Base pairing. Medical search

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.

Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The part of a denture that overlies the soft tissue and supports the supplied teeth and is supported in turn by abutment teeth or the residual alveolar ridge. It is usually made of resins or metal or their combination.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Collections of facts, assumptions, beliefs, and heuristics that are used in combination with databases to achieve desired results, such as a diagnosis, an interpretation, or a solution to a problem (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Any chemical species which acts as an electron-pair donor in a chemical bonding reaction with a LEWIS ACID.

A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA sites that can result from the action of DNA GLYCOSYLASES. The enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. This enzyme was previously listed under EC 3.1.25.2.

A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.

Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A DNA repair enzyme that is an N-glycosyl hydrolase with specificity for DNA-containing ring-opened N(7)-methylguanine residues.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.

An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of the N-glycosidic bond between sugar phosphate backbone and URACIL residue during DNA synthesis.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Rhodopsins found in the PURPLE MEMBRANE of halophilic archaea such as HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM. Bacteriorhodopsins function as an energy transducers, converting light energy into electrochemical energy via PROTON PUMPS.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails. They are composed of one molecule of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine (4-sphingenine) or one of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain acid, a polar head alcohol and sometimes phosphoric acid in diester linkage at the polar head group. (Lehninger et al, Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons; vehicles for medicinal substances intended for external application; there are four classes: hydrocarbon base, absorption base, water-removable base and water-soluble base; several are also emollients.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. Present in DNA preparations isolated from crab species. Synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of DNA.

The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

(T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.

5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. It has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded DNA as template-primer. It is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both DNA synthesis and repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE.

Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.

An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Purines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PURINE NUCLEOTIDES.

A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Interruptions in one of the strands of the sugar-phosphate backbone of double-stranded DNA.

A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.

An enzyme which catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bonds at purinic or apyrimidinic sites (AP-sites) to produce 5'-Phosphooligonucleotide end products. The enzyme prefers single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and was formerly classified as EC 3.1.4.30.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

Cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.

Enzymes that are involved in the reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule, which contained damaged regions.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.

The regulatory elements of an OPERON to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the transcription of GENES in the operon.

A computational screen for methylation guide snoRNAs in yeast. (1/2613)

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are required for ribose 2'-O-methylation of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA. Many of the genes for this snoRNA family have remained unidentified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, despite the availability of a complete genome sequence. Probabilistic modeling methods akin to those used in speech recognition and computational linguistics were used to computationally screen the yeast genome and identify 22 methylation guide snoRNAs, snR50 to snR71. Gene disruptions and other experimental characterization confirmed their methylation guide function. In total, 51 of the 55 ribose methylated sites in yeast ribosomal RNA were assigned to 41 different guide snoRNAs. (+info)

Base pairing of anhydrohexitol nucleosides with 2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine and uracil asbase moiety. (2/2613)

Hexitol nucleic acids (HNAs) with modified bases (5-methylcytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine or uracil) were synthesized. The introduction of the 5-methylcytosine base demonstrates that N -benzoylated 5-methylcytosyl-hexitol occurs as the imino tautomer. The base pairing systems (G:CMe, U:D, T:D and U:A) obey Watson-Crick rules. Substituting hT for hU, hCMefor hC and hD for hA generally leads to increased duplex stability. In a single case, replacement of hC by hCMedid not result in duplex stabilization. This sequence-specific effect could be explained by the geometry of the model duplex used for carrying out the thermal stability study. Generally, polypurine HNA sequences give more stable duplexes with their RNA complement than polypyrimidine HNA sequences. This observation supports the hypothesis that, besides changes in stacking pattern, the difference in conformational stress between purine and pyrimidine nucleosides may contribute to duplex stability. Introduction of hCMeand hD in HNA sequences further increases the potential of HNA to function as a steric blocking agent. (+info)

Smoothing of the thermal stability of DNA duplexes by using modified nucleosides and chaotropic agents. (3/2613)

The effect of alkyltrimethylammonium ions on the thermostability of natural and modified DNA duplexes has been investigated. We have shown that the use of tetramethylammonium ions TMA+along with the chemical modification of duplexes allow the fine adjustment of T m and the possibility of obtaining several duplex systems with varied isostabilizedtemperatures, some of which show greater stability than those of natural DNA. This approach could be very useful for DNA sequencing by hybridization. (+info)

Complete sequence of a 184-kilobase catabolic plasmid from Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199. (4/2613)

The complete 184,457-bp sequence of the aromatic catabolic plasmid, pNL1, from Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199 has been determined. A total of 186 open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted to encode proteins, of which 79 are likely directly associated with catabolism or transport of aromatic compounds. Genes that encode enzymes associated with the degradation of biphenyl, naphthalene, m-xylene, and p-cresol are predicted to be distributed among 15 gene clusters. The unusual coclustering of genes associated with different pathways appears to have evolved in response to similarities in biochemical mechanisms required for the degradation of intermediates in different pathways. A putative efflux pump and several hypothetical membrane-associated proteins were identified and predicted to be involved in the transport of aromatic compounds and/or intermediates in catabolism across the cell wall. Several genes associated with integration and recombination, including two group II intron-associated maturases, were identified in the replication region, suggesting that pNL1 is able to undergo integration and excision events with the chromosome and/or other portions of the plasmid. Conjugative transfer of pNL1 to another Sphingomonas sp. was demonstrated, and genes associated with this function were found in two large clusters. Approximately one-third of the ORFs (59 of them) have no obvious homology to known genes. (+info)

Mutated epithelial cadherin is associated with increased tumorigenicity and loss of adhesion and of responsiveness to the motogenic trefoil factor 2 in colon carcinoma cells. (5/2613)

Epithelial (E)-cadherin and its associated cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenins) are important mediators of epithelial cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling. Much evidence exists suggesting a tumor/invasion suppressor role for E-cadherin, and loss of expression, as well as mutations, has been described in a number of epithelial cancers. To investigate whether E-cadherin gene (CDH1) mutations occur in colorectal cancer, we screened 49 human colon carcinoma cell lines from 43 patients by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing. In addition to silent changes, polymorphisms, and intronic variants in a number of the cell lines, we detected frameshift single-base deletions in repeat regions of exon 3 (codons 120 and 126) causing premature truncations at codon 216 in four replication-error-positive (RER+) cell lines (LS174T, HCT116, GP2d, and GP5d) derived from 3 patients. In LS174T such a mutation inevitably contributes to its lack of E-cadherin protein expression and function. Transfection of full-length E-cadherin cDNA into LS174T cells enhanced intercellular adhesion, induced differentiation, retarded proliferation, inhibited tumorigenicity, and restored responsiveness to the migratory effects induced by the motogenic trefoil factor 2 (human spasmolytic polypeptide). These results indicate that, although inactivating E-cadherin mutations occur relatively infrequently in colorectal cancer cell lines overall (3/43 = 7%), they are more common in cells with an RER+ phenotype (3/10 = 30%) and may contribute to the dysfunction of the E-cadherin-catenin-mediated adhesion/signaling system commonly seen in these tumors. These results also indicate that normal E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion can restore the ability of colonic tumor cells to respond to trefoil factor 2. (+info)

High base pair opening rates in tracts of GC base pairs. (6/2613)

Sequence-dependent structural features of the DNA double helix have a strong influence on the base pair opening dynamics. Here we report a detailed study of the kinetics of base pair breathing in tracts of GC base pairs in DNA duplexes derived from 1H NMR measurements of the imino proton exchange rates upon titration with the exchange catalyst ammonia. In the limit of infinite exchange catalyst concentration, the exchange times of the guanine imino protons of the GC tracts extrapolate to much shorter base pair lifetimes than commonly observed for isolated GC base pairs. The base pair lifetimes in the GC tracts are below 5 ms for almost all of the base pairs. The unusually rapid base pair opening dynamics of GC tracts are in striking contrast to the behavior of AT tracts, where very long base pair lifetimes are observed. The implication of these findings for the structural principles governing spontaneous helix opening as well as the DNA-binding specificity of the cytosine-5-methyltransferases, where flipping of the cytosine base has been observed, are discussed. (+info)

How translational accuracy influences reading frame maintenance. (7/2613)

