Base composition. Medical search

Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.Base Pairing: Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.Guanine DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.Nucleic Acid Denaturation: Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.Isochores: Large regions of the GENOME that contain local similarities in BASE COMPOSITION.GC Rich Sequence: A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of GUANINE and CYTOSINE bases.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Centrifugation, Density Gradient: Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.Nucleotides: The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Phosphorus Isotopes: Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.AT Rich Sequence: A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of ADENINE and THYMINE bases.DNA, Ribosomal: DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.Acetobacteraceae: A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains.RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Nucleic Acid Renaturation: The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Genome Size: The amount of DNA (or RNA) in one copy of a genome.Genetic Code: The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.Micrococcus: A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.Hot Temperature: Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.Chromosomes, Archaeal: Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Cytophaga: A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.Oligonucleotides: Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)Schiff Bases: Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Proteus: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.DNA, Mitochondrial: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.Thymine Carex Plant: A plant genus of the family CYPERACEAE. The seed contains oligostilbenes (STILBENES).Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Narcissus: A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain ungiminorine and LECTINS.Densitometry: The measurement of the density of a material by measuring the amount of light or radiation passing through (or absorbed by) the material.RNA, Transfer: The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.Hypotrichida: An order of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include a dorsoventrally flattened, highly mobile body with a unique cursorial type of locomotion.RNA, Ribosomal: The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Tritium Electrophoresis, Paper: Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.Genes, rRNA: Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Uracil Selection, Genetic: Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.Prokaryotic Cells: Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Polydeoxyribonucleotides: A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Research: Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)Methods: A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Chromatography: Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.Polynucleotides Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.Uridine Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Guanosine: A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Genome, Mitochondrial: The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.Alphaproteobacteria: A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.Corynebacterium: A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.Ultracentrifugation: Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Ribonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.Centrifugation, Zonal: Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Bacteriophages: Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.Ribonucleotides: Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.Bacterial Typing Techniques: Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.Genetics, Microbial: A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria: A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Gammaproteobacteria: A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Templates, Genetic: Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.Terminology as Topic: The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.Pigments, Biological: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.DNA, Fungal: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.DNA, Intergenic: Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.Bacillus: A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Actinomycetales: An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.Skull Base Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hybridization, Genetic: The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Sewage: Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.Circular Dichroism: A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Base Pair Mismatch: The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).DNA, Single-Stranded: A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.DNA Replication: The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.Chromatography, Gas: Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Deoxyribonucleases: Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Ribosomes: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.CpG Islands: Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Chromosomes: In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Denture Bases: The part of a denture that overlies the soft tissue and supports the supplied teeth and is supported in turn by abutment teeth or the residual alveolar ridge. It is usually made of resins or metal or their combination.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Chromosomes, Bacterial: Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.DNA, Recombinant: Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Biodiversity: The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.Body Water: Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Fatty Acids, Unsaturated: FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.Bacillus subtilis: A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Oils, Volatile: Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Metagenome: A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Diversity of rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp. nov. (1/7084)

Fifty-five Chinese isolates from nodules of Amorpha fruticosa were characterized and compared with the type strains of the species and genera of bacteria which form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with leguminous host plants. A polyphasic approach, which included RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, electrophoretic plasmid profiles, cross-nodulation and a phenotypic study, was used in the comparative analysis. The isolates originated from several different sites in China and they varied in their phenotypic and genetic characteristics. The majority of the isolates had moderate to slow growth rates, produced acid on YMA and harboured a 930 kb symbiotic plasmid (pSym). Five different RFLP patterns were identified among the 16S rRNA genes of all the isolates. Isolates grouped by PCR-RFLP of the 16S rRNA genes were also separated into groups by variation in MLEE profiles and by DNA-DNA hybridization. A representative isolate from each of these DNA homology groups had a separate position in a phylogenetic tree as determined from sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA genes. A new species, Mesorhizobium amorphae, is proposed for the majority of the isolates, which belonged to a moderately slow- to slow-growing, acid-producing group based upon their distinct phylogenetic position, their unique electrophoretic type, their low DNA homology with reference strains representing the species within the genus Mesorhizobium and their distinct phenotypic features. Strain ACCC 19665 was chosen as the type strain for M. amorphae sp. nov. (+info)

Taxonomic relationships of the [Pasteurella] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rRNA sequencing with proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb. nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp. nov. (2/7084)

The present paper presents the conclusions of a polyphasic investigation of the taxonomy of the trehalose-negative [Pasteurella] haemolytica complex. Clusters previously identified by ribotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) have been evaluated by 16S rRNA sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridizations. Results obtained by the different techniques were highly related and indicated that the [P.] haemolytica complex contains distinct genetic and phenotypic groups. At least seven species were outlined, five of which were named. We refrained in formal naming of more groups until additional strains are characterized. Five 16S rRNA clusters were identified corresponding to distinct lineages previously outlined by MEE. Within 16S rRNA cluster I two distinct genotypic groups have been outlined in addition to [P.] haemolytica sensu stricto (biogroup 1). Each of the clusters II, III, IV and V represent at least one new species. The investigations underline that [P.] haemolytica sensu stricto only contains strains that do not ferment L-arabinose even though they are referred to as 'biotype A' of [P.] haemolytica. The five 16S rRNA clusters identified had a common root relative to the other species within the family Pasteurellaceae, and the overall sequence similarity among these five clusters was higher than what is observed within the existing genera of the family. The allocation of the trehalose-negative [P.] haemolytica complex to a new genus seems to be indicated. Based on the polyphasic investigation performed a new genus Mannheimia is proposed for the trehalose-negative [P.] haemolytica complex. At the present stage two previously named species are transferred to this new genus and three new species are described. [P.] haemolytica is reclassified as Mannheimia haemolytica comb. nov., whereas Pasteurella granulomatis, Bisgaard taxon 20 and [P.] haemolytica biovar 3J are reclassified and combined in the species Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov. Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov. corresponds to [P.] haemolytica biogroups 3A-3H and the beta-glucosidase and meso-inositol-positive strains of [P.] haemolytica biogroup 9. All typable strains within M. glucosida belong to serotype 11. Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. consists of strains previously classified as Bisgaard taxon 18 and [P.] haemolytica biogroup 8D. Finally, Mannheimia varigena sp. nov. includes [P.] haemolytica biogroup 6 as well as Bisgaard taxon 15 and Bisgaard taxon 36. The type strains are NCTC 9380T (M. haemolytica), ATCC 49244T (M. granulomatis), CCUG 38457T = P925T (M. glucosida), CCUG 38470T = HPA92T (M. ruminalis) and CCUG 38462T = 177T (M. varigena). (+info)

