Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Culture Techniques
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Evidence of exponential growth of an anammox population in an anaerobic batch culture. (1/89)
Twenty-five replicates of growth medium for anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) containing (15)N-labeled ammonium and non-labeled nitrite were inoculated into an anammox enrichment culture at low density, and anaerobically incubated batchwise. In the headspace, (29)N(2) partial pressure linearly increased via anammox in 25 vials, confirming that anammox populations were viable in all subcultures. On prolonged incubation, exponential increases in (29)N(2) were not observed in all but 13 subcultures, suggesting that the anammox population may not proliferate unless all conditions for growth are satisfied. The estimated first-order rate coefficients in those 13 subcultures varied from 0.0029 to 0.0048 h(-1). (+info)A novel recirculating flow-perfusion bioreactor for periosteal chondrogenesis. (2/89)
(+info)Biodegradation kinetics of 4-fluorocinnamic acid by a consortium of Arthrobacter and Ralstonia strains. (3/89)
(+info)Physico-chemical characteristics and functional properties of chitin and chitosan produced by Mucor circinelloides using yam bean as substrate. (4/89)
(+info)Evaluation of a laboratory-scale bioreactive in situ sediment cap for the treatment of organic contaminants. (5/89)
(+info)Optimisation of surface expression using the AIDA autotransporter. (6/89)
(+info)Parametric optimization of feruloyl esterase production from Aspergillus terreus strain GA2 isolated from tropical agro-ecosystems cultivating sweet sorghum. (7/89)
A fungal strain, Aspergillus terreus strain GA2, isolated from an agricultural field cultivating sweet sorghum, produced feruloyl esterase using maize bran. In order to obtain maximum yields of feruloyl esterase, the solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions for enzyme production were standardized. Effective feruloyl esterase production was observed with maize bran as substrate followed by wheat bran, coconut husk, and rice husk among the tested agro-waste crop residues. Optimum particle size of 0.71- 0.3 mm and moisture content of 80% favored enzyme production. Moreover, optimum feruloyl esterase production was observed at pH 6.0 and a temperature of 30 degrees C. Supplementation of potato starch (0.6%) as the carbon source and casein (1%) as the nitrogen source favored enzyme production. Furthermore, the culture produced the enzyme after 7 days of incubation when the C:N ratio was 5. Optimization of the SSF conditions revealed that maximum enzyme activity (1,162 U/gds) was observed after 7 days in a production medium of 80% moisture content and pH 6.0 containing 16 g maize bran [25% (w/v)] of particle size of 0.71-0.3 mm, 0.6% potato starch, 3.0% casein, and 64 ml of formulated basal salt solution. Overall, the enzyme production was enhanced by 3.2-fold as compared with un-optimized conditions. (+info)Repeated-batch operation of immobilized beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies-containing Escherichia coli cell reactor for lactose hydrolysis. (8/89)
In this study, we investigated the performance of an immobilized beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies-containing Escherichia coli cell reactor, where the cells were immobilized in alginate beads, which were then used in repeated-batch operations for the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside or lactose over the long-term. In particular, in the Tris buffer system, disintegration of the alginate beads was not observed during the operation, which was observed for the phosphate buffer system. The o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside hydrolysis was operated successfully up to about 80 h, and the runs were successfully repeated at least eight times. In addition, hydrolysis of lactose was successfully carried out up to 240 h. Using Western blotting analyses, it was verified that the beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies were sustained in the alginate beads during the repeated-batch operations. Consequently, we experimentally verified that beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies-containing Escherichia coli cells could be used in a repeated-batch reactor as a biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside or lactose. It is probable that this approach can be applied to enzymatic synthesis reactions for other biotechnology applications, particularly reactions that require long-term and stable operation. (+info)
Penicillin
... β-lactam The Penicillium cells are grown using a technique called fed-batch culture, in which the cells are constantly ... the potency of each batch of penicillin varied from batch to batch. It was therefore impossible to prescribe 1 g of penicillin ... This causes the cell wall to weaken due to fewer cross-links and means water uncontrollably flows into the cell because it ... This is because Gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer cell membrane and are simply enclosed in a thick cell wall. ...
Montrose Thomas Burrows
Their batch of cultures lasted from 1912 to 1946. Because the tissue cultures far outlived their organisms, they were deemed " ... At Yale, Burrows also successfully established tissue cultures of embryonic chick cells. Upon returning to Carrel's laboratory ... One significant innovation was the method they developed for serial activation of tissues in culture. This technique ... Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780674039902. Burrows, Montrose T., ...
