Barbiturates. Medical search

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression.

An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.

A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.

A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.

Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

Process of preserving a dead body to protect it from decay.

A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)

An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. Adverse effects are reported to be more frequent than with PHENOBARBITAL. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p309)

The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.

A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)

Formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the Yugoslav section of the region of Macedonia. It was made a constituent republic in the 1946 constitution. It became independent on 8 February 1994 and was recognized as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United States Board on Geographic Names 16 February 1994.

A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.

A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.

A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.

Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations.

Messages between computer users via COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. This feature duplicates most of the features of paper mail, such as forwarding, multiple copies, and attachments of images and other file types, but with a speed advantage. The term also refers to an individual message sent in this way.

Mechanical food dispensing machines.

The guidelines and policy statements set forth by the editor(s) or editorial board of a publication.

The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production.

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.

A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.

Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.

An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.

The deliberate and methodical practice of finding new applications for existing drugs.

Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.

An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of ribose from uridine to orthophosphate, forming uracil and ribose 1-phosphate.

Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

An enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. This enzyme exists in two forms: an active phosphorylated form ( PHOSPHORYLASE A) and an inactive un-phosphorylated form (PHOSPHORYLASE B). Both a and b forms of phosphorylase exist as homodimers. In mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver and brain tissue.

An isoenzyme of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in liver tissue. Mutation of the gene coding this enzyme on chromosome 14 is the cause of GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VI.

Significance of acute cerebral swelling in patients with sylvian hematoma due to ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and its management. (1/447)

A retrospective study of 75 patients treated surgically for ruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm within 48 hours evaluated clinical grade at admission, secondary development and management of cerebral swelling associated with space-occupying hematoma, cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm, development of hydrocephalus, and clinical outcome. Clinical grade at admission was significantly better in patients without than in those with hematoma (p < 0.01). Twenty-seven patients with sylvian hematoma caused by ruptured MCA aneurysm often developed ipsilateral cerebral swelling in the early period after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Seventeen of these patients developed serious cerebral swelling and received barbiturate therapy. Nine of these 17 patients had good outcome, but six patients died of cerebral swelling. The incidence of hydrocephalus was significantly higher in patients with than in those without hematoma (p < 0.01). The incidence of infarction was more pronounced in patients with sylvian hematoma. Clinical outcome was significantly better in patients without than in those with sylvian hematoma (p < 0.01). Development of cerebral swelling in patients with sylvian hematoma due to ruptured MCA aneurysm has a significant effect on outcome, and improvements in management are required. (+info)

Surgical treatment of internal carotid artery anterior wall aneurysm with extravasation during angiography--case report. (2/447)

A 54-year-old female presented subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm arising from the anterior (dorsal) wall of the internal carotid artery (ICA). During four-vessel angiography, an extravasated saccular pooling of contrast medium emerged in the suprasellar area unrelated to any arterial branch. The saccular pooling was visualized in the arterial phase and cleared in the venophase during every contrast medium injection. We suspected that the extravasated pooling was surrounded by hard clot but communicated with the artery. Direct surgery was performed but major premature bleeding occurred during the microsurgical procedure. After temporary clipping, an opening of the anterior (dorsal) wall of the ICA was found without apparent aneurysm wall. The vessel wall was sutured with nylon thread. The total occlusion time of the ICA was about 50 minutes. Follow-up angiography demonstrated good patency of the ICA. About 2 years after the operation, the patient was able to walk with a stick and to communicate freely through speech, although left hemiparesis and left homonymous hemianopsia persisted. The outcome suggests our treatment strategy was not optimal, but suture of the ICA wall is one of the therapeutic choices when premature rupture occurs in the operation. (+info)

Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species by flow cytometry. (3/447)

The feasibility of flow cytometric antifungal susceptibility testing has been studied using the fluorescent anionic membrane potential probe, bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)]. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of amphotericin B was performed on 8 Candida isolates from clinical specimens and 2 ATCC strains by flow cytometry with the results compared to those of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M27-T, broth macrodilution method. The flow cytometric method is based on an increase of fluorescence given out by DiBAC4(3) in fungi when they are killed by antifungal agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B ranged from 0.25 to 1 microg/mL. All results agreed within +/-2 dilution between the flow cytometric method and the M27-T method. MIC with ATCC strains were within recommended ranges of M27-T. The new flow cytometric method revealed a clear and distinct reproducible test end point. A four hr of incubation was sufficient for the test. In conclusion, flow cytometry using DiBAC4(3) is a rapid and accurate in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing method. (+info)

Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus is not linked to increased extracellular glutamate concentration. (4/447)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory transmission is a likely candidate for the encoding and storage of information in the mammalian brain. There is a general agreement that LTP involves an increase in synaptic strength, but the mechanisms underlying this persistent change are unclear and controversial. Synaptic efficacy may be enhanced because more transmitter glutamate is released or because postsynaptic responsiveness increases or both. The purpose of this study was to examine whether increased extracellular glutamate concentration was associated with the robust and well-characterized LTP that can be induced in the rat dentate gyrus. To favor the detection of any putative change in extracellular glutamate associated with LTP, our experimental strategy included the following features. 1) Two separate series of experiments were carried out with animals under pentobarbital or urethan anesthesia; 2) changes in extracellular concentration of glutamate were monitored continuously by microdialysis coupled to enzyme amperometry; and 3) dialysate glutamate levels and changes in the slope of excitatory postsynaptic potential evoked by activation of the perforant path were recorded precisely at the same site. Tetanic stimulation of the perforant path increased persistently test-evoked responses in the dentate gyrus (by 19 and 14% in barbiturate and urethan group, respectively), but there was no glutamate change either during or after LTP induction and no indication of increased glutamate efflux when low-frequency stimulation was applied. The results do not rule out a possible contribution of enhanced glutamate exocytosis to LTP induction and/or maintenance because such a presynaptic change may not be detectable extracellularly. However, our findings and other data supporting the notion that neurotransmitter glutamate may hardly leak out of the synaptic cleft conflict with the hypothesis that LTP could also involve a broad synaptic spillover of glutamate. (+info)

Assessment of the effect of amphotericin B on the vitality of Candida albicans. (5/447)

The processes involved in cell death are complex, and individual techniques measure specific fractions of the total population. The interaction of Candida albicans with amphotericin B was measured with fluorescent probes with different cellular affinities. These were used to provide qualitative and quantitative information of physiological parameters which contribute to fungal cell viability. SYBR Green I and 5,(6)-carboxyfluorescein were used to assess membrane integrity, and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol and 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide were used to evaluate alterations in membrane potential. The fluorescent indicators were compared with replication competency, the conventional indicator of viability. By using these tools, the evaluation of the response of C. albicans to amphotericin B time-kill curves delineated four categories which may represent a continuum between alive and dead. The data showed that replication competency (CFU per milliliter) as determined by conventional antifungal susceptibility techniques provided only an estimate of inhibition. Interpretation of fluorescent staining characteristics indicated that C. albicans cells which were replication incompetent after exposure to greater than 0.5 microgram of amphotericin B per ml still maintained degrees of physiological function. (+info)

Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. (6/447)

Several fungal laccases have been compared for the oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin dimer, 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-1,3-diol (I), and a phenolic lignin model compound, phenol red, in the presence of the redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT) or violuric acid. The oxidation rates of dimer I by the laccases were in the following order: Trametes villosa laccase (TvL) > Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (PcL) > Botrytis cinerea laccase (BcL) > Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MtL) in the presence of either 1-HBT or violuric acid. The order is the same if the laccases are used at the same molar concentration or added to the same activity (with ABTS [2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] as a substrate). During the oxidation of dimer I, both 1-HBT and violuric acid were to some extent consumed. Their consumption rates also follow the above order of laccases, i.e., TvL > PcL > BcL > MtL. Violuric acid allowed TvL and PcL to oxidize dimer I much faster than 1-HBT, while BcL and violuric acid oxidized dimer I more slowly than BcL and 1-HBT. The oxidation rate of dimer I is dependent upon both kcat and the stability of the laccase. Both 1-HBT and violuric acid inactivated the laccases, violuric acid to a greater extent than 1-HBT. The presence of dimer I or phenol red in the reaction mixture slowed down this inactivation. The inactivation is mainly due to the reaction of the redox mediator free radical with the laccases. We did not find any relationship between the carbohydrate content of the laccases and their inactivation. When the redox potential of the laccases is in the range of 750 to 800 mV, i.e., above that of the redox mediator, it does not affect kcat and the oxidation rate of dimer I. (+info)

Pharmacological evidence for a KATP channel in renin-secreting cells from rat kidney. (7/447)

1. Openers of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) increase and blockers decrease renin secretion. Here we report the effects of levcromakalim (LCRK, a channel opener) and glibenclamide (GBC, a blocker) on membrane potential, whole-cell current and the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration of renin-secreting cells (RSC). Studies were performed on afferent arterioles from the kidney of Na+-depleted rats. 2. As monitored with the fluorescent oxonol dye DiBAC4(3), LCRK (0.3 and 1 microM) induced a hyperpolarization of approximately 15 mV which was abolished by GBC (1 microM). 3. Whole-cell current-clamp experiments showed that RSC had a membrane potential of -61 +/- 1 mV (n = 16). LCRK (1 microM) induced a hyperpolarization of 9.9 +/- 0.2 mV (n = 16) which, in the majority of cells, decreased slowly with time. 4. Capacitance measurements showed a strong electrical coupling of the cells in the preparation. 5. At -60 mV, LCRK induced a hyperpolarizing current in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 152 +/- 31 nM and a maximum current of about 200 pA. 6. Application of GBC (1 microM) produced no effect; however, when applied after LCRK (300 nM), GBC inhibited the opener-induced hyperpolarizing current with an IC50 of 103 +/- 36 nM. 7. LCRK (0.3 and 1 microM) did not significantly affect the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration either at rest or after stimulation by angiotensin II. 8. The data show that LCRK induces a GBC-sensitive hyperpolarizing current in rat RSC. This current presumably originates from the activation of KATP channels which pharmacologically resemble those in vascular smooth muscle cells. The stimulatory effect of KATP channel opening on renin secretion is not mediated by a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. (+info)

