Basal ganglia. Medical search

Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.

A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.

The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS.

Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the INTERNAL CAPSULE. The SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.

The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.

An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)

Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.

A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)

A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.

Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.

Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS, especially PARKINSON DISEASE, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS. The electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously.

Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; prolonged inactivity due to illness; and other conditions.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.

Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)

Common name for small PASSERIFORMES in the family Fringillidae. They have a short stout bill (BEAK) adapted for crushing SEEDS. Some species of Old World finches are called CANARIES.

The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process.

Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, MOVEMENT DISORDERS; ATAXIA, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and COMA. Relatively common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; BRAIN HYPOXIA; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; and infectious processes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Sounds used in animal communication.

Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)

Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.

Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

PASSERIFORMES of the suborder, Oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. They include many commonly recognized birds such as CROWS; FINCHES; robins; SPARROWS; and SWALLOWS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)

NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.

Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.

Brain waves with frequency between 15-30 Hz seen on EEG during wakefulness and mental activity.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)

Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

A condition caused by the neurotoxin MPTP which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)

Organic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. These compounds are often used as radionuclide imaging agents.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.

A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.

Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.

Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.

A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.

The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.

An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.

INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.

The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Automatic, mechanical, and apparently undirected behavior which is outside of conscious control.

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

Bleeding within the SKULL that is caused by systemic HYPERTENSION, usually in association with INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Hypertensive hemorrhages are most frequent in the BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; PONS; and THALAMUS; but may also involve the CEREBRAL CORTEX, subcortical white matter, and other brain structures.

Performance of complex motor acts.

The lectin wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to the enzyme HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE. It is widely used for tracing neural pathways.

Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.

A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of DOPAMINE activated ADENYLYL CYCLASE in the CORPUS STRIATUM. It regulates the activities of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 and PROTEIN KINASE A, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of DOPAMINE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.

An inherited autosomal disorder that is characterized by neurodegeneration; orofacial and buccal DYSKINESIAS; CHOREA; and thorny-looking red cells (ACANTHOCYTES). This disorder is due to mutations of chorein which is important in protein trafficking and is encoded by Vps13a on chromosome 9q21.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

A small protuberance at the dorsal, posterior corner of the wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE, adjacent to the dorsal THALAMUS and PINEAL BODY. It contains the habenular nuclei and is a major part of the epithalamus.

Cell groups within the internal medullary lamina of the THALAMUS. They include a rostral division comprising the paracentral, central lateral, central dorsal, and central medial nuclei, and a caudal division composed of the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei.

Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; (e.g., EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC). Nocturnal myoclonus is the principal feature of the NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3).

An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Knowing or understanding without conscious use of reasoning. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)

Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)

Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

Learning to make a series of responses in exact order.

Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

EEG phase synchronization of the cortical brain region (CEREBRAL CORTEX).

A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.

Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.

A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

A syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. Bilateral FRONTAL LOBE dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. This may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p348; Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1995 Feb;63(2):59-67)

Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.

Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

Concordant induction of cyclin E and p21cip1 in differentiated keratinocytes by the human papillomavirus E7 protein inhibits cellular and viral DNA synthesis. (1/1612)

Productive infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) occur only in differentiated keratinocytes in squamous epithelia in which the HPV E7 protein reactivates the host DNA replication machinery to support viral DNA replication. In a fraction of the differentiated keratinocytes, E7 also posttranscriptionally induces p21Cip1, which is distributed in a mutually exclusive manner with unscheduled cellular DNA synthesis. In this study, double immunofluorescence labeling unexpectedly revealed that E7 caused a concordant accumulation of both cyclin E and p21Cip1 to high levels in patient papillomas and in organotypic cultures of primary human keratinocytes. The induction of cyclin E is mutually exclusive with unscheduled cellular DNA synthesis or abundant viral DNA. These novel virus-host interactions in differentiated keratinocytes are in contrast to previous observations made in submerged proliferating cultures, in which HPV E7 induces cyclin E and overcomes p21Cip1 inhibition of S-phase entry. We propose that an appropriately timed induction of cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by HPV E7 in postmitotic cells enables S-phase reentry and HPV DNA amplification, whereas prematurely induced cyclin E stabilizes p21Cip1 protein, which then inhibits cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Consequently, cyclin E and p21Cip1 both fail to turn over, and DNA synthesis does not occur. (+info)

Developmental regulation of expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in rat nucleus accumbens and islands of Calleja. (2/1612)

The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) belongs to the D2 subfamily and is expressed in the rat brain in targets of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Little is known about its normal development and control by dopaminergic innervation. We studied developmental expression of D3R in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAC) and islands of Calleja (ISC). At postnatal day (P) 7, D3 binding sites and mRNA were low in both areas. By P14, D3R and mRNA concentrations were close to adult levels in the ISC, whereas, in the NAC, binding increased until 3 months after birth. Cellular concentrations of D3 mRNA in the ISC increased with age in conjunction with a decrease in the number of D3 positive cells. In the NAC, the number of positive cells increased, whereas cellular levels of expression remained unchanged. Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion caused age-dependent changes in D3R expression. D3 binding sites did not change at P7 or P14, but there was a reduction in the number of D3 mRNA positive neurons accompanied by an increase in cellular levels of D3 mRNA at P14, suggesting that changes occurred in a subset of neurons. Up-regulation of D3 binding sites in NAC and ISC occurred 1 month after the lesion (P35) concomitant with a decrease in cellular levels of D3 mRNA and the number of D3 mRNA positive cells. At 3 months (P90) after the lesion, an increase in D3 mRNA occurred with no change in D3 binding sites. D3R shows region-specific dynamics in receptor/mRNA expression during development and is sensitive to loss of dopamine in early postnatal development. (+info)

Bilateral basal ganglial necrosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a child with Kostmann syndrome. (3/1612)

A 6-year-old girl underwent allogeneic BMT from a matched sibling donor for the treatment of Kostmann syndrome. She suddenly became drowsy on day 30 after BMT, and lost consciousness 2 days later. Cranial CT scan showed symmetrical lesions suggesting bilateral necrosis in the basal ganglia. Clinical and laboratory investigations failed to reveal any evidence of neurometabolic disease. (+info)

5-HT modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin-induced psychosis in man--a PET study with [11C]raclopride. (4/1612)

The modulating effects of serotonin on dopamine neurotransmission are not well understood, particularly in acute psychotic states. Positron emission tomography was used to examine the effect of psilocybin on the in vivo binding of [11C]raclopride to D2-dopamine receptors in the striatum in healthy volunteers after placebo and a psychotomimetic dose of psilocybin (n = 7). Psilocybin is a potent indoleamine hallucinogen and a mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Psilocybin administration (0.25 mg/kg p.o.) produced changes in mood, disturbances in thinking, illusions, elementary and complex visual hallucinations and impaired ego-functioning. Psilocybin significantly decreased [11C]raclopride receptor binding potential (BP) bilaterally in the caudate nucleus (19%) and putamen (20%) consistent with an increase in endogenous dopamine. Changes in [11C]raclopride BP in the ventral striatum correlated with depersonalization associated with euphoria. Together with previous reports of 5-HT receptor involvement in striatal dopamine release, it is concluded that stimulation of both 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors may be important for the modulation of striatal dopamine release in acute psychoses. The present results indirectly support the hypothesis of a serotonin-dopamine dysbalance in schizophrenia and suggest that psilocybin is a valuable tool in the analysis of serotonin-dopamine interactions in acute psychotic states. (+info)

Impairment of EEG desynchronisation before and during movement and its relation to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. (5/1612)

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that the basal ganglia act to release cortical elements from idling (alpha) rhythms so that they may become coherent in the gamma range, thereby binding together those distributed activities necessary for the effective selection and execution of a motor act. This hypothesis was tested in 10 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Surface EEG was recorded during self paced squeezing of the hand and elbow flexion performed separately, simultaneously, or sequentially. Recordings were made after overnight withdrawal of medication and, again, 1 hour after levodopa. The medication related improvement in EEG desynchronisation (in the 7.5-12.5 Hz band) over the 1 second before movement and during movement were separately correlated with the improvement in movement time for each electrode site. Correlation coefficients (r) > 0.632 were considered significant (p<0.05). RESULTS: Improvement in premovement desynchronisation correlated with reduction in bradykinesia over the contralateral sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area in flexion and squeeze, respectively. However, when both movements were combined either simultaneously or sequentially, this correlation shifted anteriorly, to areas overlying prefrontal cortex. Improvement in EEG desynchronisation during movement only correlated with reduction in bradykinesia in two tasks. Correlation was seen over the supplementary motor area during flexion, and central prefrontal and ipsilateral premotor areas during simultaneous flex and squeeze. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the idea that the basal ganglia liberate frontal cortex from idling rhythms, and that this effect is focused and specific in so far as it changes with the demands of the task. In particular, the effective selection and execution of more complex tasks is associated with changes over the prefrontal cortex. (+info)

Variation in echogenicity of the basal ganglia: anisotropic effect. (6/1612)

We observed that the fetal brain demonstrates relatively increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia compared with the thalami and cortical brain parenchyma, which we did not observe on neonatal sonograms. We hypothesized that the difference in relative echogenicity was due to differences in imaging techniques and anisotropic effects for prenatal and postnatal brain images. In 18 consecutive neonates, we obtained coronal images of the basal ganglia and thalami through the anterior fontanelle and axial images through the anterolateral fontanelle with both 5 and 7.5 MHz transducers. Two observers determined whether increased echogenicity or conspicuity of the basal ganglia was present, comparing the axial and coronal planes. We observed relatively increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia in the axial plane in 11 of the 16 examinations in this series. Of these 11, the increased echogenicity effect was manifest only in the axial plane in seven neonates. In the four instances in which the increased basal ganglia echogenicity was seen in both the coronal and axial planes, the effect was better shown in axial plane in all four. We did not observe any cases of increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia only in the coronal plane. The increased echogenicity was more conspicuous with the lower frequency transducer in 10 of the 11 examinations. We believe that the change in echogenicity of the basal ganglia is predominantly an anisotropic effect. Observing that increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia can disappear or decrease when comparing images in the axial to the coronal plane or be better demonstrated with lower frequency transducers might be a means by which to distinguish this phenomenon from true pathologic processes of the neonatal brain. (+info)