Fed-batch culture
2. High cell density (High cell concentration)[1] In a batch culture, to achieve very high cell concentrations, e.g. 50-100 g ... Fed-batch culture is a powerful technique to do so. Examples of the repressible promoter are trp promoter and phoA promoter. 7 ... fed-batch culture is superior to conventional batch culture when controlling concentrations of a nutrient (or nutrients) ... This type of the fed-batch culture is named constantly-fed-batch culture (CFBC), and is well established mathematically and ...
List of animals that have been cloned
They were the first calves to be produced using standard cell-culturing techniques. In 2001, Brazil cloned their first heifer, ... the first batch of monotocous cloned police dogs was born. In 1958, John Gurdon, then at Oxford University, explained that he ... 24 January 2018). "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell. 172 (4): 881-887.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... In 1986, the first mouse was cloned in the Soviet Union from an embryo cell. The first mouse from adult cells, Cumulina, was ...
CASY cell counting technology
In 2006, Schärfe System was acquired by Innovatis AG, a company focused on cell culture analysis. CASY utilizes the techniques ... It would not be necessary to detect the cells from a batch to another batch but measure them continuously and smoothly. CASY ... As the cell size is related to the cell volume, a cell size profile in cell population can be produced in terms of pulse height ... This technology can be applied for cell counting, cell culture analysis at a certain time interval, or even a period of time. ...
Microbial cell factory
One of the most common techniques is utilizing fed-batch culture. Fed-batch culture is, in the broadest sense, defined as an ... In microbial cells, the cell walls are either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. These outcomes are based on the Gram Stain test. ... A Gram-negative cell wall is more resistant to such attacks and more difficult to destroy. The membrane of microbial cells are ... Microbial cell factory is an approach to bioengineering which considers microbial cells as a production facility in which the ...
Intestine-on-a-chip
... microfabrication techniques are also used to create 3D microstructures which allow the patterning of cell culture surfaces ... However, Matrigel has significant disadvantages such as a xenogeneic origin, bath-to-batch variability, high cost and a poorly ... Apart from co-culturing intestinal cells with other cell types, also the cell population of the intestinal epithelium is of ... such as traditional 2D cell culture of immortalised cell lines (e.g. CaCo2 or HT29), transwell cultures, Ussing chambers, and ...
Metabolic flux analysis
After the cells reach steady-state physiology (i.e., constant metabolite concentrations in culture), cells are then lysed to ... the analysis is limited to batch cultures during the exponential phase. Moreover, after addition of a labeled substrate, the ... This technique for flux quantitation is applicable under metabolic and isotopic steady-state, two conditions that assume that ... The first step in the workflow of isotope labeling experiments is cell culture on labeled substrates. A substrate such as ...
Cell counting
Generally performs with a constant error rate as an off-line (batch) type process. A range of image classification techniques ... To quantify the number of cells in a culture, the cells can be simply plated on a petri dish with growth medium. If the cells ... require cell counting. Calculating the fraction of dead to live cells as a measure of cell viability, such as of cells exposed ... Cell suspensions are turbid. Cells absorb and scatter the light. The higher the cell concentration, the higher the turbidity. ...
Xanthomonas campestris
... secreted from the bacterial cells and ultimately recovered from the media and purified using alcohol precipitation techniques. ... In this process, a preserved culture of the gram-negative bacterium is expanded through growth and then used as an inoculum in ... Under select modes of operation, such as batch fermentation, and proper growth conditions, fermentation then takes place. ... gene cluster also plays an important role in the plant-bacteria interactions by encoding for a cell-cell signaling system ...
Cultured meat
Fed-batch systems mean inoculating the cells, culturing them and harvesting them in a single period. Stirred tank bioreactors ... Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques pioneered in regenerative medicine. Jason Matheny popularized the ... Cellular agriculture requires cell lines, generally stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which have the potential ... the density of the cells on the scaffold means that not all cells have an interface with culture media, leading to cell death ...
Virtual colony count
There would need to be a way to determine how many cells survived at the end of the incubation period using batch cultures. ... The improved pipetting technique was described in 2011 in the study of the biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) pathogen Bacillus ... such as a delay due to the time required for the repair of damaged cell structures such as cell walls or cell membranes, are ... At this time, cells exposed to no antimicrobial agent were added to several wells of the plate from the culture kept on ice; ...