Preparation of barbiturate optical isomers and their effects on GABA(A) receptors. (8/447)

BACKGROUND: Barbiturate anesthetics are optically active and usually exist in two mirror-image enantiomeric forms. Their stereoselective effects in mammals are well known, but remarkably few data are available concerning their effects on anesthetic targets in vitro. This is in part because of the lack of availability of pure barbiturate enantiomers. Such in vitro data could be used to test the relevance of putative molecular targets. METHODS: A high-performance liquid chromatography technique using a permethylated beta-cyclodextrin column was used to separate the optical isomers of three barbiturates in preparative quantities. The effects of the isomers on GABA-induced currents in stably transfected mouse fibroblast cells were investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS: Highly purified optical isomers of hexobarbital, pentobarbital, and thiopental were prepared, and their effects were studied on a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor of defined subunit composition. For each of the three barbiturates, both enantiomers potentiated gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced currents at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, with the S-enantiomer being more potent than the R-enantiomer by a factor of between 1.7 and 3.5. The degree of stereoselectivity did not vary greatly with anesthetic concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The rank order and degree of stereoselectivity that we have observed for the enantiomers of hexobarbital, pentobarbital, and thiopental acting on the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor are entirely consistent with this receptor playing a central role in the anesthetic actions of barbiturates. (+info)

Barbiturates[edit]. Barbiturates' precise action sites have not yet been defined. The second and third transmembrane domains of ... Barbiturates[edit]. In 1903, the first psychoactive derivative of barbituric acid was synthesized and marketed for headaches. ... Barbiturates were synthesized in 1864 by Adolf von Baeyer by combining urea and malonic acid (Figure 5). A synthesis process ... Although barbiturates fell out of favor, they continue to serve as a short-acting anesthetic and anti-epileptic drugs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

Barbiturate testing kit[edit]. In 2009 Nitschke made a barbiturate testing kit available, initially launched in the UK,[80] ... On 22 May 2002, Crick, in the presence of over 20 friends and family (but not Nitschke), took a lethal dose of barbiturates, ... it contains video clips on assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia methods such as barbiturates, over the counter drugs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Nitschke

Barbiturates[edit]. Main article: Barbiturate. Barbiturates are effective in relieving the conditions that they are designed to ... Most people still using barbiturates today do so in the prevention of seizures or in mild form for relief from the symptoms of ... When, in the late 1950s, many thought that the social cost of barbiturates was beginning to outweigh the medical benefits, a ... However, they are much less toxic than their predecessors, the barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant

The most prevalent psychoactive substances in cannabis are cannabinoids, most notably THC. Some varieties, having undergone careful selection and growing techniques, can yield as much as 34% THC.[16] Another psychoactive cannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa is tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), but it is only found in small amounts and is a cannabinoid antagonist.[17] There are also similar compounds contained in cannabis that do not exhibit any psychoactive response but are obligatory for functionality: cannabidiol (CBD), an isomer of THC; cannabivarin (CBV), an analog of cannabinol (CBN) with a different side chain, cannabidivarin (CBDV), an analog of CBD with a different side chain, and cannabinolic acid. How these other compounds interact with THC is not fully understood. Some clinical studies have proposed that CBD acts as a balancing force to regulate the strength of the psychoactive agent THC. CBD is also believed to regulate the body's metabolism of THC by inactivating cytochrome P450, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_issues_and_the_effects_of_cannabis

Some religious groups permit the consumption of alcohol. Some permit consumption but prohibit intoxication, while others prohibit alcohol consumption altogether. Many Christian denominations such as Catholic, Orthodox, and Lutheran use wine as a part of the Eucharist and permit the drinking of alcohol but consider it sinful to become intoxicated. In the Bible, the Book of Proverbs contains several chapters dealing with the bad effects of drunkenness and warning to stay away from intoxicating beverages. The book of Leviticus tells of Nadab and Abihu, Aaron the Priest's eldest sons, who were killed for serving in the temple after drinking wine, presumably while intoxicated. The book continues to discuss monasticism where drinking wine is prohibited. The story of Samson in the Book of Judges tells of a monk from the tribe of Dan who is prohibited from cutting his hair and drinking wine.[46] Romans 13:13-14,[47] 1 Corinthians 6:9-11, Galatians 5:19-21,[48] and Ephesians 5:18[49] are among a number ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunkenness

Barbiturates (except phenobarbital) 1 day. up to 90 days. 1 to 2 days ... Dille-Koppanyi reagent uses two chemical solutions which turns a violet-blue color in the presence of barbiturates. Duquenois- ... Erowid Barbiturates Vault : Drug Testing. Erowid.org. Retrieved on August 7, 2011. ... barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants.[34] Results are given in 10-15 min. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test

Dille-Koppanyi reagent (barbiturates etc). *Ehrlich's reagent (indoles, etc). *Froehde reagent (opioids) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_detection_kit

Morgan, M; Lumley, Jean; Whitwam, J.G. (26 April 1975). "Etomidate, a New Water-Soluble Non-barbiturate Intravenous Induction ... a new non-barbiturate i.v. hypnotic]". Anaesthesist (in German). 22 (8): 353-66. ISSN 0003-2417. PMID 4584133. Archived from ... this new drug became the first commercially marketed barbiturate; it was used as a treatment for insomnia from 1903 until the ... "Sulfur-containing barbiturate hypnotics". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 57 (10): 1961-3. doi:10.1021/ja01313a062 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification produced by the World Health Organization. It is used in health care and related industries in several countries around the world. Some have gone on to develop their own national enhancements, building off the international version of the classification. The fifth chapter of ICD-10 contains the International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. It is actually the official mental health system for the US as well, but even many professionals do not realize this due to the dominance of the DSM.[1] WHO have made Chapter V available as two separate publications.[2] The Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (or "Blue Book") is for clinical and general educational use. The Diagnostic criteria for research (or "Green Book") is intended for research purposes, and to be used in conjunction with the guidelines within it. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_F

Moderate alcohol consumption 30-60 minutes before bedtime results in disruptions in sleep maintenance and sleep architecture that are mediated by blood alcohol levels.[2] Disruptions in sleep maintenance are most marked once alcohol has been completely metabolized from the body. Under conditions of moderate alcohol consumption where blood alcohol levels average 0.06-0.08% and decrease 0.01-0.02% per hour, an alcohol clearance rate of 4-5 hours would coincide with disruptions in sleep maintenance in the second half of an 8-hour sleep episode.[2] In terms of sleep architecture, moderate doses of alcohol facilitate "rebounds" in rapid eye movement (REM) and stage 1 sleep; following suppression in REM and stage 1 sleep in the first half of an 8-hour sleep episode, REM and stage 1 sleep increase well beyond baseline in the second half. Moderate doses of alcohol also increase slow wave sleep (SWS) in the first half of an 8-hour sleep episode.[2] Enhancements in REM sleep and SWS following moderate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep

In addition to ethanol and water, most alcoholic drinks also contain congeners, either as flavoring or as a by-product of fermentation and the wine aging process. While ethanol is by itself sufficient to produce most hangover effects, congeners may potentially aggravate hangover and other residual effects to some extent. Congeners include substances such as amines, amides, acetones, acetaldehydes, polyphenols, methanol, histamines, fusel oil, esters, furfural, and tannins, many but not all of which are toxic.[8] One study in mice indicates that fusel oil may have a mitigating effect on hangover symptoms,[19] while some whiskey congeners such as butanol protect the stomach against gastric mucosal damage in the rat.[20] Different types of alcoholic beverages contain different amounts of congeners. In general, dark liquors have a higher concentration while clear liquors have a lower concentration. Whereas vodka has virtually no more congeners than pure ethanol, bourbon has a total congener content ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover

Barbiturate. References[edit]. *^ Martin, J. R.; Godel, T.; Hunkeler, W.; Jenck, F.; Moreau, J.-L.; Sleight, A. J.; Widmer, U ... Cyclopentobarbital sodium (Cyclopal, Dormisan) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s.[1] It has sedative and ... and is considered a long-acting barbiturate with a fairly slow onset of action. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital

Barbiturate overdose (T42.3). *Benzodiazepine overdose (T42.4). *Uncategorized sedative-hypnotics (T42.6) *Ethchlorvynol ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose

Drugs in the class of amphetamines, or substituted amphetamines, are known to induce "amphetamine psychosis" typically when chronically abused or used in high doses.[4] In an Australian study of 309 active methamphetamine users, 18% had experienced a clinical level psychosis in the past year.[5] Common amphetamines include cathinone, DOM, ephedrine, MDMA, methamphetamine, and methcathinone though a large number of such compounds have been synthesized. Methylphenidate is sometimes incorrectly included in this class, although is nonetheless still capable of producing stimulant psychosis.. The symptoms of amphetamine psychosis include auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions of persecution, and delusions of reference concurrent with both clear consciousness and prominent extreme agitation.[6][7] A Japanese study of recovery from methamphetamine psychosis reported a 64% recovery rate within 10 days rising to an 82% recovery rate at 30 days after methamphetamine cessation.[8] However it has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine_psychosis

