Barbiturates
Secobarbital
Pentobarbital
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
Amobarbital
Thiopental
Barbital
Methohexital
Phenobarbital
Mephobarbital
GABA Modulators
Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.
Hypnotics and Sedatives
Receptors, GABA-A
Thiamylal
Methaqualone
Primidone
Opium
The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.
Benzodiazepines
Anesthetics
Meprobamate
A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)
Macedonia (Republic)
Formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the Yugoslav section of the region of Macedonia. It was made a constituent republic in the 1946 constitution. It became independent on 8 February 1994 and was recognized as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United States Board on Geographic Names 16 February 1994.
Picrotoxin
A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
Diazepam
Phenytoin
An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
Chlormethiazole
A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay
Significance of acute cerebral swelling in patients with sylvian hematoma due to ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and its management. (1/447)
A retrospective study of 75 patients treated surgically for ruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm within 48 hours evaluated clinical grade at admission, secondary development and management of cerebral swelling associated with space-occupying hematoma, cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm, development of hydrocephalus, and clinical outcome. Clinical grade at admission was significantly better in patients without than in those with hematoma (p < 0.01). Twenty-seven patients with sylvian hematoma caused by ruptured MCA aneurysm often developed ipsilateral cerebral swelling in the early period after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Seventeen of these patients developed serious cerebral swelling and received barbiturate therapy. Nine of these 17 patients had good outcome, but six patients died of cerebral swelling. The incidence of hydrocephalus was significantly higher in patients with than in those without hematoma (p < 0.01). The incidence of infarction was more pronounced in patients with sylvian hematoma. Clinical outcome was significantly better in patients without than in those with sylvian hematoma (p < 0.01). Development of cerebral swelling in patients with sylvian hematoma due to ruptured MCA aneurysm has a significant effect on outcome, and improvements in management are required. (+info)Surgical treatment of internal carotid artery anterior wall aneurysm with extravasation during angiography--case report. (2/447)
A 54-year-old female presented subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm arising from the anterior (dorsal) wall of the internal carotid artery (ICA). During four-vessel angiography, an extravasated saccular pooling of contrast medium emerged in the suprasellar area unrelated to any arterial branch. The saccular pooling was visualized in the arterial phase and cleared in the venophase during every contrast medium injection. We suspected that the extravasated pooling was surrounded by hard clot but communicated with the artery. Direct surgery was performed but major premature bleeding occurred during the microsurgical procedure. After temporary clipping, an opening of the anterior (dorsal) wall of the ICA was found without apparent aneurysm wall. The vessel wall was sutured with nylon thread. The total occlusion time of the ICA was about 50 minutes. Follow-up angiography demonstrated good patency of the ICA. About 2 years after the operation, the patient was able to walk with a stick and to communicate freely through speech, although left hemiparesis and left homonymous hemianopsia persisted. The outcome suggests our treatment strategy was not optimal, but suture of the ICA wall is one of the therapeutic choices when premature rupture occurs in the operation. (+info)Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species by flow cytometry. (3/447)
The feasibility of flow cytometric antifungal susceptibility testing has been studied using the fluorescent anionic membrane potential probe, bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)]. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of amphotericin B was performed on 8 Candida isolates from clinical specimens and 2 ATCC strains by flow cytometry with the results compared to those of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M27-T, broth macrodilution method. The flow cytometric method is based on an increase of fluorescence given out by DiBAC4(3) in fungi when they are killed by antifungal agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B ranged from 0.25 to 1 microg/mL. All results agreed within +/-2 dilution between the flow cytometric method and the M27-T method. MIC with ATCC strains were within recommended ranges of M27-T. The new flow cytometric method revealed a clear and distinct reproducible test end point. A four hr of incubation was sufficient for the test. In conclusion, flow cytometry using DiBAC4(3) is a rapid and accurate in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing method. (+info)Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus is not linked to increased extracellular glutamate concentration. (4/447)
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory transmission is a likely candidate for the encoding and storage of information in the mammalian brain. There is a general agreement that LTP involves an increase in synaptic strength, but the mechanisms underlying this persistent change are unclear and controversial. Synaptic efficacy may be enhanced because more transmitter glutamate is released or because postsynaptic responsiveness increases or both. The purpose of this study was to examine whether increased extracellular glutamate concentration was associated with the robust and well-characterized LTP that can be induced in the rat dentate gyrus. To favor the detection of any putative change in extracellular glutamate associated with LTP, our experimental strategy included the following features. 1) Two separate series of experiments were carried out with animals under pentobarbital or urethan anesthesia; 2) changes in extracellular concentration of glutamate were monitored continuously by microdialysis coupled to enzyme amperometry; and 3) dialysate glutamate levels and changes in the slope of excitatory postsynaptic potential evoked by activation of the perforant path were recorded precisely at the same site. Tetanic stimulation of the perforant path increased persistently test-evoked responses in the dentate gyrus (by 19 and 14% in barbiturate and urethan group, respectively), but there was no glutamate change either during or after LTP induction and no indication of increased glutamate efflux when low-frequency stimulation was applied. The results do not rule out a possible contribution of enhanced glutamate exocytosis to LTP induction and/or maintenance because such a presynaptic change may not be detectable extracellularly. However, our findings and other data supporting the notion that neurotransmitter glutamate may hardly leak out of the synaptic cleft conflict with the hypothesis that LTP could also involve a broad synaptic spillover of glutamate. (+info)Assessment of the effect of amphotericin B on the vitality of Candida albicans. (5/447)
The processes involved in cell death are complex, and individual techniques measure specific fractions of the total population. The interaction of Candida albicans with amphotericin B was measured with fluorescent probes with different cellular affinities. These were used to provide qualitative and quantitative information of physiological parameters which contribute to fungal cell viability. SYBR Green I and 5,(6)-carboxyfluorescein were used to assess membrane integrity, and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol and 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide were used to evaluate alterations in membrane potential. The fluorescent indicators were compared with replication competency, the conventional indicator of viability. By using these tools, the evaluation of the response of C. albicans to amphotericin B time-kill curves delineated four categories which may represent a continuum between alive and dead. The data showed that replication competency (CFU per milliliter) as determined by conventional antifungal susceptibility techniques provided only an estimate of inhibition. Interpretation of fluorescent staining characteristics indicated that C. albicans cells which were replication incompetent after exposure to greater than 0.5 microgram of amphotericin B per ml still maintained degrees of physiological function. (+info)Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. (6/447)