Reverse transfection
Cancer Cell Lines and Primary Cells Retrieved 2011-10-14. (Molecular biology techniques, Gene expression). ... Finally, cultured cells are poured into the dish for plasmid uptake. However, with the invention of different types of ... Effectene Reagent spontaneously forms micelle structures exhibiting no size or batch variation (as may be found with pre- ... Reverse transfection is a technique for the transfer of genetic material into cells. As DNA is printed on a glass slide for the ...
Viral plaque
For example, Vero cell or other tissue cultures may be used to investigate an influenza virus or coronavirus, while various ... Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches. The appearance of the plaque depends ... or using techniques such as staining (e.g. neutral red for eukaryotes or giemsa for bacteria) or immunofluorescence. ... A viral plaque is a visible structure formed after introducing a viral sample to a cell culture grown on some nutrient medium. ...
Bokashi (horticulture)
In horticultural settings batches can be orders of magnitude greater. Silage technology may be usable if it is adapted to ... An industrial-scale technique mimics the windrows of large-scale composting, except that bokashi windrows are compacted, ... Biogas production does not burn the carbon, but the bacterial culture is optimized to extract the carbon in the form of methane ... It can pass through cell membranes and almost all living organisms have the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase to convert it to ...
Streptomycin
Phelan K, May KM (March 2015). "Basic techniques in mammalian cell tissue culture". Current Protocols in Cell Biology. 66 (1): ... because the research laboratory methods of creating small batches had not yet been translated to commercial large-batch ... ISBN 978-0-471-19350-0. Schantz JT, Ng KW (2004). A manual for primary human cell culture. World Scientific. p. 89. Comroe JH ( ... is used in a standard antibiotic cocktail to prevent bacterial infection in cell culture. When purifying protein from a ...
Julius Youngner
... could be used to identify cell cultures infected with virus and also cultures with antibodies to virus. This pH could be easily ... 1. He proved a method for separation of monkey kidney cells, which led to techniques for large scale production. 2. He ... The measurement developed by Youngner for safely and quickly testing batches of vaccine and also antibodies to the virus after ... Youngner demonstrated the separation of monkey kidney cells using the pancreatic enzyme trypsin, a technique previously proven ...
Monoclonal antibody
Culture-media conditioned by macrophages can be used. Production in cell culture is usually preferred as the ascites technique ... The antibody-containing medium is then incubated with the immobilized antigen, either in batch or as the antibody is passed ... single B cell culture, single cell amplification from various B cell populations and single plasma cell interrogation ... similar to a cancer cell). This mixture of cells is then diluted and clones are grown from single parent cells on microtitre ...
Zetaproteobacteria
Researchers have also aimed to improve cultivation techniques using a high-biomass batch culturing technique. One of the most ... This bacteria is a gram-negative kidney-bean-shaped cell that deposits iron oxides on the concave side of the cell, forming ... These cultivation techniques follow those found in Emerson and Floyd (2005). Recently, researchers have been able to culture ... Barco, R. A.; Edwards, K. J. (2014). "Interactions of proteins with biogenic iron oxyhydroxides and a new culturing technique ...
Affimer
As they are manufactured using recombinant bacterial production processes, the batch-to-batch consistency for Affimers is ... Multimeric forms Affimers have been generated and shown to yield titres in the range of 200-400 mg/L under small-scale culture ... Affimers as therapeutics are in discovery and preclinical development to tackle cancer, both via CAR-T cell therapy and as ... The ability to direct in vitro screening techniques allows the identification of specific, high affinity Affimers. In vitro ...
Pruno
... the fermenting mass of fruit-called the motor or kicker in prison parlance-is retained from batch to batch to make the ... Food hoarding in the inmate cells in both prisons and jails allows the inmates to acquire ingredients and produce pruno. During ... Though popularized in prison fiction, these techniques are slow and laborious, and generally result in a low alcohol content. ... Bum wine Changaa Chicha Drinking culture Jenkem Kilju Kvas Moonshine (hooch) Pájaro verde Poitín Bootlegging Tepache Tharra ...