Iron in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. An in vitro study using extended X-ray absorption fine structure and cryo-electron microscopy. (7/1612)

Iron is found in high concentration in some areas of the brain, and increased iron in the substantia nigra is a feature of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical environment of brain iron in post-mortem tissue to provide information on the possible role of iron in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Iron has also been implicated as the cause of signal loss in areas of high brain iron on T2-weighted MRI sequences. Knowledge of the physical environment of the brain iron is essential in interpreting the cause of signal change. Post-mortem tissue was obtained from six cases of Parkinson's disease and from six age-matched controls. Iron levels were measured using absorption spectrophotometry. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure was used to evaluate the atomic environment of iron within the substantia nigra and both segments of the globus pallidus. Cryo-electron transmission microscopy was used to probe the iron storage proteins in these areas. Iron levels were increased in the parkinsonian nigra and lateral portion of the globus pallidus. Spectra from the extended X-ray absorption fine structure experiments showed that ferritin was the only storage protein detectable in both control and parkinsonian tissue in all areas studied. Cryo-electron transmission microscopy studies showed that ferritin was more heavily loaded with iron in Parkinson's disease when compared with age-matched controls. In summary we have shown that iron levels are increased in two areas of the brain in Parkinson's disease including the substantia nigra, the site of maximal neurodegeneration. This produces increased loading of ferritin, which is the normal brain iron storage protein. It is possible that increased loading of ferritin may increase the risk of free radical-induced damage. Differences in ferritin loading may explain regional differences in iron's effect on the T2 signal. (+info)

Altered gene expression in striatal projection neurons in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. (8/1612)

The basal ganglia, a brain structure critical for sensorimotor and motivational aspects of behavior, contain very high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. These receptors are activated by endogenous lipophilic ligands, and they are thought to mediate behavioral effects of cannabinoid drugs. To evaluate the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of basal ganglia pathways, we have investigated the effects of targeted deletion of CB1 receptors on gene expression of various neuropeptides and transmitter-related enzymes in basal ganglia neurons. Mice without CB1 receptors are extremely hypoactive in a test for exploratory behavior (open-field test), showing markedly reduced locomotion and rearing. These CB1 mutants display significantly increased levels of substance P, dynorphin, enkephalin, and GAD 67 mRNAs in neurons of the two output pathways of the striatum that project to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. Our findings demonstrate that elimination of CB1 receptors results in behavioral abnormalities and functional reorganization of the basal ganglia. (+info)

Basal ganglia[edit]. The Vogts greatly contributed to the analysis of what is known today as the basal ganglia system. Their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Vogt

Basal ganglia pathways and dopamine[edit]. Neural pathways in the basal ganglia in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical ... Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →. *pons: Cochlear nucleus (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_pathway

Damage to the basal ganglia[edit]. Injuries to the frontal lobe and/or the basal ganglia can interfere with an individual's ... of patients with lesions on their basal ganglia suffer from some form of diminished motivation.[2] ... frontal circuits through which the flow of information from the entire cortex takes place before reaching the basal ganglia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abulia

Basal gangliaEdit. CB1 receptors are expressed throughout the basal ganglia and have well-established effects on movement in ... several parts of basal ganglia, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, and other subcortical regions (e.g., the septal region), ... Dorsal root ganglion also express these receptors, which target a variety of peripheral terminals involved in nociception. ... with the variable expression of both excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA interneurons in both the basal ganglia's direct ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1

Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... Differences in the VNTR have been shown to affect the basal level of expression of the transporter; consequently, researchers ... tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter

Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ... tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextroamphetamine

Csoti I, Storch A, Müller W, Jost WH (December 1, 2012). "Drug interactions with selegiline versus rasagiline". Basal Ganglia. ... basal ganglia, midbrain, and cingulate gyrus. Selegiline is mostly metabolized in the intestines and liver; it and its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline

Basal Ganglia. 1 (2): 83-89. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2011.04.001. PMC 3144573. PMID 21804954. v t e GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR88

Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... including the basal ganglia, frontal cortex, and thalamus (Colasanti et al. 2012). Oral administration of d-amphetamine, 0.5 mg ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine

Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... leading to nonresponse in those with low basal DA activity. On average, methylphenidate elicits a 3-4 times increase in ... leading to the hypothesis that methylphenidate amplifies basal dopamine activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate

Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ... 2 A, open squares). We stress that Zn2+ per se did not affect basal efflux (Fig. 2 A). ... In many brain regions, Zn2+ is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall

Striatum and basal gangliaEdit. Further information on the Striatum: Striatum. Further information on the Basal Ganglia: Basal ... 1999). "MRI study of basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia". Schizophr Res. 36: 202.. ... Parent, A (1990). "Extrinsic connections of the basal ganglia". Trends Neurosci. 13: 254-258. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90105-j. ... The cerebellum, hippocampus, neostriatum, and basal ganglia were identified as being involved in memory acquisition tasks.[2] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_memories

"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry ... Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... The medial globus pallidus (or internal globus pallidus, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the other being ... As the medial globus pallidus, along with the substantia nigra pars reticulata, forms the output of the basal ganglia, these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus

... within the basal ganglia). The structure of the most ventral and anterior parts of the tubercle can be defined as anatomically ... where they form bulges in the ventricles that later become the basal ganglia, present only in embryonic stages) and the ... In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the basal forebrain anterior to the optic chiasm and ... Jun 1983). "The islands of Calleja complex of rat basal forebrain II: connections of medium and large sized cells". Brain Res ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_tubercle

Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... The Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations

Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →. *pons: Cochlear nucleus (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract

Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_peduncles

Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_1

Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures. Basal ganglia. ... The basal dendrites of mitral cells are connected to interneurons known as granule cells, which by some theories produce ... though it may be involved in boosting the signal-to-noise ratio of odor signals by silencing the basal firing rate of ... the granule cell layer receives excitatory glutamate signals from the basal dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb

... hippocampal dysfunction might produce an alteration of dopamine release in the basal ganglia, thereby indirectly affecting the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_ammonis

Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain

The Basal Ganglia IX. Springer. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4419-0340-2. Robert H. Wilkins; Irwin A. Brody (1997). Neurological Classics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jules_Dejerine

The Basal Ganglia II. Advances in Behavioral Biology. 32. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 169-173. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8_11. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPP

The indicative diagnostic biomarkers are: reduced dopamine transporter uptake in the basal ganglia shown on PET or SPECT ... midbrain and basal ganglia - movement; brain stem - sleep, alertness, and autonomic dysfunction; olfactory cortex - smell. Also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

Martin's book The Basal Ganglia and Posture (1967) includes case histories and clinical observations of a large group of ... Miller, Henry (April 1968). "Review of The Basal Ganglia and Posture by James Purdon Martin". Proc R Soc Med. 61 (4): 434-435. ... doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(49)90383-9. Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Martin, J. Purdon (April 1963). "The Basal Ganglia ... Geary, Elizabeth K.; Seidenberg, Michael; Hermann, Bruce (2009). "Atrophy of Basal Ganglia Nuclei and Negative Symptoms in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Purdon_Martin

Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1997. Dougherty DD, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_L._Rauch

and or basal ganglia hypermetabolism. Ancillary laboratory tests including MRI and brain biopsy have confirmed temporal lobe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan's_syndrome

see Primate basal ganglia system. Percheron, G. (2003) "Thalamus". In Paxinos, G. and May, J.(eds). The human nervous system. ... The central region thus appears not as a nonspecific part of the thalamus but as one element of the basal ganglia system: one ... They have strong connections with elements of the basal ganglia system. The pars parafascicularis is linked bilaterally to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allothalamus

Basal ganglia connections‎ (5 P). C. *. ► Cerebellar connections‎ (20 P). *. ► Cerebral white matter‎ (1 C, 17 P) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_nervous_system_pathways

"Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: A computational model" (PDF). link.springer.com. doi: ... Additional models look at the close relationship between the basal ganglia and the prefrontal cortex and how that contributes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscientist

Basal ganglia disease *Parkinsonism *PD. *Postencephalitic. *NMS. *PKAN. *Tauopathy *PSP. *Striatonigral degeneration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy

Basal ganglia disease *پارکینسونیزم *پارکینسون. *Postencephalitic. *نشانگان نورولپتیک بدخیم. *PKAN. *Tauopathy *PSP ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اختلالات_حرکتی

... and prevalence in the basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamic reticular nucleus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (24): ...