Several fungal laccases have been compared for the oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin dimer, 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-1,3-diol (I), and a phenolic lignin model compound, phenol red, in the presence of the redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT) or violuric acid. The oxidation rates of dimer I by the laccases were in the following order: Trametes villosa laccase (TvL) > Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (PcL) > Botrytis cinerea laccase (BcL) > Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MtL) in the presence of either 1-HBT or violuric acid. The order is the same if the laccases are used at the same molar concentration or added to the same activity (with ABTS [2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] as a substrate). During the oxidation of dimer I, both 1-HBT and violuric acid were to some extent consumed. Their consumption rates also follow the above order of laccases, i.e., TvL > PcL > BcL > MtL. Violuric acid allowed TvL and PcL to oxidize dimer I much faster than 1-HBT, while BcL and violuric acid oxidized dimer I more slowly than BcL and 1-HBT. The oxidation rate of dimer I is dependent upon both kcat and the stability of the laccase. Both 1-HBT and violuric acid inactivated the laccases, violuric acid to a greater extent than 1-HBT. The presence of dimer I or phenol red in the reaction mixture slowed down this inactivation. The inactivation is mainly due to the reaction of the redox mediator free radical with the laccases. We did not find any relationship between the carbohydrate content of the laccases and their inactivation. When the redox potential of the laccases is in the range of 750 to 800 mV, i.e., above that of the redox mediator, it does not affect kcat and the oxidation rate of dimer I. (+info)Pharmacological evidence for a KATP channel in renin-secreting cells from rat kidney. (7/447)
1. Openers of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) increase and blockers decrease renin secretion. Here we report the effects of levcromakalim (LCRK, a channel opener) and glibenclamide (GBC, a blocker) on membrane potential, whole-cell current and the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration of renin-secreting cells (RSC). Studies were performed on afferent arterioles from the kidney of Na+-depleted rats. 2. As monitored with the fluorescent oxonol dye DiBAC4(3), LCRK (0.3 and 1 microM) induced a hyperpolarization of approximately 15 mV which was abolished by GBC (1 microM). 3. Whole-cell current-clamp experiments showed that RSC had a membrane potential of -61 +/- 1 mV (n = 16). LCRK (1 microM) induced a hyperpolarization of 9.9 +/- 0.2 mV (n = 16) which, in the majority of cells, decreased slowly with time. 4. Capacitance measurements showed a strong electrical coupling of the cells in the preparation. 5. At -60 mV, LCRK induced a hyperpolarizing current in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 152 +/- 31 nM and a maximum current of about 200 pA. 6. Application of GBC (1 microM) produced no effect; however, when applied after LCRK (300 nM), GBC inhibited the opener-induced hyperpolarizing current with an IC50 of 103 +/- 36 nM. 7. LCRK (0.3 and 1 microM) did not significantly affect the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration either at rest or after stimulation by angiotensin II. 8. The data show that LCRK induces a GBC-sensitive hyperpolarizing current in rat RSC. This current presumably originates from the activation of KATP channels which pharmacologically resemble those in vascular smooth muscle cells. The stimulatory effect of KATP channel opening on renin secretion is not mediated by a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. (+info)Preparation of barbiturate optical isomers and their effects on GABA(A) receptors. (8/447)
BACKGROUND: Barbiturate anesthetics are optically active and usually exist in two mirror-image enantiomeric forms. Their stereoselective effects in mammals are well known, but remarkably few data are available concerning their effects on anesthetic targets in vitro. This is in part because of the lack of availability of pure barbiturate enantiomers. Such in vitro data could be used to test the relevance of putative molecular targets. METHODS: A high-performance liquid chromatography technique using a permethylated beta-cyclodextrin column was used to separate the optical isomers of three barbiturates in preparative quantities. The effects of the isomers on GABA-induced currents in stably transfected mouse fibroblast cells were investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS: Highly purified optical isomers of hexobarbital, pentobarbital, and thiopental were prepared, and their effects were studied on a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor of defined subunit composition. For each of the three barbiturates, both enantiomers potentiated gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced currents at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, with the S-enantiomer being more potent than the R-enantiomer by a factor of between 1.7 and 3.5. The degree of stereoselectivity did not vary greatly with anesthetic concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The rank order and degree of stereoselectivity that we have observed for the enantiomers of hexobarbital, pentobarbital, and thiopental acting on the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor are entirely consistent with this receptor playing a central role in the anesthetic actions of barbiturates. (+info) Gas Poisoning Definition
Gas poisoning, also known as gas inhalation or inhalation injury, occurs when a person breathes in harmful substances that can damage their lungs and other organs. These substances can include chemicals, gases, or vapors released from various sources, such as industrial accidents, car accidents, or exposure to toxic substances in the home or workplace.
Types of Gas Poisoning
There are several types of gas poisoning, including:
1. Carbon monoxide poisoning: This occurs when a person breathes in carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that can be produced by faulty heating systems, generators, or other equipment. Carbon monoxide can bind to hemoglobin in the blood, preventing oxygen from reaching organs and tissues, and can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and even death.
2. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: This occurs when a person breathes in hydrogen sulfide gas, which is produced by sewage, manure, or other organic matter. Hydrogen sulfide can cause respiratory problems, eye irritation, and can even cause death at high concentrations.
3. Nitrogen dioxide poisoning: This occurs when a person breathes in nitrogen dioxide gas, which is produced by combustion sources such as cars, factories, or fires. Nitrogen dioxide can irritate the lungs and cause respiratory problems, and long-term exposure has been linked to lung disease.
4. Phosgene poisoning: This occurs when a person breathes in phosgene gas, which was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. Phosgene can cause respiratory failure and death at high concentrations.
Symptoms of Gas Poisoning
The symptoms of gas poisoning can vary depending on the type of gas and the level of exposure, but may include:
1. Respiratory problems: Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness.
2. Headaches and dizziness.
3. Eye irritation and tearing.
4. Nausea and vomiting.
5. Skin irritation and rashes.
6. Weakness and fatigue.
7. Seizures or convulsions.
8. Unconsciousness or coma.
Treatment of Gas Poisoning
The treatment of gas poisoning depends on the type of gas and the severity of exposure, but may include:
1. Oxygen therapy: Providing oxygen to the person through a mask or nasal tubes can help to overcome the effects of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) caused by the gas.
2. Decontamination: Removing the person from the source of the gas and washing off any contaminated clothing or skin can help to prevent further exposure.
3. Medications: Antidotes, such as atropine for organophosphate poisoning or hydroxocobalamin for cyanide poisoning, may be administered to counteract the effects of the gas.
4. Supportive care: Providing fluids, oxygen, and other supportive care as needed can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
5. Monitoring: Closely monitoring the person's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, is important to ensure that their condition does not deteriorate.