Brocadia
... has been discovered using culture-independent techniques such as metagenomic sequence analysis. Some notable species within ... which holds the ribosomes and DNA of the cell. The anammoxosome is a membrane-bound component of the cell that does not contain ... Brocadia and others are used in industrial waste water treatment plants using sequencing batch reactors, rotating biological ... ed.). Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology, Humana Press. Totowa, NJ: Springer. pp. 1-38. Jetten MSM, Op Den ...
Industrial enzymes
Ongoing research is performed to develop in situ separation techniques, where product is removed from the batch during the ... Whole cells are typically used when a reaction requires a co-factor. Although co-factors may be generated in vitro, it is ... Extracellular enzymes are released into the culture medium, and are much simpler to separate. Enzymes must maintain their ... These immobilization techniques occur at ambient temperatures in mild conditions, which have limited potential to modify the ...
Stuck fermentation
... to restart due to a chemical compound released by dying yeast cells that inhibit the future growth of yeast cells in the batch ... There are various techniques that a winemaker can employ to minimize the chances of a stuck fermentation happening. The most ... such as adding nitrogen to the must in the form of diammonium phosphate or using cultured yeast with a high temperature and ... to a chemical compound released by the dying yeast that serves as an inhibitor to the growth of future yeast cells in the batch ...
Cellular agriculture
Cultured meat (also known by other names) is a meat produced by in vitro cell cultures of animal cells. It is a form of ... with large batch-to-batch variation. Cultured meat companies have been putting significant resources into alternative growth ... Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques traditionally used in regenerative medicines. The concept of ... making milk from cell culture, now Perfect Day Foods), The EVERY Company (making egg whites from cell culture), Gelzen (making ...
Cell sorting
A newer cell separation technique employing antibodies is buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) is a separation technique in ... neural progenitor cell) cultures in particular, as it is easier to manage and causes minimal damage to live cells. NPC cultures ... especially when the target cells are comparatively rare and a large batch of cells must be processed. Moreover, flow cytometry ... Individual cells are deflected by either a force directly on the cell or a force on the fluid surrounding the cells, so that ...
Kantai Collection
Ryōta Momoi's 4koma manga will be released in print book format under the title KanColle 4 cell comic: Fubuki, I will do my ... "Kantai Collection". Culture Japan. Danny Choo. 2013-10-10. Archived from the original on 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2015-02-12. ... of the initial retail batch stock was sold out within the first week. Kadokawa Games has announced that the game will be no ... where senior girls teach battle techniques to their juniors. It has been updated weekly since October 2013. ...
Human betaherpesvirus 5
HCMV replicates within infected endothelial cells at a slow rate, taking about five days in cell culture. It also infects ... An ELISA technique for CMV-specific IgM is available, but may give false-positive results unless steps are taken to remove ... The major disadvantage of the pp65 assay is that only a limited number of samples can be processed per test batch. CMV should ... Phenotypic resistance testing involves cultivation of the virus in cell culture and testing its susceptibility using different ...
Immunoperoxidase
Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry are methods used to determine in which cells or parts of cells a particular ... Related techniques are also useful in sub-typing lymphocytes which all look quite similar on light microscopy. In laboratory ... Now, many are monoclonal, i.e. produced in tissue culture. Monoclonal antibodies that consist of only one type of antibody tend ... to provide greater antigen specificity, and also tend to be more consistent between batches. The first step in immunoperoxidase ...
Vincristine
... causing the cell to be unable to separate its chromosomes during the metaphase. The cell then undergoes apoptosis. The ... Its use for being anti-tumor, anti-mutagenic are well documented in ancient system of medicine of Ayurveda and folk culture of ... It can also now be synthesized through a stereocontrolled total synthesis technique which retains the correct stereochemistry ... A significant series of inadvertent intrathecal vincristine administration occurred in China in 2007 when batches of cytarabine ...
Biomanufacturing | NCBioNetwork.org
Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques. This course provides students with a sound, practical, and theoretical knowledge of key… ... Participants will learn the importance and benefits of having and completing Batch Production… more ... Cell and Gene Therapy is a technique that modifies a persons genes to treat or cure disease.… more ... This course is for operators, supervisors, and managers responsible for batch process operations… more ...
Introduction to cell culture techniques & challenges | INTEGRA
This article on cell culture basics describes different techniques such as adherent vs suspension and 2D vs 3D methods. ... Cell banking Cell banking refers to the process of storing multiple batches of a specific cell type for later use, to avoid ... What is cell culture? Cell culture Cell culture refers to the process of growing cells under controlled conditions outside ... CH/en/technical-documents/technical-article/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/mammalian-cell-culture/cell-culture- ...