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дофаминовый_рецептор_D1

... early onset encephalopathy with calcifications of the basal ganglia and chronic cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis)". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man

... basal ganglia and supplementary motor area (SMA).[18] Specifically the basal ganglia and possibly the SMA have been implicated ... Graybiel, A. M. (2005). "The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it". Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15: 638-644. doi:10.1016 ... including the basal ganglia, the SMA and the pre-SMA, the cerebellum, and the premotor and prefrontal cortices, all involved in ... basal ganglia, ventral thalamus and posterior cerebellum. Differences were found in lateralization tendencies as language tasks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_music

Hjernehinden (Skabelon:IPAc-en,[1][2] singular: meninx (Skabelon:IPAc-en or Skabelon:IPAc-en[3]), fra oldgræsk: μῆνιγξ,[4]) er de tre membraner der slutter hjernen og rygmarven. Hos pattedyr er hjernehinderne dura mater, spindelhinden og pia mater. Rygmarvsvæske findes i cavum subarachnoideale mellem spindelhinden og pia mater. Hjernehindernes primære funktion er at beskytte centralnervesystemet. ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernehinde

... rather than deep white matter or basal ganglia. These are usually described as "lobar". These bleedings are not associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraparenchymal_hemorrhage

"Canceling actions involves a race between basal ganglia pathways". Nature Neuroscience. 16 (8): 1118-24. doi:10.1038/nn.3456. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition

Basal ganglia (striatum). *Orbitofrontal cortex. *Cingulate cortex. *Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Receptors. *5-HT1Dβ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_F

... and basal forebrain-areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[12] BDNF is also expressed in the retina, kidneys, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

Among the extant members of Apis, the more basal species make single, exposed combs, while the more recently evolved species ... and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion, which allows it to keep delivering venom once detached.[citation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Bee

Inter-hemispheric connections of the frontal and limbic lobes as well as basal ganglia were also affected."[22] (Quotations ... and occipital cortices as well as to basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?diff=589273712

Basal ganglia disease *Parkinsonism *PD. *Postencephalitic. *NMS. *PKAN. *Tauopathy *PSP. *Striatonigral degeneration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

As a cluster of neuron cell bodies, the adrenal medulla is considered a modified ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.[2] ... The adrenal medulla affects energy availability, heart rate, and basal metabolic rate. Recent research indicates that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

Basal ganglia disease *Parkinsonism *PD. *Postencephalitic. *NMS. *PKAN. *Tauopathy *PSP. *Striatonigral degeneration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_disorders

Most of the digestive tract is innervated by the two large celiac ganglia, with the upper part of each ganglion joined by the ... Also of help in the action of peristalsis is the basal electrical rhythm that determines the frequency of contractions.[35] The ... Sympathetic innervation is supplied by the splanchnic nerves that join the celiac ganglia. ... It is from these ganglia that many of the gastric plexuses arise. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

basal ganglia, particularly the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and globus pallidus;. *brainstem, particularly the ... Basal Ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia". Archives of Neurology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Supranuclear_Palsy

Aging Age-related decline in the commissural fiber tracts that make up the corpus callosum indicate the corpus callosum is involved in memory and executive function. Specifically, the posterior fibers of the corpus callosum are associated with episodic memory. Perceptual processing decline is also related to diminished integrity of occipital fibers of the corpus callosum. Evidence suggests that the genu of the corpus callosum does not contribute significantly to any one cognitive domain in the elderly. As fiber tract connectivity in the corpus callosum declines due to aging, compensatory mechanisms are found in other areas of the corpus callosum and frontal lobe. These compensatory mechanisms, increasing connectivity in other parts of the brain, may explain why elderly individuals still display executive function as a decline of connectivity is seen in regions of the corpus callosum.[7] Older adults compared to younger adults show poorer performance in balance exercises and tests. A decline in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissural_fiber

... serta menginduksi lintasan lipohialinosis di pembuluh ganglia basal, hingga menyebabkankan infark lakunar atau pendarahan otak. ... bersamaan dengan degradasi lamina basal di dinding pembuluhnya. Oleh sebab itu, pada kondisi akut, stroke akan meningkatkan ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

Ultimately, because the globus pallidus is intimately linked with the basal ganglia and thalamus, it would be expected that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_aciduria

... and basal forebrain-areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[10] It is also expressed in the retina, motor neurons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_derived_neurotrophic_factor

... is characterized by reduced size in specific neuroanatomical regions of the frontal lobes and basal ganglia." I challenged ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasutaja:Mariina/Lapseea_aktiivsus-_ja_tähelepanuhäire

A temporal (ear side) concentration of retinal ganglion cells, important for binocular vision, indicates a role in predation, ... but are now considered more basal taxa.[72] The fossilised Steropodon was discovered in New South Wales and is composed of an ... "Venom From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Induces a Calcium-Dependent Current in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck-billed_Platypus

"Stellate Ganglion Blocks". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing LLC. Retrieved 22 June 2019.. *^ Emerson A, Ponté L, Jerome L, ... The majority of reports indicate people with PTSD have elevated levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, lower basal cortisol ... Stellate ganglion block is an experimental procedure for the treatment of PTSD.[255] ... Lindley SE, Carlson EB, Benoit M (May 2004). "Basal and dexamethasone suppressed salivary cortisol concentrations in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder

ഇവ ആധാര ഗാംഗ്ലിയ (basal ganglia) എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. കോർട്ടക്സിൽ നിന്നും വരുന്ന ആവേഗങ്ങളുടെ ശക്തി നിയന്ത്രിക്കലാണ് ഇവയുടെ ധർമം. ... പരന്നവിരകൾ (flat worms) ഉൾപ്പെടുന്ന പ്ലാറ്റിഹെൽമിന്തസ് ഫൈലത്തിൽ, നാഡീകോശങ്ങൾ ഗാംഗ്ലിയ (ganglia) എന്നുപേരുള്ള സമൂഹമായാണ് വർ ... ഇവയുടെ ശരീരത്തിൽ നിരവധി ചെറിയ പ്രാന്ത ഗാംഗ്ലിയകളും (peripheral ganglia) കാണപ്പെടുന്നുണ്ട്. ഇവ ഹൃദയം, ശ്വസന-ദഹന അവയവങ്ങൾ ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system

In the case of Leigh disease, crucial cells in the brain stem and basal ganglia are affected. This causes a chronic lack of ... Dystonia, nystagmus, and problems with the autonomic nervous system suggest damage to the basal ganglia and brain stem ... When hyperbilirubinemia is not treated with phototherapy, the bilirubin can accumulate in the basal ganglia and cause lesions ... basal ganglia, cerebellum, and other regions of the brain. The lesions take on different forms, including areas of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_disease

Cheney, PD (1997). "Pathophysiology of the corticospinal system and basal ganglia in cerebral palsy". Mental Retardation and ... is primarily associated with damage to the basal ganglia in the form of lesions that occur during brain development due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy

... handling by the liver resulting in copper accumulation in the body and is characterised by abnormalities of the basal ganglia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayser–Fleischer_ring

Commands are routed though the basal ganglia and are modified by input from the cerebellum before being relayed through the ... Deeper muscles such as those involved in posture often are controlled from nuclei in the brain stem and basal ganglia. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

Chapter 8C - The Basal Ganglia. Anatomy. The extrapyramidal system consists of a series of functionally related nuclei in the ... The basal ganglia represent the largest component, and include the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. The pars reticulata ... Most of the output from the basal ganglia goes through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, effecting movement by influencing ... Many neurons in the basal ganglia begin to show activity before movement actually takes place. These have been termed "getting ...

https://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8C.html

Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. ... Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is ... A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement. Depending on which area ... Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001069.htm

Located on either side of the thalamus, the basal gan... ... The main parts of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus, ... Damage to the basal ganglia produces severe deficits in motor ability, but the neuronal activation in the basal ganglia ... The connections between the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra suggest that the basal ganglia may play a role in the plan ... Much of the output of the basal ganglia is directed at the primary motor cortex, and the motor nuclei of the brain stem. It is ...

https://everything2.com/title/basal+ganglia

basal gangliaunknown. The act of dangling one's testicles within close quarters of another peer's face while they ... That fucker Brandon fell asleep with his shoes on last night, so I basal ganglianed that nigga. ...

https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=basal+ganglia

This volume represents the collected papers presented at the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Basal Ganglia ... The Basal Ganglia III. Editors: Bernardi, G., Carpenter, M.B., Di Chiara, G., Morelli, M., Stanzione, P. (Eds.) ... The 80 papers collected here reflect the wide spectrum and the depth of studies on virtually all aspects of the basal ganglia. ... This volume represents the collected papers presented at the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Basal Ganglia ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781468458732?wt_mc=

Sensorimotor Processing in the Basal Ganglia Leads to Transient Beta Oscillations during Behavior Amin Mirzaei, Arvind Kumar, ... Ventral Medial Thalamic Nucleus Promotes Synchronization of Increased High Beta Oscillatory Activity in the Basal Ganglia- ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/keyword/basal-ganglia

The Basal ganglia is a nuclei in the brain of the central nervous system which coordinates motor control and is involved in ... Retrieved from "http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Basal_ganglia&oldid=731649" ...

http://www.conservapedia.com/Basal_ganglia

... including a group of structures in the brain called the basal ganglia, which help control movement. Explore symptoms, ... Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is a disorder that affects the nervous system, ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/biotin-thiamine-responsive-basal-ganglia-disease/ Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia ... Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease should be renamed biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease: a retrospective ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/biotin-thiamine-responsive-basal-ganglia-disease/

The Publisher has decided to discontinue the journal Basal Ganglia. Published content will remain available on ScienceDirect. ... Oscillatory activity in basal ganglia and motor cortex in an awake behaving rodent model of Parkinsons disease Claire ... Oscillatory activity in basal ganglia and motor cortex in an awake behaving rodent model of Parkinsons disease Claire ... Authors who look to publish the field of basal ganglia research related topics of movement disorders (e.g. Parkinsons Disease ...

https://www.journals.elsevier.com/basal-ganglia

Basal ganglia. Scholarpedia, 2(6):1825. Imaging of Basal Ganglia at USUHS Houk Jim (2007). "Models of Basal ganglia". ... The basal ganglia are situated at the base of the forebrain and top of the midbrain. Basal ganglia are strongly interconnected ... Basal ganglia disease is a group of movement disorders that result from either excessive output from the basal ganglia to the ... The International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS) informally considers the basal ganglia to be made up of the striatum, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia

Basal ganglia beta oscillations accompany cue utilization.. Leventhal DK1, Gage GJ, Schmidt R, Pettibone JR, Case AC, Berke JD. ... Beta oscillations in cortical-basal ganglia (BG) circuits have been implicated in normal movement suppression and motor ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325204?dopt=Abstract