Prevention of Gas Poisoning
Preventing gas poisoning requires awareness and preparedness when working with or around potentially hazardous gases. Some measures for prevention include:
1. Proper ventilation: Ensuring that the area is well-ventilated can help to reduce the concentration of gases in the air.
2. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Wearing appropriate PPE, such as gloves, masks, and safety glasses, can prevent skin contact and inhalation of gases.
3. Safe handling and storage: Following proper procedures for handling and storing chemicals can help to prevent spills or leaks that could lead to gas poisoning.
4. Training and education: Providing workers with information about the hazards of the gases they work with and training them on safe handling and emergency procedures can help to prevent accidents.
5. Regular monitoring: Regularly monitoring the levels of gases in the air and taking action when necessary can help to prevent gas poisoning.
Treatment of Gas Poisoning
The treatment of gas poisoning depends on the type of gas and the severity of symptoms. Some general measures for treating gas poisoning include:
1. Fresh air: Moving the person to an area with fresh air can help to reduce their exposure to the gas and relieve symptoms.
2. Oxygen therapy: Providing oxygen through a mask or nasal tubes can help to increase oxygen levels in the blood and improve respiratory function.
3. Supportive care: Providing supportive care, such as fluid replacement, nutritional support, and pain management, can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
4. Decontamination: Removing contaminated clothing and washing the person's skin can help to reduce their exposure to the gas.
5. Medication: In severe cases of gas poisoning, medications such as anticholinergics or opioids may be used to manage symptoms.
6. Hospitalization: People with severe gas poisoning may need to be hospitalized for further treatment and monitoring.
Prevention of Gas Poisoning
Preventing gas poisoning requires a combination of measures, including:
1. Proper ventilation: Ensuring that there is proper ventilation in workplaces and homes can help to reduce exposure to gases.
2. Safety procedures: Following safety procedures, such as wearing protective equipment and using warning signs, can help to prevent accidents.
3. Regular maintenance: Regularly maintaining gas appliances and equipment can help to prevent leaks and other hazards.
4. Emergency planning: Having an emergency plan in place can help to ensure that people know what to do in the event of a gas leak or other accident.
5. Public education: Educating the public about the dangers of gases and how to prevent exposure can help to reduce the risk of gas poisoning.
Conclusion
Gas poisoning is a serious health hazard that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe illness and death. Preventing gas poisoning requires a combination of measures, including proper ventilation, safety procedures, regular maintenance, emergency planning, and public education. If you suspect that you or someone else has been exposed to a gas, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.
Barbiturate
The name barbiturate originates from the fact that they are all chemical derivatives of barbituric acid. Barbiturates, such as ... Barbiturates are a group of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants. Barbiturates are effective as anxiolytics, ... The final class of barbiturates are known as long-acting barbiturates (the most notable one being phenobarbital, which has a ... An additional interesting effect of barbiturates is direct gating of the channels, i.e., the barbiturates may open the channel ...
Barbiturate overdose
... is poisoning due to excessive doses of barbiturates. Symptoms typically include difficulty thinking, poor ... While once a common cause of overdose, barbiturates are now a rare cause. Barbiturates increase the time that the chloride pore ... Barbiturate overdose may occur by accident or purposefully in an attempt to cause death. The toxic effects are additive to ... The effects of barbiturates occur via the GABA neurotransmitter. Exposure may be verified by testing the urine or blood. ...
Barbiturate dependence
... develops with regular use of barbiturates. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the ... The patients will then have a strong desire to take any barbiturate-like drug. The chronic use of barbiturates leads to ... People who use barbiturates tend to prefer rapid-acting barbiturates (amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital) rather than ... The management of a physical dependence on barbiturates is stabilisation on the long-acting barbiturate phenobarbital followed ...
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
In 2013 the barbiturates phenobarbital and butabarbital are still used as sedatives in certain cases as well as to antagonize ... Although barbiturates fell out of favor, they continue to serve as a short-acting anesthetic and anti-epileptic drugs. ... Barbiturates were introduced as hypnotics for patients with schizophrenia. It induced a state of deep and prolonged sleep. But ... Barbiturates were synthesized in 1864 by Adolf von Baeyer by combining urea and malonic acid (Figure 5). A synthesis process ...
Truth serum
The barbiturates, by disrupting defensive patterns, may sometimes be helpful in interrogation, but even under the best ... "Barbiturates". Encyclopedia of Surgery. Retrieved 4 January 2017. Winter, Alison (2012). Memory fragments of a modern history. ... India's Central Bureau of Investigation has used intravenous barbiturates for interrogation, often in high-profile cases. One ... and various short and ultra-short acting barbiturates, including sodium thiopental (commonly known by the brand name Pentothal ...
List of German inventions and discoveries
"Barbiturates". Retrieved 31 October 2007. "Cooperative Research - Formula for Success". BASF. Retrieved 31 January 2020. Figoni ... First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by Bayer under the name "Veronal" in 1903 1865: Synthetic ...
Hypnotic
Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid. The principal mechanism of action of barbiturates is believed to be positive ... Barbiturates emerged as the first class of drugs in the early 1900s, after which chemical substitution allowed derivative ... Barbiturates have now largely been replaced by benzodiazepines in routine medical practice - such as in the treatment of ... "Barbiturates". Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-10-31. Whitlock FA (June 1975). "Suicide in Brisbane, ...
Thiotetrabarbital
Barbiturate Macdonald F (1997). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. p. 1964. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. Retrieved 22 ... Thiotetrabarbital (INN; Thionarcex) is a drug which is a short-acting barbiturate derivative that is used as an anesthetic. It ... doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00758-6. "Newer barbiturates". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 27 (8): 418-419. 1955. doi:10.1093/bja ... Westhorpe RN, Ball C (December 2002). "The intravenous barbiturates". International Congress Series. 1242: 57-69. ...
Dille-Koppanyi reagent
Dille, J. M.; Koppanyi, T. (1934). "Studies on barbiturates. III. Chemical assay of barbiturates". Journal of the American ... The Dille-Koppanyi reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of ... Koppanyi, T.; Dille, J. M.; Murphy, W. S.; Krop, S. (1934). "Studies on barbiturates. II. Contributions to methods of barbital ... amobarbital and secobarbital light purple by complexation of cobalt with the barbiturate nitrogens. The test, in a slightly ...