Most missense errors have little effect on protein function, since they only exchange one amino acid for another. However, processivity errors, frameshifting or premature termination result in a synthesis of an incomplete peptide. There may be a connection between missense and processivity errors, since processivity errors now appear to result from a second error occurring after recruitment of an errant aminoacyl-tRNA, either spontaneous dissociation causing premature termination or translational frameshifting. This is clearest in programmed translational frameshifting where the mRNA programs errant reading by a near-cognate tRNA; this error promotes a second frameshifting error (a dual-error model of frameshifting). The same mechanism can explain frameshifting by suppressor tRNAs, even those with expanded anticodon loops. The previous model that suppressor tRNAs induce quadruplet translocation now appears incorrect for most, and perhaps for all of them. We suggest that the 'spontaneous' tRNA-induced frameshifting and 'programmed' mRNA-induced frameshifting use the same mechanism, although the frequency of frameshifting is very different. This new model of frameshifting suggests that the tRNA is not acting as the yardstick to measure out the length of the translocation step. Rather, the translocation of 3 nucleotides may be an inherent feature of the ribosome. (+info)

Trans-activation of the Tetrahymena group I intron ribozyme via a non-native RNA-RNA interaction. (8/2613)

The peripheral P2.1 domain of the Tetrahymena group I intron ribozyme has been shown to be non-essential for splicing. We found, however, that separately prepared P2.1 RNA efficiently accelerates the 3' splice-site-specific hydrolysis reaction of a mutant ribozyme lacking both P2.1 and its upstream region in trans. We report here the unusual properties of this trans-activation. Compensatory mutational analysis revealed that non-native long-range base-pairings between the loop region of P2.1 RNA and L5c region of the mutant ribozyme are needed for the activation in spite of the fact that P2.1 forms base-pairings with P9.1 in the Tetrahymena ribozyme. The trans -activation depends on the non-native RNA-RNA interaction together with the higher order structure of P2.1 RNA. This activation is unique among the known trans-activations that utilize native tertiary interactions or RNA chaperons. (+info)

This is called complementary base pairing. In RNA, the complement of adenine is uracil instead of thymine. Other notable ... Purines and pyrimidines make up the two groups of nitrogenous bases, including the two groups of nucleotide bases. The purine ... Deamination of purine bases can result in accumulation of such nucleotides as ITP, dITP, XTP and dXTP. Defects in enzymes that ... Purine is both a very weak acid (pKa 8.93) and an even weaker base (pKa 2.39). If dissolved in pure water, the pH will be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine

... single base pairs may be considered, and short two- or three-base segments, to incorporate the effects of base stacking. This ... maintenance at two widely separated sites of a pair of base-pairing nucleotides indicates the presence of a structurally ... The problem of predicting nucleic acid secondary structure is dependent mainly on base pairing and base stacking interactions; ... This is shown by the high conservation of base pairings across diverse species. Secondary structure of small RNA molecules is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure_prediction

As intrastrand base pairing occurs, a protocruciform is formed. In a protocruciform, the stems of the structure are partially ... As tRNA folds on itself in the presence of paired complementary bases, it causes the formation of branches and loops that are ... As the unwound section gets larger, both sides of the inverted repeat unwind and intrastrand base pairing occurs. This leads to ... The mechanism of cruciform extrusion occurs through the opening of double stranded DNA to allow for intrastrand base pairing. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform_DNA

... which is based on graphs. Dutta, Ratna; Barua, Rana; Sarkar, Palash (2004). "Pairing-Based Cryptographic Protocols : A Survey ... Koblitz, Neal; Menezes, Alfred (2005). "Pairing-Based cryptography at high security levels". LNCS. 3796. Garg, Sanjam; Gentry, ... which is based on ideals of polynomial rings; CLT13, which is based approximate GCD problem and works over integers, hence, it ... A pairing is a map: e : G 1 × G 2 → G T {\displaystyle e:G_{1}\times G_{2}\rightarrow G_{T}} , which satisfies the following ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_multilinear_map

... including the eta pairing technique,identity-based cryptographic protocols, and the family of Barreto-Naehrig (BN) pairing- ... His paper "Efficient Algorithms for Pairing-Based Cryptosystems", jointly written with Hae Y. Kim, Ben Lynn and Mike Scott and ... He has also co-authored a number of research works on elliptic curve cryptography and pairing-based cryptography, ... Efficient Algorithms for Pairing-Based Cryptosystems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2442. pp. 354-369. doi:10.1007/3-540- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_S._L._M._Barreto

Selesnick, I.W. (June 2001). "Hilbert transform pairs of wavelet bases". IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 8 (6): 170-173. ... Similarly in the M-D case, the real and imaginary parts of tensor products are made to be approximate Hilbert transform pairs ... it is required that the real part of the wavelet and the imaginary part are Hilbert transform pairs for the wavelet to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet_for_multidimensional_signals_analysis

Nishmat offers chevruta-based (pairs) learning. There is a strong emphasis on developing skills for independent textual study ... Nishmat offers text-based learning programs to women of different ages and background. The English-speaking programs offer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishmat_(midrasha)

... and the base-pair formed is called a wobble base pair. The modified bases include inosine and the Non-Watson-Crick U-G basepair ... Varani G, McClain WH (July 2000). "The G x U wobble base pair. A fundamental building block of RNA structure crucial to RNA ... Lehmann, J; Libchaber, A (July 2008). "Degeneracy of the genetic code and stability of the base pair at the second position of ... Degeneracy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy

The mitochondrial DNA has 15,301 base pairs. Abisara fylloides fylloides (western China) Abisara fylloides magdala (Fruhstorfer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abisara_fylloides

UTR region of 27 base pairs and a 3' UTR region of 356 base pairs. The transcript is 1,559 base pairs long. Less common ... The promoter for TEX9 was determined using 19 supporting transcripts to be GXP_7531542, spanning from base 56,364,254 to base ... TEX9 is on the sense strand and spans from base 56,365,573 to 56,428,441. TEX9 is located in the gene neighborhood of CD24P2, ... "An unbiased in vivo functional genomics screening approach in mice identifies novel tumor cell-based regulators of immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEX9

Boneh, Dan; Franklin, Matthew (2003). "Identity-based encryption from the Weil pairing". SIAM Journal on Computing. 32 (3): 586 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel_Prize

This pair based the equatorial coordinate system. While δ is given in degrees (from +90° at the north celestial pole to −90° at ... The location is defined by a pair of angular coordinates relative to the celestial equator: right ascension (α) and declination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_position

RPTN is 5,634 bases long. It starts 152,126,071 base pairs from pter. It ends 152,131,704 base pairs from pter. It has a minus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetin

It is 7,956 base pairs in length. pHT01 carries Pgrac, an artificial, strong promoter consisting of the Bacillus subtilis groE ... doi:10.1016/s0147-619x(02)00109-9. Phan, T.P.T.; Nguyen, H.D.; Schumann, W. (2006). "Novel plasmid-based expression vectors for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pht01

It is 3,394 base pairs in length. CCDC121 produces four different mRNAs: three alternatively spliced variants and one unspliced ... Transcripts for isoforms 1-3 are 2,880, 2,762 and 2,361 base pairs in length respectively. Each of the mRNA variants contains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCDC121

Gu P, Schepers G, Rozenski J, Van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P (2003). "Base pairing properties of D- and L-cyclohexene nucleic ... Although the genetic information is still stored in the four canonical base pairs (unlike other nucleic acid analogues), ... Using a genetic code of six XNAs rather than the four naturally occurring DNA nucleotide bases yields endless opportunities for ... Thus the genetic information stored in XNA is "invisible" and therefore useless to natural DNA-based organisms. The structure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno_nucleic_acid

... the length of each base pair is the same and they fit equally between the two sugar-phosphate backbones. The base pairs are ... Indeed, the base-pairing did suggest a way to copy a DNA molecule. Just pull apart the two sugar-phosphate backbones, each with ... Each strand could then be used as a template for assembly of a new base-pair complementary strand. When Watson and Crick ... Discover the rules of DNA base pairing with an online simulator. Perutz MF, Randall JT, Thomson L, Wilkins MH, Watson JD (June ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid

These premutagenic lesions alter the structure and possibly the base-pairing. Up to 50-100 such reactions per second might ... Such dimers interfere with base pairing during DNA replication, leading to mutations. A 6-4 photoproduct (6-4 pyrimidine- ... It is a base excision repair enzyme specific for pyrimidine dimers. It is then able to cut open the AP site. David S. Goodsell ... The dimerization reaction can also occur among pyrimidine bases in dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)-uracil or cytosine. Two common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer

... base paired at the end of a helix, or in a base pair at or next to a GU wobble pair, the latter two being positions where the ... base-pairing can occasionally open up. Moreover, since modified sites cannot be base-paired, modification sites can be detected ... these bases cannot have been base-paired in the original RNA. DMS modification can also be used for DNA, for example in ... Importantly, their reactivity depends on local RNA structure e.g. base-pairing or accessibility. Differences in reactivity can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure_determination

