +64 3 364 0530. Fax +64 3 364 0525. Email christchurch@ ...

https://www.otago.ac.nz/christchurch/services/psoc/news/otago647265.html

Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and NRU (neutral red ... All protein expression levels were normalized to the levels of GPDH protein expression in each band. ... On the other hand, the Bcl-2 mRNA expression was decreased at all concertation to 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively, for hexane ... Western blotting of protein involved in apoptosis: (a) Bax and caspase-3 expression level in cells. (b) Relative quantification ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2022/5778411/

Of particular interest to our group are the mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family proteins and other factors regulate programmed ... that several viruses encode proteins to block attempted cell suicide (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 690-694, 1997), that cellular ... We have shown that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins can be converted into killer molecules (Science 278:1966-8, 1997), that ... Bcl-2 family proteins have normal physiological roles in regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitochondrial energetics ...

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/research_lab_results.html?query=cell%20death&pagesize=10&page=1

Protein kinase c beta and the temporal lobe. Downregulation of the gene for protein kinase C beta (PRKCB1) in the temporal lobe ... Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) is a protein regulator of apoptosis (Tsujimo et al., 1984) and it s gene has been linked to ASDs ( ... SHANK3 is a scaffolding protein in the neurexin-neuroligin pathway that interacts with synaptic proteins. Recent research ... proteins mediating epigenetic signaling. 2.1. Mecp2 and the frontal cortex. Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2) is an ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45827

Antibodies for proteins involved in regulation of protein localization pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/regulation%20of%20protein%20localization

... protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, against high-fat-diet- ... and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory ... eventually resulting in metabolic syndrome or overt type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we review the anti-inflammatory effects of ... and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) in response to cytokines [47,169,171] was prevented by the vegetal compounds, ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/21/8108

The vaccinia virus (VACV) N1 protein is an intracellular virulence factor that has a Bcl-2-like structure and inhibits both apoptosis and signalling from the interleukin 1 receptor, leading to nuclear factor kappa B activation. (nih.gov)
Likewise, the induction of apoptosis by G3139 was entirely Bcl-2 independent. (elsevier.com)
Intrinsic apoptosis , which is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins , has an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Presently, inhibitors from the apoptosis protein, mobile FLICE-like R935788 inhibitory proteins (c-FLIP) and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs, including XIAP) are believed to lead to cellular Path resistance. (colinsbraincancer.com)
BCL-2 is a protein that promotes cell survival by preventing cells from undergoing a natural self-destruct process called apoptosis. (aacr.org)
By blocking BCL-2, venetoclax triggers the leukemia cells to die by apoptosis. (aacr.org)
Decreased apoptosis caused by overexpression of Bcl-2 protein in a mouse model of plague. (cdc.gov)
Apoptosis regulator proteins, Bcl-2 family, BH1-4 domains. (biolegend.com)
3 Besides, drug resistance due to suppression of apoptosis and expressive levels of anti-apoptotic proteins has intensified in cancer treatment. (dovepress.com)
One of the isothiocyanates was able to trigger apoptosis in cells overexpressing Bcl-2, a protein that is present at high levels in many cancers. (otago.ac.nz)
Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)

A recent study demonstrated the lack of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque formation and accumulation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) following overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 (Rohn et al. (uthscsa.edu)
Inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 with venetoclax emerged as a promising strategy for this subtype of BCP-ALL, however, lack of sufficient responses in preclinical models and the possibility of developing resistance exclude using venetoclax as monotherapy. (nature.com)

Lately, several stage 2 clinical research based on the usage of recombinant human being Path or R935788 agonistic monoclonal antibodies against DR4/5 possess failed to display clinical efficacy, even though coupled with traditional chemotherapy (9,10). (colinsbraincancer.com)
Of many epithelial, neuronal, and glial markers, we found that calcium-binding protein antibodies recognizing calretinin, calmodulin, or parvalbumin labeled immature hair cells in rat vestibular end organs. (jneurosci.org)