Euthanasia solution
In Belgium, barbiturates and neuromuscular relaxants have been increasingly used in the past two decades and this combination ... Moreover, since barbiturates can depress the brain's respiratory centre and cardiac centre which controls breathing and the ... Barbiturates (e.g. Pentobarbital and Sodium Thiopental) are general anaesthetics. They attach to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA ... The drugs may involve barbiturate(e.g. sodium thiopental or midazolam). Then, paralyzing agents would be injected to paralyze ...
Eileen Brooke
with G. C. Tooth) "More and More Barbiturates" Medicine, Science and the Law, 1964. (with M. M. Glatt) "Problems in determining ... Brooke, Eileen M.; Glatt, M. M. (October 1964). "More and More Barbiturates". Medicine, Science and the Law. 4 (4): 277-282. ...
Substance-induced psychosis
F13.5 sedatives/hypnotics (barbiturates; benzodiazepines): It is also important to this topic to understand the paradoxical ... Sarrecchia C, Sordillo P, Conte G, Rocchi G (1998). "[Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a ...
Phenprobamate
Overdose is similar to barbiturates. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to meprobamate. Phenprobamate has been used in ...
Margaret Sullavan
The death was ruled an accidental overdose of barbiturates. Sullavan was born in 1909 Norfolk, Virginia, the daughter of a ... "Sullavan Death Laid to Barbiturates". Reading Eagle. January 5, 1960. Retrieved February 25, 2013. "SULLAVAN DEATH HELD ... and no conclusion was reached as to whether her death was the result of a deliberate or an accidental overdose of barbiturates ... Barbiturates-related deaths, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players, Actors from Norfolk, Virginia, People from Norfolk, Virginia ...
Drug test
Erowid Barbiturates Vault : Drug Testing. Erowid.org. Retrieved on August 7, 2011. Erowid Cannabis (Marijuana) Vault : Drug ... Dille-Koppanyi reagent uses two chemical solutions which turns a violet-blue color in the presence of barbiturates. Duquenois- ... barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants. Results are given in 10-15 min. Similar screenings may be used to evaluate the ...
Γ-Aminobutyric acid
j) Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM (May 1986). "Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like ... Löscher, W.; Rogawski, M. A. (2012). "How theories evolved concerning the mechanism of action of barbiturates". Epilepsia. 53: ... Vanlersberghe, C; Camu, F (2008). Etomidate and other non-barbiturates. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. ...
Etomidate
Vanlersberghe, C; Camu, F (2008). Etomidate and other non-barbiturates. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. ...
ORG-21465
Vanlersberghe C, Camu F (2008). "Etomidate and other non-barbiturates". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 182 (182): 267- ...
Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II
A sergeant ... mixed barbiturates into their coffee. Soon, all of the prisoners fell into a deep, coma-like sleep. It was in ...
Phenobarbital
Acute intermittent porphyria, hypersensitivity to any barbiturate, prior dependence on barbiturates, severe respiratory ... It is one of the longest-acting barbiturates available - it remains in the body for a very long time (half-life of two to seven ... The first barbiturate drug, barbital, was synthesized in 1902 by German chemists Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering and was ... Barbiturate drugs are obtained via condensation reactions between a derivative of diethyl malonate and urea in the presence of ...
Induced coma
... often a barbiturate such as pentobarbital or thiopental. Barbiturate comas are used to protect the brain during major ... Barbiturates reduce the metabolic rate of brain tissue, as well as the cerebral blood flow. With these reductions, the blood ... When barbiturates are given to brain injured patients for induced coma, they act by reducing the electrical activity of the ... "Use of barbiturates in the control of intracranial hypertension". Journal of Neurotrauma. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 17 (6-7): 527- ...
Alberto Greco
Grecos cause of death was an overdose of barbiturates. Barbiturates are a type of antidepressant prescribed for sleeping ... "Barbiturate Abuse". WebMD. Retrieved 2019-12-04. (Articles with minor POV problems from December 2019, All articles with minor ... While dying, Greco wrote down all of the feelings he was experiencing while on barbiturates. Before losing feeling in his body ...
Sleep
... barbiturates, which have the same problem; melatonin, a component of the circadian clock, and released naturally at night by ...
Traumatic brain injury
Roberts I, Sydenham E (December 2012). "Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic ... Other topics of research have included investigations into mannitol, dexamethasone, progesterone, xenon, barbiturates, ...
Murray Garsson
Josephson prescribed barbiturates for Garsson. On March 7, 1957, Garsson was found unconscious at the foot of a staircase in ...
Sodium thiopental
... effects of barbiturates. The GABAA receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates enhance ... Barbiturates decrease both higher cortical brain function and inhibition. It is hypothesized that because lying is a more ... Sodium thiopental is a member of the barbiturate class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an ... Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia ...
Porphyria
Barbiturates including thiopental, phenobarbital, primidone, etc. Systemic treatment with antifungals including fluconazole, ... Treatment can be problematic: barbiturates especially must be avoided. Some benzodiazepines are safe and, when used in ...
Self-surgery
For anesthesia, he took oral barbiturates. He also took hydrocortisone and prepared a canister of vaporized adrenalin, readying ...
Harris Isbell
1950) did a controlled experiment (no other drugs involved, and proper nutrition) on the effects of chronic barbiturate ... Isbell H, Altschul S, Kornetsky CH, Eisenman AJ, Flanary HG, Fraser HF (1950). "Chronic Barbiturate Intoxication. An ... Among their experimental results were the qualitative and quantitative documentation of physical dependence on barbiturates, ... Upon abrupt withdrawal of barbiturates, initial symptoms included tremor, anxiety, weakness, and vomiting, followed by ...
Pharmaceutical industry
THE barbiturates, introduced into medicine by E. Fischer and J. von Mering1 in 1903, are certainly among the most widely used ... López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C (December 2005). "The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction ... The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines ... When it was later discovered that benzodiazepines, like barbiturates, significantly lose their effectiveness and can have ...
DailyMed - Search Results for Barbiturates
Due to inconsistencies between the drug labels on DailyMed and the pill images provided by RxImage, we no longer display the RxImage pill images associated with drug labels. We anticipate reposting the images once we are able identify and filter out images that do not match the information provided in the drug labels. ...
Barbiturate intoxication and overdose: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
A barbiturate overdose occurs when someone takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medicine. This can be by ... Barbiturates are drugs that cause relaxation and sleepiness. ... usually alcohol and barbiturates, or barbiturates and opiates ... Barbiturates are drugs that cause relaxation and sleepiness. A barbiturate overdose occurs when someone takes more than the ... About 1 in 10 people who overdose on barbiturates or a mixture that contains barbiturates will die. They usually die from heart ...