Proposal to transfer Halococcus turkmenicus, Halobacterium trapanicum JCM 9743 and strain GSL-11 to Haloterrigena turkmenica gen. nov., comb. nov. (3/7084)

The 16S rRNA gene sequences of Halococcus saccharolyticus and Halococcus salifodinae were closely related (94.5-94.7% similarity) to that of Halococcus morrhuae, the type species of the genus Halococcus. However, Halococcus turkmenicus was distinct from the other members of this genus, with low 16S rRNA similarities when compared to Halococcus morrhuae (88.7%). On the basis of phylogenetic tree reconstruction, detection of signature bases and DNA-DNA hybridization data, it is proposed to transfer Halococcus turkmenicus to a novel genus, Haloterrigena, as Haloterrigena turkmenica gen. nov., comb. nov., and to accommodate Halobacterium trapanicum JCM 9743 and strain GSL-11 in the same species. On the basis of morphological, cultural and 16S rRNA sequence data, it is also proposed that the culture collection strains of Halobacterium trapanicum NCIMB 767, ATCC 43102 and JCM 8979 should be renamed as Halococcus sp. (+info)

Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov., a novel succinic-acid-producing strain from the bovine rumen. (4/7084)

Strain 130ZT was isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rod. It exhibits a 'Morse code' form of morphology, which is characteristic of the genus Actinobacillus. Strain 130ZT is a capnophilic, osmotolerant succinogen that utilizes a broad range of sugars. It accumulates high concentrations of succinic acid (> 70 g l-1). Strain 130ZT is positive for catalase, oxidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase, but does not produce indole or urease. Acid but no gas is produced from D-glucose and D-fructose. 16S rRNA sequence analysis places strain 130ZT within the family Pasteurellaceae; the most closely related members of the family Pasteurellaceae have 16S rRNA similarities of 95.5% or less with strain 130ZT. Strain 130ZT was compared with Actinobacillus lignieresii and the related Bisgaard Taxa 6 and 10. Based upon morphological and biochemical properties, strain 130ZT is most similar to members of the genus Actinobacillus within the family Pasteurellaceae. It is proposed that strain 130ZT be classified as a new species, Actinobacillus succinogenes. The type strain of Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov. is ATCC 55618T. (+info)

Anaerobic oxidation of o-xylene, m-xylene, and homologous alkylbenzenes by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria. (5/7084)

Various alkylbenzenes were depleted during growth of an anaerobic, sulfate-reducing enrichment culture with crude oil as the only source of organic substrates. From this culture, two new types of mesophilic, rod-shaped sulfate-reducing bacteria, strains oXyS1 and mXyS1, were isolated with o-xylene and m-xylene, respectively, as organic substrates. Sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the isolates affiliated with known completely oxidizing sulfate-reducing bacteria of the delta subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Strain oXyS1 showed the highest similarities to Desulfobacterium cetonicum and Desulfosarcina variabilis (similarity values, 98.4 and 98.7%, respectively). Strain mXyS1 was less closely related to known species, the closest relative being Desulfococcus multivorans (similarity value, 86.9%). Complete mineralization of o-xylene and m-xylene was demonstrated in quantitative growth experiments. Strain oXyS1 was able to utilize toluene, o-ethyltoluene, benzoate, and o-methylbenzoate in addition to o-xylene. Strain mXyS1 oxidized toluene, m-ethyltoluene, m-isoproyltoluene, benzoate, and m-methylbenzoate in addition to m-xylene. Strain oXyS1 did not utilize m-alkyltoluenes, whereas strain mXyS1 did not utilize o-alkyltoluenes. Like the enrichment culture, both isolates grew anaerobically on crude oil with concomitant reduction of sulfate to sulfide. (+info)

Comparison of flagellin genes from clinical and environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. (6/7084)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important opportunistic pathogen, was isolated from environmental samples and compared to clinically derived strains. While P. aeruginosa was isolated readily from an experimental mushroom-growing unit, it was found only rarely in other environmental samples. A flagellin gene PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the isolates revealed that environmental and clinical P. aeruginosa strains are not readily distinguishable. The variation in the central regions of the flagellin genes of seven of the isolates was investigated further. The strains used included two strains with type a genes (998 bp), four strains with type b genes (1,258 bp), and one strain, K979, with a novel flagellin gene (2,199 bp). The route by which flagellin gene variation has occurred in P. aeruginosa is discussed. (+info)

A computer-driven approach to PCR-based differential screening, alternative to differential display. (7/7084)

MOTIVATION: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based RNA fingerprinting is a powerful tool for the isolation of differentially expressed genes in studies of neoplasia, differentiation or development. Arbitrarily primed RNA fingerprinting is capable of targeting coding regions of genes, as opposed to differential display techniques, which target 3' non-coding cDNA. In order to be of general use and to permit a systematic survey of differential gene expression, RNA fingerprinting has to be standardized and a number of highly efficient and selective arbitrary primers must be identified. RESULTS: We have applied a rational approach to generate a representative panel of high-efficiency oligonucleotides for RNA fingerprinting studies, which display marked affinity for coding portions of known genes and, as shown by preliminary results, of novel ones. The choice of oligonucleotides was driven by computer simulations of RNA fingerprinting reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR experiments, performed on two custom-generated, non-redundant nucleotide databases, each containing the complete collection of deposited human or murine cDNAs. The simulation approach and experimental protocol proposed here permit the efficient isolation of coding cDNA fragments from differentially expressed genes. AVAILABILITY: Freely available on request from the authors. CONTACT: [email protected] (+info)

Hypermutation in Ig V genes from mice deficient in the MLH1 mismatch repair protein. (8/7084)

During somatic hypermutation of Ig V genes, mismatched nucleotide substitutions become candidates for removal by the DNA mismatch repair pathway. Previous studies have shown that V genes from mice deficient for the MSH2 and PMS2 mismatch repair proteins have frequencies of mutation that are comparable with those from wild-type (wt) mice; however, the pattern of mutation is altered. Because the absence of MSH2 and PMS2 produced different mutational spectra, we examined the role of another protein involved in mismatch repair, MLH1, on the frequency and pattern of hypermutation. MLH1-deficient mice were immunized with oxazolone Ag, and splenic B cells were analyzed for mutations in their V kappa Ox1 light chain genes. Although the frequency of mutation in MLH1-deficient mice was twofold lower than in wt mice, the pattern of mutation in Mlh1-/- clones was similar to wt clones. These findings suggest that the MLH1 protein has no direct effect on the mutational spectrum. (+info)

Composition-Based View

Coordination costs and difficulties of orchestration may undermine composition-based success. Composition-based strategies may ... The composition-based view (CBV) was recently developed by Luo and Child (2015). It is a new theory that explicates the growth ... Firms that follow the composition-based strategy are often led by executives who have sharp vision and who have adopted ... According to Luo and Child (2015), there exist several limitations of the composition-based strategy: It increases the ...