Yellow Fever Virus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes serratus Mosquitoes, Southern Brazil, 2008 - Volume 16, Number 12...
Cell Culture. Batches of mosquitoes were identified to species or genus level, separated into pools of 30 individuals (maximum ... serratus mosquitoes sampled in Coronel Barros (Table 2). All YFV-positive pools showed positive results with the 3 techniques ... and added to cultures of Vero cells. The cells were observed for 14 days; after this period, cultures were harvested and ... which was only positive by cell culture and by reverse transcription-PCR. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2015 MeSH
A11.671.501.145 Batch Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249.124 E5.481.500.249.124 Battered Child Syndrome I1.880.787.293.292.304 ... E4.502.382.937.165 Cell Culture Techniques E5.240.249 E5.481.500.249 Cell Engineering E5.240.311 E5.481.500.311 Cerebral ... I1.880.853.100.450 Culture I1.880.143 I1.880.853.100 Culture Techniques E5.240 E5.481.500 Cystoscopy E4.800.250.180 E4.502. ... A8.186.211.730.317.578 Organ Culture Techniques E5.240.484 E5.481.500.484 Orphan Drug Production J1.576.318.600 J1.576.655.750. ...
Fetal Bovine Serum Australia origin, γ-irradiated, suitable for cell culture, suitable for hybridoma | Sigma-Aldrich
... suitable for cell culture, suitable for hybridoma; Synonyms: FBS,FCS,sera,serum; find SAFC-F3297 MSDS, related peer-reviewed ... by entering the products Lot/Batch Number. Lot and Batch Numbers can be found on a products label following the words Lot or ... technique(s). cell culture , hybridoma: suitable. cell culture , mammalian: suitable. shipped in. ... Lot and Batch Numbers can be found on a products label following the words Lot or Batch. ...
Qkine - o2h Ventures
... and they include full QC data for every batch - mass spec, ... such as protein stability and cell culture reproducibility ... Use innovative protein engineering techniques to tackle fundamental biological and scalability challenges, ... and they include full QC data for every batch - mass spec, analytical reverse phase, recovery, SDS-PAGE, bioassay data and ... Manufacture high quality growth factors and cytokines for stem cell, organized and regenerative medicine applications ...
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Name of activity / technique:. Formulation into a mixture. Process category (PROC):. PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch ... PC 0: Other: Food -Nutrition, chemical ( cell culture media). Substance supplied to that use in form of:. in a mixture. ... Contributing activity / technique for workers. Process category (PROC):. PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes. PROC 8a ... Formulation of mixtures to cell culture media Formulation. Registration/ Notification status for the use:. use registered ...
Installation - Maint - Repair jobs | Hire Veterans - The #1 Veteran Jobs Marketplace
In Cell Culture specifically, we perform critical upstream processing activities within Current Good Manufacturing Practice ( ... Create and revise key documentation like batch records, SLRs, and equipment logbooks Help maintain a clean and safe work ... stainless steel bioreactors up to 15,000L Performing thaws and splits utilizing Aseptic technique Dispensing raw... ... Manufacturing Associate (Subject Matter Expert) - Cell Culture / Upstream Biogen Job Description This requisition represents ...
Colestase/metabolismo
... a metal stamp containing hundreds of protrusions for batch bulk preparation of cell spheroids in each well of the culture ... Afterwards, using RT-qPCR as well as Western Blot techniques, the expression of pertinent indicators was determined. RESULTS: ... Cell spheroid culture can recapitulate the tissue microstructure and cellular responses in vivo. While there is a strong need ... Inflammasomes and innate immune cells have been shown to contribute to liver injury, thereby activating Kupffer cells, which ...
Fresh or frozen - understanding the supply chain needs of your cell and gene therapy
It would be beneficial to extend the shelf life of cell cultures, freezing cells below 150ºC using cryogenic storage techniques ... Bill: We will move much more towards frozen, particularly for treatments where we need to store large batches of cells. ... can play an important role in the stabilization of fresh cells and can help prevent freeze damage for frozen cultures. With the ... Andrea: The cell therapy space is growing in both size and complexity. Innovations in formulation and storage may well make it ...
SciELO - Brazil - Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge between science and industry Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge...