Browsing by Subject "Barbiturates"
Barbiturates are classified in three main groups: ultra-short-acting barbiturates used as ... ... Assesses data on 31 barbiturates in order to determine which of these substances should be recommended for international ... Critical review of information on 31 uncontrolled barbiturates for consideration of the 23rd Expert Committee on Drug ... Critical review of information on six uncontrolled non-barbiturate sedative hypnotic drugs, secobarbital and controlled ...
Barbiturates - PubMed
Barbiturates are structurally related compounds with sedative and hypnotic activities, some of which (phenobarbital and ... On the history of barbiturates]. Norn S, Permin H, Kruse E, Kruse PR. Norn S, et al. Dan Medicinhist Arbog. 2015;43:133-51. Dan ... Barbiturates No authors listed In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. ... Barbiturates. Hypnotics and sedatives. In, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilmans the pharmacological ...
Barbiturate: Drogenprofil | www.emcdda.europa.eu
Barbiturate: Drogenprofil Chemie Physische Form Pharmakologie Synthese Anwendung Andere Namen ... Zwölf Barbiturate stehen unter internationaler Kontrolle.. Chemie. Die pharmakologisch wirksamen Barbiturate bauen auf ... Tabelle 1: Barbiturate unter internationaler Kontrolle. Name. Chemische. Bezeichnung. Chemische. Formel. CAS-Nr.. ... Barbiturate wirken, indem sie durch Binden an eine Position des GABAA-Rezeptor/Chlorid-Kanals die Wirkung von GABA) verstärken ...
Sedative, Hypnotic, Anxiolytic Use Disorders Medication: Benzodiazepines, Benzodiazepine antagonist, Barbiturates,...
Barbiturates. Class Summary. These agents are used in some cases to facilitate smooth withdrawals in patients with ... Barbiturates for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A systematic review of clinical trials. J Crit Care. 2016 Apr. ... López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C. The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction. Neuropsychiatr ... Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that interferes with transmission of impulses from the thalamus to the cortex. It ...
Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Maternal Deaths Associated
with Barbiturate Anesthetics -- New York City
Short-acting barbiturates have an important place in the practice of anesthesiology. They are the IV anesthetics of choice for ... Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Maternal Deaths Associated with Barbiturate Anesthetics -- New York City While reviewing ... In 21 cases, short-acting barbiturates were used (Brevital in 16, Pentothal in three, Surital in one, and unspecified ... barbiturates. However, based on available information, a drug-specific mortality rate could not be estimated, nor could a ...
Barbiturates - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf
In contrast, the other conventional sedative barbiturates have not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy and ... Barbiturates are structurally related compounds with sedative and hypnotic activities, some of which (phenobarbital and ... clinically apparent acute liver injury due to the sedative barbiturates is extremely rare, if it occurs at all. ... On the history of barbiturates].[Dan Medicinhist Arbog. 2015]. [On the history of barbiturates].. Norn S, Permin H, Kruse E, ...
Barbiturates | Home Health UK
Find out everything you need to know about Barbiturates. Read about the withdrawal symptoms, overdose risk, and alternative ... How are barbiturates taken?. Barbiturates are usually swallowed but sometimes barbiturates are injected and this can be ... What are the long-term effects of taking barbiturates?. Barbiturates are highly addictive and there is a serious risk of ... What are barbiturates?. Barbiturates are primarily hypnotic drugs, they are like tranquillisers in that they work by depressing ...
Barbiturate Addictions: Signs, Effects, & Treatment - Drug Rehab Options
Although barbiturates are prescription drugs, they can lead to physiological dependence and addiction, but treatment is ... How to find help for barbiturate addiction.. What Are Barbiturates?. Barbiturates are sedative drugs once widely prescribed for ... Dangers of Barbiturate Abuse. Misuse of barbiturates can be dangerous and result in overdose, which can be fatal.1 Overdose ... Signs of Barbiturate Addiction. Addiction to barbiturates is classified as a sedative use disorder in the Diagnostic and ...
Barbiturates decrease voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in dissociated cell culture. | Molecular...
Barbiturates have been shown to reduce presynaptic release of neurotransmitter. It is likely that barbiturates alter ... Barbiturates decrease voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in dissociated cell culture.. M A Werz and R L ... Barbiturates decrease voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in dissociated cell culture.. M A Werz and R L ... Barbiturates decrease voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in dissociated cell culture.. M A Werz and R L ...
Drug Test Kits | Fast, Reliable Results | CLIAwaived | Shop By Panels: 10 panel; Shop By Drug Tests: Barbiturates (BAR); Shop...
Subjects: Barbiturates -- therapeutic use - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Start Over You searched for: Subjects Barbiturates -- therapeutic use ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Barbiturates -- therapeutic ... Barbiturates -- therapeutic use. Conversion Disorder -- drug therapy. Hysteria -- drug therapy. Narcotherapy 2. Combat ... Barbiturates -- therapeutic use. Combat Disorders -- psychology. Combat Disorders -- rehabilitation. Fatigue -- diagnosis. ...
barbiturates | Redwood's Medical Edge
barbiturates Should the Blacklist be Blacklisted?. November 14, 2013. July 21, 2016. / Jordyn Redwood / 1 Comment ... The effects of an OD of barbiturates is a decrease in breathing or breathing cessation but the airway is not obstructed. To " ... "Shes been given a lethal cocktail of the same barbiturates she used to drug her children. I have the antitode." ... First of all- what are the barbiturates? These would be drugs like amytal sodium (AKA a supposed truth serum drug), ...
Monoclonal Antibody to Barbiturates(BAR)
barbiturates vs benzodiazepines Archives | Peacefulendings
Interactions Between Travel Vaccines & Drugs | CDC Yellow Book 2024
Barbiturates-drug-test | Premier Drug & DNA
Barbiturates. What are Barbiturates?. Barbiturates are depressants that produce a wide spectrum of central nervous system ... Testing for Barbiturates. A drug test for barbiturates is not included in the standard 5-panel drug test primarily used by ... Premier Drug and DNA Testing, LLC can perform a hair test for Barbiturates, urine test for Barbiturates, or nail test for ... Barbiturates are classified as: Ultrashort, Short, Intermediate, and Long-acting.. What is their Origin?. Barbiturates were ...
Urine Barbiturates Reagent 1/Kt - Advacare Inc
Barbiturates, side effects, getting clean… - Suboxone Talk
DailyMed - Search Results for Barbiturate
Due to inconsistencies between the drug labels on DailyMed and the pill images provided by RxImage, we no longer display the RxImage pill images associated with drug labels. We anticipate reposting the images once we are able identify and filter out images that do not match the information provided in the drug labels. ...