The vitamin thiamine also referred to as Vitamin B1, is required by three different enzymes to allow for conversion of ingested nutrients into energy. [13] Thiamine can not be produced in the body and must be obtained through diet and supplementation. [23] The duodenum is responsible for absorbing thiamine. The liver can store thiamine for 18 days.[13] Prolonged and frequent consumption of alcohol causes a decreased ability to absorb thiamine in the duodenum. Thiamine deficiency is also related to malnutrition from poor diet, impaired use of thiamine by the cells and impaired storage in the liver. [23]Without thiamine the Kreb's Cycle enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) are impaired.[13] The impaired functioning of the Kreb's Cycle results in inadequate production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or energy for the cells functioning. [13] Energy is required by the brain for proper functioning and use of its neurotransmitters. Injury to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke-Korsakoff_syndrome

In tests in pentobarbital trained rhesus monkeys benzodiazepines produced effects similar to barbiturates.[5] In a 1991 study, ... Griffiths, R. R.; Lamb, R. J.; Sannerud, C. A.; Ator, N. A.; Brady, J. V. (1991). "Self-Injection of Barbiturates, ... All sedative-hypnotics, e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and the nonbenzodiazepine Z-drugs have a similar mechanism ... Sedative-hypnotics such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and the barbiturates are known for the severe physical dependence that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder

See also: Barbiturate. A euthanaticum is used for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is not permitted by law ... Some anesthetics include Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. For musculo-skeletal disorders[edit]. The main categories of drugs ... barbiturates, movement disorder (e.g., Parkinson's disease) drugs, stimulants (including amphetamines), benzodiazepines, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug

Main article: Barbiturate. Sodium thiopental is a member of the barbiturate class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective ... effects of barbiturates.[25] The GABAA receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates ... Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia ... "TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Barbiturate Coma". trauma.org. Retrieved 18 August 2016.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentothal

Discovery and development of the barbituratesEdit. Diethylbarbituric acid was the first marketed barbiturate. It was sold by ... THE barbiturates, introduced into medicine by E. Fischer and J. von Mering1 in 1903, are certainly among the most widely used ... "Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs - The Barbiturates - I". NEJM. 255 (24): 1150-1151. 1956. doi:10.1056/NEJM195612132552409. ... The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company

Drug overdose (barbiturate), possible suicide. Leader, singer and primary composer of Canned Heat. 7003992300000000000♠27 years ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_club

Vanlersberghe, C; Camu, F (2008). "Etomidate and other non-barbiturates". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Handbook of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etomidate

"Barbiturates". Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-31. "cse.dmu.ac.uk". cse.dmu.ac.uk. 2005-01-10 ... The name of the barbiturate family of pharmaceutical drugs is believed to derive from the suggestion by an artilleryman ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barbara

The barbiturates, by disrupting defensive patterns, may sometimes be helpful in interrogation, but even under the best ... "Barbiturates". Encyclopedia of Surgery. Retrieved 4 January 2017. Winter, Alison (2012). Memory fragments of a modern history. ... India's Central Bureau of Investigation has used intravenous barbiturates for interrogation, often in high-profile cases. One ... and various short and ultra-short acting barbiturates, including sodium thiopental (commonly known by the brand name Pentothal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_serum

"Barbiturates". Retrieved 31 October 2007. "Cooperative Research - Formula for Success". BASF. Retrieved 31 January 2020. Figoni ... First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by Bayer under the name "Veronal" in 1903 1865: Synthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries

Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid. The principal mechanism of action of barbiturates is believed to be positive ... Barbiturates emerged as the first class of drugs in the early 1900s, after which chemical substitution allowed derivative ... Barbiturates have now largely been replaced by benzodiazepines in routine medical practice - for example, in the treatment of ... "Barbiturates". Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-10-31. Whitlock, F. A. (June 14, 1975). "Suicide in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic

Some anesthetics include Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. For musculo-skeletal disorders[edit]. The main categories of drugs ... See also: Barbiturate § Other non-therapeutical uses. A euthanaticum is used for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. ... barbiturates, movement disorder (e.g., Parkinson's disease) drugs, stimulants (including amphetamines), benzodiazepines, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines

Barbiturate Macdonald F (1997). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. p. 1964. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. Retrieved 22 ... Thiotetrabarbital (INN; Thionarcex) is a drug which is a short-acting barbiturate derivative that is used as an anesthetic. It ... doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00758-6. "Newer barbiturates". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 27 (8): 418-419. 1955. doi:10.1093/bja ... Westhorpe RN, Ball C (December 2002). "The intravenous barbiturates". International Congress Series. 1242: 57-69. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital

The two barbiturates mentioned above, thiopental and methohexital, are ultra-short-acting, and are used to induce and maintain ... Like barbiturates, benzodiazepines have no pain-relieving properties.[5] Propofol is one of the most commonly used intravenous ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetic

Dille, J. M.; Koppanyi, T. (1934). "Studies on barbiturates. III. Chemical assay of barbiturates". Journal of the American ... The Dille-Koppanyi reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of ... Koppanyi, T.; Dille, J. M.; Murphy, W. S.; Krop, S. (1934). "Studies on barbiturates. II. Contributions to methods of barbital ... amobarbital and secobarbital light purple by complexation of cobalt with the barbiturate nitrogens. The test, in a slightly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dille–Koppanyi_reagent