Table 2 Comparison of continuous and fed-batch fermentations with cell recycling for ethanol production in Brazil.3737 Godoy A ... Microbial diversity in sugarcane ethanol production in a Brazilian distillery a culture-independent method. J Ind Microbiol ... 1998;49(2):154-163. This technique had been used to identify and monitor yeast strains in grape fermentations with excellent ... Comparison of continuous and fed-batch fermentations with cell recycling for ethanol production in Brazil.3737 Godoy A, Amorim ...
One-piece Implant - IDL Dental Technologies LTD
Cell culture tests, histological studies of bone, all confirmed its strong long-term performance, high mechanical stability and ... SLA surface treatment technique seemed to be one of the most studied and best documented surfaced in a modern dental ... We ensure that a high percentage of samples are taken from every batch. Each sample passes a very strict set of tests of ... Sandblasting is followed by acid-etching batch at high temperatures. As a result, subtle-sized 2-5 micron micropores appear at ...
Assay-ready Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and High-throughput 3D Imaging to Drug Discovery
This requires standardized and repeatable batches of large numbers of organoids. Since organoids are cultured manually, this ... One frequently used technique is a bioluminescent-based assay which detects the presence of metabolically active cells by ... The number of cells that are still alive in the untreated sample will be considerably more than in the drug-treated cells, ... High-content imaging can also be used to determine cell viability by counting the number of live or dead cells (labelled with ...
High Throughput Screening (HTS) - Where next? - Drug Discovery World (DDW)
... batches of cells for reagent production and to ensure that both the cell production and uHTS teams are aware of each others ... It is the contention of this article that the management issues involved in securing adequate amounts of cell culture resource ... will become the norm as will the use of best practice procurement techniques. These are all techniques that have been deployed ... It will be necessary to assemble the related functions of assay development/adaptation cell culture, protein purification, ...
Efficacy of EDTA and Phosphorous on Biomass Yield and Total Lipid Accumulation in Two Green Microalgae with Special Emphasis on...
The maximum biomass (g/L) and lipid content (% dry cell weight) at different stresses showed significant results (,svg xmlns: ... conditions were performed by confocal microscopy and revealed bright golden-yellow lipid droplets in stress exposed cells. ... under phosphorous starvation in the culture. It was observed that maximum biomass yields in,i, Chlorella,/i, and,i, ... The axenic cultures were mixed well with bubbling air containing 2% CO2. The cultures were grown in batch culture mode and were ...
Summer Training | International Center for Stem Cells, Cancer and Biotechnology (ICSCCB), New Delhi, India
Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Lab:. 1. Cell culture techniques, passaging and maintenance of human cancer cell lines. 2. ... We will update on the website if the batch is full. Each participant will do all techniques real hands-on.. ... Biotech, Animal Cell Culture and Cancer Biology Summer Training, at the ICSCCB, New Delhi.. (1 Month, Full-time, Regular ... International Center for Stem Cells, Cancer and Biotechnology (ICSCCB), New Delhi, India. Programs in Stem Cell Biology and ...
CSAR Facilities - Swansea University
Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis
Several new techniques have been developed to detect specific components produced either by the mycobacterial cells or by the ... When used on primary culture isolates, this technique enables species to be identified within 6 to 18 h rather than the 2 to 6 ... A large batch of PPD produced by Seibert in 1939 (Lot 49608) was designated PPD-S and became the International Standard as well ... Culture only (date). Microscopy and culture (date). Negative (date). Not done. Chemotherapy Status. Receiving chemotherapy ...
Why Is Gender Screening Your Cannabis Plants Important? - Plant Cell Technology | Your partner in plant tissue culture
This means conducting the tests at the same time and using the same method for all plants in a particular batch. This ensures ... larger-scale operations that require a consistent and reliable supply of female cannabis plants.Tissue culture is a technique ... How Plant Cell Technology Can Help You Learn Tissue Culture To Create Clones That Are 100% Females?Cutting-Edge Technology ... This method is very accurate, and you can learn this at a PCT Tissue Culture Master Class!Hormone Testing: Hormone ...
Development of Low Cost Medium for the Production of Biosurfactants
Biosurfactant production in batch culture by a Bacillus licheniformis isolated from the Persian Gulf. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 9: ... a loopful of bacterial cells was taken from the seed culture and was added into a flask (5% inoculum) containing 100 mL of ... Analytical techniques. Estimation of biomass: Biomass was estimated by the method explained by Guerra-Santos et al. (1984). ... Biosurfactant Production in Batch Culture by a Bacillus licheniformis Isolated from The Persian Gulf ...