BAR) Barbiturates Test (Cassette) GBR-3410 - goldenbiotechnologies.com
Substance Abuse Panel 5, with Confirmation, Barbiturates | Quest
Barbiturates mechanism of action, features and effects - ScienceAsker
Barbiturates are a group of drugs that are derived from barbituric acid. These drugs act on the central nervous system as ... Barbiturate toxicity. Barbiturates are drugs that can be toxic through different mechanisms. The main ones are:. administered ... Barbiturates vs benzodiazepines. The image of barbiturates as tools of pharmacotherapy has changed radically due to the ... Home/Psychology/Barbiturates: features, mechanism of action and effects. AnxietyPsychology Barbiturates: features, mechanism of ...
Secbutabarbital
-
Anti-anxiety Agents, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Barbiturates, ATC:N05CA
What receptor can bind benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and et… | Quiz Lookup
Orange County Barbiturates Detox | Detox Orange County, CA - True Life Recovery
Our barbiturates detox program is located in Orange County, CA. We have created a very safe, clinical, & comfortable treatment ... Heavy users of barbiturates face dangerous levels of withdrawal symptoms and should only attempt a barbiturate detox under ... Do not attempt to quit using barbiturates "cold turkey" if you are a heavy user of barbiturates and have become addicted to a ... Some of those factors include the type of barbiturate used, the length of time and amount of barbiturates used, the age and ...
Barbiturates, Specifics, Addiction, Effects of Abuse, Overdose, Withdrawal & Treatment - Top Rated Addiction Treatment
Barbiturates are a class of drugs developed from barbituric acid. This acid has no medicinal value on its own, but drugs... ... Effects of Barbiturate Abuse. What Are Barbiturates? Barbiturates are common drugs of abuse; as a result, many physicians ... What Do Barbiturates Look Like?. What Are Barbiturates? There are different kinds of barbiturates. These drugs can be injected ... Are Barbiturates Addictive?. What Are Barbiturates? Barbiturates are considered to have a high potential for abuse and ...
DepressantsBenzodiazepinesAnestheticOverdoseSeconalAddictiveSleepinessPentobarbitalAnticonvulsantsDepressant drugsPhenobarbitalSedationAddictionIntoxicationDosesWithdrawalReceptorsAntagonistIllicit drugsAnxietyGABADerived from barbituric acidHypnoticsNeurotransmitterOpiatesButabarbitalComaInfluxAnesthesiaDetoxificationInjectionToxicity1900sSedativesDevelopsUrineLargely replacedDrugsIndicationsDecreaseToleranceNeuronsPentothalSerumMisuseConcludePillMildEffectsPrimarilyInhibitionsAbuseSubstancesDevilsPracticeIncludeBind
Depressants9
- Barbiturates are a family of compounds that have sedative and hypnotic activities and act as nonselective central nervous system (CNS) depressants. (nih.gov)
- Barbiturates are depressants or downers. (homehealth-uk.com)
- As CNS depressants, barbiturates affect the brain by increasing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a chemical that inhibits CNS stimulation and nerve impulses. (rehabs.com)
- Barbiturates are depressants that produce a wide spectrum of central nervous system depression from mild sedation to coma. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
- Barbiturates are Schedule II, III, and IV depressants under the Controlled Substances Act. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
- In this sense, barbiturates act as nonspecific depressants of the central nervous system, producing effects at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. (scienceasker.com)
- In this case, barbiturates act as antagonists of AMPA and kainate receptors selectively, and also act as depressants, reducing glutamate excitability. (scienceasker.com)
- Barbiturates are depressants, as they depress the central nervous system and lower heart rate and blood pressure. (trueliferecovery.com)
- These symptoms can occur even with legitimate medical use, and as depressants, barbiturates can also slow a person's breathing and heart rate. (welevelupca.com)
Benzodiazepines3
- Though effective for managing seizures and pre-operative anxiety, prescriptions for and use of barbiturates has significantly declined, due in part to the increased risk of overdose compared to benzodiazepines. (rehabs.com)
- In fact, in recent years barbiturates have been displaced in the treatment of conditions such as anxiety and insomnia due to benzodiazepines, since the latter are safer drugs with higher rates of effectiveness. (scienceasker.com)
- On the other hand, radiological studies in which GABA and barbiturate-labeled benzodiazepines are co-administered have shown that they enhance binding to the GABA receptor. (scienceasker.com)
Anesthetic5
- While reviewing pregnancy-related deaths in New York City since 1980, the New York City Bureau of Maternity Services and Family Planning noted that seven deaths were associated with the administration of an ultrashort-acting barbiturate anesthetic (Brevital) for termination of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
- 1,2 Sedative-hypnotic drugs like barbiturates may be prescribed to treat seizures or used as an anesthetic. (rehabs.com)
- Barbiturates are primarily used these days as a hospital anesthetic for emergencies and to prevent seizures for those with epilepsy. (trueliferecovery.com)
- We have studied the ability of alphaxalone (an anesthetic steroid) and pentobarbital (an anesthetic barbiturate) to directly activate recombinant GABA A receptors containing the α1, β2, and γ2L subunits. (jneurosci.org)
- We are interested in defining the sites on the GABA A receptor that are involved in direct gating by anesthetics, and we have initiated studies of channel activation by alphaxalone (an anesthetic steroid analog) and pentobarbital (an anesthetic barbiturate). (jneurosci.org)
Overdose3
- A barbiturate overdose occurs when someone takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
- About 1 in 10 people who overdose on barbiturates or a mixture that contains barbiturates will die. (medlineplus.gov)
- Barbiturates are highly addictive and there is a serious risk of overdose. (homehealth-uk.com)
Seconal1
- Those who abuse barbiturates tend to opt for short-acting or intermediate pills, such as Seconal and Amytal. (welevelupca.com)
Addictive1
- Barbiturates are addictive. (medlineplus.gov)
Sleepiness2
- Barbiturates are drugs that cause relaxation and sleepiness. (medlineplus.gov)
- Barbiturates slow down the central nervous system and cause sleepiness. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
Pentobarbital2
- Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that interferes with transmission of impulses from the thalamus to the cortex. (medscape.com)
- Dorsal root ganglion neuron action potentials have a calcium-dependent component which is decreased by the barbiturates, pentobarbital (50-500 microM) and phenobarbital (500-2000 microM). (aspetjournals.org)
Anticonvulsants2
- Barbiturates are structurally related compounds with sedative and hypnotic activities, some of which (phenobarbital and mephobarital) are also used as anticonvulsants. (nih.gov)
- Although the main action of barbiturates is sedation, these drugs are also used as anxiolytics, hypnotics and anticonvulsants, as they are able to perform these effects at the brain level. (scienceasker.com)
Depressant drugs2