Alcohol and Barbiturates. Br Med J 1953; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4829.222 (Published 25 July 1953) Cite this as: ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/2/4829/222.1

Some barbiturates are used to relieve tension or anxiety prior to surgery. ... Barbiturates are synthetic drugs used in medicine to depress the central nervous system. The effects range from mild sedation ... Effects of Barbiturates. Barbiturates slow down the CNS in a similar way to alcohol and depending on how rapidly they produce ... If barbiturates are prepared as injection drugs, they are then classified as class A drugs and the penalties for possession and ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Barbiturates.aspx

Learn more from WebMD about the effects of barbiturates. ... Barbiturates, once commonly prescribed for anxiety and sleep ... Articles OnBarbiturate Abuse. Barbiturate Abuse Barbiturate Abuse - Barbiturate Abuse * Barbiturate Abuse ... MedlinePlus, Barbiturate intoxication and overdose. Synonyms and Keywords. barbiturate, barbiturates, downers, sedatives, drug ... Types of barbiturates *There are many different barbiturates. The primary difference among them is how long their effects last ...

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/barbiturate-abuse

Learn all about the effects of barbiturates, a class of drugs used to relax and help people sleep. They are no longer ... Barbiturates street names. There are various street names for barbiturates, including:. Barbiturates have a wide variety of ... Fast facts on barbiturates Here are some key points about barbiturates.. *Barbiturates were first developed in 1864 and became ... What are barbiturates?. Barbiturates are a group of drugs that have calming effects on the body. They can produce effects ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/310066.php

Barbiturates once enjoyed vast popularity as sedatives and sleep inducing agents. Over time their side effects led to more ... Barbiturate risks in older patients and pregnant women. The risk of side effects of barbiturates is higher in older patients ... Some of the risks associated with barbiturates use include:-. Drowsiness. Barbiturates are primarily sedatives and they induce ... Dependence and tolerance to barbiturates. Over long term use dependence develops to barbiturates. This means that patients are ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Barbiturate-Risks.aspx

Efficacy studies of barbiturates on sleep are reviewed by Mendelson (40,41). Barbiturates produce the classical (indeed, they ... An additional interesting effect of barbiturates is direct gating of the channels, i.e., the barbiturates may open the channel ... also barbiturate-sensitive (17), and inhibition of these channels may be relevant to the presynaptic effects of barbiturates to ... potentiation by barbiturates (12). Further studies of this type should uncover the barbiturate sites of action on this receptor ...

http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000173/CH169.html

Barbiturates are the earliest class of sedative-hypnotic agents to be developed and were first used in medicine in the early ... encoded search term (Barbiturate Toxicity) and Barbiturate Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape. Related Conditions and ... Barbiturate Toxicity Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jan 14, 2017 * Author: Keith A Lafferty, MD; Chief Editor: Asim Tarabar, ... Harrison P. Barbiturates Still Drugs of Choice in Geriatric Suicide. Medscape Medical News. March 11, 2010. [Full Text]. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/813155-differential

The name barbiturate originates from the fact that they are all chemical derivatives of barbituric acid. Barbiturates such as ... A barbiturate is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. Barbiturates are effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics ... The final class of barbiturates are known as long-acting barbiturates (the most notable one being phenobarbital, which has a ... An additional interesting effect of barbiturates is direct gating of the channels, i.e., the barbiturates may open the channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate

In this case, there are 208 barbiturates active against 13 targets.. Figure 2. Heatmap for the barbiturates with pX values ... Figure 4. The most potent barbiturates for MMP-13, ADAM-17, MET and nicotinic acetylcholine (barbiturate scaffold highlighted ... Re-Examining the Potential of Barbiturates. Understanding The Structure-Activity Relationships Of Barbiturates. Derivatives of ... Figure 2 shows a section of the Heatmap for the barbiturates with a pX value above 8.0 (affinity , 10 nM) and the target ...

https://www.elsevier.com/rd-solutions/industry-insights/pharma-and-life-sciences/t-y/relationships-of-barbiturates

5-benzyl barbiturate compounds for use as water-soluble uridine phosphorylase inhibitors are disclosed. These compounds are ... While the synthesis of 5-benzyl barbiturate and 5-benzylidene barbiturate are well described in the art, (Conrad, R. vol. 34, ... The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 16 wherein said 5-benzyl barbiturate is 5-benzyloxybenzyl barbiturate (BBB). ... The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 16 wherein said 5-benzyl barbiturate is 5-methoxybenzylacetyl barbiturate (MBCB). ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5141943?dq=ascentive

barbiturate synonyms, barbiturate pronunciation, barbiturate translation, English dictionary definition of barbiturate. n. Any ... barbiturate. [bɑːrˈbɪtjərɪt] n (= drug) → barbiturique m. barbiturate. n → Schlafmittel nt, → Barbiturat nt; a barbiturate ... Related to barbiturate: barbiturate coma, barbiturate poisoning. bar·bi·tu·rate. (bär-bĭch′ər-ĭt, -ə-rāt′, bär-bĭch′ə-wĭt). n. ... barbiturate - organic compound having powerful soporific effect; overdose can be fatal. amobarbital - a barbiturate with ...