Stuart Saunders Smith

... text-based compositions; trans-media systems for any kind of performing artist(s). At the core of each of these styles, there ... Clay Singing and twenty-six compositions of that genre (Welsh). Stuart Saunders Smith is widely recorded with compositions on ... This leads him to a view of artistic composition which is not tied either to ratiocination or to expression. It is not that his ... Stuart Saunders Smith was born in Portland Maine, and began his percussion and composition studies at the age of six with ...

Diversity University

"The Internet-Based Composition Classroom: A Study in Pedagogy". Computers and Composition. 13 (3): 353-371. doi:10.1016/s8755- ... working as a composition instructor at the University of Wyoming) paired their English composition classes and held inter-class ... Because the text-based interface required minimal computing resources for people to access the MOO, Diversity University ... The group is currently based at the virtual campus of Diversity University, a cyberspace location that offers both real-time ...

Crotamine

Studies on template activity and base composition. Biochem J. 1974 Apr;139(1):151-6. PMID 4463939 Ownby, C. L., Cameron, M. S ... The gene responsible for coding the crotamine protein is labeled as Crt-p1 and its base pair sequence length is about 1.1kbp or ... 2002) based on computational calculations that were supported with intensive molecular dynamics simulations and homology ... A proposed 3D structure for crotamine based on homology building, molecular simulations and circular ichroism. J. Mol. Graph. ...

Bacteroides

The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also ... Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition-those who eat plenty of protein ... "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human, and Bovine Fecal ...

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

Cambridge Freese, E. (1962). On the evolution of base composition of DNA. J THeor Biol, 3:82-101. Freese, E. and Yoshida, A. ( ... This view is based in part on the degenerate genetic code, in which sequences of three nucleotides (codons) may differ and yet ...

Bacteroides ureolyticus

The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also ...

Potyvirus

The base composition is: 21-23.51-26% G; 23-30.15-44% A; 14.9-22.41-28% C; 15.6-24.41-30.9% U. In the species with a single ... The genome is a linear positive sense ssRNA ranging in size from 9000-12000 bases/nucleotides. Most potyviruses have non- ...

David Cope

"Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI): Non-Linear Linguistic-based Composition." Interface Vol. 18: 117-139. 1990. "Pattern ... all of his original compositions have been written in collaboration with the computer-based on an input of his earlier works. ... "Computer Analysis and Composition Using Atonal Voice-Leading Techniques." Perspectives of New Music 40/1 (Winter): 121-146. ... B008PYPDUK Algorithmic composition Computer-generated music Emily Howell List of music software Cockrell, Dale. 2001. "Cope, ...

Ancestral reconstruction

Eyre-Walker, Adam (1998). "Problems with Parsimony in Sequences of Biased Base Composition". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 47 ... ML-based methods of ancestral reconstruction tend to provide greater accuracy than MP methods in the presence of variation in ... In general, a phylogeny is a tree-based hypothesis about the order in which populations (referred to as taxa) are related by ... Initially, we are determining the set of possible character states Si for the i-th ancestor based on the observed character ...

Prosthecomicrobium pneumaticum

Staley, J. T.; Mandel, M. (1973). "Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium Strains". ...

Ancalomicrobium adetum

1977, P. 716-718 Staley, J. T.; Mandel, M. (1973). "Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Prosthecomicrobium and ...

Thermoplasma acidophilum

Christiansen, C.; Freundt, E. A.; Black, F. T. (1975). "Genome Size and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Thermoplasma ...

Julio Alberto Hernández

He specialized in folk-music based compositions. He was born in Santiago de los Caballeros and is the nephew of P.T. Camejo. In ... His works are based on Dominican folk music, usually merengue. The works which have met with the widest acclaim are vocal/piano ... His composition Caminito de Tu Casa was recorded by the Viva America Orchestra conducted by Alfredo Antonini with John Serry Sr ...

Glass-ceramic

In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control ... These properties can be tailored by controlling the base-glass composition and by controlled heat treatment/crystallization of ... doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1951.tb11646.x. Smoke, E. J. (1951). "Ceramic compositions having negative linear thermal expansion". ... "Transformation mechanism between high-quartz and keatite phases of LiAlSi2O6 composition". Acta Crystallographica. 27: 1132- ...

Chewing gum

Gum base composition is considered proprietary information known by select individuals within each gum-manufacturing company. ... Table 3: Gum Base Ingredients Approved for Use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016) First, gum base is previously ... used by some manufacturers in their gum bases. Currently, the ingredient can be hidden in the catch-all term "gum base". The ... The gum base mixture is heated during this mixing process in order to increase the entropy of the polymers to achieve a more ...

Chargaff's rules

This describes only a global feature of the base composition in a single DNA strand. The second of Chargaff's rules (or " ... McLean MJ, Wolfe KH, Devine KM (1998). "Base composition skews, replication orientation, and gene orientation in 12 prokaryote ... listing the base composition of DNA from various organisms and support both of Chargaff's rules. An organism such as φX174 with ... a selective pressure on the third base to minimize the number of purine bases in the strand with the greater coding content; ...

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

"Specification of DNA Replication Origins and Genomic Base Composition in Fission Yeasts". Journal of Molecular Biology. 425 (23 ... On the basis of this finding, it was proposed that base excision repair of either a uracil base, an abasic site, or a single- ... Supporting this view is the finding that single base lesions of the type dU:dG in the DNA of S. pombe stimulate meiotic ... Species of this genus also differ in mannan composition, which shows terminal d-galactose sugars in the side-chains of their ...