This review explores the basic structure and function of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. What do we know about their ... The basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum historically have been relegated to a functional role in producing or modulating ... The basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum traditionally have been assigned to roles within the motor domain, yet recent ... Cite this: The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum in Human Emotion - Medscape - Apr 01, 2020. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/934866

... and of being regulated by the basal ganglia. In the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop the basal ganglia are ... The primate central complex as one of the basal ganglia. In The Basal Ganglia III Bernardi, G. et al. (eds) pp. 177-186. Plenum ... The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special ... 2004) to propose that the complex be linked in a way or another to the basal ganglia system. A review on its role in the system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_basal_ganglia

Purchase Chemical Signalling in the Basal Ganglia, Volume 99 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780444815620, ... Chemical Signalling in the Basal Ganglia, Volume 99 1st Edition. Write a review ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/chemical-signalling-in-the-basal-ganglia/arbuthnott/978-0-444-81562-0

The exact function of the basal ganglia is something that is... ... The basal ganglia plays a role in a number of functions in the ... Due to the basal ganglia being connected to the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, the area is found to play a part in ... What is the basal lamina?. A: The basal lamina is an extracellular matrix that is also known as the "basement membrane." It is ... The basal ganglia plays a role in a number of functions in the brain, including involuntary motor control and some cognitive ...

https://www.reference.com/science/basal-ganglia-1529166c141b0cef

This text presents the contemporary understanding of the basal ganglia. In a groundbreaking synthesis, diverse research ... basal ganglia and cognition basal ganglia and learning basal ganglia and motor functions direct and indirect pathways of basal ... Cerebellar-basal ganglia, cortical striatal, and cognitive motor interactions. * Role of the basal ganglia in associative ... from leading basal ganglia researchers altogether relate the neural architecture and functional circuitry of the basal ganglia ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-42743-0

Purchase Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, Volume 24 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780123747679, ... Part A: The Basal Ganglia System and its Evolution. Chapter 1. The Neuroanatomical Organization of the Basal Ganglia. Charles R ... Part F: Basal Ganglia Function and Dysfunction. Chapter 31. Phasic Dopamine Signaling and Basal Ganglia Function. Peter ... Integrative Networks across Basal Ganglia Circuits. Suzanne N. Haber. Chapter 25. Synchronous Activity in Basal Ganglia- ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/handbook-of-basal-ganglia-structure-and-function/steiner/978-0-12-374767-9

The cluster of neurons known as the basal ganglia is a central hub for regulating a vast array of routine motor and behavior ... The research establishes a new understanding of the position of the basal ganglia in the hierarchy of the motor system. ... McElvain, L.E., et al. (2021) Specific populations of basal ganglia output neurons target distinct brain stem areas while ... Researchers generate a precise map of basal ganglia connectivity. *Download PDF Copy ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210405/Researchers-generate-a-precise-map-of-basal-ganglia-connectivity.aspx

A definition of the medical term "basal ganglia" is presented. Basal Ganglia refer to four masses of gray matter located deep ...

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/reference-entries/21220815/basal-ganglia

Basal Ganglia. The basal ganglia comprise a group of structures that regulate the initiation of movements, balance, eye ... the basal ganglia were thought to be mainly involved with aspects of motor control. "Patients with damage to the basal ganglia ... Basal Ganglia - Primary Functions. Professor Trevor Robbins discusses the function of a set of structures called the basal ... The basal ganglia, a group of interconnected brain areas located deep in the cerebral cortex, have proved to be at work in ...

https://www.dnalc.org/view/833-Basal-Ganglia-and-Learning.html

To treat basal ganglion disorder; physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy are also used. ... Basal ganglia disease cure is done with medicines and surgery. ... Basal Ganglia Disorders Causes and Treatments. Posted in ... Basal ganglia disorders also cause disruptions in initiating and continuing movements. This may be visible in patients as ... Treatment of basal ganglia disorders involve the administration of medications that help in controlling the symptoms. Sometimes ...

http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/blog/basal-ganglia-disorders.html

... of specific nuclei of the basal ganglia of rats and monkeys which learn and perform specific tasks involving basal ganglia ... We plan to study how the motivational control of behaviour is achieved by neuronal mechanisms operating in the basal ganglia. ... v) Given our knowledge on normal basal ganglia functions in animal and human motivation, how are the behavioural processes and ... ii) With these behavioural variables in mind, how do individual basal ganglia structures participate in learning, and in which ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/BMH4950608

... of the basal ganglia. Here, we tested whether this suppressive mechanism exten … ... Surprise disrupts cognition via a fronto-basal ganglia suppressive mechanism Nat Commun. 2016 Apr 18;7:11195. doi: 10.1038/ ... These results suggest that surprise interrupts cognition via the same fronto-basal ganglia mechanism that interrupts action. ... of the basal ganglia. Here, we tested whether this suppressive mechanism extends beyond skeletomotor suppression and also ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27088156/?dopt=Abstract

The basal ganglia can select: The macro-architecture of the basal ganglia appears to be configured for selection ( Figure 6). ... What are the normal functions of basal ganglia circuitry? Two recurring themes in basal ganglia literature point to their ... Figure 4: Cortical and subcortical sensorimotor loops through the basal ganglia. A. For cortico-basal ganglia loops the ... structure of the basal ganglia since its major connections are with other basal ganglia nuclei. Thus, it receives inhibitory ...

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Striatum

Sequential Motor Behavior and the Basal Ganglia. In: Bolam J.P., Ingham C.A., Magill P.J. (eds) The Basal Ganglia VIII. ... Which motor disorder in Parkinsons disease indicates the true motor function of the basal ganglia?, in: Functions of the Basal ... The differential role of premotor frontal cortex and basal ganglia in motor sequence learning: evidence from focal basal ... Graybiel, A.M., 1998, The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires, Neurobiol. Learn Mem. 70:119-136.PubMedCrossRef ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F0-387-28066-9_54

MOVEMENT MAJOR CONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA A. Connections OUTSIDE the basal Ganglia Extrinsic inputs to the basal ganglia ... Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia : Abnormal movements are commonly caused by a release of the system from inhibition. ... Disorders of the basal ganglia is usually a disruption of transmitter metabolism. • Involuntary movements: Tremor at rest ( ... Extrinsic Outputs from the basal ganglia arise mainly from the globus paliidus and substantia nigra pars reticula TO: 1. Motor ...

https://www.scribd.com/document/13835299/Blood-Supply-to-the-Subthalamus

... Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan;35(1):27-47. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.93. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19675534/?dopt=Abstract

Basal ganglia and dopamine contributions to probabilistic category learning.. Shohamy D1, Myers CE, Kalanithi J, Gluck MA. ... Individuals with basal ganglia disruption due to mild-to-moderate Parkinsons disease and healthy controls were tested on ... The basal ganglia, in particular, have been linked to probabilistic category learning in humans. A separate parallel literature ... B) Controls showed similar levels of learning under both conditions; individuals with basal ganglia disruption due to ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061261?dopt=Abstract

Analysis of basal ganglia functional architecture and its position within a wider anatomical framework suggests it can satisfy ... We propose that the vertebrate basal ganglia have evolved as a centralised selection device, specialised to resolve conflicts ... The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?, Neuroscience, 89, 1009--1023. INTRODUCTION Despite a ... selection problem vertebrate solution basal ganglion basal ganglion functional architecture significant advantage consensus co ...

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.4792

... Chiara Baston and Mauro Ursino ... Chiara Baston and Mauro Ursino, "A Biologically Inspired Computational Model of Basal Ganglia in Action Selection," ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2015/187417/cta/

Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. (medlineplus.gov)
Many brain disorders are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. (medlineplus.gov)
A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement. (medlineplus.gov)
With the detailed circuit map in hand, we can now plan studies to identify the specific information conveyed by each pathway, how this information impacts downstream neurons to control movement and how dysfunction in each output pathway leads to the diverse symptoms of basal ganglia diseases. (news-medical.net)
The importance of these nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse disorders associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dystonia, and psychostimulant addiction. (indigo.ca)
Organized in six parts, the volume describes the general anatomical organization and provides a review of the evolution of the basal ganglia, followed by detailed accounts of recent advances in anatomy, cellular/molecular, and cellular/physiological mechanisms, and our understanding of the behavioral and clinical aspects of basal ganglia function and dysfunction. (indigo.ca)
The presence of pathological oscillations at specific frequencies has been linked to different signs and symptoms in PD and dystonia, suggesting a new model to explain basal ganglia dysfunction. (cun.es)
Different modes of basal ganglia dysfunction lead to Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, which have debilitating motor and cognitive symptoms. (uwaterloo.ca)
In animal models, early adversity is associated with dysfunction in basal ganglia regions involved in reward processing, but this relationship has not been established in humans. (harvard.edu)
Conclusions: Results indicate that childhood adversity in humans is associated with blunted subjective responses to reward-predicting cues as well as dysfunction in left basal ganglia regions implicated in reward-related learning and motivation. (harvard.edu)
Browne SE, Bowling AC, MacGarvey U, Baik MJ, Berger SC, Muqit MM, Bird ED, Beal MF (1997) Oxidative damage and metabolic dysfunction in Huntington's disease: selective vulnerability of the basal ganglia. (springer.com)
Basal ganglia dysfunction in OCD: subthalamic neuronal activity correlates with symptoms severity and predicts high-frequency stimulation efficacy. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