C57BL/6 splenocytes intracellular stained with BCL/10C4 FITC. (biolegend.com)
Identification of biphenyl-based hybrid molecules able to decrease the intracellular level of Bcl-2 protein in Bcl-2 overexpressing leukemia cells. (broadinstitute.org)

Note the decrease in apoptotic cells in the thymus of the Bcl-2 transgenic mouse (magnification ×400). (cdc.gov)

The antibody solution should be stored undiluted between 2°C and 8°C, and protected from prolonged exposure to light. (biolegend.com)
Various lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 10783-1-AP (Bcl-XL antibody) at dilution of 1:8000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptglab.com)
WB result of Bcl-XL antibody (10783-1-AP, 1:800) with si-Control and si-Bcl-XL transfected HeLa cells. (ptglab.com)
NIH/3T3 cells were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 10783-1-AP (Bcl-XL antibody at dilution of 1:1000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptglab.com)

This protein is modified by ASK1/JNK1, PKC, ERKs, and stress-activated kinase phosphorylation and can be ubiquitinated. (biolegend.com)
In addition, activation of antiapoptotic factors including phospho-Akt (protein kinase B) and Bcl-2 was detected. (cdc.gov)

Bcl-2 is distributed in the outer mitochondrial membrane, the nuclear envelope, and the endoplasmic reticulum. (biolegend.com)
This protein blocks apoptotic death by controlling mitochondrial membrane permeability. (biolegend.com)
A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. (bvsalud.org)

Using RNA-seq, we observed that long-term exposure to venetoclax in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft model leads to downregulation of several tumor protein 53 ( TP53 )-related genes. (nature.com)
Venetoclax is a molecularly targeted therapeutic directed against the protein BCL-2. (aacr.org)
Venetoclax is in a class of medications called B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitors. (medlineplus.gov)

Synergistic activity of these drugs resulted from auranofin-mediated upregulation of NOXA pro-apoptotic protein and potent induction of apoptotic cell death. (nature.com)

To help resolve this question, we have permanently and stably down-regulated Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression in 518A2 cells by two different technologies and evaluated the resulting clones both in vitro and in vivo. (elsevier.com)
Experimental Design: 518A2 melanoma cells were transfected with plasmids engineered to produce either a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the initiation codon region of the Bcl-2 mRNA or a short hairpin RNA also targeted to the Bcl-2 mRNA. (elsevier.com)
However, when xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient mice, cells with silenced Bcl-2, using either technology, either failed to grow at all or grew to tumors of low volume and then completely regressed. (elsevier.com)
In contrast, control cells with "normal" levels of Bcl-2 protein expression expanded to be large, necrotic tumors. (elsevier.com)
Conclusions: The presence of Bcl-2 protein profoundly affects the ability of 518A2 melanoma cells to grow as human tumor xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. (elsevier.com)
The in vivo role of Bcl-2 in melanoma cells thus differs significantly from its in vitro role, and these experiments further suggest that Bcl-2 may be an important therapeutic target even in tumors that do not contain the t14:18 translocation. (elsevier.com)
The discovery from the TRAIL protein and its own death receptors DR4/5 changed the horizon of cancer research because TRAIL specifically kills cancer cells. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Elevated levels of BCL-2 have been seen in several types of leukemia cells, including AML cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. (aacr.org)
The Servier compound - S63845 - targets a protein of the BCL2 family, called MCL1, which is essential for the sustained survival of these cancer cells. (edu.au)
MCL1 is important for many cancers because it is a pro-survival protein that allows the cancerous cells to evade the process of programmed cell death that normally removes cancer cells from the body," Associate Professor Lessene said. (edu.au)
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute researchers revealed the role of BCL-2 in cancer more than 28 years ago and the essential role of MCL1 for the survival of malignant cells four years ago. (edu.au)
Western blot shows lysates of A431 human epithelial carcinoma cell line (5 x 104 cells, lane 1 and 2.5 x 104 cells, lane 2) and NIH‑3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. (novusbio.com)
Western-blot analysis showed an activation of proapoptotic factors including Fas (CD95), Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase-8, death receptor 3 (DR3) and BID in apoptotic cells induced by metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)
The isothiocyanate had a greater effect on mitochondrial function in cells with Bcl-2, suggesting a mechanism for how it bypasses Bcl-2 action. (otago.ac.nz)
We have reported that many insults can trigger cells to activate a cellular death pathway (Nature, 361:739-742, 1993), that several viruses encode proteins to block attempted cell suicide (Proc. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
It works by blocking the action of a certain protein in the body that helps cancer cells survive. (medlineplus.gov)