- Barbiturates are depressant drugs that can produce a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) depression, from mild drowsiness to complete sedation, to inducing a coma. (rehabs.com)
- Barbiturates are depressant drugs that slow down the central nervous system (CNS), and they are commonly used to treat issues like anxiety , headaches, insomnia, and seizures. (welevelupca.com)
Phenobarbital1
- Currently, barbiturates are marketed through pentothal, which is used to induce anesthesia, and by the name of phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant drug. (scienceasker.com)
Sedation3
- Barbiturates have certain effects that make them desirable, including relief from anxiety, sedation, and mild euphoria. (rehabs.com)
- The action of barbiturates on the central nervous system can cause anything from mild sedation to total anesthesia. (scienceasker.com)
- There is a wide spectrum of barbiturates, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the effects of the different drugs can range from mild sedation to coma. (welevelupca.com)
Addiction10
- Barbiturate use is a major addiction problem for many people. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although barbiturates are prescription drugs, they can lead to physiological dependence and addiction, and have other potential long-term side effects. (rehabs.com)
- Professional treatment is available if you or someone you love is struggling with barbiturate addiction. (rehabs.com)
- What addiction to barbiturates is like. (rehabs.com)
- How to find help for barbiturate addiction. (rehabs.com)
- 1,4 Misusing any central nervous system depressant, including barbiturates, can lead to physiological dependence and addiction. (rehabs.com)
- Addiction to barbiturates is classified as a sedative use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). (rehabs.com)
- However, both drugs have remained out of use today due to the high addiction produced by their consumption and the limited range of beneficial effects that barbiturates have. (scienceasker.com)
- Barbiturate use or abuse for longer than a month by any individual may lead to drug addiction both physically and psychologically. (trueliferecovery.com)
- Barbiturates are considered to have a high potential for abuse and addiction. (welevelupca.com)
Intoxication1
- The effects of intoxication from barbiturates can vary widely and are influenced by various individual factors, including the dose taken. (rehabs.com)
Doses2
- At fairly low doses, barbiturates may make you seem drunk or intoxicated. (medlineplus.gov)
- Large doses of some barbiturates during pregnancy have been associated with congenital malformations. (homehealth-uk.com)
Withdrawal5
- When given chronically, the barbiturates can cause psychological and physical dependence and their withdrawal can be associated with agitation, irritability, confusion, insomnia, and vivid dreams. (nih.gov)
- Barbiturate withdrawal is very dangerous- much more dangerous than opiate withdrawal. (suboxonetalk.com)
- Heavy users of barbiturates face dangerous levels of withdrawal symptoms and should only attempt a barbiturate detox under supervision. (trueliferecovery.com)
- Detox treatment of barbiturate withdrawal is an extended process and should be monitored closely to avoid neurological problems, or damage to nerve cells, potential physical injuries during convulsions as well as coma or death. (trueliferecovery.com)
- When someone develops a physical dependence on barbiturates, they will usually exhibit obvious side effects and if the drug is discontinued, they will begin to experience withdrawal symptoms. (trueliferecovery.com)
Receptors2
- Butalbital is a 'barbiturate', and works completely independently of opiate receptors. (suboxonetalk.com)
- When coupled to these receptors, barbiturates produce an influx of calcium that hyperpolarizes the neuron and blocks the nerve impulse. (scienceasker.com)
Antagonist1
- Fluamecenil, a competitive benzodiazepine antagonist drug, does not exhibit antagonist activity against barbiturates. (scienceasker.com)
Illicit drugs1
- Barbiturates are generally abused to reduce anxiety, decrease inhibitions, and treat unwanted effects of illicit drugs. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
Anxiety3
- In small quantities barbiturates provide relief from insomnia, anxiety and tension, they might make the user appear drunk. (homehealth-uk.com)
- Teens or adult addicts may use a barbiturate to reduce the anxiety or amped up feeling of meth, cocaine or amphetamines. (trueliferecovery.com)
- However, some people continue to experience emotional and psychological symptoms like anxiety and depression for weeks or even months after they stop using barbiturates. (trueliferecovery.com)
GABA6
- First, barbiturates stand out for binding to the gamma-aminobutyl (GABA) receptor, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. (scienceasker.com)
- Currently, the specific binding site of barbiturates on the GABA receptor is unknown. (scienceasker.com)
- We conclude that the sites for binding steroids and barbiturates do not overlap with the GABA-binding site. (jneurosci.org)
- In particular, steroids and barbiturates are each able to directly gate the GABA A receptor channel (in the absence of GABA), and they can also enhance the activation produced by low concentrations of GABA. (jneurosci.org)
- For the sites involved in potentiation, however, the steroid-binding site and the barbiturate-binding site are distinct from each other and are also distinct from the GABA-binding site ( Macdonald and Olsen, 1993 ). (jneurosci.org)
- These data indicate that steroids and barbiturates do not bind to the GABA-binding site when they directly gate the channel of the GABA A receptor. (jneurosci.org)
Derived from barbituric acid1
- Barbiturates are a family of drugs derived from barbituric acid, a substance first synthesized in 1864 by German chemist Adolf von Baeyer. (scienceasker.com)
Hypnotics2
- The barbiturates that are used as sedatives and hypnotics, in contrast, have not been linked to cases of acute or chronic liver injury and are discussed together below. (nih.gov)
- These and many other synthetic barbiturates were introduced into medical use in the United States in the early part of the 20th century as sedatives, hypnotics (short term treatment of insomnia) and preanesthetic agents. (nih.gov)
Neurotransmitter1
- Barbiturates have been shown to reduce presynaptic release of neurotransmitter. (aspetjournals.org)
Opiates1
- Most overdoses of this type of medicine involve a mixture of drugs, usually alcohol and barbiturates, or barbiturates and opiates such as heroin, oxycodone, or fentanyl. (medlineplus.gov)
Butabarbital1
- Butabarbital, a barbiturate, is used for the treatment of short term insomnia. (pharmacycode.com)
Coma1
- Because of the narrow therapeutic index taking a barbiturate street drug can cause coma or death if taken inappropriately. (trueliferecovery.com)
Influx1
- It is likely that barbiturates alter transmitter release by decreasing calcium entry since barbiturates decrease calcium influx into synaptosomes and reduce the maximal rate of rise and duration of calcium-dependent action potentials. (aspetjournals.org)
Anesthesia2
- Thus, a large percentage of deaths due to complications of general anesthesia was associated with the use of short-acting barbiturates. (cdc.gov)
