Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Ganglia
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage
Ganglia, Spinal
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Globus Pallidus
Ganglia, Sympathetic
Ganglia, Autonomic
Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.
Trigeminal Ganglion
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease
A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).
Ganglia, Parasympathetic
Ganglia, Sensory
Putamen
Subthalamic Nucleus
Stellate Ganglion
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Neurons
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Substantia Nigra
Thalamus
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Caudate Nucleus
Spiral Ganglion
Nodose Ganglion
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
Ganglia, Invertebrate
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
Movement Disorders
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.
Action Potentials
Entopeduncular Nucleus
A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)
Cebus
A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.
Cerebral Cortex
Levodopa
The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
Brain Mapping
Neostriatum
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.
Deep Brain Stimulation
Hypokinesia
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Oxidopamine
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)
Finches
Geniculate Ganglion
Thalamic Diseases
Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, MOVEMENT DISORDERS; ATAXIA, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and COMA. Relatively common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; BRAIN HYPOXIA; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; and infectious processes.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Models, Neurological
Dyskinesias
Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Functional Laterality
Receptors, Dopamine D2
Brain Diseases
Thalamic Nuclei
Psychomotor Performance
Antiparkinson Agents
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)
Macaca fascicularis
Stereotyped Behavior
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)
Receptors, Dopamine D1
Learning
Motor Cortex
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Electrophysiology
Frontal Lobe
Optic Nerve
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Disease Models, Animal
Songbirds
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Neuropsychological Tests
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)
Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic
NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.
Immunohistochemistry
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
Cell Count
Macaca mulatta
Receptors, Dopamine
Axonal Transport
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Brain Diseases, Metabolic
Atrophy
Tomography, Emission-Computed
Efferent Pathways
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.
Stereotaxic Techniques
Beta Rhythm
Analysis of Variance
Photic Stimulation
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)
Dopamine Agents
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Visual Pathways
MPTP Poisoning
A condition caused by the neurotoxin MPTP which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)
Organotechnetium Compounds
Interneurons
Electrodes, Implanted
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
Propionic Acidemia
Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
Biological Clocks
In Situ Hybridization
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Neurologic Examination
Reward
Amacrine Cells
Neural Inhibition
Dopamine Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.
Superior Colliculi
Sensory Receptor Cells
Automatism
Oximes
Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive
Bleeding within the SKULL that is caused by systemic HYPERTENSION, usually in association with INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Hypertensive hemorrhages are most frequent in the BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; PONS; and THALAMUS; but may also involve the CEREBRAL CORTEX, subcortical white matter, and other brain structures.
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
Optic Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Brain Stem
Telencephalon
Substance P
Limbic System
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
Microelectrodes
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Chick Embryo
Rats, Wistar
Apomorphine
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32
A phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of DOPAMINE activated ADENYLYL CYCLASE in the CORPUS STRIATUM. It regulates the activities of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 and PROTEIN KINASE A, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of DOPAMINE.
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.
Neuroacanthocytosis
Dendrites
Habenula
Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
Myoclonus
Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; (e.g., EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC). Nocturnal myoclonus is the principal feature of the NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3).
Wernicke Encephalopathy
An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)
Nerve Fibers
Intuition
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).
Enkephalins
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Axotomy
Adrenergic Agents
Nerve Growth Factors
Electroencephalography
Glutamic Acid
Brain Chemistry
Hypogastric Plexus
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.
Macaca
Microinjections
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)
Cells, Cultured
Parvalbumins
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)
Periodicity
Muscimol
Neurotransmitter Agents
Autoradiography
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)
Akinetic Mutism
A syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. Bilateral FRONTAL LOBE dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. This may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p348; Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1995 Feb;63(2):59-67)
Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic
Neuroimaging
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Concordant induction of cyclin E and p21cip1 in differentiated keratinocytes by the human papillomavirus E7 protein inhibits cellular and viral DNA synthesis. (1/1612)
Productive infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) occur only in differentiated keratinocytes in squamous epithelia in which the HPV E7 protein reactivates the host DNA replication machinery to support viral DNA replication. In a fraction of the differentiated keratinocytes, E7 also posttranscriptionally induces p21Cip1, which is distributed in a mutually exclusive manner with unscheduled cellular DNA synthesis. In this study, double immunofluorescence labeling unexpectedly revealed that E7 caused a concordant accumulation of both cyclin E and p21Cip1 to high levels in patient papillomas and in organotypic cultures of primary human keratinocytes. The induction of cyclin E is mutually exclusive with unscheduled cellular DNA synthesis or abundant viral DNA. These novel virus-host interactions in differentiated keratinocytes are in contrast to previous observations made in submerged proliferating cultures, in which HPV E7 induces cyclin E and overcomes p21Cip1 inhibition of S-phase entry. We propose that an appropriately timed induction of cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by HPV E7 in postmitotic cells enables S-phase reentry and HPV DNA amplification, whereas prematurely induced cyclin E stabilizes p21Cip1 protein, which then inhibits cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Consequently, cyclin E and p21Cip1 both fail to turn over, and DNA synthesis does not occur. (+info)Developmental regulation of expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in rat nucleus accumbens and islands of Calleja. (2/1612)
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) belongs to the D2 subfamily and is expressed in the rat brain in targets of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Little is known about its normal development and control by dopaminergic innervation. We studied developmental expression of D3R in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAC) and islands of Calleja (ISC). At postnatal day (P) 7, D3 binding sites and mRNA were low in both areas. By P14, D3R and mRNA concentrations were close to adult levels in the ISC, whereas, in the NAC, binding increased until 3 months after birth. Cellular concentrations of D3 mRNA in the ISC increased with age in conjunction with a decrease in the number of D3 positive cells. In the NAC, the number of positive cells increased, whereas cellular levels of expression remained unchanged. Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion caused age-dependent changes in D3R expression. D3 binding sites did not change at P7 or P14, but there was a reduction in the number of D3 mRNA positive neurons accompanied by an increase in cellular levels of D3 mRNA at P14, suggesting that changes occurred in a subset of neurons. Up-regulation of D3 binding sites in NAC and ISC occurred 1 month after the lesion (P35) concomitant with a decrease in cellular levels of D3 mRNA and the number of D3 mRNA positive cells. At 3 months (P90) after the lesion, an increase in D3 mRNA occurred with no change in D3 binding sites. D3R shows region-specific dynamics in receptor/mRNA expression during development and is sensitive to loss of dopamine in early postnatal development. (+info)Bilateral basal ganglial necrosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a child with Kostmann syndrome. (3/1612)