Glasdegib is a molecularly targeted therapeutic directed against a protein called Smoothened. (aacr.org)

We have shown that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins can be converted into killer molecules (Science 278:1966-8, 1997), that Bcl-2 family proteins interact with regulators of caspases and regulators of cell cycle check point activation (Molecular Cell 6:31-40, 2000). (hopkinsmedicine.org)

The peptide corresponds to amino acids 49-68 of human and mouse, long and short forms of Bcl-x. (novusbio.com)

Cleavage of Bcl-2 can convert to pro-apoptotic (by cleavage of BH4 domain). (biolegend.com)

Of particular interest to our group are the mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family proteins and other factors regulate programmed cell death , particularly in the nervous system, in cancer and in virus infections. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
PEM in children is frequently associated with an increased incidence of bacterial, Patients fungal and viral infections [ 2 ] and is the The current study was performed on 42 in- most common cause of secondary immu- fants recruited from the Children's Hospital, nodeficiency [ 3-5 ]. (who.int)

The sequence used for immunization differs significantly from the sequences of the corresponding region of other members of the Bcl-2 family. (novusbio.com)

Bcl-2 has been reported to regulate cell cycle progression via ROS. (biolegend.com)

Results: Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, we found that metallic nickel nanoparticle s exhibited higher cytotoxicity than fine particles. (cdc.gov)

Flow cytometric estimation of the apoptotic marker CD95 in peripheral neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes was done for 18 infants with non-oedematous protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and 12 oedematous ones, on hospital admission and after supervised nutritional rehabilitation, and compared with 12 matched controls. (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ La malnutrition continue de faire peser un lourd fardeau sanitaire sur les pays en développement. (who.int)
Malnutrition, both protein-energy mal-nutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies, continues to be a major health burden in developing countries. (who.int)
Malnutrition, both protein-energy mal- aimed to assess the use of CD95 expression nutrition (PEM) and micronutrient defi- as a marker for following up these patients ciencies, continues to be a major health during their nutritional rehabilitation and burden in developing countries. (who.int)

Clone BCL/10C4 has been shown to be useful for Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence of the mouse and rat Bcl-2 protein. (biolegend.com)

Wild-type mice (A) and mice that overexpressed Bcl-2 in lymphocytes (B) were injected intranasally with Yersinia pestis . (cdc.gov)

This compound has recently completed phase III global clinical evaluation, but the function of Bcl-2 as a target in melanoma has not been completely clarified. (elsevier.com)
A new compound, discovered jointly by international pharmaceutical company Servier , headquartered in France, and Vernalis (R&D) , a company based in the UK, has been shown by researchers at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Servier to block a protein that is essential for the sustained growth of up to a quarter of all cancers. (edu.au)
A new compound has been shown to block a protein essential for the growth of many cancers. (edu.au)

The aim of the study was to identify the tissue levels and ratios of anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in peri-implant diseases . (bvsalud.org)
The tissue levels of Bcl-2 family pro-apoptotic (Bak, Bax, active caspase-3 ) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1) proteins were determined by multiplex immunoassay method . (bvsalud.org)

Detects human and mouse Bcl‑x in Western blots. (novusbio.com)

Bak, Bax and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 were detected significantly higher in controls compared with patients with peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis (p (bvsalud.org)

The Kyriakides Laboratory is focused on elucidating the mechanism through which the endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis TSP-2 limits angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. (yale.edu)