- Likewise, barbiturates are characterized by causing analgesic effects in the body, although these effects tend to be weak and not very permanent, therefore, they are generally not used for the therapeutic purposes of anesthesia. (scienceasker.com)
Detoxification1
- What Is Barbiturates Abuse and Detoxification? (trueliferecovery.com)
Injection2
- If prepared for injection, barbiturates become class A drugs. (homehealth-uk.com)
- Intracellular injection of the potassium channel blocker, cesium, enhanced barbiturate actions. (aspetjournals.org)
Toxicity1
- This last assessment is important in justifying the significant increase in toxicity when the consumption of barbiturates is combined with other psychoactive substances. (scienceasker.com)
1900s3
- Commonly used in the 1900s, few barbiturates are used medically today. (rehabs.com)
- Barbiturates were first introduced for medical use in the 1900s, and today, few substances are in medical use. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
- Barbiturates have been in use for a long time relative to most medications today, as they were first introduced in the 1900s. (welevelupca.com)
Sedatives1
- Despite wide scale previous use, there is little evidence that the conventional barbiturates used as sedatives or preanesthetic agents can cause liver injury, either serum enzyme elevations during therapy or clinically apparent acute liver disease. (nih.gov)
Develops2
- Tolerance to the mood-altering effects of barbiturates develops rapidly with repeated use. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although tolerance to barbiturates develops rapidly, the gap between a safe (for a heavy user) and lethal dose is very narrow and so accidental overdoses are very common with these drugs. (homehealth-uk.com)
Urine1
- Barbiturates drug testing can be done with urine, hair or blood testing. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
Largely replaced1
- Benzodiazepine use has largely replaced barbiturates prescriptions in practice. (trueliferecovery.com)
Drugs9
- Barbiturates are primarily hypnotic drugs, they are like tranquillisers in that they work by depressing the nervous system. (homehealth-uk.com)
- Barbiturates used to be a regular feature on the drugs scene but nowadays are quite rare as very few are prescribed and they are not made illicitly. (homehealth-uk.com)
- Barbiturates are sedative drugs once widely prescribed for their anxiolytic, sleep-inducing, and anticonvulsant properties. (rehabs.com)
- Currently, there is notable controversy over the role of barbiturates as psychotherapeutic drugs. (scienceasker.com)
- Barbiturates are a class of drugs developed from barbituric acid. (welevelupca.com)
- Barbiturates range from Schedule II to Schedule IV drugs, and there are about 12 different types still in use. (welevelupca.com)
- Barbiturates are also one of the drugs most commonly used in suicide attempts. (welevelupca.com)
- Barbiturate abuse doesn't necessarily mean someone is addicted, but using these drugs recreationally increases the chances of becoming addicted. (welevelupca.com)
- While benzos are still drugs of abuse, they have slightly less abuse potential than barbiturates. (welevelupca.com)
Indications1
- Current indications for the barbiturates include short term treatment of insomnia and as a preanesthetic agent or sedative for a minor procedure or imaging study. (nih.gov)
Decrease2
- Barbiturates decrease voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in dissociated cell culture. (aspetjournals.org)
- The effects of an OD of barbiturates is a decrease in breathing or breathing cessation but the airway is not obstructed. (redwoodsmedicaledge.com)
Tolerance1
- Do not attempt to quit using barbiturates "cold turkey" if you are a heavy user of barbiturates and have become addicted to a high tolerance. (trueliferecovery.com)
Neurons2
- The mechanisms of barbiturate action on neuronal calcium entry have been studied using mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in cell culture. (aspetjournals.org)
- At the brain level, barbiturates are characterized by having several actions on their target cell, that is, on neurons. (scienceasker.com)
Pentothal1
- In 21 cases, short-acting barbiturates were used (Brevital in 16, Pentothal in three, Surital in one, and unspecified barbiturates in one). (cdc.gov)
Serum1
- In contrast, the other conventional sedative barbiturates have not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy and clinically apparent acute liver injury due to the sedative barbiturates is extremely rare, if it occurs at all. (nih.gov)
Misuse1
- According to an article published in the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, misuse of barbiturates often arises from attempts at self-medication by an individual. (welevelupca.com)
Conclude1
- We conclude that barbiturates reduce calcium conductance by enhancing calcium channel inactivation or by producing open channel block of calcium channels. (aspetjournals.org)
Pill4
- Barbiturates are abused by swallowing a pill or injecting a liquid form. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
- Barbiturates can be taken orally in liquid or pill form and can be injected intravenously. (trueliferecovery.com)
- Barbiturates can be injected into the veins or muscles, but they are usually taken in pill form. (welevelupca.com)
- The street names of commonly abused barbiturates describe the desired effect of the drug or the color and markings on the actual pill. (welevelupca.com)
Mild1
- The barbiturates can cause allergic reactions and skin rashes, which may be accompanied by mild liver injury. (nih.gov)
Effects5
- What are the immediate effects of taking barbiturates? (homehealth-uk.com)
- What are the long-term effects of taking barbiturates? (homehealth-uk.com)
- Long-term use of barbiturates effects. (rehabs.com)
- However, some common effects are experienced by most people when using barbiturates. (rehabs.com)
- Long-acting barbiturates can bring effects that last up to two days, but abuse rates for these variants are lower. (welevelupca.com)
Primarily1
- A drug test for barbiturates is not included in the standard 5-panel drug test primarily used by employers. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
Inhibitions1
- Some of the signs of barbiturate abuse can include elation, reduced inhibitions, impaired judgment, and changes in mood or emotion. (welevelupca.com)
Abuse2
- Most barbiturates are Schedule II controlled substances, indicating they have a high potential for abuse and dependence. (rehabs.com)
- Other signs of barbiturate abuse can include slurred speech and confusion. (welevelupca.com)
Substances3
- Evaluation de 31 barbituriques en vue de déterminer lesquelles de ces substances devraient être soumises à un contrôle international. (who.int)
- Assesses data on 31 barbiturates in order to determine which of these substances should be recommended for international control. (who.int)
- Barbiturates are fat-soluble substances that dissolve easily in body fat. (scienceasker.com)
Devils1
- Barbiturates are also known as barbs, barbies, red devils and sleepers. (homehealth-uk.com)
Practice1
- The barbiturates were introduced into medical practice in the early 20th century, used as a sleeping aid and in treatment of schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
Include1
- The five panel drug test does not include testing for barbiturates. (premierdrugdnatesting.com)
Bind1
- Whаt receptоr cаn bind benzоdiаzepines, barbiturates, and ethanоl? (quizlookup.com)