Anti- -Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 PAb | Technique alternative | 01012554534 - Polabo
VWR®, Ultrapure Water System, G Series | VWR
AA and other analytical techniques; preparation of buffers and culture media for mammalian cell culture; preparation of ... From Cell to Therapy. Solutions for your entire workflow - from basic research to biopharma production. Tools and services to ... Applications (Type II - EDI water): Preparation of chemical and bio-reagents; preparation of culture media; preparation of ...
Complex2
- Decrease in the number of clinical specimens received and number of patients for whom a specimen was submitted from 2015 to 2017, but an increase of 3.9% for the number of patients positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) by culture. (cdc.gov)
- Before a cell divides and DNA is passed from one cell to another, a complex process occurs. (cdc.gov)
Results2
- Results: This study proved successful in immobilizing C. perfringens cells inside uniform alginate microspheres. (bvsalud.org)
- Our results showed that inflamed and non-inflamed dental pulps neither from humans nor from rats presented mast cells. (bvsalud.org)
Video1
- The video will also touch on the different types of RNA found in a cell and their functions. (cdc.gov)
Organs1
- Regenerative Medicine aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function lost due to injury, toxicological/metabolic damage, congenital pathologies or ageing. (nih.gov)
Diagnostic techniques2
- There are two further categories of diagnostic techniques that rely on the detection of viral antigens. (medscape.com)
- The report also identifies specific research problems that need to be solved in the drive to develop more sensitive diagnostic techniques, to improve the immunogenicity and cost-effectiveness of vaccines, and to eliminate rabies in canine and wild animal populations. (who.int)
Cellular1
- Methods for cultivation of cells, usually on a large-scale, in a closed system for the purpose of producing cells or cellular products to harvest. (nih.gov)
Laboratory4
- A variety of laboratory techniques can be used, as outlined below. (medscape.com)
- Depending on the strain of virus and the laboratory, viruses can be isolated in cell lines within 2-10 days. (medscape.com)
- Cell culture, nucleic acid-amplification techniques and IF assays all require trained laboratory personnel and specialized equipment. (medscape.com)
- Also, for cost considerations, testing is subject to laboratory hours and specimens are run in batches, leading to further delays in obtaining results. (medscape.com)
Methods1
- METHODS: HEK293 (human epithelial kidney) and swine testis (ST) cells were co-cultured with macroencapsulated pig islets embedded in an alginate patch, macroencapsulated PK15 (swine kidney epithelial) cells embedded in an alginate patch and free PK15 cells. (bvsalud.org)
Days1
- Cells and supernatant were harvested at weekly time points from the cultures for up to 60 days and screened for evidence of PERV release using qRT-PCR to detect PERV RNA and SG-PERT to detect reverse transcriptase (RT). (bvsalud.org)
Human3
- This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant applications from small business concerns (SBCs) that propose to develop or improve technologies for obtaining, characterizing and testing animal and human stem cells and their derivatives as models for stem cell-based regenerative medicine using animal models. (nih.gov)
- The program is intended to support projects devoted to the creation of informative animal models for regenerative medicine, which will facilitate testing the safety and therapeutic potential of animal and human stem cells and their derivatives for pre-clinical evaluation. (nih.gov)
- Recent improvements in human and veterinary rabies vaccines are reviewed in the third section, which features extensive information on the quality controls that must be followed during production and the safety and potency tests that must be performed on each vaccine batch before its release. (who.int)
Disease2
- and 3) improvement of animal disease models for stem cell-based therapeutic applications. (nih.gov)
- Drawing upon lessons learned in several large mass immunization campaigns, the report explains how the recently developed oral vaccination technique can be used to control the disease in foxes, racoons, other wild animals, and possibly also in dogs. (who.int)
Control1
- First, we generated a stable reporter cell line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of interleukin-8 (IL-8) promoter activity. (bvsalud.org)
![Hot water extraction of Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.]) bark: analyses of the influence of bark aging and process...](data:image/jpg;base64,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)
![WHO Expert Committee on Rabies [meeting held in Geneva from 24 to 30 September 1991] : eighth report](https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/bitstream/handle/10665/39308/WHO_TRS_824_eng.pdf.jpg?sequence=18&isAllowed=y)