Hoogsteen base pair formation promotes synthesis opposite the 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine lesion by human DNA polymerase iota. ... Human DNA polymerase iota incorporates dCTP opposite template G via a G.C + Hoogsteen base pair. Structure. 2005 Oct;13(10): ... Replication by human DNA polymerase-iota occurs by Hoogsteen base-pairing. Nature. 2004 Jul 15;430(6997):377-80. PMID 15254543 ... Both hPolι and yREV1 have unique active sites that facilitate the formation of non-Watson-Crick base pairs to achieve lesion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_T._Nair

... which stabilizes non complementary base pairing. Add manganese chloride to reduce base pair specificity. Increased and ... This enzyme catalyzes the removal of uracil residues from DNA creating single base pair gaps. The USER enzyme treated fragments ... The universal bases are replaced with a random standard base, causing mutations. There are several modified versions of this ... These methods calculate a matrix that depicts the pair wise similarity among the sequence pairs. Similarity scores are then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering

Additionally, melting of AT/TA base pairs were found to be much faster than that of GC/CG pairs (15-240s−1 vs. ~20s−1). This ... Coman D, Russu IM (May 2005). "Base pair opening in three DNA-unwinding elements". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (21 ... E.coli contains 9 bases of the 11 base consensus sequence in its oriC, within the 13-mer sequences. These sequences are found ... DUE sites are relatively insensitive to point mutations though, maintaining their activity in when altering bases in protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_unwinding_element

CD-HIT UCLUST in USEARCH Starcode: a fast sequence clustering algorithm based on exact all-pairs search. OrthoFinder: a fast, ... Zorita E, Cuscó P, Filion GJ (June 2015). "Starcode: sequence clustering based on all-pairs search". Bioinformatics. 31 (12): ... The similarity score is often based on sequence alignment. Sequence clustering is often used to make a non-redundant set of ... Kelil A, Wang S, Brzezinski R, Fleury A (August 2007). "CLUSS: clustering of protein sequences based on a new similarity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_clustering

These RNA are upwards of 200 base pairs. They can be transcribed from a standalone sequence or be part of a promoter, intron or ... 2011). Another set of flowering controls stems from photoperiodism which initiates flowering based on the length of nighttime. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_plant_growth_and_development

However, 7 base pairs of the 5' UTR have been determined in the Papio anubis ortholog. The 3' UTR is 852 base pairs long. The ... The Homo sapiens PRR12 gene is 34,785 base pairs long, contains 14 exons, and is located on chromosome 19 at 19q13.33. Known ... mRNA sequence The PRR12 mRNA transcript is 6960 base pairs long and contains several short sequence repeats. The Homo sapiens ... 32 base pairs. More research will be required to expand the 5' UTR of the PRR12 transcript in order to confirm where the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline-rich_12

The gene is approximately 16,768 base pairs long. Studies have found that mutations in the LZTR1 gene were found in malignant ... Based on its role in several tumor types, the LZTR1 protein is thought to act as a tumor suppressor. Tumor suppressors are ... Initially described as a putative transcriptional regulator based on weak homology to members of the basic leucine zipper-like ... LTZR1 protein could possibly be associated with the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase (Cullin-Based Ubiquitin Ligase 3) complex that helps ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZTR1

... transcribes an mRNA with 1701 base pairs. This gene is on the negative strand of chromosome 3 and has four exons. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR53

The gene is 21,129 base pairs long and extends from base pair 36315757 to 36336977. The gene produces a single transcript that ... PNPLA1 extends from base pairs 36239766 to 36313955. ETV7 is found downstream on the negative strand and extends from base ... is 3,750 base pairs long. There is a unique upstream, in-frame stop codon in the 5'UTR region from base pairs 86-88 of the mRNA ... The promoter region for C6orf222 is predicted to exist between 36304561 and 36305162 and has a length of 602 base pairs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6orf222

146 base pairs are from the DNA wrapped around the histone core of the nucleosome. The remaining 20 base pairs are from the DNA ... The chromatosome contains 166 base pairs of DNA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatosome

These analogs do not have the same pairing properties of normal bases, therefore they can pair incorrectly with nucleotides ... The hydrogen atom on a nucleotide base is repositioned causing altered hydrogen bonding pattern and incorrect base pairing ... Post- zygotic changes to a genome can be caused by small mutations that affect a single base pair, or large mutations that ... This results in an incorrect base pair match. Similarly there are amino and imino tautomers of cytosine and adenine that can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postzygotic_mutation

"In Feinglos MN, Bethel MA (eds.). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evidence-based approach to practical management. Contemporary ... "The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant ... Sun T, Han X (2019). "Death versus dedifferentiation: The molecular bases of beta cell mass reduction in type 2 diabetes". ... Threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is based on the relationship between results of glucose tolerance tests, fasting glucose or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

... which is the number of links connecting to the base. The base of the food chain (primary producers or detritivores) is set at ... between every species pair in a web is averaged to compute the mean distance between all nodes in a web (D)[66] and multiplied ... The base or basal species in a food web are those species without prey and can include autotrophs or saprophytic detritivores ( ... It is the case that the biomass of each trophic level decreases from the base of the chain to the top. This is because energy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web

In 1992, the academy acquired its largest campus-based training vessel, the T/V Kings Pointer. After 20 years at the academy, ... Midshipmen are typically assigned as pairs to a ship, an engineering cadet and a deck cadet, and operate as part of the crew, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy

Science Based Medicine *^ a b c d e f Barrett, Stephen; London, William M.; Kroger, Manfred; Hall, Harriet; Baratz, Robert S. ( ... In 2003, a project funded by the CDC identified 208 condition-treatment pairs, of which 58% had been studied by at least one ... "Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28.. *^ a b Elsevier Science (2002). "Author interview (Edzard ... "Science-Based Medicine. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2019-02-14.. *^ Atwood, K.C., IV (September-October 2003). "The Ongoing Problem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine

Rossini's opera La gazza ladra and The Adventures of Tintin comic The Castafiore Emerald are based on this theme. However, one ... The European population is estimated to be between 7.5 and 19 million breeding pairs. Allowing for the birds breeding in other ... and the pairs often remain together from one breeding season to the next. They generally occupy the same territory on ... Union decided to treat the black-billed magpie as a separate species based on studies of the vocalization and behaviour that ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_magpie

Digit pair method of divisibility by 7 This method uses 1, −3, 2 pattern on the digit pairs. That is, the divisibility of any ... For example, in base 10, the factors of 101 include 2, 5, and 10. Therefore, divisibility by 2, 5, and 10 only depend on ... First we separate the number into three digit pairs: 15, 75 and 14.. Then we apply the algorithm: 1 × 15 − 3 × 75 + 2 × 14 = ... Although there are divisibility tests for numbers in any radix, or base, and they are all different, this article presents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisibility_rule

8 clave-based music is generated from cross-rhythm, it is possible to count or feel the 6. 8 clave in several different ways. ... The following afrobeat guitar part is a variant of the 2-3 onbeat/offbeat motif.[83] Even the melodic contour is guajeo-based. ... The standard bell is the key pattern used in bembé and so with compositions based on triple-pulse rhythms, it is the seven- ... The Congolese called this new music rumba, although it was based on the son. The Africans adapted guajeos to electric guitars ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)

While based in Sacramento, his radio broadcasts over 50,000-watt KFBK were heard all over the West.[43] ... paired with Herman Arnspiger, that he made his first commercial (though unissued) recordings in November 1929 for Brunswick/ ... The Austin-based Western swing band Asleep at the Wheel have honored Wills' music since the band's inception, mostly notably ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Playboys

... a pair of thin-soled giveh, and a pair of linen trousers.[138] ... of Religion and Ethics notes that the Purim holiday is based on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norouz

Six brief manga one-shots, illustrated by Reine Hibiki and based on some scenes from the novels, were published by Shueisha in ... The fifth and tenth drama CDs by Shueisha were released in limited edition versions each with a slipcase and a pair of ... and Akira Matsushima based the character design used in the anime on Reine Hibiki's original designs. The art director for the ... The drama CDs are based on the stories in the novels. ... Anime and manga based on light novels. *Japanese LGBT-related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-sama_ga_Miteru

He was good friends with United and Northern Ireland star George Best, and the pair regularly socialised at the Clifton Grange ... He was known for his distinctive plectrum-based style on the bass, and for his imaginative lyrical contributions including ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lynott

The genome of S. pneumoniae is a closed, circular DNA structure that contains between 2.0 and 2.1 million base pairs depending ... S. pneumoniae can also be distinguished based on its sensitivity to lysis by bile, the so-called "bile solubility test". The ... For instance, the Xisco gene was recently described as a biomarker for PCR-based detection of S. pneumoniae and differentiation ... Diagnosis is generally made based on clinical suspicion along with a positive culture from a sample from virtually any place in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae

Statistical, likelihood-based approaches: Statistical, likelihood-based [37][38] iterative expectation-maximization algorithms ... The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radioligand, most commonly fluorine-18, which ... based regularization in a wavelet or other domain), such as via Ulf Grenander's Sieve estimator[41][42] or via Bayes penalty ... Two major sources of noise in PET are scatter (a detected pair of photons, at least one of which was deflected from its ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan

... attachments are paired at each node and decussate if, as typical, each successive pair is rotated 90° progressing along ... More than one main vein (nerve) at the base. Lateral secondary veins branching from a point above the base of the leaf. Usually ... The leaves on this plant are arranged in pairs opposite one another, with successive pairs at right angles to each other ( ... BaseEdit. Acuminate. Coming to a sharp, narrow, prolonged point.. Acute. Coming to a sharp, but not prolonged point.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauline

After linking RHA batteries in pairs, just C Battery with 4th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery in Egypt and K Battery at St ... it has been based in England, initially at Aldershot but latterly at Colchester.[61] ... Rather than disband existing batteries, they were instead linked in pairs. As a result, on 11 May, H Battery (from 8th Field ... currently based in Merville Barracks in Colchester. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Parachute_Battery_

Ashford's pairing with Melissa Reeves' Jennifer was wildly popular (winning the 7th Soap Opera Digest award for favorite super ... In 2012, Ashford was recruited by the Outside the Box Musical Theatre Company for a new musical based on a Clint Eastwood movie ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ashford

This belief was based on his misunderstanding of the chemical properties of lemon juice as an invisible ink.[3] ... The two papers employed paired, well-aligned instruments of known reliability to examine the evaluation of self-assessment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DunningKruger_effect

... s usually form pairs (in October and November in the Northern Hemisphere) until the female lays eggs at the start of the ... The mallard is omnivorous and very flexible in its choice of food.[61] Its diet may vary based on several factors, including ... The drakes that end up being left out after the others have paired off with mating partners sometimes target an isolated female ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard

When paired with another mandala depicting the Five Wisdom Kings, this forms the Mandala of the Two Realms. ... The pattern of the dress was based on the Goloka Yantra mandala, shaped as a lotus with eight petals. Visitors were invited to ... The Taima mandala is based on the Contemplation Sutra, but other similar mandalas have been made subsequently. Unlike mandalas ... Mandalas have sometimes been used in Pure Land Buddhism to graphically represent Pure Lands, based on descriptions found in the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala

Nominal measures are based on sets and depend on categories, a la Aristotle: Chrisman, Nicholas (March 1995). "Beyond Stevens: ... Multiplying together the conjugate pairs of uncertainty limits mentioned, however, I found that they formed invariant products ... Such arguments would be based on the fact that such measures do not really meet the requirements of an interval scale, because ... L. L. Thurstone made progress toward developing a justification for obtaining the interval type, based on the law of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_data

Hypoxanthine can bind to cytosine, and when the XC base pair is replicated, it becomes a GC (thus, an A → G base change).[20] ... Chloroplast DNAs are circular, and are typically 120,000-170,000 base pairs long.[4][7][8] They can have a contour length of ... The inverted repeats vary wildly in length, ranging from 4,000 to 25,000 base pairs long each.[6] Inverted repeats in plants ... During replication, the cytosine will pair with guanine, causing an A → G base change. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

The horns have a broad base in mature males, and are flattened to form a protective shield. In females, the horns are both ... The pair usually separates after copulation, but the female occasionally follows her mate afterwards, touching his rump with ... Features necessary for defending a territory, such as the horns and broad-based skull of the modern black wildebeest, have been ... He based his description on an article written by natural philosopher Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand in 1776.[2] The generic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_wildebeest

Free-living barnacles are attached to the substratum by cement glands that form the base of the first pair of antennae; in ... The eight pairs of thoracic limbs are referred to as "cirre", which are feathery and very long, being used to filter food, such ... The ovaries are located in the base or stalk, and may extend into the mantle, while the testes are towards the back of the head ... Larvae assess surfaces based upon their surface texture, chemistry, relative wettability, color, and the presence or absence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirripedia

In addition, a genetic mismatch as small as a single DNA base pair is significant so perfect matches require knowledge of the ... One study based on a survey of medical teams covered approximately 24,000 peripheral blood HSCT cases between 1993 and 2005, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Marrow_Transplant

An ordered pair of vertices, such as an edge in a directed graph. An arrow (x, y) has a tail x, a head y, and a direction from ... based on vertex removals.. strong. 1. For strong connectivity and strongly connected components of directed graphs, see ... The line graph L(G) of a graph G is a graph with a vertex for each edge of G and an edge for each pair of edge that share an ... A non-edge or anti-edge is a pair of vertices that are not adjacent; the edges of the complement graph.. null graph. See empty ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predecessor_

The arms can be described based on side and sequence position (such as L1, R1, L2, R2) and divided into four pairs.[23][22] The ... Two possible extant cephalopod phylogenies, based on genetics studies by Strugnell et al. 2007, are shown in the possible ... The incirrate octopuses (the majority of species) lack the cirri and paired swimming fins of the cirrates.[32] In addition, the ... that surround the mouth and are attached to each other near their base by a webbed structure.[22] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda

The Caulobacter CB15 genome has 4,016,942 base pairs in a single circular chromosome encoding 3,767 genes.[7] The genome ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus

National associations selected their entries based on their own criteria. Based on the results of the 2002 European ... Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The event was held at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_European_Figure_Skating_Championships

It had five pairs of fenestrae (skull openings) in its skull, two pairs of which were for the eyes and nostrils. Between the ... A complete Herrerasaurus skull was found in 1988, by a team of paleontologists led by Paul Sereno.[4] Based on the new fossils ... According to Novas (1993), Herrerasaurus can be distinguished based on the following features:[15] the presence of a premaxilla ... According to Sereno (1993), Herrerasaurus can be distinguished based on the following features, all of which are unknown in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrerasaurus

So, the "MoS is being mean to a wikiproject" shtick is off-base. - SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ ,ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ, 15:11, 12 December 2017 (UTC). ... So pairs like MOS:LEAD and WP:LEAD, which both point to the MOS, are legacy cases. I thought this was still normal. William ... It makes sense to keep a "WP:" version paired with the MOS: version at the top of each MoS page; it introduces the idea of "MOS ... I.e., if we know for a fact (and we do) that a pronunciation-based "system" is a bust, why are we even contemplating retaining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style

A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules.[1] ... The thermodynamic stability of a wobble base pair is comparable to that of a Watson-Crick base pair. Wobble base pairs are ... tRNA base pairing schemes[edit]. The original wobble pairing rules, as proposed by Crick. Watson-Crick base pairs are shown in ... base on the mRNA, was not as spatially confined as the other two bases, and could, thus, have non-standard base pairing.[4] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble_base_pair

If you are a society or association member and require assistance with obtaining online access instructions please contact our Journal Customer Services team ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphc.201201083/pdf

... The pairing of complementary nucleotide bases (adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine) to each ... Selected complementary base pairing links: © 1997-2006 Healthboard.com. Healthboard.com is a purely informational website, and ...

http://healthboard.com/Encyclopedia/Biotech/term/complementary_base_pairing.html

Learn how DNA molecules are composed of four different types of nucleotides that pair with... ... This is what we call complementary base pairing. Complementary base pairing explains Chargaffs findings. Since adenine always ... Complementary Base Pairing Doesnt Stop Here!. How is it that the bases interact in the DNA to form its characteristic double ... Complementary base pairing describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other. ...

https://study.com/academy/lesson/complementary-base-pairing-definition-lesson-quiz.html

Click on each base pair to display in 3D. In DNA Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine pair together due to the formation of ... As a result Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U) via the same hydrogen bonding interactions as in the A-T base pair. ... In RNA the base Thymine is not present, instead the base Uracil is present which has a very similar structure to Thymine. ...

https://www.chemtube3d.com/dnabases-2/

Buy 2017mabn Malvern Pair 600 Base Doors - £90.77 delivery to your door. Woodstock Part number 2017MABN. With service you would ... 2017mabn Malvern Pair 600 Base Doors buy online at trade prices , blog , feedback , view cart , contact us , faq , home ... This 2017mabn malvern pair 600 base doors 2017MABN is a genuine branded product ... Why choose MyTub Limited for 2017mabn malvern pair 600 base doors 2017MABN? ...