A 6-year-old girl underwent allogeneic BMT from a matched sibling donor for the treatment of Kostmann syndrome. She suddenly became drowsy on day 30 after BMT, and lost consciousness 2 days later. Cranial CT scan showed symmetrical lesions suggesting bilateral necrosis in the basal ganglia. Clinical and laboratory investigations failed to reveal any evidence of neurometabolic disease. (+info)5-HT modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin-induced psychosis in man--a PET study with [11C]raclopride. (4/1612)
The modulating effects of serotonin on dopamine neurotransmission are not well understood, particularly in acute psychotic states. Positron emission tomography was used to examine the effect of psilocybin on the in vivo binding of [11C]raclopride to D2-dopamine receptors in the striatum in healthy volunteers after placebo and a psychotomimetic dose of psilocybin (n = 7). Psilocybin is a potent indoleamine hallucinogen and a mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Psilocybin administration (0.25 mg/kg p.o.) produced changes in mood, disturbances in thinking, illusions, elementary and complex visual hallucinations and impaired ego-functioning. Psilocybin significantly decreased [11C]raclopride receptor binding potential (BP) bilaterally in the caudate nucleus (19%) and putamen (20%) consistent with an increase in endogenous dopamine. Changes in [11C]raclopride BP in the ventral striatum correlated with depersonalization associated with euphoria. Together with previous reports of 5-HT receptor involvement in striatal dopamine release, it is concluded that stimulation of both 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors may be important for the modulation of striatal dopamine release in acute psychoses. The present results indirectly support the hypothesis of a serotonin-dopamine dysbalance in schizophrenia and suggest that psilocybin is a valuable tool in the analysis of serotonin-dopamine interactions in acute psychotic states. (+info)Impairment of EEG desynchronisation before and during movement and its relation to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. (5/1612)
OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that the basal ganglia act to release cortical elements from idling (alpha) rhythms so that they may become coherent in the gamma range, thereby binding together those distributed activities necessary for the effective selection and execution of a motor act. This hypothesis was tested in 10 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Surface EEG was recorded during self paced squeezing of the hand and elbow flexion performed separately, simultaneously, or sequentially. Recordings were made after overnight withdrawal of medication and, again, 1 hour after levodopa. The medication related improvement in EEG desynchronisation (in the 7.5-12.5 Hz band) over the 1 second before movement and during movement were separately correlated with the improvement in movement time for each electrode site. Correlation coefficients (r) > 0.632 were considered significant (p<0.05). RESULTS: Improvement in premovement desynchronisation correlated with reduction in bradykinesia over the contralateral sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area in flexion and squeeze, respectively. However, when both movements were combined either simultaneously or sequentially, this correlation shifted anteriorly, to areas overlying prefrontal cortex. Improvement in EEG desynchronisation during movement only correlated with reduction in bradykinesia in two tasks. Correlation was seen over the supplementary motor area during flexion, and central prefrontal and ipsilateral premotor areas during simultaneous flex and squeeze. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the idea that the basal ganglia liberate frontal cortex from idling rhythms, and that this effect is focused and specific in so far as it changes with the demands of the task. In particular, the effective selection and execution of more complex tasks is associated with changes over the prefrontal cortex. (+info)Variation in echogenicity of the basal ganglia: anisotropic effect. (6/1612)
We observed that the fetal brain demonstrates relatively increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia compared with the thalami and cortical brain parenchyma, which we did not observe on neonatal sonograms. We hypothesized that the difference in relative echogenicity was due to differences in imaging techniques and anisotropic effects for prenatal and postnatal brain images. In 18 consecutive neonates, we obtained coronal images of the basal ganglia and thalami through the anterior fontanelle and axial images through the anterolateral fontanelle with both 5 and 7.5 MHz transducers. Two observers determined whether increased echogenicity or conspicuity of the basal ganglia was present, comparing the axial and coronal planes. We observed relatively increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia in the axial plane in 11 of the 16 examinations in this series. Of these 11, the increased echogenicity effect was manifest only in the axial plane in seven neonates. In the four instances in which the increased basal ganglia echogenicity was seen in both the coronal and axial planes, the effect was better shown in axial plane in all four. We did not observe any cases of increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia only in the coronal plane. The increased echogenicity was more conspicuous with the lower frequency transducer in 10 of the 11 examinations. We believe that the change in echogenicity of the basal ganglia is predominantly an anisotropic effect. Observing that increased echogenicity of the basal ganglia can disappear or decrease when comparing images in the axial to the coronal plane or be better demonstrated with lower frequency transducers might be a means by which to distinguish this phenomenon from true pathologic processes of the neonatal brain. (+info)Iron in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. An in vitro study using extended X-ray absorption fine structure and cryo-electron microscopy. (7/1612)
Iron is found in high concentration in some areas of the brain, and increased iron in the substantia nigra is a feature of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical environment of brain iron in post-mortem tissue to provide information on the possible role of iron in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Iron has also been implicated as the cause of signal loss in areas of high brain iron on T2-weighted MRI sequences. Knowledge of the physical environment of the brain iron is essential in interpreting the cause of signal change. Post-mortem tissue was obtained from six cases of Parkinson's disease and from six age-matched controls. Iron levels were measured using absorption spectrophotometry. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure was used to evaluate the atomic environment of iron within the substantia nigra and both segments of the globus pallidus. Cryo-electron transmission microscopy was used to probe the iron storage proteins in these areas. Iron levels were increased in the parkinsonian nigra and lateral portion of the globus pallidus. Spectra from the extended X-ray absorption fine structure experiments showed that ferritin was the only storage protein detectable in both control and parkinsonian tissue in all areas studied. Cryo-electron transmission microscopy studies showed that ferritin was more heavily loaded with iron in Parkinson's disease when compared with age-matched controls. In summary we have shown that iron levels are increased in two areas of the brain in Parkinson's disease including the substantia nigra, the site of maximal neurodegeneration. This produces increased loading of ferritin, which is the normal brain iron storage protein. It is possible that increased loading of ferritin may increase the risk of free radical-induced damage. Differences in ferritin loading may explain regional differences in iron's effect on the T2 signal. (+info)Altered gene expression in striatal projection neurons in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. (8/1612)
The basal ganglia, a brain structure critical for sensorimotor and motivational aspects of behavior, contain very high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. These receptors are activated by endogenous lipophilic ligands, and they are thought to mediate behavioral effects of cannabinoid drugs. To evaluate the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of basal ganglia pathways, we have investigated the effects of targeted deletion of CB1 receptors on gene expression of various neuropeptides and transmitter-related enzymes in basal ganglia neurons. Mice without CB1 receptors are extremely hypoactive in a test for exploratory behavior (open-field test), showing markedly reduced locomotion and rearing. These CB1 mutants display significantly increased levels of substance P, dynorphin, enkephalin, and GAD 67 mRNAs in neurons of the two output pathways of the striatum that project to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. Our findings demonstrate that elimination of CB1 receptors results in behavioral abnormalities and functional reorganization of the basal ganglia. (+info)
THE SYNDROME OF ACUTE BILATERAL BASAL GANGLIA DYSFUNCTION IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS - RISK FACTORS, PRESENTATION AND OUTCOMES | 54th...
Basal ganglia dysfunction: What you need to know
Hypernasality associated with basal ganglia dysfunction: evidence from Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease [PeerJ]
Progress in Understanding Basal Ganglia Dysfunction as a Common Target for Methamphetamine Abuse and HIV-1 Neurodegeneration |...
Basal ganglia dysfunction and equine learning ability<...
A Connectomic Analysis of the Human Basal Ganglia Network<...
Subcortical connections of the basal ganglia<...
Chapter 6. Functional Neurochemistry of the Basal Ganglia | Movement Disorders, 3e | AccessNeurology | McGraw-Hill Medical
Modulation by dopamine of human basal ganglia involvement in feedback control of movement. - Nuffield Department of Surgical...