Montuno

Or it may mean the final section of a song-based composition; in this sense it is simply part of a piece of music. Here it is ...

Zonnon

Composition-Based Software Systems, 2008. ICCBSS 2008. Seventh International Conference on Composition-Based Software Systems ( ... Its conceptual model is based on objects, definitions, implementations and modules. Its computing model is concurrent, based on ... It is a unit of reuse and composition that is aggregated into the state space of an object (or module), either at compile time ... Zonnon uses a compositional inheritance model based on aggregation. Typically, an object (or module) is composed of a number of ...

Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev

link) F Bogunic; E Muratovic; SC Brown; S Siljak-Yakovlev (August 2003). "Genome size and base composition of five Pinus ... February 2002). "Nuclear DNA content, base composition, heterochromatin and rDNA in Picea omorika and Picea abies". Theoretical ...

Genomic island

Sequence based methods depend on the naturally occurring variation that exists between the genome sequence composition of ... These tools can be broadly grouped into sequence based methods and comparative genomics/phylogeny based methods. ... This can be determined by base composition analysis, as well as phylogeny estimations. Various genomic island predictions ... Comparative genomics based methods try to identify regions that show signs that they have been horizontally transferred using ...

Julius Marmur

Marmur J, Doty P (1962). "Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its thermal denaturation ...

Delorean (band)

Delorean subsequently relocated to Barcelona, veering towards more computer-based composition and production. Tiring of the ... on the New York-based Simple Social Graces label. The Ayrton Senna EP was released in 2009 to positive reviews from critics. ...

Hybrid grass

Because of this, the sub base composition for hybrid systems evolved over time. It now often combines the following elements: ... and GrassMaster, developed by Desso, obtained a patent on hybrid grass system based on injected fibres. National Stadium at ...

List of food additives

Baking powder - leavening agent; includes acid and base Baking soda - food base Balm, lemon - Balm oil[disambiguation needed]- ... similar in composition and use to corn oil Quinoline Yellow WS - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10) Ramtil oil - ... "Hibiscus seed oil compositions". AOCS. 95. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. "Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop". Purdue ...

Genome size and base composition variation in natural and experimental Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) hybrids : Annals of Botany -...

Keywords: Amaryllidaceae; base composition; DAPI; flow cytometry; genome size; interspecific hybrids; Narcissus; polyploidy; ... Flow cytometry measurements with two staining techniques, PI and DAPI, were used to estimate 2C values and base composition (AT ... allow us to study how DNA content and composition varies in such hybrids. ... allow us to study how DNA content and composition varies in such hybrids. ...

http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/aob/mcr282

Base Composition Characteristics of Mammalian miRNAs

... Bin Wang Department of Chemistry, Robert C. Byrd Biotechnology Science ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jna/2013/951570/ref/

Patent US5916518 - Cobalt-base composition - Google Patents

This composition may also include aluminum, and the composition may be combined with one or more powdered base metal superalloy ... The improved cobalt-base braze alloy composition includes nickel; at least one element selected from the group of rhenium, ... The mixture is then heated to melt the cobalt-base braze alloy, thereby joining the base metal superalloy powder particles ... compositions to form an improved diffusion braze alloy mixture. In the improved method for repairing superalloy articles, the ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5916518?dq=%235,519,867

Starch-based composition - Solvay (Societe Anonyme)

The composition contains a starch, which is preferably plasticised, and a polymer which acts as c ... The invention relates to an alloy composition possessing improved properties of mechanical resistance. ... Polymer base blend compositions containing destructurized starch.. WO1991002025A1. 1991-02-21. A POLYMER COMPOSITION INCLUDING ... The invention is intended to provide a composition based on a starch modified by the addition of a so-called polymer coupling ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5510401.html

Patent US4593048 - Base composition for external preparations, pharmaceutical composition for ... - Google Patents

... and an external preparation containing the above composition as a base. ... A composition capable of promoting the skin permeation or percutaneous absorption of a drug, which comprises a lower alcohol ... 2) A pharmaceutical composition for external use which comprises a drug and the above-mentioned base composition; and ... Base composition for external preparations, pharmaceutical composition for external use and method of promoting percutaneous ...

http://www.google.com.au/patents/US4593048

MASSIVE VOODOO: Basing Composition - Introduction

Now comes the interesting part what basing is about mainly. Choosing the cutaway you want to show.. Composition thoughts: Same ... It talks about composition. It talks about how you can achieve a harmonic look on your base instead of only one stone and a ... There are 9 Kommentare for Basing Composition - Introduction Chris Blackwood says... Here probably only helps the holy grenade ... Composition thoughts: Nothing to fency here with composition, but a little contrast in size. Big to small. Statue to Soldier.. ...

http://massivevoodoo.blogspot.com/2014/03/basing-composition-introduction.html?widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=toggle&dir=open&toggle=MONTHLY-1480546800000&toggleopen=MONTHLY-1393628400000

Patent US7964574 - Microsphere-based composition for preventing and/or reversing new-onset ... - Google Patents

Microsphere-based composition for preventing and/or reversing new-onset autoimmune diabetes. US 7964574 B2 ... Thus, a microsphere-based therapeutic composition can modulate dendritic cell activity and mobilize regulatory networks for ... Such compositions typically may comprise a ratio in the microsphere composition of antisense CD40:antisense CD80: antisense ... Preparation process of sustained release compositions and the compositions thus obtained. US5300464. Dec 16, 1992. Apr 5, 1994 ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7964574?dq=3984803

Agreement Between Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition and Taxometric Classification of Gram-Positive Cocci | Journal of...