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... guanine is the complementary base of cytosine, and adenine is the complementary base of thymine in DNA and of uracil in RNA. ... either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA: ... guanine is the complementary base of cytosine, and adenine is the complementary base of thymine in DNA and of uracil in RNA. ... Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018.. Cite This Source ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/complementary-base

A Hoogsteen base pair is a variation of base-pairing in nucleic acids such as the A•T pair. In this manner, two nucleobases, ... Hoogsteen base pairs have been observed in protein-DNA complexes. Some proteins have evolved to recognize only one base-pair ... Hoogsteen base pairs exist as transient entities that are present in thermal equilibrium with standard Watson-Crick base pairs ... A Hoogsteen base pair applies the N7 position of the purine base (as a hydrogen bond acceptor) and C6 amino group (as a donor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pair

Identity-based cryptography is more efficient than certificate-based… ... The certificate-based cryptosystems is traditional way in providing the system parameters. ... Identity-based cryptography is more efficient than certificate-based cryptosystems. Each user in identity-based cryptography ... Identity-based cryptography is more efficient than certificate-based cryptosystems. Each user in identity-based cryptography ...

https://www.slideshare.net/ijcisjournal/a-pairing-free-identity-based-tripartite-signcryption-scheme

Create Biology Diagram examples like this template called DNA Base Pairing Diagram that you can easily edit and customize in ... DNA Base Pairing Diagram. Create Biology Diagram examples like this template called DNA Base Pairing Diagram that you can ...

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... lives easier by letting them pair wireless devices just by bringing them together as well as filling out missing address book ... A pair of filings for US patents made by Apple would make users ... Apple seeks distance-based pairing, auto contact data patents. ... A pair of filings for US patents made by Apple would make users lives easier by letting them pair wireless devices just by ... A representational model of Apples proximity-based wireless pairing patent.. System and method for opportunistic image sharing ...

http://appleinsider.com/articles/08/09/27/apple_seeks_distance_based_pairing_auto_contact_data_patents.html

In particular, our techniques improve pairing evaluation speed by a factor of about 55 compared to... ... We describe fast new algorithms to implement recent cryptosystems based on the Tate pairing. ... N.P. Smart, "An Identity Based Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol Based on the Weil Pairing," Electronics Letters, to appear. ... F. Hess, "Exponent Group Signature Schemes and Efficient Identity Based Signature Schemes Based on Pairings," Cryptology ePrint ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45708-9_23

We describe fast new algorithms to implement recent cryptosystems based on the Tate pairing. In particular, our techniques ... the latter technique being also useful in contexts other than that of pairing-based cryptography. 1 ... improve pairing evaluation speed by a factor of about 55 compared to previously known methods in characteristic 3, and attain ... pairing-based cryptosystems efficient algorithm square root extraction evaluation speed tate pairing scalar multiplication ...

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.120.3363&rank=5

... to single base pairs, called base-pair substitutions. Many of these substitute an incorrect amino acid in the corresponding ... Some base-pair substitutions produce a stop codon. Normally, when a stop codon occurs at the end… ... Other articles where Base-pair substitution is discussed: mutation: … ... to single base pairs, called base-pair substitutions. Many of these substitute an incorrect amino acid in the corresponding ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/base-pair-substitution

... to the respective base plus deprotonated base, and GPAs (G-C → anion + H+) for the G-C base pair ... the N-H bond that is cleaved in the isolated base pairs is at the same site as the glycosidic N-C bond between the base pair ... base pairs, as well as the closed shell (13, 27) and H-abstracted (7, 11-13) individual bases. Bera and Schaefer (1) ... The deprotonated guanine-cytosine base pair. Maria C. Lind, Partha P. Bera, Nancy A. Richardson, Steven E. Wheeler, Henry F. ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/103/20/7554

... nounThe hydrogen bonding of complementary nitrogenous bases, one purine and one pyrimidine, in DNA and in hybrid molecules ... base-pairing. base-pair·ing. noun. The hydrogen bonding of complementary nitrogenous bases, one purine and one pyrimidine, in ... "base-pairing." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 16 September 2018. ,http://www.yourdictionary.com/base-pairing,. ... base-pairing. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16th, 2018, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/base-pairing ...

http://www.yourdictionary.com/base-pairing

... in an A-T pairing and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in a C-G pairing. Conversely, thymine... ... The base pairing rules for DNA are governed by the complementary base pairs: adenine (A) with thymine (T) ... The base pairing rules for DNA are governed by the complementary base pairs: adenine (A) with thymine (T) in an A-T pairing and ... Tired of Endless Searching? Find Base Pairing Rules In Dna on DownloadSearch. ...

https://www.reference.com/science/base-pairing-rules-dna-b703fce5fb0b90d0

... nucleotides are specifically matched to their complementary base pair. According to PBS, DNA resembles a long spiraling ladder ... A: The four steps of DNA replication are the unwinding of two coiled strands of DNA, complementary pairing of nucleotide bases ... During DNA replication, nucleotides are specifically matched to their complementary base pair. According to PBS, DNA resembles ... Cytosine always pairs with guanine, and adenine always pairs with thymine. These two strands of DNA each contain one side of ...

https://www.reference.com/science/term-means-base-pairing-71088a2216c51176

Dynamics of mismatched base pairs in DNA.. Guest CR1, Hochstrasser RA, Sowers LC, Millar DP. ... The interactions are strongest with X = T or C. The ability to discern differences in the strength of base-pairing interactions ... The structural dynamics of mismatched base pairs in duplex DNA have been studied by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay ... These differences are correlated with the strength of base-pairing interactions in the various AP.X mismatches. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2009265?dopt=Abstract

The Pair Networks Account Control Center ("ACC") has a built-in way to view and set file permissions. To access your files and ... Your websites files are hosted on Pair Networks servers running either the FreeBSD or Ubuntu Linux operating systems. Both ...

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You can email [email protected]pair.com to request a password reset.. Please do not email the Support team from an account that you will ... Your account username is listed in the Welcome Message you received from Pair Networks upon setting up a new hosting account. ... Your account password is listed in the Welcome Message you received from Pair Networks upon setting up a new hosting account. ... If you have completely forgotten your password, you can request a password reset from Pair Networks Support. Note that Support ...

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Top, a G.C base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Bottom, an A.T base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds ... published that his team designed an unnatural base pair (UBP).[12] The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair ( ... "Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (6): 2793- ... "Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (6): 2793- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pairs

Many sRNAs regulate their target mRNAs through limited base-pairing interactions. Ongoing characterization of base-pairing ... Base pairing small RNAs and their roles in global regulatory networks.. Beisel CL1, Storz G. ... In this review, we describe the specific regulatory circuits that incorporate base-pairing sRNAs and the importance of each ... sRNA-based regulation buffers against signal fluctuations due to the time lag when sRNA production is shut off. All axes are ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662934

base pair synonyms, base pair pronunciation, base pair translation, English dictionary definition of base pair. n. A pair of ... nitrogenous bases, consisting of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine, that connects the complementary strands of ... Related to base pair: DNA, complementary base pairing. base pair. n.. A pair of nitrogenous bases, consisting of a purine ... US-based aptamer discovery and development company Base Pair Biotechnologies, Inc has completed a USD 3.. Base Pair ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/base+pair

... a DNA/RNA base pair friendship necklace set! I had a friendship necklace with my best friend when I was in middle school, but ...

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DNA base pairing). AT is defined as Adenine-Thymine (DNA base pairing) very frequently. ... DNA base pairing) abbreviated? AT stands for Adenine-Thymine ( ... DNA-base-pairing)-(AT).html,AT,/a,. Citations. *MLA style: "AT ... n.d.) Acronym Finder. (2020). Retrieved December 3 2020 from https://www.acronymfinder.com/Adenine_Thymine-(DNA-base-pairing)-( ... S.v. "AT." Retrieved December 3 2020 from https://www.acronymfinder.com/Adenine_Thymine-(DNA-base-pairing)-(AT).html ...

https://www.acronymfinder.com/Adenine_Thymine-

Base Pair Morphology Parameters. CSV Format. Model Number. Pair Number. Pair Name. Shear. Stretch. Stagger. Buckle. Propellor. ...

http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/service/ndb/atlas/stfeatures?searchTarget=6KCS&ftrType=bpmp&start=0&limit=50&type=html

The structure of metallo-DNA with consecutive T-HgII-T base-pairs ex-plains positive reaction entropy for the metallo-base-pair ... and Co2+ ions on the guanine base in Watson-Crick and reverse Watson-Crick base pairs. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(47 ... Marino, T. (2014). DFT investigation of the mismatched base pairs (T-Hg-T)3, (U-Hg-U)3, d(T-Hg-T)2, and d(U-Hg-U)2. Journal of ... Fortino, M., Marino, T., & Russo, N. (2015). Theoretical study of silver-ion-mediated base pairs: The case of C-Ag-C and C-Ag-A ...