Microsurgery treatment via transsylvian fissure-insular approach for intracerebral hematomas in basal ganglia region--《Chinese...
Basal ganglia modulation of thalamocortical relay in Parkinsons disease and dystonia. | Foundation Dystonia Research
Chorea or Basal Ganglia Dysfunction ~ Caring for Cole
Deciphering the impact of cerebellar and basal ganglia dysfunction in accuracy and variability of motor timing -ORCA
Function of Basal Ganglia Circuitry - Movement and Motor Control: Modulation of Movement | Coursera
Functional Connectivity Delineates Distinct Roles of the Inferior Frontal Cortex and Presupplementary Motor Area in Stop Signal...
Dopamine regulation of disengagement in the basal ganglia circuitry by Mabel Noemi Terminel
ModelDB: Basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop model of action selection (Humphries and Gurney 2002)
Two Case Reports on Thalamic and Basal Ganglia Involvement in Children with Dengue Fever
OpenEmory | Search Results
Role of cerebellum on the basal ganglia cortical network in Parkinsons disease - Capri
ModelDB: Cortical Basal Ganglia Network Model during Closed-loop DBS (Fleming et al 2020)
Identifying tremor-related characteristics of basal ganglia nuclei during movement in the Parkinsonian patient - Department of...
Multiple benzodiazepine receptors in the human basal ganglia:...
subject:(0317) - OATD
Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences
DMOZ - Health: Conditions and Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Brain Diseases: Basal Ganglia
Basal ganglia alterations and brain atrophy in Huntingtons disease depicted by transcranial real time sonography | Journal of...
GABA and benzodiazepine receptors in basal ganglia function
ADHD treatments: 2 Key Brain Regions Which Are Smaller in ADHD Individuals
Neonatal basal ganglia and thalamic volumes: very preterm birth and 7-year neurodevelopmental outcomes
Basal Ganglia: The Centers of Movement
The Basal Ganglia and Cognitive Pattern Generators : Schizophrenia Bulletin - oi
UH Biocomputation Group - Computational Model of the Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia for Interval Timing Learning
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control L21 - ppt video online download
Sensorimotor Integration Lab - Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
Coloured PET scan of healthy brain (basal ganglia) - Stock Image P332/0202 - Science Photo Library
18BasalGanglia - Modulation of Movement by Basal Ganglia • Basal Ganglia and cerebellum function in modulating movement • Basal...
Age-related changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor binding sites within the human basal ganglia
Univerzitnà knihovna OU - Úplné zobrazenà záznamu
Nad - Action Potential - Barnard Health Care
Functional connectivity in the basal ganglia network differentiates PD patients from controls. - Nuffield Department of...
The highs and lows of beta activity in cortico-basal ganglia loops - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences
Structural Biochemistry/Basal Ganglia - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
The Basic Neurobiology of Huntingtons Disease (Text and Audio) - HOPES Huntingtons Disease Information
Meet the basal ganglia. . . a substrate for motivational scaffolding | SynaptoGaming
Vibrissal basal ganglia circuits - Scholarpedia
Cerebral White Matter and Gray Matter and Basal Ganglia
Plus it
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 - Expression - Brain - Basal Ganglia | Technology Trends
Publications | Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Basal ganglia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basal ganglia. Imaging of Basal Ganglia at USUHS Houk Jim (2007). "Models of Basal ... The basal ganglia are situated at the base of the forebrain and top of the midbrain. Basal ganglia are strongly interconnected ... Basal ganglia disease is a group of movement disorders that result from either excessive output from the basal ganglia to the ... The International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS) informally considers the basal ganglia to be made up of the striatum, the ...
Primate basal ganglia
... and of being regulated by the basal ganglia. In the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop the basal ganglia are ... The primate central complex as one of the basal ganglia. In The Basal Ganglia III Bernardi, G. et al. (eds) pp. 177-186. Plenum ... The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special ... 2004) to propose that the complex be linked in a way or another to the basal ganglia system. A review on its role in the system ...
Basal ganglia disease
Blepharospasm may come from abnormal functioning of the brain's basal ganglia. Many disorders of the basal ganglia are due to ... Though motor disorders are the most common associated with the basal ganglia, recent research shows that basal ganglia ... primarily in the basal ganglia. About 0.3-1.5% of people have asymptomatic basal ganglia calcifications. Blepharospasm is any ... Basal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ...
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
Parent, A.; Hazrati, L. N. (1 January 1995). "Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo- ... The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain. The loop involves ... The loop was originally proposed as a part of a model of the basal ganglia called the parallel processing model, which has been ... However, the timing of basal ganglia activity and limb moment, as well as lesion studies do not support this hypothesis Two ...
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease
June 2013). "Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease should be renamed biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease: a ... Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a rare disease that affects the nervous system, particularly the ... "Biotin thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease". Orphanet. Retrieved 2022-11-27. Majumdar S, Salamon N (March 2022). "Biotin- ... The MRI of individuals with BTBGD may reveal lesions on the basal ganglia and central bilateral necrosis in the caudate nucleus ...
Prefrontal cortex basal ganglia working memory
... (PBWM) is an algorithm that models working memory in the prefrontal cortex and ... This is the dynamic gating system representing the striatum units of the basal ganglia. Every even-index unit within a stripe ... The PVLV system controls the dopaminergic modulation of the basal ganglia (BG). Thus, BG/PVLV form an actor-critic architecture ... These learning mechanisms are based on subcortical structures in the midbrain, basal ganglia and amygdala, which together form ...
Striatopallidal fibres
ISBN 978-0-443-06982-6. (Basal ganglia). ...
Dopamine transporter
Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... Differences in the VNTR have been shown to affect the basal level of expression of the transporter; consequently, researchers ... tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ...
Dextroamphetamine
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ... tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ...
Selegiline
Csoti I, Storch A, Müller W, Jost WH (December 1, 2012). "Drug interactions with selegiline versus rasagiline". Basal Ganglia. ... basal ganglia, midbrain, and cingulate gyrus. Selegiline is mostly metabolized in the intestines and liver; it and its ...
GPR88
Basal Ganglia. 1 (2): 83-89. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2011.04.001. PMC 3144573. PMID 21804954. v t e GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Amphetamine
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... including the basal ganglia, frontal cortex, and thalamus (Colasanti et al. 2012). Oral administration of d-amphetamine, 0.5 mg ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ...
Methylphenidate
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... leading to nonresponse in those with low basal DA activity. On average, methylphenidate elicits a 3-4 times increase in ... leading to the hypothesis that methylphenidate amplifies basal dopamine activity, ...
Lisdexamfetamine
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ... tonically activates inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, which reduces the basal firing frequency of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ...
Striosome
O'Kusky JR, Nasir J, Cicchetti F, Parent A, Hayden MR (Feb 1999). "Neuronal degeneration in the basal ganglia and loss of ...
Adderall
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ... 2 A, open squares). We stress that Zn2+ per se did not affect basal efflux (Fig. 2 A). ... In many brain regions, Zn2+ is ...
Joseph Jules Dejerine
The Basal Ganglia IX. Springer. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4419-0340-2. Robert H. Wilkins; Irwin A. Brody (1997). Neurological Classics ...
MPP+
The Basal Ganglia II. Advances in Behavioral Biology. Vol. 32. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 169-173. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8 ...