The cluster of neurons known as the basal ganglia is a central hub for regulating a vast array of routine motor and behavior functions. (news-medical.net)
Earlier studies of Parkinson's disease showed that, in patients with the disorder, dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia area die, resulting in less dopamine transmission. (dnalc.org)
Randall C. O'Reilly of the University of Colorado at Boulder, says that a subset of neurons in the basal ganglia actually become more active with the depleted dopamine transmission produced by punishment. (dnalc.org)
The net effect of basal ganglia activation through this so-called direct pathway is thus excitiation of cortical neurons. (wikibooks.org)
The subthalamic nucleus, on the other hand, forms part of an internal loop within the basal ganglia that via excitation of a portion of the globus pallidus has a net inhibitory effect on the cortical neurons, so called indirect pathway. (wikibooks.org)
In parkinson's disease, the selective death of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta that use the neurotransmitter dopamine increases the excitatotry tone of the direct pathway through basal ganglia. (wikibooks.org)
Finally, we also like to encourage the submission of articles on the heterogeneous functions of neuromodulatory neurons, such as cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
In this framework, striatal neurons play the role of conjunction (BooleanAND) neurons while pallidal neurons can be envisioned as disjunction (Boolean OR) neurons.In the next set of experiments I tried to take the idea of basal ganglia subsystems to a new levelby dividing the rodent arbitration system into two functional subunits. (diva-portal.org)
In this way, therostral subsystem may play important role in exploration based learning.In an attempt to more precisely describe the relation between the arbitration and extensionsystems, we investigated the effect of dynamic synapses between subthalamic, pallidal andstriatal neurons and output neurons of the basal ganglia. (diva-portal.org)
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that contain about 100 million neurons in humans. (uwaterloo.ca)
Secondly, while the NEF assumes that the feedforward dynamics of individual neurons are dominated by the dynamics of post-synaptic current, many basal ganglia neurons also exhibit prominent spike-generation dynamics, including adaptation, bursting, and hysterses. (uwaterloo.ca)
Most of the projection neurons in the basal ganglia are inhibitory, and the effect of one nucleus on another is classically interpreted as subtractive or divisive. (uwaterloo.ca)
Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that caused by loss of striatal neurons with decreased output of the basal ganglia to the thalamus The result is hyperkineticity, involuntary movements associated with a form of dementia that features reduced ability to plan and execute routine tasks, slowed thought, and impaired judgment. (nutramed.com)
Our observation that endogenous RA is required for generation of LGE-derived GABAergic neurons in the basal ganglia establishes a key role for RA signaling in development of the forebrain. (ca.gov)
The membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) density, which provides a reliable index of dopaminergic neurons survival in the basal ganglia, was assessed by semi-quantitative autoradiography of the striatum. (springer.com)
According to most contemporary models, bursts of striatal spiny neurons, via the direct pathway through the basal ganglia, disinhibit their targets in thalamus, allowing thalamo-cortical loops to embody patterns of activity that represent a ballpark estimate of an action or a thought. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Authors who look to publish the field of basal ganglia research related topics of movement disorders (e.g. (elsevier.com)
Contributions to the volume from leading basal ganglia researchers altogether relate the neural architecture and functional circuitry of the basal ganglia, its interactions with other major systems of the brain, its neurotransmitter and signaling mechanisms, its role in multiple cognitive and behavioral domains and in various neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. (springer.com)
But when signaling in the basal ganglia is weakened or broken, debilitating movement and psychiatric disorders can emerge, including Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder. (news-medical.net)
According to the researchers, the newly identified pathways emerging from the connectivity map could potentially open additional avenues for intervention of Parkinson's disease and other disorders tied to the basal ganglia. (news-medical.net)
The basal ganglia, a group of interconnected brain areas located deep in the cerebral cortex, have proved to be at work in learning, the formation of good and bad habits, and some psychiatric and addictive disorders. (dnalc.org)
Scientists have found that the neurotransmitter dopamine, already linked to the basal ganglia in movement disorders, also is important in learning via reward and punishment, as well as in disorders including schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (dnalc.org)
This new understanding of how the basal ganglia work has revealed possible avenues for treatment of these and other disorders. (dnalc.org)
Conditions that affect the functioning of this group of structures are referred to as basal ganglia disorders. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Basal ganglia disorders also cause disruptions in initiating and continuing movements. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Since the nucleic structure of the basal ganglia are thought to be involved in emotional functioning, disorders in this area can cause emotional and personality abnormalities such as paranoia, depression or abnormal behavior. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Treatment of basal ganglia disorders involve the administration of medications that help in controlling the symptoms. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Disorders of the basal ganglia is usually a disruption of transmitter metabolism. (scribd.com)
New research is showing how the basal ganglia, deep inside the brain below the cortex, are important in learning from feedback, in the formation of good and bad habits, and even in brain disorders as diverse as Parkinson's disease, ADHD, and addiction. (dana.org)
But neuroscience is shedding light on how circuits linking two parts of the brain, the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex, contribute to learning both productive and counterproductive behaviors, and even to some neurological disorders. (dana.org)
The basal ganglia play a central role in a number of neurological conditions, including several movement disorders . (thefullwiki.org)
Basal ganglia disfunction is also implicated in some other disorders of behavior control such as Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder , although the neural mechanisms underlying these are not well understood. (thefullwiki.org)
3) Basal ganglia motor disorders characteristically worsen during stress and "nervous tension," and improve under relaxed conditions. (stutteringhelp.org)
Over the past 10 years, research into the neurophysiology of the basal ganglia has provided new insights into the pathophysiology of movement disorders. (cun.es)
There abundant examples of movement disorders that emerge when components of the basal ganglia are damaged. (nutramed.com)
Our information shows that 1 causes of Basal ganglia disorders are related to diabetes, or a family history of diabetes (from a list of 8 total causes). (rightdiagnosis.com)
These diseases and conditions may be more likely causes of Basal ganglia disorders if the patient has diabetes, is at risk of diabetes, or has a family history of diabetes. (rightdiagnosis.com)
The following list of conditions have ' Basal ganglia disorders ' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. (rightdiagnosis.com)
Lesions of the basal ganglia occur in a variety of motor disorders. (emf-portal.org)
Krauss JK, Nobbe F, Wakhloo AK, Mohadjer M, Vach W, Mundinger F. Movement disorders in astrocytomas of the basal ganglia and the thalamus. (umassmed.edu)

The basal ganglia represent the largest component, and include the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. (dartmouth.edu)
The main parts of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus , the putamen , and the globus pallidus. (everything2.com)
The main components of the basal ganglia - as defined functionally - are the striatum, consisting of both the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
The external globus pallidus (GP) is an intrinsic nucleus as most of its connections are with the input and output nuclei of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
The basal ganglia comprise two principal input nuclei, the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and two principal output nuclei, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) (primates) which in cats and rodents is known as the entopeduncular nucleus ( Figure 1 ). (scholarpedia.org)
The external globus pallidus (GPe) is principally an intrinsic structure that receives most of its afferents from, and provides efferent connections to other basal ganglia nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
Striatal medium spiny neurones are GABAergic providing inhibitory inputs to adjacent spiny neurones via local axon collaterals, to the globus pallidus (external), and to both basal ganglia output nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
The subthalamic nucleus has a predominant cell type that is immunoreactive for glutamate that sends excitatory projections to both basal ganglia output nuclei and the external globus pallidus. (scholarpedia.org)
Globus pallidus (internal)/entopeduncular nucleus is one of the two output nuclei that receive inputs from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides output to external targets in the thalamus and brainstem. (scholarpedia.org)
The basal ganglia refer to a group of closely connected structures including the striatum (the caudate and the putamen), the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus. (cerebromente.org.br)

Beta oscillations in cortical-basal ganglia (BG) circuits have been implicated in normal movement suppression and motor impairment in Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. (nih.gov)
Although the vibrissal circuits in the basal ganglia are poorly understood, many findings support the view that these circuits are involved in regulating the movements of the head, neck, and whiskers during a wide range of behaviors. (scholarpedia.org)
Our observations support a view that basal ganglia-related circuits directly implement behavioral adaptations that minimize errors and subsequently stabilize these adaptations by training premotor cortical areas. (pnas.org)
The mechanisms by which basal ganglia circuitry support motor learning are largely unknown, but evidence suggests that the basal ganglia are necessary to express recently learned behavior ( 12 ), and that changes in neural activity in response to learning appear first in basal ganglia circuits ( 13 , 14 ). (pnas.org)
Basal ganglia circuits are involved in various functions, including motor control and learning, sensorimotor integration, reward and cognition. (indigo.ca)
The rhythm effect appears to be a key feature of stuttering, providing a strong indication that stuttering is related to some type of disturbance of the basal ganglia motor circuits. (stutteringhelp.org)
However, despite our relatively detailed knowledge of basal ganglia biology and its connectivity with the cortex and numerical simulation studies demonstrating selective function, no formal theoretical framework exists that supplies an algorithmic description of these circuits. (mit.edu)

Located on either side of the thalamus , the basal ganglia receive input from much of the cerebral cortex , particularly the primary motor and somatosensory cortices, as well as the substantia nigra . (everything2.com)
Basal ganglia are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to the cortical layer that lines the surface of the forebrain, the basal ganglia are a collection of distinct masses of gray matter lying deep in the brain not far from the junction of the thalamus. (wikipedia.org)
Due to the basal ganglia being connected to the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, the area is found to play a part in numerous function in the body, many of which are still being learned about. (reference.com)
A bilateral lacunar infarct refers to a stroke that damages deep brain structures, for example the thalamus, the basal ganglia or the pons, in both hemisph. (reference.com)
A group of nucleic structures in the brain located at bottom of the fore brain and connected to the thalamus and cerebral cortex and other areas is known as the basal ganglia. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
As such, it consists of all regions in the basal ganglia that process vibrissa-related information received from the cortex and thalamus . (scholarpedia.org)
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the basal ganglia and thalamus have a more aggressive natural history with a higher morbidity and mortality than AVMs in other locations. (hindawi.com)
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei ) are a group of nuclei in the brains of vertebrates, situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex , thalamus and other areas. (thefullwiki.org)
The Basal Ganglia comprise a group of forebrain nuclei that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. (indigo.ca)
When you recognize that all interaction with the outside is accomplished by movement, and the cognition is a collection of abilities that link the outside to the inside, you might appreciate that that the basal ganglion and thalamus play a central role in cognition. (nutramed.com)
When you recognize that all interaction with the outside is accomplished by movement, you might appreciate that that the basal ganglion and thalamus play a central role in cognition. (nutramed.com)
You can argue that innate features of all animals that persist in humans are produced by the inborn structure and fixed functions of the basal ganglia, thalamus and limbic system working together to link inside and outside. (nutramed.com)