... base composition, determined from melting temperatures. Per cent GC (guanine + cytosine/total bases) values fell into two ... Agreement Between Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition and Taxometric Classification of Gram-Positive Cocci. L. G. Silvestri ... Agreement between deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and taxometric classification of gram-positive cocci. J. Bacteriol. 90 ... Agreement Between Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition and Taxometric Classification of Gram-Positive Cocci ...

https://jb.asm.org/content/90/1/136?ijkey=4feb99f4e40f09dc2cf6dd6a09ddf8ab91fa4154&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

US5708094A - Polybutadiene-based compositions for contact lenses - Google Patents

Contact lenses are made from the polymerization product of a monomer mixture comprising a polybutadiene-based compound as ... US5708094A - Polybutadiene-based compositions for contact lenses - Google Patents. Polybutadiene-based compositions for contact ... Polybutadiene-based compositions for contact lenses CA 2274762 CA2274762C (en) 1996-12-17. 1997-11-25. Polybutadiene-based ... Polybutadiene-based compositions for contact lenses Applications Claiming Priority (3). Application Number. Priority Date. ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US5708094A/en

Honey-based composition for relief of occasional heartburn and digestive disorders - Triticum Holding BV

... a composition is provided including honey and raw food fibers. The compositions primary use is to relieve occasional heartburn ... based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein said composition further comprises 20-40 ... based on the total weight of the composition. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein said composition further comprises 20-60 ... based on the total weight of the composition. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein said honey is a non-denatured honey. 7. ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2004/0170696.html

THE DNA BASE COMPOSITION OF INDIVIDUAL CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME SEGMENTS FROM CHIRONOMUS TENTANS | JCB

THE DNA BASE COMPOSITION OF INDIVIDUAL CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME SEGMENTS FROM CHIRONOMUS TENTANS. B. Daneholt, J.-E. Edström ... The base composition of DNA was determined for individual chromosomes from the dipteran Chironomus tentans and for each one of ... THE DNA BASE COMPOSITION OF INDIVIDUAL CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME SEGMENTS FROM CHIRONOMUS TENTANS ... Furthermore Drosophila has a more traditional base composition for the bulk of DNA. Statistically significant variations in ...

http://jcb.rupress.org/content/41/2/620

Texture-Based Composition of Holograms Using Triangular Elements

... M. König, O. Deussen, T. Strothotte. ... Texture-Based Composition of Holograms Using Triangular Elements}, year = {1999}, url = {http://graphics.uni-konstanz.de/ ...

http://graphics.uni-konstanz.de/publikationen/Koenig1999TextureBasedComposition/index.html

WO2001070270A2 - Base compositions for preparing surfactant free topical compositions - Google Patents

... the base composition is premanufactured. Since the composition is simple and quick to prepare, custom cosmetic compositions may ... The base composition comprises (a) a phosphorylated starch derivative; (b) one or more co-thickening agents, such as carbomer ... The method comprises mixing (a) the base composition of the present invention, and (b) at least one dispersion comprising ... or vaginal application comprising the base composition of the present invention and at least one dispersion comprising ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2001070270A2/en

Composition-Based View - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition-Based_View

Quantitative analysis of mutation and selection pressures on base composition skews in bacterial chromosomes | BMC Genomics |...

The base composition skews in the coding sequences were used to derive quantitatively the effect of replication-driven mutation ... Some closely relative species with distinct base composition parameters are uncovered in this study, which also provides ... The selection pressure at the translation level is evident in all bacteria based on the analysis of the skews at the three ... with replication and transcription in various groups of bacteria that shape the distinct patterns of base composition skews in ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-8-286

Effects of Genic Base Composition on Growth Rate in G+C-rich Genomes | G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics

... base composition of GFP genes and doubling times in hosts expressing GFP gene variants having different base composition at ... has a base composition of 91% G+C at four-fold degenerate sites (GC4) but an expected GC4 of only 71% based on its mutational ... Effects of Genic Base Composition on Growth Rate in G+C-rich Genomes. View ORCID ProfileYogeshwar D. Kelkar, Daniel S. Phillips ... Effects of Genic Base Composition on Growth Rate in G+C-rich Genomes. View ORCID ProfileYogeshwar D. Kelkar, Daniel S. Phillips ...

https://www.g3journal.org/content/5/6/1247

Comparison of responses by bacteriophage and bacteria to pressures on the base composition of open reading frames

... to analyze differential responses of bacterial viruses and bacteria to pressures acting at the level of nucleic acid bases, ... DNA base compositions were determined chemically long before sequencing technologies permitted direct counting of bases. Some ... Chargaff noted other regularities in base composition (GC% rule, cluster rule, second parity rule), and Szybalski related base ... 2) and a long natural sequence, each of the same length and base composition, may differ in the presence (+) or absence (-) of ...

https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/jspui/bitstream/handle/1974/136/bioinfo5.htm?sequence=23&isAllowed=y

Evolution of codon usage and base composition

As much of the variation in codon usage is determined by variation in base composition, this aspect of base composition is ... factors affecting genomic base composition can eventually lead to changes in optimal codons if the change in base composition ... Evolution of codon usage and base composition. Download. Perry2015.pdf (6.543Mb) ... Secondly, base composition is modelled under Brownian motion and as an extension, the Ornstein- Uhlenbeck process, which allows ...

https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/17870

A Composition-Based Model for Particulate Matter Emission of Direct Injection Diesel Engines

The PM model is based on formation mechanisms of main compositions of PM: soot and soluble organic fraction (SOF). Firstly, two ... a composition-based particulate matter (PM) model of direct injection diesel engines has been formulated and developed to ... Citation: TAN, P., DENG, k., LU, J., LOU, D. et al., "A Composition-Based Model for Particulate Matter Emission of Direct ... A Composition-Based Model for Particulate Matter Emission of Direct Injection Diesel Engines 2005-01-3463. ...

https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2005-01-3463/

Comprehensive analysis of the base composition around the transcription start site in Metazoa | BMC Genomics | Full Text

The most prominent feature in the base compositions is a significant local variation in G+C content over a large region around ... Now that several sequenced metazoan genomes have been annotated, we have been able to compare the base composition around the ... The dramatic changes in nucleotide composition in humans are a consequence of CpG nucleotide frequencies and of gene expression ... To see the effect of the CpG concentration on the overall nucleotide composition we have plotted the base composition profiles ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-5-34

Applications filed at Feb 23 2017 | BIOERODIBLE SILICON-BASED COMPOSITIONS FOR DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS | Patents.com

SALICYLIC ACID COMPOSITION , Fluoropolymer Emulsions with Branched Semifluorinated Block Copolymer or Phospholipid Surfactant ... SALICYLIC ACID COMPOSITION. Provided, among other things, is a delivery module for water-based salicylic acid composition ... Water-Gel Emulsion Compositions and Methods. A water-based composition containing oil soluble components may include an ... NAIL POLISH COMPOSITION BASED ON SOLVENT-FREE AQUEOUS POLYURETHANE DISPERSIONS. A nail polish composition, in particular nail ...