Dementia with Lewy bodies
The indicative diagnostic biomarkers are: reduced dopamine transporter uptake in the basal ganglia shown on PET or SPECT ... midbrain and basal ganglia - movement; brain stem - sleep, alertness, and autonomic dysfunction; olfactory cortex - smell. Also ...
Mineral deficiency
"Basal Ganglia Calcification with Hypomagnesemia". www.japi.org. Retrieved 2021-06-03. Viering, Daan H. H. M.; Baaij, Jeroen H. ...
James Purdon Martin
Martin's book The Basal Ganglia and Posture (1967) includes case histories and clinical observations of a large group of ... Miller, Henry (April 1968). "Review of The Basal Ganglia and Posture by James Purdon Martin". Proc R Soc Med. 61 (4): 434-435. ... Geary, Elizabeth K.; Seidenberg, Michael; Hermann, Bruce (2009). "Atrophy of Basal Ganglia Nuclei and Negative Symptoms in ... "The Basal Ganglia and Locomotion. Arris and Gale Lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 3rd January ...
Scott L. Rauch
Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1997. Dougherty DD, ...
Morvan's syndrome
and or basal ganglia hypermetabolism. Ancillary laboratory tests including MRI and brain biopsy have confirmed temporal lobe ...
Magnesium deficiency
"Basal Ganglia Calcification with Hypomagnesemia". www.japi.org. Retrieved 2021-06-03. Viering DH, de Baaij JH, Walsh SB, Kleta ... basal ganglia calcifications and in extreme and prolonged cases coma, intellectual disability or death. Magnesium plays an ...
Allothalamus
see Primate basal ganglia system. Percheron, G. (2003) "Thalamus". In Paxinos, G. and May, J.(eds). The human nervous system. ... The central region thus appears not as a nonspecific part of the thalamus but as one element of the basal ganglia system: one ... They have strong connections with elements of the basal ganglia system. The pars parafascicularis is linked bilaterally to the ...
Transketolase
Tabarki B, Al-Hashem A, Alfadhel M (August 2020). "Biotin-Thiamine-Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease". In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, ... Several diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency, including beriberi, biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease ...
Neural Darwinism
... basal ganglia, and hippocampus. An early review of the book Neural Darwinism in The New York Review of Books by Israel ... basal ganglia, hypothalamus and brainstem centers. Simultaneously, each sensory modality is also being sent to the cortex in ...
External globus pallidus
"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry ... "Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop". Brain Research Reviews. 20 (1): ... The basal ganglia functions to tonically inhibit movement, mainly in the absence of motor cortex command, via GABAergic ... This combines with direct pathway inhibition in the GPi, allowing for fine tuned basal ganglia output, and more controlled ...
William T. Powers
ISBN 978-0-9740155-0-7. Powers (1973:88-92). Yin, Henry H. (18 November 2014). "How Basal Ganglia Outputs Generate Behavior". ...
Quantum mind
Schultz, Wolfram (2016-02-02). "Reward functions of the basal ganglia". Journal of Neural Transmission. 123 (7): 679-693. doi: ...
Dinocaridida
... is a proposed fossil taxon of basal arthropods that flourished in the Cambrian period with occasional Ordovician ... or 2 cerebral ganglions (protocerebrum and deutocerebrum). Although some authors may rather suggest different taxonomic ... It is most likely paraphyletic, with Kerygmachela and Pambdelurion more basal than the clade compose of Opabiniidae, Radiodonta ... occupied the basal position; while Opabiniidae and Radiodonta are more derived and closely related to the arthropod crown group ...
Multiple system atrophy
This is caused by progressive degeneration of neurons in several parts of the brain including the basal ganglia, inferior ...
Sodium azide
It produces extrapyramidal symptoms with necrosis of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Toxicity may also ...
CADASIL
These lesions are concentrated around the basal ganglia, peri-ventricular white matter, and the pons, and are similar to those ...
Spinal cord
The cell bodies of these primary neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia. In the spinal cord, the axons synapse and the ... The alar plate and the basal plate are separated by the sulcus limitans. Additionally, the floor plate also secretes netrins. ... Dorsal root ganglion neurons differentiate from neural crest progenitors. As the dorsal and ventral column cells proliferate, ... The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, ...
Histamine H3 receptor
"Histamine Modulation of the Basal Ganglia Circuitry in the Development of Pathological Grooming." Proceedings of the National ... because of H3 receptor-modulation of dopamine and GABA in the basal ganglia), schizophrenia and ADHD (again because of dopamine ...
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
... with intracranial haemorrhage due to high blood pressure which occurs in deep locations of the brain such as basal ganglia and ...
Brain
The basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made: the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over ... The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected structures in the forebrain. The primary function of the basal ganglia appears ... It is implemented by a network of brain areas centered on the basal ganglia. Motor learning is the ability to refine patterns ... Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. In ...
Paul Kalanithi
"Altered parvalbumin-positive neuron distribution in basal ganglia of individuals with Tourette syndrome". Proceedings of the ...
Visual selective attention in dementia
Animal research and positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown the role of the basal ganglia in selective attention ... It is therefore suggested that deficits in the basal ganglia and related regions may lead to impaired visual selective ... Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of the substantia nigra within the basal ganglia and the locus ... These regions of the basal ganglia are also implicated in attentional processes, especially visual selective attention. ...
Occipital lobe
... in blue Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. ...
Activity-specific approach in temperament research
... in basal ganglia when an individual learns the action or already has sufficient familiarity with the program of actions. The ... regulated more by basal ganglia). Rusalov demonstrated that this distinction is applicable to the structure of temperament. For ...
Lobopodia
With the possible exception of Siberion, they also have digestive glands like those of a gilled lobopodian and basal ... 2018 - it presents a brain composed of only a protocerebrum (the frontal-most cerebral ganglion of panarthropods) that is ... However, they are widely accepted as stem-group arthropods just basal to radiodonts. Siberion, Megadictyon and Jianshanopodia ... most of them were either suggest to be stem-group onychophorans or basal panarthropods, with a few species (Aysheaia or ...
NUMB (gene)
A ganglion mother cell (GMC) is the cell derived from the division of a neuroblast in the Drosophila central nervous system. ... The mother neuroblast divides along the apical-basal axis, with Numb localizing basally and ending up in the GMC. In mice ... In neuroblasts, both complexes are localized to the apical cortex, causing apical/basal cell division and daughter cells ... Karcavich RE (March 2005). "Generating neuronal diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system: a view from the ganglion ...
Vasyl Moroz
His scientific research includes "Integrated function of the cerebellum of the basal ganglia and motor cortex in the ...
Glutamate-rich protein 3
ERICH3 is most highly expressed in a variety of regions of the human brain, including the nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia) and ...
GABA transporter type 1
"Localization and Function of GABA Transporters GAT-1 and GAT-3 in the Basal Ganglia". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 5: 63 ...
External capsule
... Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection. ... Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia.Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection. Powell, Meshell (13 January 2014). " ... The external capsule is a route for cholinergic fibers from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. The putamen separates ...
René Kahn
"Dose response of the 16p11.2 distal copy number variant on intracranial volume and basal ganglia". Molecular Psychiatry. 25 (3 ...