Conditions that cause injury to the brain can damage the basal ganglia. (medlineplus.gov)
Much of the output of the basal ganglia is directed at the primary motor cortex, and the motor nuclei of the brain stem . (everything2.com)
The Basal ganglia is a nuclei in the brain of the central nervous system which coordinates motor control and is involved in learning. (conservapedia.com)
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is a disorder that affects the nervous system, including a group of structures in the brain called the basal ganglia, which help control movement. (medlineplus.gov)
Using medical imaging, generalized swelling as well as specific areas of damage (lesions) in the brain can often be seen, including in the basal ganglia. (medlineplus.gov)
The largest component, the striatum (dorsal and ventral), receives input from many brain areas beyond the basal ganglia, but only sends output to other components of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
The "behavior switching" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in executive functions. (wikipedia.org)
The basal ganglia are of major importance for normal brain function and behaviour. (wikipedia.org)
The basal ganglia plays a role in a number of functions in the brain, including involuntary motor control and some cognitive functions. (reference.com)
An earthworm's ventral nerve cord carries signals from the brain to the body and allows for the coordination of the ganglia in each segment past the fourth. (reference.com)
The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special features that justify a separate consideration. (wikipedia.org)
Despite its central importance in controlling behavior, the specific, detailed paths across which information flows from the basal ganglia to other brain regions have remained poorly charted. (news-medical.net)
Now, researchers at the University of California San Diego, Columbia University's Zuckerman Institute and their colleagues have generated a precise map of brain connectivity from the largest output nucleus of the basal ganglia, an area known as the substantia nigra pars reticulata, or SNr. (news-medical.net)
It is likely that the dopamine released in the basal ganglia system communicates with the brain areas in the prefrontal cortex to allow people to pay attention to critical tasks, ignore distracting information, and update only the most relevant task information in working memory during problem-solving tasks. (dnalc.org)
The experiments will investigate regional cerebral blood flow as an indicator of brain activity in human volunteers during specific learning tasks which are known from lesion studies to involve the basal ganglia. (europa.eu)
v) Given our knowledge on normal basal ganglia functions in animal and human motivation, how are the behavioural processes and brain mechanisms altered in human patients suffering from a number of basal ganglia diseases that constitute an important portion of brain pathologies and a serious challenge for human health and welfare? (europa.eu)
Surprise recruits a brain mechanism that globally suppresses motor activity, ostensibly via the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia. (nih.gov)
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that represent one of the brain 's fundamental processing units. (scholarpedia.org)
For the first time, Carnegie Mellon University BrainHub scientists have used a non-invasive brain-imaging tool to detect the pathways that connect the parts of the basal ganglia. (eurekalert.org)
The "behavior switching" that takes place within the basal ganglia is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex , which is widely believed to play a key role in executive functions . (thefullwiki.org)
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia. (thefullwiki.org)
Like most parts of the brain, the basal ganglia consist of left and right sides that are virtual mirror images of each other. (thefullwiki.org)
In the illustration to the right, two coronal sections of the human brain show the location of the basal ganglia. (thefullwiki.org)
A growing number of studies show that the role and anatomical connection in each area of the basal ganglia is well organized along the brain axes, the rostral-caudal axis and medial-lateral axis. (frontiersin.org)
This Research Topic aims to collect a wide range of articles on the anatomical connections and the heterogeneous functions organized over the axes of basal ganglia in various brain research models. (frontiersin.org)
The group of brain structures that help control body motions is called the basal ganglia. (sharecare.com)
As the brain plans and coordinates movements, information-in the form of electrical brain activity-flows between the structures within the basal ganglia. (sharecare.com)
In this article I will focus on the main theoretical work, regarding the possible relation between stuttering and the basal ganglia, brain structures involved in automatization (Alm, 2004). (stutteringhelp.org)
In particular the basal ganglia are complex networks of the brain that control someaspects of movement in all vertebrates. (diva-portal.org)
However, despite intensive study, both the internal computational mechanisms of the basal ganglia, and their contribution to normal brain function, have been elusive. (uwaterloo.ca)
Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed obvious basal ganglia abnormalities. (medworm.com)
The basal ganglia are a part of the brain. (healthtap.com)
Coloured Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan of a healthy brain, viewed at basal ganglia level. (sciencephoto.com)
The primitive brain stem, called the basal ganglia, which we share with animal forms as low as reptiles, controls impulses essential to survival. (socionomics.net)
Below you will find a brief overview of a portion of the brain known as the basal ganglia. (lawfitz.com)
The basal ganglia are actually located in two different areas of the brain. (lawfitz.com)
The work is also important for brain modelling, in particular to model c ortex viewed as a dynamical system whose dynamics is regulated by basal ganglia. (cnr.it)
The importance of this resides in the fact that the basal-ganglia and cortex form segregated loops that are a fundamental building module underlying multiple brain processes, from associative sensory processing, to motor behaviour, thinking, plannig, and reasoning. (cnr.it)
Here, Japanese research team led by Prof Atsushi Nambu and Dr Satomi Chiken of National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS) in Japan, with Dr. Pullanipally Shashidharan of Mt Sinai School of Medicine in USA, has found that the decreased activity of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain structure, is the main cause of abnormal muscle constrictions of dystonia using a mouse model. (bio-medicine.org)

The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum , pallidum , substantia nigra , and subthalamic nucleus . (thefullwiki.org)

A major output from the cortex, with axons from most of the cortical regions connecting to the striatum, is called the corticostriatal connection, part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. (wikipedia.org)
On the biological side, the model architecture reflects the anatomical organisation of cortico-basal ganglia circuites and exhibits behaviours that are qualitatively comparable with those of humans (e.g., movements produced by normal people, or movements produced by Parkinson patients when the system is suitably lesioned). (cnr.it)

The striatum is the largest structure of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra (pars compacta) (SNc) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) provide other basal ganglia nuclei, principally the striatum, with important modulatory signals. (scholarpedia.org)
5. Dopamine Affects 2 Different output Neurones in the Striatum: -D1 Dopamine Receptors : Excite Direct Pathway Movement -D2 Dopamine Receptors: Inhibit Indirect PathwayMovement (inhibit the inhibitory pathway/disinhibition) *DOPAMINE Indirect/Direct Pathway= MOVEMENT MAJOR CONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA A. Connections OUTSIDE the basal Ganglia Extrinsic inputs to the basal ganglia terminate mainly in the striatum FROM: 1. (scribd.com)
Another subsystem of the basal ganglia called the extension system which iscomposed of the striatum and pallidum can bias decisions made by an animal towards theactions leading to lower cost and higher outcome by learning to associate proper actions todifferent states. (diva-portal.org)

The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. (wikipedia.org)
Reward, Punishment, and Focus Recent studies by numerous researchers show that the basal ganglia facilitate learning, with the neurotransmitter dopamine important to the process. (dnalc.org)
The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a critical role in the basal ganglia in determining, as a result of experience, which plans are adaptive and which are not. (dana.org)
Evidence from several lines of research supports this understanding of the role of basal ganglia and dopamine as major players in learning and selecting adaptive behaviors. (dana.org)
1 Rats depleted of basal ganglia dopamine show profound deficits in acquiring new behaviors that lead to a reward. (dana.org)
These dopamine bursts and dips are thought to drive changes in the strength of synaptic connections-the neural mechanism for learning-in the basal ganglia so that actions are reinforced (in the case of dopamine bursts) or punished (in the case of dopamine dips). (dana.org)
Dr Mike explains how both dopamine and the basal ganglia control motor movements in Parkinson's disease. (digitalpodcast.com)
Dopamine is a key transmitter that regulates the function of the basal ganglia. (stutteringhelp.org)
Specifically, it has been shown that children in general have a peak in the number of dopamine receptors type D2 in the basal ganglia at this time. (stutteringhelp.org)

General Functional Significance of the Basal Ganglia A. Involved in the regulation of movement: through direct and indirect connections with the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia influence descending motor systems (e.g., corticospinal and corticobulbar). (scribd.com)
The basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected areas deep below the cerebral cortex. (dana.org)
We come to posit that the many loops through the basal ganglia each regulate the embodiment of pattern formation in a given area of cerebral cortex. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Mutations in SLC20A2 link familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification with phosphate homeostasis. (genome.jp)
Mutations in SLC20A2 are a major cause of familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. (genome.jp)
Familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (Fahr's disease) without neurological, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms is not linked to the IBGC1 locus on chromosome 14q. (scielo.br)
Updating Genetic studies in familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. (scielo.br)

The basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum historically have been relegated to a functional role in producing or modulating motor output. (medscape.com)
The basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum traditionally have been assigned to roles within the motor domain, yet recent research has recognized their contributions to a variety of functions, including affective processing. (medscape.com)
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum: follow-up and pathology. (biomedsearch.com)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum is a recently defined disorder. (biomedsearch.com)
CONCLUSION: Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum is a syndrome diagnosed by distinctive MRI findings. (biomedsearch.com)
The cerebellum, basal ganglia (BG), and other cortical regions, such as supplementary motor area (SMA) have emerged as important structures dealing with various aspects of timing, yet the modulation of functional connectivity between them during motor timing tasks remains unexplored. (unboundmedicine.com)
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia and the cerebellum form computationally powerful distributed processing modules (DPMs). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Once a tentative pattern has been selected and initiated through the operation of the loops through the basal ganglia, the loops through the cerebellum amplify and sculpt that pattern into a refined output vector ( Houk & Mugnaini 2003 ). (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Also, several major degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are specific to humans, although "models" of them have been proposed for other species. (wikipedia.org)
This issue will be investigated by behavioural experiments, by neurophysiological recordings in behaving animals during specific learning situations, by imaging studies of humans performing learning tasks, and by neuropsychological investigations of human patients suffering from basal ganglia diseases. (europa.eu)
Changes in posture & muscle tone/ Muscle rigidity Diseases of Basal Ganglia: 1. (scribd.com)
Reflexes deserve respect, writes the author, and understanding how people differ in learning from positive or negative feedback may have implications for education as well as for treating diseases in which the basal ganglia's systems go awry. (dana.org)
333.0 - Other degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia is a topic covered in the ICD-10-CM . (unboundmedicine.com)
ICD-10 , www.unboundmedicine.com/icd/view/ICD-10-CM/958106/all/333_0___Other_degenerative_diseases_of_the_basal_ganglia. (unboundmedicine.com)
Basal ganglia calcifications (BGC) may be present in various medical conditions, such as infections, metabolic, psychiatric and neurological diseases, associated with different etiologies and clinical outcomes, including parkinsonism, psychosis, mood swings and dementia. (scielo.br)
Basal Ganglia Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Basal Ganglia Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Basal Ganglia Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Basal Ganglia Diseases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)

Although no one found gross physical lesions in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder or schizophrenia, often the basal ganglia were implicated by abnormal metabolic activity in the region," says Ann Graybiel, a leading researcher in the function of basal ganglia at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (dnalc.org)
The experiments will be done with lesions of specific nuclei of the basal ganglia of rats and monkeys which learn and perform specific tasks involving basal ganglia mechanisms of reward processing and procedural motor and habit learning. (europa.eu)
There are several other indications for the important role of the basal ganglia in stuttering, for example: (1) Lesions that cause "acquired stuttering" often affect the basal ganglia (Ludlow et al. (stutteringhelp.org)

In more specific terms, the basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. (wikipedia.org)
While most of this information comes from the vibrissal regions in the primary somatosensory (SI) and motor (MI) cortical areas, some whisker information is transmitted much more rapidly to the basal ganglia by intralaminar and other thalamic nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
A series of interconnected nuclei in the basal ganglia transform these whisker-related inputs, and the processed output is then sent to other thalamic nuclei that project to several cortical areas. (scholarpedia.org)
In turn, the basal ganglia affect activity in the frontal cortex through a series of neural projections that ultimately go back up to the same cortical areas from which they received the initial input. (dana.org)
The basal ganglia consist of interconnected nuclei, which process the information received from different cortical and sub-cortical areas. (frontiersin.org)
In the case of highly practiced tasks, these regions include cortical areas hypothesized to integrate evidence supporting alternative actions and the basal ganglia, hypothesized to act as a central switch in gating behavioral requests. (mit.edu)
Further, we show that this neurobiologically grounded implementation of MSPRT outperforms other candidates for neural decision making, that it is structurally and parametrically robust, and that it can accommodate cortical mechanisms for decision making in a way that complements those in basal ganglia. (mit.edu)
This process begins with a review of two current hypotheses of normal basal ganglia function, one being that they automatically select actions on the basis of past reinforcement, and the other that they compress cortical signals that tend to occur in conjunction with reinforcement. (uwaterloo.ca)
However, in the dystonia mouse model, the neuronal activity is decreased so that basal ganglia cannot inhibit motor cortical activity related to unnecessary movements. (bio-medicine.org)

When people dance or skip, they are using the basal ganglia. (lawfitz.com)

Many of the neurological problems that can occur in biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease affect movement, and can include involuntary tensing of various muscles (dystonia), muscle rigidity, muscle weakness on one or both sides of the body (hemiparesis or quadriparesis), problems coordinating movements (ataxia), and exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia). (medlineplus.gov)
For instance, damage to the basal ganglia could lead to symptoms that include involuntary muscle movements and dystonia, which is a condition whereby the tone in the muscle tissue in the body fluctuates. (lawfitz.com)
They investigated neuronal activity in the basal ganglia of a dystonia. (bio-medicine.org)
They investigated neuronal activity in the basal ganglia of a dystonia mouse model, which was generated by transferring human dystonia genes, in awake state. (bio-medicine.org)
If we can artificially increase basal ganglia activity, abnormal muscle constrictions in dystonia patients could be well controlled", said Prof Nambu and Dr Chiken. (bio-medicine.org)

The following table demonstrates this developmental classification and traces it to the anatomic structures found in the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
The structures relevant to the basal ganglia are shown in bold. (wikipedia.org)
Previous work had emphasized that the basal ganglia architecture is dominated by a closed-loop with output projections connecting back to input structures. (news-medical.net)
ii) With these behavioural variables in mind, how do individual basal ganglia structures participate in learning, and in which forms of learning? (europa.eu)
2002). Inputs external to the basal ganglia derive not only from large parts of frontal cortex, but also from various thalamic and brainstem structures. (scholarpedia.org)
At the highest level, the basal ganglia are divided by anatomists into four distinct structures. (thefullwiki.org)

This article shows how many aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the circuit involving the cortex and basal ganglia are exactly those required to implement the computation defined by an asymptotically optimal statistical test for decision making: the multihypothesis sequential probability ratio test (MSPRT). (mit.edu)

Evaluation of SLC20A2 mutations that cause idiopathic basal ganglia calcification in Japan. (genome.jp)
Mutation of the PDGFRB gene as a cause of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. (genome.jp)
Identification of a locus on chromosome 14q for idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (Fahr disease). (scielo.br)
Gomille T, Meyer RA, Falkai P, Gaebel W, Königshausen T, Christ F. Prevalence and clinical significance of computerized tomography verified idiopathic calcinosis of the basal ganglia. (scielo.br)
Cummings JL, Gosenfeld LF, Houlihan JP, McCaffrey T. Neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with idiopathic calcification of the basal ganglia. (scielo.br)
Two different presentations of basal ganglia calcification associated with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism illustrate common features and clinical findings of this condition. (bcmj.org)

And what is the role of the basal ganglia in vocalization of adults? (jarvislab.net)

Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. (medlineplus.gov)
Damage to the basal ganglia produces severe deficit s in motor ability, but the neuron al activation in the basal ganglia indicates that they do not specfically direct the muscular movements, nor are they involved in stimulus-triggered movement . (everything2.com)
Patients with damage to the basal ganglia often have deficits in movement," says Michael Frank, a neuroscientist at the University of Arizona. (dnalc.org)

Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a motor system to become active. (wikipedia.org)

1989). While still serving this function, it is now also considered a second important input nucleus of the basal ganglia (Nambu et al. (scholarpedia.org)

The exact function of the basal ganglia is something that is still being studied and observed, though it has been determined that the area plays some part in disease, including Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease. (reference.com)

Given the complex circuitry of the basal ganglia, research has suggested that they also are a coordination system. (dnalc.org)

The connections between the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra suggest that the basal ganglia may play a role in the plan ning and initiation of self-triggered (i.e. voluntary ) movement. (everything2.com)
Convergent lines of evidence suggest that the basal ganglia are importantly involved in the control of voluntary, goal-directed behaviour. (europa.eu)

The aim of this collection of articles is to find a fundamental principle for the functions of the basal ganglia separated by the anatomical axes. (frontiersin.org)

The Handbook of Basal Ganglia provides a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional organization of the basal ganglia, with special emphasis on the progress achieved over the last 10-15 years. (indigo.ca)

After a CT scan of the head found calcification of the basal ganglia she was diagnosed with primary hypoparathyroidism and started on alfacalcidol and calcium supplementation. (bcmj.org)

Many of the novel research techniques that have helped reveal the complex neural architecture and functional diversity of the basal ganglia are also given view. (springer.com)
Of course, this machinery is inordinately intricate and complex, The more a behavior is ingrained, the more its neural representations in the basal ganglia are strengthened and honed. (dana.org)
This circuit enables the basal ganglia to transform and amplify the pattern of neural firing in the frontal cortex that is associated with adaptive, or appropriate, behaviors, while suppressing those that are less adaptive. (dana.org)
We welcome Orignal Research and Review articles focused on the function of a specific area of the basal ganglia, as well as articles on the comparison between the roles and neural connections of different basal ganglia areas. (frontiersin.org)

Consistent with the variable expression of both excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA interneurons in both the basal ganglia's direct and indirect motor loops, synthetic cannabinoids are known to influence this system in a dose-dependent triphasic pattern. (primidi.com)
The caudal segment does not project back to its rostralcounterpart, but both segments send inhibitory projections to the output nuclei of the rat basalganglia i.e. the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. (diva-portal.org)
However, it is shown here that equivalent computational flexibility is supported by inhibitory projections in the basal ganglia, as a simple consequence of inhibitory collaterals in the target nuclei. (uwaterloo.ca)
Basal ganglia send inhibitory signals to the motor cortex and tune optimal movement in normal state. (bio-medicine.org)

The model suggests that a subsystem of the basal ganglia is in charge of resolvingconflicts between motor programs suggested by different motor centers in the nervous system.This subsystem that is composed of the subthalamic nucleus and pallidum is called thearbitration system. (diva-portal.org)