http://patents.com/ap-20170223-p36.html

Loop-based Music Composition With Linux, Pt. 1 | Linux Journal

Loop-based music composition is the practice of sequencing audio samples to create the various parts of a musical work. A ... but it quickly became obvious that sampled sounds could provide the base material for an entire composition. Now, loop-based ... Loop-based music composition is the practice of sequencing audio samples to create the various parts of a musical work. A ... Loop-based composition does have its own difficulties. If you build your own sample sets you may discover that audio ...

http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000304?quicktabs_1=1

Patent US3937751 - Curable compositions based on epoxide resins and polyester-tricarboxylic ... - Google Patents

Curable epoxide resin mixtures based on adducts, containing epoxide groups, which are obtained by reaction of certain long- ... Curable compositions based on epoxide resins and polyester-tricarboxylic acids or -tetracarboxylic acids. US 3937751 A ... 1. A curable epoxide resin composition based on adducts containing epoxide groups and polyester-tricarboxylic acids and/or - ... Cross-linkable saturated powderous compositions and powderous painting and coating compositions containing same. ...

http://www.google.com.au/patents/US3937751

Genetic Algorithm for Context-Aware Service Composition Based on Context Space Model - IEEE Conference Publication

... and greatly facilitated the development of service based software systems. How to select appr ...

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6649631/

Linux Today - Loop-based Music Composition With Linux, Pt. 1

Loop-based music composition is the practice of sequencing audio samples to create the various parts of a musical work... ... Loop-based Music Composition With Linux, Pt. 1. Sep 17, 2007, 00:00 (0 Talkback[s]) (Other stories by Dave Phillips) ul. ... "Loop-based music composition is the practice of sequencing audio samples to create the various parts of a musical work. A ...

https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2007091700126NWHL

A composition capable of promoting the skin permeation or percutaneous absorption of a drug, which comprises a lower alcohol and at least one member of the group consisting of a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 20 carbon atoms, which may optionally be halogen-substituted, a monohydric. (google.com.au)
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein said adjuvant comprises said (1). (google.com.au)
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method comprises administration of a composition containing microspheres that comprising oligonucleotides that are antisense to and targeted to hind to CD40, CD80 and CD86 primary transcripts. (google.com)
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises 20-40 weight percent wheat bran, based on the total weight of the composition. (freepatentsonline.com)
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein said composition further comprises 20-40 weight percent wheat germ, based on the total weight of the composition. (freepatentsonline.com)
5. The composition of claim 4, wherein said composition further comprises 20-60 weight percent honey, based on the total weight of the composition. (freepatentsonline.com)
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein said composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group comprising calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, pectin or carboxymethylcellulose. (freepatentsonline.com)
The invention comprises a composition comprising a bioerodible porous silicon-based carrier material wherein the carrier material carries at least one large. (patents.com)
2. A composition according to claim 1, characterised in that it comprises adducts, containing epoxide groups, of the formula I, wherein A denotes the radical, obtained by removing the 1,2-epoxyethyl groups of a diglycidyl compound containing an aromatic, cycloaliphatic or N,N-heterocyclic ring. (google.com.au)
5. A composition according to claim 1, characterised in that it comprises adducts, containing epoxide groups, of the formula I, wherein A together with X 1 and X 2 denotes the ring system obtained after partial reaction of 3',4'-epoxyhexahydrobenzal-3,4-epoxycyclohexane-1,1-dimethanol. (google.com.au)
6. A composition according to claim 1, characterised in that it comprises, as curing agents, acid polyesters with the structural element of the formula II, wherein R 1 and R 2 denote araliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, cycloaliphatic-aliphatic or heterocyclic-aliphatic radicals and not more than 2 methylene groups are present in the structural element per ring in the radical R 1 and R 2 . (google.com.au)
3. A method for systemic pest control wherein said method comprises treating a plant or parts thereof with a composition set forth in claim 1 or 2. (patentgenius.com)
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises a first polypeptide molecule containing said first antigenic domain and a second polypeptide molecule containing said second antigenic domain. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein each of said first and second polypeptides comprises a GP5 transmembrane domain. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
11. The composition of claim 10, wherein said composition comprises from two to four PRRSV isolates, two of which comprise said first and second domains. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
2. The silicone-based gel of claim 1, wherein the silicone-based gel further comprises at least approximately 50% silicone or silicone variant. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
3. The silicone-based gel of claim 2, wherein the glucocorticoid comprises fluticasone, and the antihistamine comprises loratadine. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
5. The silicone-based gel of claim 4, wherein the nerve depressant comprises gabapentin. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

On top of these is the subtle global tendency of a genome to move toward a preferred nucleotide composition and distribution that are characteristic for each clade. (biomedcentral.com)
The dramatic changes in nucleotide composition in humans are a consequence of CpG nucleotide frequencies and of gene expression, the changes in Fugu could point to primordial CpG islands, and the changes in the fly are of a totally different kind and unrelated to dinucleotide frequencies. (biomedcentral.com)
We could both confirm several aspects regarding nucleotide composition and we were able to discover new aspects, especially in invertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
It is most obvious from our results that the average nucleotide composition around the transcription start site across the genome is significantly different from the composition in the intergenic and coding regions and some aspects of these composition variations are furthermore different among the investigated species. (biomedcentral.com)

3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the starch is plasticised with a plasticiser selected from the group consisting of glycerine, diglycerine, polyglycerine, sorbitol, a polyol and mixtures thereof. (freepatentsonline.com)
1. A method for reversing Type 1 diabetes in a mammal comprising administering a microsphere composition directly to the mammal, wherein microspheres in said composition comprise oligonucleotides that are antisense to and targeted to bind to primary transcripts selected from the group consisting of CD40, CD80 and CD86 primary transcripts, and combinations thereof, and wherein administration of the microsphere composition promotes autoimmune hyporesponsiveness in the mammal. (google.com)