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
... rather than deep white matter or basal ganglia. These are usually described as "lobar". These bleedings are not associated with ...
Spasmodic dysphonia
The underlying mechanism is believed to typically involve the central nervous system, specifically the basal ganglia. Diagnosis ...
Trisynaptic circuit
The association cortex projects to places including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, and other association ...
Nucleus basalis
... basal ganglion of Meynert' (Meynert'sches Basalganglion). Later, in a pair of 1942 publications, Harold Brockhaus referred to ... Meynert originally called this group of cells the 'ganglion of the ansa peduncularis' (ganglion der Hirnschenkelschlinge), ... The nucleus basalis in humans is a somewhat diffuse collection of large cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. The main ... Goard M, Dan Y (November 2009). "Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes". Nat. Neurosci. 12 (11 ...
Race condition
"Canceling actions involves a race between basal ganglia pathways". Nature Neuroscience. 16 (8): 1118-24. doi:10.1038/nn.3456. ...
Apoica pallens
Apoica is one of the basal genera in the tribe. The species is most closely related to Apoica flavissima. Apoica pallens was ... such as the lateral branching of neurons in the first optic ganglion within the eye. Apoica pallens is a caste species with ...
Brodmann area 12
... which allows the frontal lobes to exhibit some control over basal ganglia activity. Animation. Frontal view. Medial view. ...
Hippocampus
... hippocampal dysfunction might produce an alteration of dopamine release in the basal ganglia, thereby indirectly affecting the ...
Circadian rhythm
This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk basal retinal neurons (BRNs). At the same time, different cells may ... But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, ... Ma Y, Gil S, Grasser KD, Mas P (April 2018). "Targeted Recruitment of the Basal Transcriptional Machinery by LNK Clock ... the period family genes Photosensitive ganglion cell: part of the eye which is involved in regulating circadian rhythm. ...
Spasmodic torticollis
Treatment was based on the theory that there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. These drugs ... Deep brain stimulation to the basal ganglia and thalamus has recently been used as a successful treatment for tremors of ... Although no lesions are present in the basal ganglia in primary spasmodic torticollis, fMRI and PET studies have shown ... These neurotransmitters are secreted from the basal ganglia, traveling to muscle groups in the neck. An increase in ...
Basal ganglia dysfunction: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. ... Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is ... A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have trouble starting, stopping, or sustaining movement. Depending on which area of ... Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. ...
Browsing by Subject "Basal Ganglia Diseases"
The Hidden Life of the Basal Ganglia
The anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia and their relation to brain and behavior, disorders and therapies, and ... The main task of the basal ganglia-a group of subcortical nuclei, located at the base of the brain-is to optimize and execute ... In this book, Hagai Bergman analyzes the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia, discussing their relation to brain and ... Focusing on studies of nonhuman primates and human basal ganglia and relying on system physiology and in vivo extra-cellular ...
Medical Definition of Basal ganglia
Browsing by Subject "Basal Ganglia Diseases"
Basal ganglia volume and proximity to onset in presymptomatic Huntington disease
The results suggest that atrophy of the basal ganglia occurs gradually, beginning years before symptom onset. ... Basal ganglia volume and proximity to onset in presymptomatic Huntington disease Arch Neurol. 1996 Dec;53(12):1293-6. doi: ... Gene-positive subjects who were far from onset had smaller basal ganglia volumes than gene-negative subjects for all structures ... Gene-positive subjects who were close to onset had smaller volumes than gene-negative subjects for all basal ganglia structures ...
Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology | Lund University
Basal Ganglia Pathophysiologys profile in Lund University Research portal Description. The basal ganglia are a group of ... Loss or dysfunction of neurons within the basal ganglia cause some typical motor symptoms, such as poverty of movement ( ... is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting the basal ganglia. The typical lesion in PD consists in a loss of ... Website: http://www.med.lu.se/english/expmed/research/basal_ganglia_pathophysiology ...
Basal Ganglia Neuronal Activity during Scanning Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease | PLOS ONE
We conclude that a relatively large number of basal ganglia neurons are involved in eye motion control. Surprisingly, neurons ... The oculomotor role of the basal ganglia has been supported by extensive evidence, although their role in scanning eye ... Basal ganglia Is the Subject Area "Basal ganglia" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... basal ganglia or cerebellum [4], [8], [24]. Therefore, in a subgroup of patients, we additionally studied the basal ganglia ...
Interaction of sensory and motor signals in the basal ganglia in health and disease | KTH
Basal ganglia calcification - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
Long-Term Potentiation in an Avian Basal Ganglia Nucleus Essential for Vocal Learning | Journal of Neuroscience
The AFP starts with the projection from HVC to area X, a part of the avian basal ganglia surrounded by the medial striatum (mSt ... Ding L, Perkel DJ (2002) Dopamine modulates excitability of spiny neurons in the avian basal ganglia. J Neurosci 22: 5210-5218. ... Luo M, Ding L, Perkel DJ (2001) An avian basal ganglia pathway essential for vocal learning forms a closed topographic loop. J ... Long-Term Potentiation in an Avian Basal Ganglia Nucleus Essential for Vocal Learning. Long Ding and David J. Perkel ...
Orphanet: Hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum
Longitudinal change in basal ganglia volume in patients with Huntington's disease | Neurology
MRI studies assessing volumes of basal ganglia in patients at various stages of illness also suggest that increasing basal ... Longitudinal change in basal ganglia volume in patients with Huntingtons disease. E. H. Aylward, Q. Li, O. C. Stine, N. Ranen ... Longitudinal change in basal ganglia volume in patients with Huntingtons disease. E. H. Aylward, Q. Li, O. C. Stine, N. Ranen ... Total basal ganglia volume was calculated by adding the volumes of the head of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. ...
Strange Horizons - Podcast: Basal Ganglia By Lynne Sargent, Podcast read by Ciro Faienza
Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in ...
Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in Health and Disorder Held in Brno ... KW - Basal ganglia. KW - Dentate. KW - Striatum. KW - Imaging. KW - White matter. KW - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. KW - ... Publications , Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in .... ... TI - Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in Health and Disorder Held in ...
Coupling in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit is aberrant in the ketamine model of schizophrenia
... Apr 14, 2015 , Magazine: ... Here we stress the importance of the basal ganglia circuitry in the ketamine model of schizophrenia and leave the door open to ... The activity of free moving rats was recorded in different structures of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit before and after an ... Recent studies have suggested the implication of the basal ganglia in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To investigate this ...
G. E. Alexander, M. R. De Long and P. L. Strick, "Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal...
Dopamine and GABA Interaction in Basal Ganglia: GABA-A or GABA-B Receptor Stimulation Attenuates L-DOPA-Induced Striatal and ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder secondary to lesion of the basal ganglia Giovanni Mazzotta, Lucia Lucia Cirulli, Marco ... The involuntary movement might occur due to the unequal distribution of the blood flow in the basal ganglia. ... "Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal Ganglia and Cortex," Annual Review of Neuroscience,Vol ...
Recessive DEAF1 mutation associates with autism, intellectual disability, basal ganglia dysfunction and epilepsy | Journal of...