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-6169-8_36-2

Ethernet-Based xDSL Multi-Pair Bonding (G.Bond/Ethernet) MIB Abstract This document defines a Management Information Base (MIB ... use G.hs-based protocol (default) cpBACP(2) - use frame-based BACP Note that G.hs-based protocol support is mandatory, ... Introduction Ethernet-based xDSL Multi-Pair Bonding, a.k.a. G.Bond/Ethernet, is specified in ITU-T Recommendation G.998.2 [G. ... This document defines an extension to the GBOND-MIB module with a set of objects for managing Ethernet-based multi-pair bonded ...

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6767

Founder and currently Executive Editor of Science-Based Medicine Steven Novella, MD is an academic clinical neurologist at the ... although we cant conclude that based upon this study). One pain or sensory stimulation can certainly distract you from another ...

https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/a-pair-of-acupuncture-studies/

BP stands for Base Pair (nucleic acids). BP is defined as Base Pair (nucleic acids) very frequently. ... T base pair and a G:C base pair.. DNA and RNA structure: nucleic acids as genetic material. lindheimeri, 4 fragments, 202 base- ... We attempted to form a stable triplex DNA structure within an eight base pair bulged/mismatched region of a 32 base pair length ... but now what you have is no longer a Watson-Crick base pair; its something called a Hoogsteen base pair. ...

https://www.acronymfinder.com/Base-Pair-

Implementation Notes (1) Unique base pairing means that a nucleotide can only form a base pair with a specific complementary ... Quasi-unique base pairing means that hybridisation between non-original complementary bases is only prevented over a limited ... Delete lines that dont apply The feature has been verified to work with the CMake based build system ... Summary The changes in this pull request comprise an enhancement in form of quasi-unique base pairing, minor restructuring in ...

https://github.com/lammps/lammps/pull/1730

Candle holders have a raised base with swirl pattern. This 2 piece candle holder is in great condition. Amber Diamond Point ... Details about Amber Diamond Point Peg Style Votive Cups & Swirl Base Candle Holders - Pair. ... Amber Diamond Point Peg Style Votive Cups & Swirl Base Candle Holders - Pair ... Amber Diamond Point Peg Style Votive Cups & Swirl Base Candle Holders - Pair ...

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The bases on the ends of the tetraloop (G8, G11) stack on the closing A7⋅U12 base pair; G8 base stacks on A7 base and G11 base ... C base pairs were observed only for the base pair in the loop, not for the base pairs in the stem region. Therefore, only the G ... The stacking between the A9 base and the intermolecular G11⋅C10 base pair (Left). The hydrogen bonds in the G11⋅C10 base pairs ... Second, if G8 formed an intermolecular base pair with C10, it would place an A9⋅A9 mismatch between the two G8⋅C10 base pairs. ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/97/17/9396

Matched Pair) at Musicians Friend. Get a low price and free shipping on thousands of... ... Get the guaranteed best price on Condenser Microphones like the Earthworks FlexWand FW430 with Cast-Iron Base ( ... Earthworks FlexWand FW430 with Cast-Iron Base (Matched Pair). #preHeaderPromoBar { background-color: #007ba9; min-height: 1.5em ... Dimensions: Stand 47³ (1.39m); Base 12³ (30.5cm) in diameter, 1.1³ (2.7cm) high. Weight: Stand 2 lbs (.9kg); Cast iron base ...

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Base Par Biotecnologias, Inc., a empresa da descoberta de Aptamer™, anunciada hoje o recibo de um subsídio de investigação da ... Base Pair Biotechnologies, Inc.. Biotecnologias baixas dos pares para desenvolver testes do ponto--cuidado para opiáceo nos ... Base Pair Biotechnologies, Inc.. Biotecnologias baixas dos pares para desenvolver testes do ponto--cuidado para opiáceo nos ... Base Pair Biotechnologies, Inc.. 2019. Biotecnologias baixas dos pares para desenvolver testes do ponto--cuidado para opiáceo ...

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In DNA Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine pair together due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two bases. (chemtube3d.com)

A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules. (wikipedia.org)
The thermodynamic stability of a wobble base pair is comparable to that of a Watson-Crick base pair. (wikipedia.org)
If each tRNA molecule paired with its complementary mRNA codon using canonical Watson-Crick base pairing, then 64 types (species) of tRNA molecule would be required. (wikipedia.org)
It is, therefore, possible for non-Watson-Crick base pairing to occur at the third codon position, i.e., the 3' nucleotide of the mRNA codon and the 5' nucleotide of the tRNA anticodon. (wikipedia.org)
The first two bases in the codon create the coding specificity, for they form strong Watson-Crick base pairs and bond strongly to the anticodon of the tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
If the first nucleotide in the anticodon is a C or an A pairing is specific and acknowledges original Watson-Crick pairing, that is only one specific codon can be paired to that tRNA. (wikipedia.org)

When reading 5' to 3' the first nucleotide in the anticodon (which is on the tRNA and pairs with the last nucleotide of the codon on the mRNA) determines how many nucleotides the tRNA actually distinguishes. (wikipedia.org)
Learn how DNA molecules are composed of four different types of nucleotides that pair with each other in a very specific, complementary manner. (study.com)

These terminate translation by binding to release factors rather than tRNA molecules, so canonical pairing would require 61 species of tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Complementary base pairing describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other. (study.com)

The original wobble pairing rules, as proposed by Crick. (wikipedia.org)

Movement ("wobble") of the base in the 5' anticodon position is necessary for small conformational adjustments that affect the overall pairing geometry of anticodons of tRNA. (wikipedia.org)

Wobble base pairs are fundamental in RNA secondary structure and are critical for the proper translation of the genetic code . (wikipedia.org)
Inosine displays the true qualities of wobble, in that if that is the first nucleotide in the anticodon then any of three bases in the original codon can be matched with the tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Aside from the obvious necessity of wobble, that our bodies have a limited amount of tRNAs and wobble allows for broad specificity, wobble base pairs have been shown to facilitate many biological functions, most clearly proven in the bacterium Escherichia coli . (wikipedia.org)

In RNA the base Thymine is not present, instead the base Uracil is present which has a very similar structure to Thymine. (chemtube3d.com)
As a result Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U) via the same hydrogen bonding interactions as in the A-T base pair. (chemtube3d.com)

He postulated that the 5' base on the anticodon, which binds to the 3' base on the mRNA , was not as spatially confined as the other two bases, and could, thus, have non-standard base pairing. (wikipedia.org)

If you imagine yourself looking at a closet with four pairs of shoes that are all mixed up, complementary base pairing would be the set of rules that you would use to know which shoes go together. (study.com)

Since most organisms have fewer than 45 species of tRNA, [3] some tRNA species must pair with more than one codon. (wikipedia.org)
If the first nucleotide is U or G, the pairing is less specific and in fact two bases can be interchangeably recognized by the tRNA. (wikipedia.org)

only some of the nitrogenous bases of DNA can interact to form a stable DNA molecule. (study.com)

The base pairing rules for DNA are governed by the complementary base pairs: adenine (A) with thymine (T) in an A-T pairing and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in a C-G pairing. (reference.com)
Conversely, thymine only binds with adenine in a T-A pairing and guanine only binds with cytosine in a G-C pairing. (reference.com)
Cytosine always pairs with guanine, and adenine always pairs with thymine. (reference.com)
Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, Watson-Crick base pairs ( guanine - cytosine and adenine - thymine ) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence . (wikipedia.org)
The base pairs are adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine in DNA, and adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA. (thefreedictionary.com)
The term 'Base pair (bp)' as it applies to the area of gnome research can be defined as 'Two nitrogenous bases (adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine) held together by weak bonds. (teachmefinance.com)
In the canonical Watson-Crick base pairing , adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T), as does guanine (G) with cytosine (C) in DNA. (wikidoc.org)
Computer artwork of an A-T (adenine-thymine) base pair. (sciencephoto.com)
The pairing of complementary nucleotide bases (adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine) to each other via hydrogen bonds from opposite strands of a double stranded nucleic acid (such as DNA or RNA), thereby holding the double-stranded nucleic acid together. (healthboard.com)
DNA has four nitrogenous bases: (A) adenine, (T) thymine, (C) cytosine, and (G) guanine. (enotes.com)

In the present study, the CASSCF/CASPT2 methodology is used to map the two-dimensional potential energy surfaces along the stretched NH reaction coordinates of the guanine-cytosine (GC) base pair. (diva-portal.org)
Here, we study nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) using deuterium isotope-induced changes of nitrogen NMR chemical shifts in a model base pair consisting of two tautomers of isocytosine, which form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the same way as the guanine-cytosine base pair. (rsc.org)
The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. (umassmed.edu)