The selection pressure at the translation level is evident in all bacteria based on the analysis of the skews at the three codon positions. (biomedcentral.com)
The study reveals the diverse mutation and selection forces associated with replication and transcription in various groups of bacteria that shape the distinct patterns of base composition skews in the chromosomes during evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
The source and significance of the wide variation in the genomic base composition of bacteria have been a matter of continued debate. (g3journal.org)
Although the variation was originally attributed to a strictly neutral process, i.e. , species-specific differences in mutational patterns, recent genomic comparisons have shown that bacteria with G+C-rich genomes experience a mutational bias toward A+T. This difference between the mutational input to a genome and its overall base composition suggests the action of natural selection. (g3journal.org)
A contrasting interpretation, posited more than 50 years ago by both Sueoka (1962) and Freese (1962) , explained the diversity in genomic base compositions among bacteria in terms of a neutral model in which the variation was attributed to the inherent differences among species in their patterns of mutations. (g3journal.org)
To date, virtually every study that has searched for the underlying basis of the compositional variation among bacteria has been retrospective, based chiefly on the relationship between genomic G+C contents and some environmental variable or molecular feature ( Rocha and Feil 2010 ). (g3journal.org)
The observed variation in intragenomic base composition in bacteria was found to be far higher than expected for GC-rich bacteria. (ed.ac.uk)
A first embodiment of the invention refers to compositions based on the systemic utilization of bacterial strains belonging to species of the genera Bacillus, Brevibacillus and/or Paenibacillus to protect plants by using the composition containing the above referred bacteria in wild-type, conjugated, mutant or transgenic forms and/or the substances produced by them. (patentgenius.com)
A second embodiment of the invention refers to a method of bioinsecticide application based on bacteria from the genera Bacillus, Brevibacillus and/or Paenibacillus. (patentgenius.com)

Initially I will investigate thousands of bacterial species using a detailed analysis of strengths of selection acting upon codons usage while also investigating patterns of optimal codon changes with respect to genomic base composition and tRNA abundance. (ed.ac.uk)
Further, it is clear that factors affecting genomic base composition can eventually lead to changes in optimal codons if the change in base composition is strong enough, however these patterns differ substantially between amino acids. (ed.ac.uk)
Until recently it was difficult to investigate more local variations in base composition (for example, at one position relative to some genomic signal). (biomedcentral.com)

9. A biodegradable film comprising a composition according to claim 1. (freepatentsonline.com)

The PM model is based on formation mechanisms of main compositions of PM: soot and soluble organic fraction (SOF). (sae.org)
A water-based composition containing oil soluble components may include an anhydrous concentrate and a hydration component, which may be stored in separate. (patents.com)

Here, we examine if selection acts on G+C contents in Caulobacter crescentus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , which both have very G+C-rich genomes, by testing whether the expression of gene variants that differ only in their base compositions at synonymous sites affects cellular growth rates. (g3journal.org)
Given the evidence from sequence comparisons that selection serves to increase G+C contents in G+C-rich genomes, we adopted an experimental approach to test the effects of altering base compositions by assaying E. coli strains expressing genes of different G+C contents. (g3journal.org)
Now that several sequenced metazoan genomes have been annotated, we have been able to compare the base composition around the transcription start site for all annotated genes across multiple genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

An improved cobalt-base braze alloy composition and method for diffusion brazing are provided for use in repairing superalloy articles, such as gas turbine engines, power generation turbines, refinery equipment, and heat exchangers. (google.com)
said braze alloy composition is a eutectic alloy. (google.com)
The invention relates to an alloy composition possessing improved properties of mechanical resistance. (freepatentsonline.com)

The invention also relates to the process for preparing this composition and the use of these compositions for the manufacture of films intended for the paper market and for packages made from biodegradable plastic. (freepatentsonline.com)
This invention relates to a base composition capable of increasing the percutaneous absorption of drugs, to a pharmaceutical composition for external use in which said base composition is used, and to a method of promoting the percutaneous absorption of drugs. (google.com.au)
This invention relates to novel contact lens materials, including hydrogel or rigid gas permeable (RGP) materials, which are made from the polymerization product of a monomer mixture including a polybutadiene-based compound endcapped with a polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated group. (google.com)
The present application relates to a freeze-dried polymer composition containing chitosan and at least one lyoprotectant, a process for preparing a. (patents.com)
The present invention relates to an electrical conductive cement-based composite composition capable of exhibiting stable electrical performance since carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers are mixed in cement at a proper weight ratio so as to lower sensitivity to a specific resistance change caused by a change in a water/cement ratio (w/c). (wipo.int)

Per cent GC (guanine + cytosine/total bases) values fell into two groups: 30.8 to 36.5% GC and 69 to 75% GC. (asm.org)

Statistically significant variations in base data were found between whole chromosomes as well as between the segments from one of the chromosomes. (rupress.org)

The disclosure includes compositions and methods for the production of an immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, or PRRSV. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Compositions and methods comprising polypeptides containing the two or more domains, or nucleic acids encoding them, are described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

0% by weight of the silicone-based gel, the second active ingredient comprising antihistamine, wherein the topical application of the silicone-based gel allows for transdermal administration of the first and second active ingredients simultaneously. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said raw food fibers further comprise at least one of wheat germ and wheat bran. (freepatentsonline.com)

Existing hydrogel soft contact lens materials are formed of copolymers based primarily on 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (Hema), N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) or other hydrophilic monomers, crosslinked with a crosslinking agent. (google.com)
Generally, RGP materials are formed of copolymers based on silicon or fluorosilicon (meth)acrylates or itaconates, crosslinked with a crosslinking monomer. (google.com)

Described is a transdermal ethosome composition for the treatment of pain. (patents.com)

As much of the variation in codon usage is determined by variation in base composition, this aspect of base composition is investigated in the second part of the thesis. (ed.ac.uk)
The most prominent feature in the base compositions is a significant local variation in G+C content over a large region around the transcription start site. (biomedcentral.com)

Binding competition assays show that DNA affinities depend only weakly on base composition or secondary structure, although in general G+C- rich sequences are bound with greater affinity than are A+T-rich ones and single-stranded DNA is bound with greater affinity than duplex forms. (elsevier.com)

The base composition of DNA was determined for individual chromosomes from the dipteran Chironomus tentans and for each one of six different segments of one of the chromosomes. (rupress.org)

Curable epoxide resin mixtures based on adducts, containing epoxide groups, which are obtained by reaction of certain long-chain aliphatic polyesters with an excess of diepoxide compounds, and linear or slightly branched polyesters, containing carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings and possessing 3 or 4 terminal. (google.com.au)

From the extraordinary shapes of the composition profiles calculated using the gene start annotations of Ensembl (Figure 1B and Figure 2 ) it can already be postulated that a significant degree of correct start annotation must be present in Ensembl to get such high resolution. (biomedcentral.com)