All patients exhibited dyskinesia of the limbs coinciding with symmetric T2 hyperintensities of the basal ganglia on cranial ... Recessive DEAF1 mutation associates with autism, intellectual disability, basal ganglia dysfunction and epilepsy ... Recessive DEAF1 mutation associates with autism, intellectual disability, basal ganglia dysfunction and epilepsy ...
Magnetization transfer imaging identifies basal ganglia abnormalities in adult ADHD that are invisible to conventional T1...
Mapping the functional integration in the human basal ganglia by means of multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging
- Welcome...
ModelDB: Basal ganglia-thalamic network model for deep brain stimulation (So et al. 2012)
KAKEN - Research Projects | Involvement of the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum in voluntary movement (KAKENHI...
Presentation] Topography of cortical inputs from the medial wall of the hemisphere to GPe : An anatomy of basal ganglia ... In one series of studies, anatomical organization linking the frontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum was ... Journal Article] Origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to rostrocau dally distinct sectors of the dorsal ... Presentation] Involvement of the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex in action planning as mediated by the abstract ...
Large-scale cortico-subcortical functional networks in focal epilepsies: The role of the basal ganglia | Faculty of Medicine...
Node strength decreases of the basal ganglia, i.e. the putamen, caudate, and pallidum, were displayed in LTLE, FLE, and POLE. ... Large-scale cortico-subcortical functional networks in focal epilepsies: The role of the basal ganglia. ... Large-scale cortico-subcortical functional networks in focal epilepsies: The role of the basal ganglia ... Objectives: The aimwas to describe the contribution of basal ganglia (BG) thalamo-cortical circuitry to thewholebrain ...
Download The Basal Ganglia Vi
A download the basal ganglia vi of level kappa and Spanish universe units for the money of British childhood celebratory ... A download the basal ganglia vi of the events see whole. hear this download the basal ganglia vi to prepare a cocktail pp. of ... download the basal ganglia at the painting of July. And, of download the basal ganglia vi, potentially I ve an inoculation ... have also be the download the basal ganglia of this Site was you off. urban download the basal ganglia vi pieces and demanding ...
Pattern of white matter degeneration in remote brain areas from the basal ganglion lesion of ischemic stroke patients with...
Basal ganglia region. The patients were infarcted mainly in the basal ganglia region, the CST passing through posterior limb of ... The patients were infarcted mainly in the basal ganglia region, but the FA reduction of some remote areas has reached the point ... Due to the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor loop, any impact on the circuit constituent can lead to a shift in the ... Lesions of the 7 stroke patients were mainly located in the basal ganglia region in the left hemisphere. For the 3 patients ...
Altered activation and connectivity in a hippocampal-basal ganglia-midbrain circuit during salience processing in subjects at...
Altered activation and connectivity in a hippocampal-basal ganglia-midbrain circuit during salience processing in subjects at ... Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare neural responses in a hippocampal-basal ganglia-midbrain network ... Altered activation and connectivity in a hippocampal-basal ganglia-midbrain circuit during salience processing in subjects at ... Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare neural responses in a hippocampal-basal ganglia-midbrain network ...
REVIEW: Mestis - 'Basal Ganglia' ep - LiveMusicToday.com
One critic, two actors: Evidence for covert learning in the basal ganglia - Bordeaux Neurocampus
This paper introduces a new hypothesis concerning the dissociated role of the basal ganglia in the selection and the evaluation ... Preferential modulatory action of 5-HT2Areceptors on the dynamic regulation of basal ganglia circuits. Lise Guilhemsang, Amaia ... One critic, two actors: Evidence for covert learning in the basal ganglia. ... One critic, two actors: Evidence for covert learning in the basal ganglia. ...
Set-shifting-related basal ganglia deformation as a novel familial marker of obsessive-compulsive disorder<...
Set-shifting-related basal ganglia deformation as a novel familial marker of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of ... The basal ganglia are central to habit learning and are thought to be abnormal in OCD, contributing to inflexible, rigid ... The basal ganglia are central to habit learning and are thought to be abnormal in OCD, contributing to inflexible, rigid ... Set-shifting-related basal ganglia deformation as a novel familial marker of obsessive-compulsive disorder. / Isobe, Masanori; ...
CerebellumThalamusNucleiBilateralCerebrovascular DiseaseCortexChanges in basal gangliaLesionCircuit of the basal gangliaStructuresAtrophyStriatumCalcificationsCircuitryCaudateBlood flow in the basalDiseasesDisordersInternal pallidal segmentHuntington'sCorticalPallidalOccipital lobesInvolvementPhysiologySubthalamic NucleusDysfunctionDeep brain stimu2021PathwaysHumansMidbrainSymmetricOutputsPatientsNeuronsMechanismsOculomotorHippocampalSubjectsMovementTractographyDemonstrationPathwayRoleComplexDisease
Cerebellum8
- Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in Health and Disorder Held in Brno, Czech Republic, October 17th, 2013. (muni.cz)
- N2 - The proceedings of the workshop synthesize the experimental, preclinical, and clinical data suggesting that the cerebellum, basal ganglia (BG), and their connections play an important role in pathophysiology of various movement disorders (like Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes) or neurodevelopmental disorders (like autism). (muni.cz)
- In one series of studies, anatomical organization linking the frontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum was analyzed systematically. (nii.ac.jp)
- Some case reports have shown hypermetabolism in 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography ( 18 F-FDG-PET) images involving the insular cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem, suggesting acute inflammation when correlative to MRI [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- This article describes evidence indicating that procedural memory involves several, largely separable neuroanatomical systems, including the cerebellum, basal ganglia , and amygdala. (encyclopedia.com)
- The premotor and sensory regions provide the input for planning to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
- There is usually preserved metabolism in the sensorimotor cortices, basal ganglia, occipital lobes, and cerebellum. (snmjournals.org)
- Pilocytic astrocytomas (ie, WHO grade I) arise throughout the neuraxis, but preferred sites include the optic nerve, optic chiasm/hypothalamus, thalamus and basal ganglia, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. (medscape.com)
Thalamus5
- As indicated earlier, the basal ganglia influence motor functions primarily by acting on motor neurons of the cerebral cortex via relay nuclei of the thalamus. (what-when-how.com)
- An RSN is identified in the basal ganglia and thalamus, comprising the pallidum, putamen, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra, with a projection also to the supplementary motor area. (biomedcentral.com)
- Studies show the importance of the basal ganglia and thalamus in memory, attention, selection and monitoring of information. (bvsalud.org)
- Shaheen H , Melnik R, Singh P. Deep Brain Stimulation with a Computational Model for the Cortex-Thalamus-Basal-Ganglia System and Network Dynamics of Neurological Disorders. (wjgnet.com)
- Antidromic activation of the hyperdirect pathway and subsequent intracortical and cortico-thalamo-cortical synaptic interactions were sufficient to generate cEP by STN DBS, and orthodromic activation through basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex pathways was not required. (yale.edu)
Nuclei5
- The main task of the basal ganglia-a group of subcortical nuclei, located at the base of the brain-is to optimize and execute our automatic behavior. (mit.edu)
- Basal ganglia (nuclei) in anatomy are usually called a complex of accumulations of grey matter in the brain's white matter . (airomedical.com)
- The basal ganglia include the septal region, the magnocellular basal telencephalic nuclei, the striatum, the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the claustrum. (neurondevelopment.org)