More recently, histiocytic diseases have been reclassified into five groups: (1) Langerhans-related, (2) cutaneous and mucocutaneous, (3) malignant histiocytosis, (4) Rosai-Dorfman disease, and (5) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. (medscape.com)
Activation of Akt and Bcl-2 may play an important role in preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and may also be important in the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)

The Bcl-2 protein forms homo- or hetero-dimers with other Bcl-2 family members. (biolegend.com)

Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. (fightaging.org)
Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2012 Feb 361 (1-2): 189-95. (cdc.gov)

In addition, the G3139-induced release from isolated mitochondria was also relatively independent of Bcl-2 expression. (elsevier.com)
In addition, Bcl-2 family proteins have normal physiological roles in regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitochondrial energetics to facilitate neuronal activity in healthy brains. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases globally, and it appears to be due to extreme free radical damage, which eventually causes damage to the DNA, lipids, and protein. (hindawi.com)

Results: In vitro, down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression by either method produced no change either in the rate of growth or in sensitivity to standard cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. (elsevier.com)

The working group of the Histiocyte Society divided histocytic disorders into three groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) macrophage-related disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. (medscape.com)

Different Roles of Beclin1 in the Interaction Between Glia and Neurons after Exposure to Morphine and the HIV- Trans-Activator of Transcription (Tat) Protein. (nih.gov)

MCL1 is a member of this protein family, and inhibiting it activates the process of programmed cell death. (edu.au)

An isoform of Bak protein containing only the N-terminal BH3 domain. (bvsalud.org)

Aromatic hydrocarbons in this size range are well absorbed from the 14 gut when administered at low doses: 80-90% of ingested 2-methylnaphthalene and isopropylbenzene was recovered in the urine (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)

1 , 2 In spite of these advantages, factors associated with gastric residence time and instability can affect the efficacy of these bioactives. (dovepress.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms13

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs96

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes76

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

A photodynamic pathway to apoptosis and necrosis induced by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone and hypericin in leukaemic cells: possible relevance to photodynamic therapy. (1/4256)

Microsatellite instability, Epstein-Barr virus, mutation of type II transforming growth factor beta receptor and BAX in gastric carcinomas in Hong Kong Chinese. (2/4256)

Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury. (3/4256)

Apoptosis during breast carcinoma progression. (4/4256)

Expression of apoptosis-related genes in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas undergoing p53-mediated programmed cell death. (5/4256)

Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. (6/4256)

Expression of bcl-2 and bax in glomerular disease. (7/4256)

MycN sensitizes neuroblastoma cells for drug-induced apoptosis. (8/4256)

bcl-2-Associated X Protein

Trans-Activators

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B Antigens

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Liver Neoplasms

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2

Bornaviridae

Hepatocytes

Transcriptional Activation

Cell Line

Hep G2 Cells

Apoptosis

Transfection

Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein

Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

DNA-Binding Proteins

Hepatitis B

Marmota

Base Sequence

Transcription, Genetic

Molecular Sequence Data

Borna disease virus

Cell Line, Tumor

Hepadnaviridae

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

Transcription Factors

X Chromosome

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Mutation

Protein Binding

Liver

Group X Phospholipases A2

Blotting, Western

Plasmids

RNA, Messenger

Signal Transduction

Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins

Tumor Cells, Cultured

NF-kappa B

Virus Replication

Mice, Transgenic

Amino Acid Sequence

Precipitin Tests

Gene Expression Regulation

Mitochondria

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Genes, bcl-2

Viral Proteins

Cell Nucleus

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Binding Sites

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Genes, Viral

Hepatitis B Core Antigens

Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex

bcl-X Protein

Cell Proliferation

Up-Regulation

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1

Down-Regulation

Nuclear Proteins

RNA, Small Interfering

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

DNA, Viral

Translocation, Genetic

Cell Survival

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

RNA Interference

Lymphoma, B-Cell

Caspase 3

Caspases

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Fragile X Syndrome

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

Gene Expression

HeLa Cells