Some proteins have evolved to recognize only one base-pair type, and use intermolecular interactions to shift the equilibrium between the two geometries. (wikipedia.org)
This recognition was originally thought to primarily involve specific hydrogen-bonding interactions between amino-acid side chains and bases. (wikipedia.org)
These differences are correlated with the strength of base-pairing interactions in the various AP.X mismatches. (nih.gov)
The interactions are strongest with X = T or C. The ability to discern differences in the strength of base-pairing interactions at a specific site in DNA by observing their effect on the dynamics of base motion is a novel aspect of the present study. (nih.gov)
Many sRNAs regulate their target mRNAs through limited base-pairing interactions. (nih.gov)
The first part focuses on the interactions of isolated bases with metal cations either in bare, hydrated, or ligated forms. (springer.com)
Cross-strand interactions of the adenines adjacent to the intermolecular G⋅C base pairs, plus unusual strong electrostatic interactions around the base pairs, contribute to the unexpected stability. (pnas.org)
The pairing observed in this study is presented as a model for I.A base-pairs in RNA codon-anticodon interactions and may help explain the thermodynamic stability of inosine containing base-pairs. (rcsb.org)
Conformational parameters and base stacking interactions are presented and where appropriate compared with those of the native compound, d(C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G) and with other studies of oligonucleotides containing purine.purine base-pairs. (rcsb.org)
Base stacking interactions between the pi orbitals of the bases' aromatic rings also contribute to stability, and again GC stacking interactions with adjacent bases tend to be more favorable. (wikidoc.org)
The base pairs that hold together two pieces of RNA, the older cousin of DNA, are some of the most important molecular interactions in living cells. (bio-medicine.org)
It is important to note that the presence of an incorrect tautomeric form in DNA would engender very different hydrogen bonding interactions, and the structural complementarity of base pairs would, in this instance, not exist. (chemistryexplained.com)
Therefore, various strategies were followed to identify candidate pairs, such as transcriptional analyses at cellular resolution, microscopic characterization of loss and gain-of-function plants, genetic interaction studies, and biochemical assays demonstrating direct physical interactions (see e.g. (frontiersin.org)
This novel approach represents a major leap forward regarding ligand-receptor pairing, but does not take the ligand-receptor interactions into account that rely on a protein complex status involving co-receptors and/or interacting proteins. (frontiersin.org)
Heterocyclic diamidine interactions at AT base pairs in the DNA minor groove: effects of heterocycle differences, DNA AT sequence and length. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Ten years after James Watson and Francis Crick published their model of the DNA double helix, Karst Hoogsteen reported a crystal structure of a complex in which analogues of A and T formed a base pair that had a different geometry from that described by Watson and Crick. (wikipedia.org)

The correlation time and angular range of internal rotation of AP vary among the series of AP.X mismatches, showing that the native DNA bases differ in their ability to influence the motion of AP. (nih.gov)
these pairings are mismatches because the patterns of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond. (wikipedia.org)

Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base-pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes. (wikipedia.org)
The haploid human genome (23 chromosomes ) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion bases long and to contain 20,000-25,000 distinct protein-coding genes. (wikipedia.org)
The sequencing results show that the Aspergillus oryzae genome has about 38 million base pairs and 12,000 genes. (acronymfinder.com)
for reference, the 39,937 base pair T7 genome encodes 56 genes that are transcribed by two types of RNA polymerases active across 22 promoters. (mit.edu)
Some DNA- or RNA-binding enzymes can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes. (wikidoc.org)
Our analysis suggests that the per-base-pair mutation rates at two genes differ significantly (3.80 × 10 −10 at URA3 and 6.44 × 10 −10 at CAN1 ) and we propose a definition for the effective target size of genes (the probability that a mutation inactivates the gene) that acknowledges that the mutation rate is nonuniform across the genome. (genetics.org)
The identification of ligand-receptor pairs is technically very challenging, as the genes encoding them regularly belong to gene families with multiple members and are often low expressed, and this only in certain cell types or during specific developmental stages. (frontiersin.org)
However, our understanding of the mechanism of somatic homolog pairing remains unclear, as only a few genes have been implicated in this process. (harvard.edu)
We identified both candidate "pairing promoting genes" and candidate "anti-pairing genes," providing evidence that pairing is a dynamic process that can be both enhanced and antagonized. (harvard.edu)
Many of the genes found to be important for promoting pairing are highly enriched for functions associated with mitotic cell division, suggesting a genetic framework for a long-standing link between chromosome dynamics during mitosis and nuclear organization during interphase. (harvard.edu)
In contrast, several of the candidate anti-pairing genes have known interphase functions associated with S-phase progression, DNA replication, and chromatin compaction, including several components of the condensin II complex. (harvard.edu)

The human genome is approximately three billion letters (or base pairs) long, and in a typical experiment we generate seven or eight billion base pairs of raw sequencing data. (bms.com)
Each human cell contains approximately 3 billion base pairs. (ehd.org)
I [have a] genomics background, [so] I get really excited about that kind of stuff," Rubins said in a downlink shortly after reaching the one billion base pairs sequenced goal. (nasa.gov)
We each have ~3 billion base pairs in our genomes, but how much storage space does one human genome take up? (medium.com)

The certificate-based cryptosystems is traditional way in providing the system parameters. (slideshare.net)
Identity-based cryptography is more efficient than certificate-based cryptosystems. (slideshare.net)
We describe fast new algorithms to implement recent cryptosystems based on the Tate pairing. (springer.com)

This paper proposes a new identity-based tripartite signcryption scheme based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. (slideshare.net)
Barreto, P.S.L.M., Naehrig, M.: Pairing-friendly elliptic curves of prime order. (springer.com)

He postulated that the 5' base on the anticodon, which binds to the 3' base on the mRNA , was not as spatially confined as the other two bases, and could, thus, have non-standard base pairing. (wikipedia.org)
When reading 5' to 3' the first nucleotide in the anticodon (which is on the tRNA and pairs with the last nucleotide of the codon on the mRNA) determines how many nucleotides the tRNA actually distinguishes. (wikipedia.org)
The resulting new strand of mRNA has complementary base pairs to the original DNA template. (enotes.com)

The proposed id-based tripartite signcryption scheme does not use the bilinear pairings in both the Signcryption and unsigncryption phases. (slideshare.net)

In the case of nucleic acids, complementarity generally involves base pairing. (cliffsnotes.com)

In addition, a number of species exhibit homolog pairing in nonmeiotic, somatic cells as well, with evidence for its impact on both gene regulation and double-strand break (DSB) repair. (harvard.edu)
An extreme example of somatic pairing can be observed in Drosophila melanogaster, where homologous chromosomes remain aligned throughout most of development. (harvard.edu)
In this study, we introduce a novel high-throughput fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technology that enabled us to conduct a genome-wide RNAi screen for factors involved in the robust somatic pairing observed in Drosophila. (harvard.edu)
In combination with a variety of secondary assays, these results provide insights into the mechanism and dynamics of somatic pairing. (harvard.edu)
Feature-based classifiers for somatic mutation detection in tumour-normal paired sequencing data. (bcgsc.ca)
As such, the computational problem of accurately inferring somatic mutations from paired tumour/normal NGS data remains an unsolved challenge. (bcgsc.ca)

Based on the conserved signaling among paralogous receptors and common knock-out phenotypes of ligand-receptor pairs, relationships between relaxin family peptides and leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptors (LGR) were revealed. (nih.gov)
Future development of tools for predicting ligands and high throughput assays to identify ligand-receptor pairs based on ligand binding and/or signal transduction could advance hormone-based physiology and pathophysiology. (nih.gov)

We confirm that single molecule, base-pair resolved simulation using TABASCO (Tabasco) can accurately compute gene expression dynamics and, moving beyond previous simulators, provide for the direct representation of intermolecular events such as polymerase collisions and promoter occlusion. (mit.edu)
Conclusion Tabasco enables genome-scale simulation of transcription and translation at individual molecule and single base-pair resolution. (mit.edu)

Surprisingly, it forms a stable, homodimeric kissing complex through only two intermolecular G⋅C base pairs. (pnas.org)
Unusually, the dimer interface, in which six unpaired adenosines break overall two-fold symmetry, lacks any intermolecular base pairs. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The design, synthesis, and base-pairing properties of bicyclo[3.2.1]amide-DNA (bca-DNA), a novel phosphodiester-based DNA analog, are reported. (epfl.ch)
To prepare Ds -containing DNA templates with long chains, the Ds - Px pair was utilized in a fusion PCR method, by which we demonstrated the synthesis of 282-bp DNA templates containing Ds at specific positions. (hindawi.com)