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the G'/G" ratio is greater than 1.7. (freepatentsonline.com)
4. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a polyethylene. (freepatentsonline.com)
5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the starch used is destructurized or pregelatinised. (freepatentsonline.com)
6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the starch contains more than 70% by weight of amylopectin. (freepatentsonline.com)
8. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the starch used contains up to about 50% by weight of plasticiser expressed relative to the total weight of the starch and the plasticiser. (freepatentsonline.com)
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition is administered after clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes. (google.com)
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition is administered prior to clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes. (google.com)
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein administration of said composition normalizes blood glucose levels in said mammal as compared to the blood glucose levels of said mammal prior to administration. (google.com)
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition is administered as an injectable form. (google.com)
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition is administered in combination with insulin. (google.com)
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said insulin is administered prior to, concurrently with, or after administration of said microsphere composition. (google.com)
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the ratio in said microsphere composition of antisense CD40: antisense CD80: antisense CD86 is 1:1:1. (google.com)
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein said honey is a non-denatured honey. (freepatentsonline.com)
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said honey has a peroxide activity amount of greater than about 5 μg of hydrogen peroxide per gram honey after 60 minutes as measured at a temperature of 21° C. (freepatentsonline.com)
3. A composition according to claim 2, characterised in that the radical A denotes the radical of a bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether. (google.com.au)
4. A composition according to claim 2, characterised in that the radical A denotes the radical of 1-glycidyl-3-(2'-glycidyloxy-n-propyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. (google.com.au)
7. A composition according to claim 1 consisting essentially of adducts, containing epoxide groups, of the formula I and of acid polyesters with the structural element of the formula II. (google.com.au)
11. A composition according to claim 10, characterised in that D denotes the trivalent radical of an aromatic tricarboxylic acid. (google.com.au)
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said composition is in solid form and is applied on soil surface, in water, in an area around the plant, under soil surface, or near the plant roots. (patentgenius.com)
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said composition is applied to seeds. (patentgenius.com)
8. The composition of claim 6, wherein at least one of said first and second polypeptides is membrane bound or membrane associated. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
9. The composition of claim 6, wherein at least one of said first and second polypeptides is associated with a PRRSV viral particle. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein said viral particle is a virion. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
13. The composition of claim 6, further comprising one or more additional polypeptides comprising a conserved GP5 motif covalently linked to an HV-2 hypervariable region wherein said one or more additional polypeptides contains a HV-2 hypervariable region different from said first and second polypeptides. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
14. A method of preparing a composition according to claim 6, said method comprisingidentifying or selecting a first polypeptide molecule containing said first domain and a second polypeptide molecule containing said second domain, andcombining said first and second polypeptides to form a composition. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

It can be seen from Figure 1 that the Ensembl data (using 5000 randomly selected genes with at least 100 bp 5'UTR) is noisier but that most of the composition characteristics (as discussed below) are also present in the profiles generated from the Ensembl data. (biomedcentral.com)

The mixture is then heated to melt the cobalt-base braze alloy, thereby joining the base metal superalloy powder particles together, and joining the entire mixture to the region being repaired. (google.com)

The base composition skews in the coding sequences were used to derive quantitatively the effect of replication-driven mutation plus subsequent selection ('replication-associated pressure', RAP), and the effect of transcription-driven mutation plus subsequent selection at translation level ('transcription-associate pressure', TAP). (biomedcentral.com)
In this study we re-evaluate the average base composition around the transcription start site (TSS) of animal genes. (biomedcentral.com)

S trands of DNA duplexes that have the same base sequences as the corresponding transcripts ( i.e. (queensu.ca)

The view cautions though that composition-generated advantages are temporary in nature and that composition itself mandates special skills in distinctively identifying, leveraging, and combining open or existing resources inside and outside the firm. (wikipedia.org)

The composition contains a starch, which is preferably plasticised, and a polymer which acts as coupling agent which is chosen from the group consisting of polyolefins modified by chemical functional groups which are active towards the hydroxyl functional groups of starch. (freepatentsonline.com)
Preferably, a silicone-based gel may be provided as a base composition and may have a non-zero percentage of silicone or silicone variant. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

This composition may also include aluminum, and the composition may be combined with one or more powdered base metal superalloy compositions to form an improved diffusion braze alloy mixture. (google.com)
This paper is an introductory study that should demonstrate a unifying theoretical framework and introduce that the properties typically valid for fuzzy relational compositions are valid also for the generalized ones, yet sometimes in a weaken form. (springer.com)
Milton Babbitt - quoted in Welsh, "The Music of Stuart Saunders Smith") Stuart Saunders Smith has done very important and unique work in the fields of open-form composition and jazz. (wikipedia.org)

Fast-paced life style, along with the expansion of middle-class consumers and digitization-based new consumerism, prompts the need for compositional offering. (wikipedia.org)
The above three elements reinforce one another, reflecting the faces of composition at the product level (compositional offering), market level (compositional competition), and organizational level (compositional capability). (wikipedia.org)

This composition was not a function of the polytenic condition but was also found for DNA from testis tissue. (rupress.org)

based on the total weight of the composition. (freepatentsonline.com)

We already got a bunch of articles about basing in the jungle library , but honestly most of them show you information about material you can use and how you can use it. (blogspot.com)
Sequencing loops is likewise not a novel concept, at least not since Vivaldi's time, nor is the use of existing sound recordings as base material for a new musical work. (linuxjournal.com)
Early use of sampled sound was usually momentary, providing snippets for "hits" or other incidental sounds, but it quickly became obvious that sampled sounds could provide the base material for an entire composition. (linuxjournal.com)

The hypothetical nature of any classification is emphasized, and, in the present work, the hypothesis derived from taxometric analyses of division into two subgroups is confirmed by the study of DNA base ratios. (asm.org)
According to the present invention, a composition is provided including honey and raw food fibers. (freepatentsonline.com)

Especially, we would like to highlight initial studies of the fuzzy relational compositions motivated by their applications to medical diagnosis by Willis Bandler and Ladislav Kohout. (springer.com)

As music technology advanced the tape recorder was eventually displaced by the hard-disk recording system, extending the possibilities inherited from tape-based systems and giving birth to exciting new techniques unique to the computer. (linuxjournal.com)

showing that selection on base composition is occurring at the level of the gene. (g3journal.org)