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/barbiturate

Freudenthal, R. I., & Carroll, F. (1973). Metabolism of Certain Commonly Used Barbiturates. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2, 265. ...

https://www.rti.org/publication/metabolism-certain-commonly-used-barbiturates

... ,Drugs of Abuse (DoA) Array is used for in-vitro diagnostic tests for the ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/Drugs-of-Abuse-Array-Evidence-Barbiturates-Assay-20444-1/

Barbiturates, Scr w/Conf, WB. 701117. Barbiturates, Scr w/Conf, WB. N/A. ... Barbiturates, Scr w/Conf, WB. 700860. BARBITURATES, IA. ug/mL. 3376-1. ... Barbiturates Screen With Reflex Confirmation, Whole Blood. TEST: 700877 Test number copied ...

https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/37456/barbiturates-screen-with-reflex-confirmation-whole-blood

2018 Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings and Lexi-Comp Inc. All Rights Reserved.. CPT Statement/Profile Statement. The LOINC® codes are copyright © 1994-2018, Regenstrief Institute, Inc. and the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Committee. Permission is granted in perpetuity, without payment of license fees or royalties, to use, copy, or distribute the LOINC® codes for any commercial or non-commercial purpose, subject to the terms under the license agreement found at https://loinc.org/license/. Additional information regarding LOINC® codes can be found at LOINC.org, including the LOINC Manual, which can be downloaded at LOINC.org/downloads/files/LOINCManual.pdf. ...

https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/37446/barbiturates-screen-and-confirmation-meconium

Barbiturates are a group of drugs in the class of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics, which generally describes their sleep- ... With the popularity of barbiturates in the medical population, barbiturates as drugs of abuse evolved as well. Barbiturates ... Types of barbiturates*There are many different barbiturates. The primary difference among them is how long their effects last. ... Doctors are prescribing barbiturates less, and the illegal use of barbiturates has also substantially declined, although ...

https://www.emedicinehealth.com/barbiturate_abuse/article_em.htm

Barbiturate overdose is poisoning due to excessive doses of barbiturates. Symptoms typically include difficulty thinking, poor ... While once a common cause of overdose, barbiturates are now a rare cause. Barbiturates increase the time that the chloride pore ... Barbiturate overdose may occur by accident or purposefully in an attempt to cause death. The toxic effects are additive to ... The effects of barbiturates occur via the GABA neurotransmitter. Exposure may be verified by testing the urine or blood. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose

Selected Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates/Contraceptives Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-57851/mygranol-w-codeine-3-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-120/dmtitle-selected-anticonvulsants-barbiturates-contraceptives/intrtype-drug

Bemegride in Barbiturate Poisoning Complicated by Alcohol Br Med J 1957; 1 :1475 ... Bemegride in Barbiturate Poisoning Complicated by Alcohol. Br Med J 1957; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5033.1475-b ( ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/1/5033/1475.3

Psychopharmacology of Barbiturates. by McMillan, Donald E., Wenger, Galen R. by McMillan, Donald E., Wenger, Galen R. Recommend ... McMillan, Donald E. is the author of Psychopharmacology of Barbiturates with ISBN 9780521462563 and ISBN 0521462568. ...

https://www.valorebooks.com/textbooks/psychopharmacology-of-barbiturates/9780521462563

A short-acting barbiturate with sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant properties, pentobarbital can produce all levels of CNS ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1844551-medication

Barbiturates and Other Drugs 57. Because of the many similarities between barbiturates and other sedatives, they are often used ... The body eliminates barbiturate activity in several ways. Most barbiturates are broken down or metabolized in the liver into ... BARBITURATES 45. The term barbiturate generally refers to drugs which are derivatives of barbituric acid. Barbital, the first ... Barbiturate dependence is in some respects similar to opiate narcotic dependence, although barbiturate (and alcohol) withdrawal ...

http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/ledain/nonmed2a.htm

What is Barbiturates? Meaning of Barbiturates as a legal term. What does Barbiturates mean in law? ... Definition of Barbiturates in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... barbiturate. (redirected from Barbiturates). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia.. Related to ... Our man asked how to get barbiturates and was told details would be given at the talk.. BAN DR DEATH; anyone This man, showing ...