Since most organisms have fewer than 45 species of tRNA, [3] some tRNA species must pair with more than one codon. (wikipedia.org)
Some base-pair substitution s produce a stop codon. (britannica.com)
The genetic code makes up for disparities in the number of amino acids (20) for codons (64), by using modified base pairs in the first base of the anti-codon . (wikidoc.org)
He postulated that the 5' base on the anti-codon was not as spatially confined as the other two bases, and could thus have non-standard base pairing. (wikidoc.org)

A pair of Victorian silvered copper and brass candlesticks, the cylindrical shafts and square domed bases modelled with figures and equestrian scenes in the mediaevel taste -- 7¼in. (christies.com)
A pair of candlesticks on rising oval bases, with tapering stems, vase-shaped sockets and oval nozzles, Birmingham 1913 - 6in. (christies.com)
Pair of Brass Candlesticks with Hexagonal Bases, Holland or Continental, third quarter 17th century, with cylindrical candlecups over baluster-form shafts, hexagonal medial plates ornamented with six cherub busts in high relief, stepped hexagonal bases with engraved fishscale and dot border, (minor dents, pitting), ht. (skinnerinc.com)

Furthermore, their work notes that the N-H bond that is cleaved in the isolated base pairs is at the same site as the glycosidic N-C bond between the base pair and the sugar phosphate backbone in the double-helical form of DNA and that the N-C bond should be even more easily cleaved. (pnas.org)
According to PBS, DNA resembles a long spiraling ladder consisting of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nucleotide pairs making up the rungs. (reference.com)
Perhaps surprisingly, these crystals of the 18 base pair RNA exhibit a 36-fold static disorder, resulting in a structure with a single sugar-phosphate backbone conformation and an averaged base composition at each residue. (rcsb.org)

The most stable deprotonated base pair corresponds to the radical with the largest adiabatic electron affinity, 3.65 eV. (pnas.org)
as a consequence, the GC pair is more stable. (wikidoc.org)
In addition, the C-based imino-enol GC tautomer is thermally less stable. (diva-portal.org)

The present work shows that in the purine.purine base-pairs the adenine adopts syn orientation with respect to the furanose moiety while the inosine is in the trans (anti) orientation. (rcsb.org)
Two hydrogen bonds link the I.A. base-pair, one between N-1(I) and N-7(A), the other between O-6(I) and N-6(A). This bulky purine.purine base-pair is incorporated in the double helix at two positions with little distortion of either local or global conformation. (rcsb.org)

PUTJD115 'Asymmetric frustrated Lewis pair catalyzed hydrogenation using chiral Lewis bases (1.03.2015−29.02.2016)', Karl Kaupmees, University of Tartu, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry. (etis.ee)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) E. Beili Request for Comments: 6767 Actelis Networks Category: Standards Track M. Morgenstern ISSN: 2070-1721 ECI Telecom February 2013 Ethernet-Based xDSL Multi-Pair Bonding (G.Bond/Ethernet) MIB Abstract This document defines a Management Information Base (MIB) module for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. (ietf.org)

The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double-stranded patterns. (wikidoc.org)
The work presented in this paper addresses the question of the stability and dynamics of individual base pairs in RNA-DNA hybrids of mixed, but homologous, base sequences. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Bca oligonucleotides that contain all four bases form strictly antiparallel, left-handed complementary duplexes with themselves and with complementary DNA, but not with RNA. (epfl.ch)
Base-mismatch discrimination is comparable to that of DNA, while the overall thermal stabilities of bca-oligonucleotide duplexes are inferior to those of DNA or RNA. (epfl.ch)
The stability of Im:Im pairs in duplexes depends on the mode of incorporation. (springer.com)

In contrast to these RNA labeling methods, introducing an artificial, extra base pair (unnatural base pair), as a third base pair, to in vitro transcription systems allows the site-specific incorporation of an unnatural base linked with functional groups into desired positions of RNA during transcription mediated by the unnatural base pair. (hindawi.com)
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) having four-hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) unnatural base pairs have been developed. (springer.com)

Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base-pairing rules described above. (wikipedia.org)
The changes in this pull request comprise an enhancement in form of quasi-unique base pairing, minor restructuring in two source code files in preparation for the oxRNA force field and the removal of a minor discrepancy in an input parameter of the oxDNA and oxDNA2 stacking interaction. (github.com)
Note, though, that a GC stacking interaction with the next base pair is geometrically different from a CG interaction. (wikidoc.org)
The present study focused on the interaction of the main components based on investigating their intestinal absorption using a four-site perfused rat intestinal model in order to clarify the mechanism of the compatibility of Chaihu-Shaoyao. (mdpi.com)
Tan, X. Interaction of the Main Components from the Traditional Chinese Drug Pair Chaihu-Shaoyao Based on Rat Intestinal Absorption. (mdpi.com)

The pairing of homologous chromosomes is a fundamental feature of the meiotic cell. (harvard.edu)

Consequently, the mechanisms of primary and secondary damage to purine-pyrimidine base pairs have been under intense investigation in recent years ( 1 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 15 ). (pnas.org)

For example, stretches of A and T bases can lead to narrowing the minor groove of DNA (the narrower of the two grooves in the double helix), resulting in enhanced local negative electrostatic potentials which in turn creates binding sites for positively charged arginine amino-acid residues on the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Complementary base pairings are also responsible for the double-helix structure of DNA. (study.com)
DNA minicircles (or miniplasmids) are closed loops with lengths of the order of a few tens or hundreds of base pairs in which the double helix bends around to close on its own tail with some number of twists. (epfl.ch)

I observed that the gapped minicircles have an elongated shape with respect to the nicked minicircles, and I used this result together with the results of atomic level molecular dynamics simulations to conclude that the gap flexibility, perhaps together with base unpairing at the gap site, is responsible for this elongated minicircle shape. (epfl.ch)

Quasi-unique base pairing means that hybridisation between non-original complementary bases is only prevented over a limited distance along the backbone. (github.com)
The RNA bases don't form base pairs in water unless they are connected to a polymer backbone, a trait that has baffled origin-of-life scientists for decades. (bio-medicine.org)

Based on in vitro dimerization studies ( 11 , 12 ), the H1 stem-loop was postulated to trigger RNA dimerization through base pairing of its self-complementary tetraloop. (pnas.org)
NaO O pairs are transcribed under the optimized concentrations of UTP and rNaTP in in vitro transcription catalyzed by T7 RNA polymerase. (springer.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes85

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science10

Health Care3

A computational screen for methylation guide snoRNAs in yeast. (1/2613)

Base pairing of anhydrohexitol nucleosides with 2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine and uracil asbase moiety. (2/2613)

Smoothing of the thermal stability of DNA duplexes by using modified nucleosides and chaotropic agents. (3/2613)

Complete sequence of a 184-kilobase catabolic plasmid from Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199. (4/2613)

Mutated epithelial cadherin is associated with increased tumorigenicity and loss of adhesion and of responsiveness to the motogenic trefoil factor 2 in colon carcinoma cells. (5/2613)

High base pair opening rates in tracts of GC base pairs. (6/2613)

How translational accuracy influences reading frame maintenance. (7/2613)

Trans-activation of the Tetrahymena group I intron ribozyme via a non-native RNA-RNA interaction. (8/2613)

Base Pairing

Base Sequence

Skull Base

Schiff Bases

Base Composition

Skull Base Neoplasms

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Pair Mismatch

Nucleic Acid Conformation

DNA

Denture Bases

Amino Acid Sequence

Knowledge Bases

Escherichia coli

Mannich Bases

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Mutation

Cloning, Molecular

Models, Molecular

Adenine

DNA Glycosylases

Oligonucleotides

DNA Repair

Thymine

Hydrogen Bonding

Binding Sites

Transcription, Genetic

Uracil

Plasmids

Kinetics

RNA

Lewis Bases

2-Aminopurine

Genes

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Substrate Specificity

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Restriction Mapping

DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase

N-Glycosyl Hydrolases

Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes

RNA, Messenger

DNA, Bacterial

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Nucleotides

DNA Polymerase beta

Purines

Thermodynamics

Molecular Structure

Codon

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Anticodon

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Guanosine

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

DNA-Binding Proteins

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

DNA Primers

RNA, Transfer

Structure-Activity Relationship

Temperature

DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase

Sequence Alignment

Mutagenesis

Protein Binding

RNA, Bacterial

Crystallography, X-Ray

Introns

Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer)

DNA, Viral

Templates, Genetic

Deoxyguanosine

Uracil-DNA Glycosidase

Catalysis

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

DNA Replication

DNA Adducts