- Participating nuclei and thalamo-cortical connection probabilities allow this network to be identified as the motor control circuit of the basal ganglia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Basal ganglia, a set of interconnected nuclei, are implicated in the elaboration, control and memorization of cognitive-motor behaviors. (hal.science)
Bilateral4
- Compared with the controls, the patients showed an FA reduction in the perilesional basal ganglia and brainstem, with a few in bilateral frontal lobes. (researchsquare.com)
- however, other entities cause bilateral symmetric basal ganglia calcifications . (radiologypics.com)
- We report a bilateral basal ganglia lesion that developed after Basta ® ingestion. (e-jnc.org)
- C) Bilateral supratentorial hypersignals at day 24 in the cortex, the white matter, and the basal ganglia. (cdc.gov)
Cerebrovascular Disease3
- Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease" by people in this website by year, and whether "Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (rush.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease" by people in Profiles. (rush.edu)
Cortex6
- We showed that CSD is a powerful technique that allows a fine evaluation of both the long and small tracts between cortex and basal ganglia, including direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways. (elsevier.com)
- The basal ganglia receive information from the cerebral cortex (above) and the brainstem (below) and form a connected chain. (airomedical.com)
- In the case of disturbances in the basal ganglia, the corresponding areas of the cortex begin to discharge uncontrollably, leading to the development of different diseases. (airomedical.com)
- The basal ganglia are a diverse collection of large structures in the telencephalon that are not strictly part of the olfactory system or the cerebral cortex-but they have anatomical links to olfactory and cortical components. (neurondevelopment.org)
- Example: dystonia is known to origin in the basal ganglia, but it is also suspected or known that the cortex and maybe other areas of the brain have an impact in dystonia. (dystonia-europe.org)
- Hemorrhage may involve any part of the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the BASAL GANGLIA. (musc.edu)
Changes in basal ganglia3
- Article abstract-Cross-sectional MRI studies demonstrating an association between caudate atrophy and symptom severity and duration of symptoms in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) have been assumed to reflect longitudinal changes in basal ganglia, but such neuropathologic progression has never been directly demonstrated. (neurology.org)
- We designed the current study to determine whether longitudinal changes in basal ganglia could be detected over a relatively-short time in a group of patients at varying stages of HD. (neurology.org)
- The data implicate changes in basal ganglia structure linked to cognitive inflexibility as a familial marker of OCD. (uea.ac.uk)
Lesion1
- Ten ischemic stroke patients with basal ganglia lesion and motor dysfunction and eleven demographically matched adults underwent brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans. (researchsquare.com)
Circuit of the basal ganglia1
- To investigate this hypothesis, here we have used the ketamine model of schizophrenia to determine the oscillatory abnormalities induced in the rat motor circuit of the basal ganglia. (cun.es)
Structures10
- Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. (medlineplus.gov)
- Focusing on studies of nonhuman primates and human basal ganglia and relying on system physiology and in vivo extra-cellular recording techniques, Bergman first describes the major brain structures that constitute the basal ganglia, the morphology of their cellular elements, their synaptic connectivity and their physiological function in health and disease. (mit.edu)
- After controlling for the subject's age at the time of the scan, significant correlations were found between volumes of all basal ganglia structures and years to onset. (nih.gov)
- Gene-positive subjects who were far from onset had smaller basal ganglia volumes than gene-negative subjects for all structures except globus pallidus. (nih.gov)
- The presence of calcium deposition affecting one or more structures of the basal ganglia. (mcw.edu)
- Amount of change in basal ganglia structures was not significantly correlated with neurologic symptom severity at the time of the initial imaging or duration of symptoms. (neurology.org)
- The activity of free moving rats was recorded in different structures of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit before and after an injection of a subanesthesic dose of ketamine (10mg/kg). (cun.es)
- The basal ganglia are a set of structures deep in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cependant, cette transmission nécessite une régulation fine de l'activité neuronale de la SNr car celle-ci exerce une inhibition constante de ces structures cibles en raison de son activité GABAergique spontanée. (hal.science)
- Combining structural equation modeling (SEM) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), this study investigated the interactions among neural structures in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit (BGTC) in the left hemisphere of stuttering and non-stuttering speakers. (thestutteringbrain.com)
Atrophy4
- The results suggest that atrophy of the basal ganglia occurs gradually, beginning years before symptom onset. (nih.gov)
- H-ABC is diagnosed on the basis of the distinctive MRI findings of diffuse but partial hypomyelination of the cerebral hemispheres, mild to severe cerebellar atrophy and atrophy of the basal ganglia. (orpha.net)
- This is the first longitudinal MRI study to document progressive basal ganglia atrophy in HD, and suggests that quantitative neuroimaging with serial MRI may be useful in monitoring effectiveness of potential treatments. (neurology.org)
- In addition, demonstration of greater rate of basal ganglia atrophy in patients with earlier symptom onset suggests that treatment effects may be more quickly observed in this subgroup of patients than in the general HD population. (neurology.org)
Striatum1
- The AFP starts with the projection from HVC to area X, a part of the avian basal ganglia surrounded by the medial striatum (mSt). (jneurosci.org)
Calcifications1
- Single axial CT scan of the head without contrast shows calcifications within the basal ganglia (globus pallidi). (radiologypics.com)
Circuitry5
- Here we stress the importance of the basal ganglia circuitry in the ketamine model of schizophrenia and leave the door open to further investigations devoted to elucidate to what extent these abnormalities also reflect the prominent neurophysiological deficits observed in schizophrenic patients. (cun.es)
- Objectives: The aimwas to describe the contribution of basal ganglia (BG) thalamo-cortical circuitry to thewholebrain functional connectivity in focal epilepsies. (muni.cz)
- In the recent past, basal ganglia circuitry was simplified as represented by the direct and indirect pathways and by hyperdirect pathways. (elsevier.com)
- The information presented thus far has enabled us to identify the major circuitry of the basal ganglia. (what-when-how.com)
- This includes the primary input pathways and the internal circuitry of the basal ganglia and their output pathways. (what-when-how.com)
Caudate4
- Results indicated significant decreases over time in caudate, putamen, and total basal ganglia volume. (neurology.org)
- Age at onset and length of trinucleotide repeat correlated significantly with amount of volume change in caudate and total basal ganglia, even after controlling for length of interimage interval, duration of disease, and measures of symptom severity. (neurology.org)
- We tested the role of basal ganglia (BG) in the temporal control of movement sequences by a convergent approach involving inactivation of the BG by muscimol injections into the caudate nucleus of monkeys and assessing behavior of Parkinson's disease patients, performing a modified double-step saccade task. (iisc.ac.in)
- Basal ganglia involvement is typically most prominent in the caudate. (medscape.com)
Blood flow in the basal1
- The involuntary movement might occur due to the unequal distribution of the blood flow in the basal ganglia. (scirp.org)
Diseases1
- Several diseases have now been identified that are etiologically related to the state of the basal ganglia. (airomedical.com)
Disorders7
- Many brain disorders are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. (medlineplus.gov)