This study investigated extra-pallidal T1 basal ganglia signal intensity as a marker of manganese exposure and basal ganglia diffusion weighted imaging abnormalities as a potential marker of neurotoxicity. (bmj.com)

Neuroimaging findings of MRI and SPECT successfully revealed cerebral infarction in the right basal ganglia region and decreased cerebral blood flow in the right frontal lobe (remote effect). (omicsonline.org)
7mm ovoid lesion fluid density shown within posterior inferior aspect of right basal ganglia small vessel coursing through it incidental virchow robin? (healthtap.com)

We propose that the vertebrate basal ganglia have evolved as a centralised selection device, specialised to resolve conflicts over access to limited motor and cognitive resources. (psu.edu)

T1 signal intensity in extra-pallidal basal ganglia (caudate and putamen) has not been studied in occupationally exposed workers. (bmj.com)
Combined basal ganglia (ρ=0.610), caudate (ρ=0.645), anterior (ρ=0.595) and posterior putamen (ρ=0.511) indices were more correlated with exposure than pallidal (ρ=0.484) index. (bmj.com)
Combined basal ganglia, caudate and putamen indices were more correlated with exposure than pallidal index suggesting more inclusive basal ganglia sampling results in better exposure markers. (bmj.com)

The signs and symptoms of biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease usually begin between the ages of 3 and 10, but the disorder can appear at any age. (medlineplus.gov)
The symptoms that may be indicative of a disorder in the basal ganglia include athetosis, which is characterized by an inability to maintain a single position for a muscle group. (home-remedies-for-you.com)

The diagnosis of IBGC generally relies on the visualization of bilateral calcification mainly in the basal ganglia by neuroimaging and the absence of metabolic, infectious, toxic, or traumatic causes. (genome.jp)
We present a patient with a large bilateral basal ganglia and thalamic AVM successfully treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (HFSRS) with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). (hindawi.com)
Large bilateral thalamic and basal ganglia AVMs can be successfully treated with complete obliteration by HFSRS with IMRT with relatively limited toxicity. (hindawi.com)
Mri found bilaterally along the inferior lateral aspect of the basal ganglion, either old lacunar infarctions or bilateral benign cysts. (healthtap.com)
subacute infarcts, bilateral frontal lobes, small vessel ischematic changes inthe basal ganglia, periventricular white matter? (healthtap.com)

The basal ganglia are situated at the base of the forebrain and top of the midbrain. (wikipedia.org)

The basal ganglia have a limbic sector whose components are assigned distinct names: the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). (wikipedia.org)
The area has a number of pathways that loop not only through the basal ganglia, but also through the prefrontal association cortex and the limbic cortex. (reference.com)
In addition to their role in control of movement and posture, it now appears that the basal ganglia also play a more complex (cognitive) aspects of behavior and may be involved in limbic functions. (cerebromente.org.br)

It has also been hypothesized that the basal ganglia are not only responsible for motor action selection, but also for the selection of more cognitive actions. (wikipedia.org)
Along with the assistance that the basal ganglia gives to the body's movements, it also plays a factor in a number of cognitive processes. (reference.com)

It is clear that the basal ganglia play an important role in motor control, but that role is not well understood . (everything2.com)
The volume clarifies and broadens perspectives of the basal ganglia that have over the past few decades extended its functional-anatomic roles far beyond motor-centered models. (springer.com)
The research establishes a new understanding of the position of the basal ganglia in the hierarchy of the motor system. (news-medical.net)
Moving Beyond Movement Historically, the basal ganglia were thought to be mainly involved with aspects of motor control. (dnalc.org)
Basal Ganglia is a group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes that organize motor behavior. (wikibooks.org)
Despite a lack of definitive evidence, it is frequently proposed that the basal ganglia (BG) motor circuit plays a critical role in the storage and execution of movement sequences (or motor habits). (jneurosci.org)
It seems to be generally agreed that the basal ganglia have something to do with the creation and execution of motor plans. (cerebromente.org.br)
It has recently been shown that a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit in the songbird, which projects directly to vocal-motor circuitry, has a premotor function driving exploration necessary for vocal learning. (pnas.org)
Normally, the basal ganglia seem to provide "go-signals" for the segments in a motor sequence, e.g. the syllables in speech. (stutteringhelp.org)
In the thesis, On the causal mechanisms of stuttering (Alm, 2005), the basal ganglia model was developed further, based on the theoretical work on the human motor system proposed by Goldberg (1985, 1991) and others. (stutteringhelp.org)
Motor manifestations and basal ganglia output activity: The paradox continues. (cun.es)
The functions overseen by the basal ganglia include complicated motor movements that tend to relate to athletic endeavors and more common types of movements such as typing. (lawfitz.com)

Like many learning tasks in mammals ( 4 ⇓ - 6 ), this goal-directed behavior requires a basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit ( Fig. 1 A ) known as the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) ( 7 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 11 ). (pnas.org)

As in other vertebrates, the primate basal ganglia can be divided into striatal, pallidal, nigral, and subthalamic components. (wikipedia.org)

CB 1 receptors are expressed throughout the basal ganglia and have well established effects on movement in rodents. (primidi.com)

We plan to study how the motivational control of behaviour is achieved by neuronal mechanisms operating in the basal ganglia. (europa.eu)
iii) Can we find single neurone correlates in the basal ganglia for specific motivational processes defined above, notably the processing of reward information and mechanisms underlying particular forms of learning? (europa.eu)
Although the basal ganglia process tactile information produced by passive whisker stimulation, scientific interest in using the whisker system to understand the functional mechanisms of the basal ganglia has focused on the active whisking system of rats and mice. (scholarpedia.org)

For example, the substantia nigra pars compacta provides critically important dopaminergic innervation and several raphe nuclei give rise to serotonin input to the basal ganglia. (dartmouth.edu)
Extrinsic Outputs from the basal ganglia arise mainly from the globus paliidus and substantia nigra pars reticula TO: 1. (scribd.com)

Yao and colleagues retrospectively gathered a dataset of 316 patients diagnosed with basal ganglia infarction at their institution between September 2016 and June 2019. (auntminnie.com)
All infarction sections of the basal ganglia on the CT exams were segmented by a radiologist with over 30 years of experience and were validated by a radiologist with over 10 years of experience, as well as two clinical students. (auntminnie.com)

At centre and centre right are two pairs of basal ganglia (yellow ovals), nerve cell clusters deep in the cerebrum & upper part of the brainstem. (sciencephoto.com)

Without early and lifelong vitamin treatment, people with biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease experience a variety of neurological problems that gradually get worse. (medlineplus.gov)
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Just watch a person with a typical basal ganglion affliction, such as Parkinson's disease, characterized by difficulty in starting or stopping the walking sequence, and realize how profundly these nuclei are involved in daily life. (cerebromente.org.br)

Basal ganglia beta oscillations accompany cue utilization. (nih.gov)

Dysfunctions of the Basal Ganglia : Abnormal movements are commonly caused by a release of the system from inhibition. (scribd.com)
Basal ganglia appears to serve as gating mechanism of physical movements, inhibiting potential movements until they are fully appropriate for the circumstances in which they are to be executed. (wikibooks.org)
The balance of excitatotry and inhibibory effects of the basal ganglia releases and coordinates desired movements. (wikibooks.org)
Each structure within the basal ganglia plays a role in refining and modifying the information to help control muscle movements. (sharecare.com)

Anatomy58

Organisms11

Diseases46

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology20

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science1

Health Care1

Concordant induction of cyclin E and p21cip1 in differentiated keratinocytes by the human papillomavirus E7 protein inhibits cellular and viral DNA synthesis. (1/1612)

Developmental regulation of expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in rat nucleus accumbens and islands of Calleja. (2/1612)

Bilateral basal ganglial necrosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a child with Kostmann syndrome. (3/1612)

5-HT modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin-induced psychosis in man--a PET study with [11C]raclopride. (4/1612)

Impairment of EEG desynchronisation before and during movement and its relation to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. (5/1612)

Variation in echogenicity of the basal ganglia: anisotropic effect. (6/1612)

Iron in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. An in vitro study using extended X-ray absorption fine structure and cryo-electron microscopy. (7/1612)

Altered gene expression in striatal projection neurons in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. (8/1612)

Basal Ganglia

Basal Ganglia Diseases

Ganglia

Retinal Ganglion Cells

Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage

Ganglia, Spinal

Globus Pallidus

Ganglia, Sympathetic

Ganglia, Autonomic

Trigeminal Ganglion

Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease

Ganglia, Parasympathetic

Ganglia, Sensory

Putamen

Subthalamic Nucleus

Neural Pathways

Stellate Ganglion

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Neurons

Corpus Striatum

Parkinson Disease

Substantia Nigra

Thalamus

Brain

Caudate Nucleus

Spiral Ganglion

Nodose Ganglion

Dystonia

Chorea

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Movement Disorders

Parkinsonian Disorders

Action Potentials

Entopeduncular Nucleus

Dopamine

Parkinson Disease, Secondary

Cebus

Cerebral Cortex

Levodopa

Brain Mapping

Neostriatum

Dystonic Disorders

Deep Brain Stimulation

Hypokinesia

Retina

Oxidopamine

Manganese Poisoning

Finches

Geniculate Ganglion

Thalamic Diseases

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Nerve Net

Cerebellum

Axons

Dominance, Cerebral

Models, Neurological

Vocalization, Animal

Dyskinesias

Movement

Functional Laterality

Receptors, Dopamine D2

Brain Diseases

Thalamic Nuclei

Psychomotor Performance

Dopamine Agonists

Reaction Time

Electric Stimulation

Neurons, Afferent

Antiparkinson Agents

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Synaptic Transmission

Tourette Syndrome

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced

Macaca fascicularis

Stereotyped Behavior

Muscle Rigidity

Receptors, Dopamine D1

Learning

Motor Cortex