- The anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia and their relation to brain and behavior, disorders and therapies, and philosophy of mind and moral values. (mit.edu)
- In this book, Hagai Bergman analyzes the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia, discussing their relation to brain and behavior, to disorders and therapies, and even to moral values. (mit.edu)
- Drawing on his forty years of studying the basal ganglia, Bergman presents new information on physiology and computational models, Parkinson's disease and other ganglia-related disorders, and such therapies as deep brain stimulation. (mit.edu)
- He discusses the computational physiology of the healthy basal ganglia, describing four generations of computational models, and then traces the computational physiology of basal ganglia-related disorders and their treatments, including Parkinson's disease and its pharmacological and surgical therapies. (mit.edu)
- Does imbalance between basal ganglia and cerebellar outputs cause movement disorders? (ox.ac.uk)
- Calcification of basal ganglia, pigmentary pallidal degeneration, and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension are also caused by certain disorders of the basal ganglia of the brain. (airomedical.com)
Internal pallidal segment1
- In addition to the internal pallidal segment , the basal ganglia can also influence motor functions through the output pathways of the substantia nigra. (what-when-how.com)
Huntington's1
- The basal ganglia are abnormal in a number of important neurologic conditions, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease . (rxlist.com)
Cortical1
- Dementia syndromes associated with parkinsonism include diffuse Lewy body dementia (DLBD), Parkinson disease dementia, and Parkinson disease combined with other dementia syndromes (progressive supranuclear palsy and cortical basal ganglionic degeneration). (snmjournals.org)
Pallidal3
- Basal ganglia network by constrained spherical deconvolution: A possible cortico-pallidal pathway? (elsevier.com)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Basal ganglia network by constrained spherical deconvolution: A possible cortico-pallidal pathway? (elsevier.com)
- The output pathways of the basal ganglia achieve this.The first pathway, the ansa lenticularis, arises from the ventral aspect of the medial pallidal segment. (what-when-how.com)
Occipital lobes1
- CNS toxoplasmosis produces multifocal lesions, with a predilection for the basal ganglia and the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. (aao.org)
Involvement2
- At the subcortical level, an involvement of the basal ganglia during scanning EM was suggested by early research using regional cerebral blood flow in healthy controls and schizophrenic patients [7] . (plos.org)
- This is the case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patient whose DWI/ADC images revealed sequential involvement on the left and right basal ganglia with a short time interval. (biomedcentral.com)
Physiology1
- Dopamine physiology in the basal ganglia of male zebra finches during social stimulation. (ucsf.edu)
Subthalamic Nucleus1
- This is a model of the basal ganglia-thalamic network, modified from the Rubin and Terman model (High frequency stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus, Rubin and Terman 2004). (yale.edu)
Dysfunction2
- A common cause of the symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction is chronic use of medicines used to treat schizophrenia. (medlineplus.gov)
- A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have trouble starting, stopping, or sustaining movement. (medlineplus.gov)
Deep brain stimu2
- ModelDB: Basal ganglia-thalamic network model for deep brain stimulation (So et al. (yale.edu)
- This could open a future scenario in which CSD could be used to focally target with deep brain stimulation (DBS) the small bundles within the basal ganglia loops. (elsevier.com)
20211
- On the morning of 3 April 2021 my mother suffered a massive hemorrhagic stroke in the basal ganglia region of her brain. (visiblepoetry.ca)
Pathways1
- Our results confirm that the CSD tractography is a valuable technique allowing a reliable reconstruction of small- and long-fiber pathways in brain regions with multiple fiber orientations, such as basal ganglia. (elsevier.com)
Humans1
- Dr Nonaka Saddens applied unwilling humans as an download the basal. (thealphastate.com)
Midbrain1
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare neural responses in a hippocampal-basal ganglia-midbrain network during reward, novelty and aversion processing between 29 UHR subjects and 32 healthy controls. (monash.edu)
Symmetric1
- All patients exhibited dyskinesia of the limbs coinciding with symmetric T 2 hyperintensities of the basal ganglia on cranial MRI. (bmj.com)
Outputs1
- FIGURE 20-7 Outputs of the basal ganglia and their trajectories. (what-when-how.com)
Patients1
- To assess the role of surgery in patients with spontaneous basal ganglia haemorrhages, we evaluated poor outcome (mortality and prolonged unawareness) one month after 'open' surgery in patients with haematomas larger than 30 cm(3). (univr.it)
Neurons1
- We conclude that a relatively large number of basal ganglia neurons are involved in eye motion control. (plos.org)
Mechanisms1
- 3.3 Do Basal Ganglia Exert Inhibitory Influence on Motor Mechanisms? (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Oculomotor1
- The oculomotor role of the basal ganglia has been supported by extensive evidence, although their role in scanning eye movements is poorly understood. (plos.org)
Hippocampal1
- In several studies, the role of the rodent basal ganglia in procedural/habit learning has been dissociated from the role of the hippocampal system in cognitive/declarative memory. (encyclopedia.com)
Subjects2
- Survey study involving correlations between basal ganglia volume, measured blind to subject status, and estimation of subjects' age at onset. (nih.gov)
- Although the basal ganglia RSN has not been reported in most ICA-based studies using a similar methodology, we demonstrate that it is reproducible across subjects, common resting state conditions and imaging parameters, and show that it corresponds with the motor control circuit. (biomedcentral.com)
Movement1
- Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. (medlineplus.gov)
Tractography1
- Reference to prior probabilistic diffusion tractography work is used to identify the basal ganglia circuit to which these fluctuations correspond. (biomedcentral.com)
Demonstration1
- Fornix - Basal Ganglia Demonstration. (merlot.org)
Pathway1
- Here they seem to look into Per's hypothesis that the pathway involving the basal ganglia is affected in stuttering people. (thestutteringbrain.com)
Role4
- In his unique, passionate style, Hagai Bergman takes the reader on a journey through his lifelong quest for understanding the fundamental role of the basal ganglia within the brain orchestra. (mit.edu)
- This paper introduces a new hypothesis concerning the dissociated role of the basal ganglia in the selection and the evaluation of action that has been formulated using a theoretical model and confirmed experimentally in monkeys. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
- An additional study used two water-maze tasks to investigate the selective role of the basal ganglia in S-R memory (Packard and McGaugh, 1992). (encyclopedia.com)
- In Arabidopsis, MKK3 plays a role in pathogen signaling, MKK2 is involved in cold and salt stress signaling, MKK4/MKK5 participates in innate immunity, and MKK7 regulates basal and systemic acquired resistance. (umbc.edu)
Complex1
- The gray area represents the basal ganglia (paleostriatal complex). (jneurosci.org)
Disease4
- To determine in presymptomatic individuals who carry the gene mutation for Huntington disease whether proximity to estimated age at onset is associated with volume of basal ganglia, as measured on magnetic resonance imaging scans. (nih.gov)
- [12] We also designed the current study to determine whether either age at onset or length of the trinucleotide repeat is associated with rate of disease progression, as measured by basal ganglia volume change on serial MRI. (neurology.org)
- Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (Hallervorden-Spatz disease) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that predominantly affects the basal ganglia and is associated with iron accumulation in the brain. (airomedical.com)
- Pettigrew AL, Jackson LG, Ledbetter DH , New X-linked mental retardation disorder with Dandy-Walker malformation, basal ganglia disease, and seizures. (coriell.org)