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Barbiturates

It can be fatal to combine barbiturates and alcohol, since they are both depressants. Even if the combination doesnt kill, it ... Research has shown that barbiturates are basically alcohol in solid form. Combining barbiturates and alcohol is never advisable ... Barbiturates can have very different half lives. The ones with the shortest half lives leave the body in just several hours, ... In past decades, barbiturates were prescribed for insomnia and other common purposes where the patient needed to relax, but the ...

http://www.wisegeek.com/is-it-safe-to-combine-barbiturates-and-alcohol.htm

Most barbiturates can become habit-forming, and are usually taken for their strong sedative effects. ... Barbiturates depress the nervous system and produce a broad range of effects depending on the drug and the dosage. ... Sleep Medications: Barbiturates. Barbiturates are chemical derivatives of barbituric acid. They depress the central nervous ... Barbiturates suppress REM sleep, which is one reason they are not used for insomnia, except in rare cases for a short-term fix. ...

https://www.sleepdex.org/barbituates.htm

The stages of barbiturate poisoning are as follows: 1. awake, competent 2. sedated, reflexes present 3. comatose and reflexes ... face becomes cyanosed, hypotension, hypothermia, bullae or blisters on skin{ barbiturate bullae}. Treatment : • Gastric lavage ... present 4. comatose and areflexia 5. comatose with respiratory and circulatory disturbances • Barbiturate automatism: with ...

https://www.pediatriconcall.com/poisoning-center/drug-overdosage/barbiturates/8/46

Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates. Phenobarbital elevates the seizure threshold, limits the spread of seizure activity, and is a ... Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates are used in the treatment of Meningitis?. Updated: Jul 16, ... encoded search term (Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants%2C Barbiturates are used in the treatment of ... Meningitis?) and Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates are used in the treatment of Meningitis? ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/232915-13511/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-anticonvulsants-barbiturates-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-meningitis

Barbiturates. This class of anticonvulsant may be useful when SE fails to respond to phenytoin and benzodiazepines. It is the ... Which medications in the drug class Barbiturates are used in the treatment of Status Epilepticus?. Updated: Feb 13, 2018 ... A short-acting barbiturate with sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant properties, pentobarbital can produce mood alteration at ... A trend is to recommend agents other than phenobarbital (propofol, midazolam, other barbiturates) for refractory SE. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1164462-188582/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-barbiturates-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-status-epilepticus

Barbiturates need to be monitored in both forensic and workplace drug testing laboratories; therefore, an accurate, reliable, ... Quantitative Analysis of Barbiturates in Urine Using UPLC-MS/MS. Quantitative Analysis of Barbiturates in Urine Using UPLC-MS/ ... and the concentrations of detected barbiturates calculated. For positive identification of barbiturates in the UPLC-MS/MS ... When analyzing barbiturates by UPLC-MS/MS, the use of a very simple sample dilution step eliminates both the liquid-liquid ...

https://www.waters.com/nextgen/us/en/library/application-notes/2014/quantitive-analysis-of-barbiturates-in-urine-using-uplc-ms-ms.html

Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used ... Barbiturates. Subscribe to New Research on Barbiturates A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric ... as barbiturates were found to improve the brains tolerance to ischemia. ". 12/01/1996 - "The mechanism by which barbiturates ... where it compares favourably with barbiturates. ". 09/01/2001 - "Although barbiturates are considered to be cerebral ...

http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD001463.do

Barbiturate use and abuse has declined dramatically since the 1970s, mainly because a safer group of sedative-hypnotics called benzodiazepines is being prescribed. (webmd.com)
A class of drugs known as benzodiazepines has largely replaced barbiturates for both medical and recreational use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Benzodiazepines have less severe side effects and are not as likely to result in accidental overdose as barbiturates. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Until the benzodiazepines were introduced in the 1960s, barbiturates were widely used clinically for a range of indications, including the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders and as muscle relaxants and anesthetic agents. (acnp.org)
Benzodiazepines and the newer non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are now preferred over barbiturates for most of these clinical uses because they have a wider therapeutic index, tolerance develops more slowly, and their liability for abuse is lower than that of the barbiturates. (acnp.org)
We will also review the clinical pharmacology of this class of drugs, with particular attention to similarities and differences between barbiturates and benzodiazepines and their effects on sleep. (acnp.org)
They have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia, due to the significantly lower risk of addiction and overdose and the lack of an antidote for barbiturate overdose. (wikipedia.org)
As with all GABAergic drugs, barbiturate withdrawal produces potentially fatal effects such as seizures, in a manner reminiscent of delirium tremens and benzodiazepine withdrawal although its more direct mechanism of GABA agonism makes barbiturate withdrawal even more severe than that of alcohol or benzodiazepines (subsequently making it one of the most dangerous withdrawals of any known addictive substance). (wikipedia.org)
It looks like Jasmine could be a drug-free replacement for some benzodiazepines, barbiturates , and even anesthetics like propofol. (thefreedictionary.com)
Although a number of depressants (i.e., chloral hydrate, glutethimide, meprobamate and methaqualone) have been important players in the milieu of depressant use and abuse, two major groups of depressants have dominated the licit and illicit market for nearly a century, first barbiturates and now benzodiazepines. (drugfreeworkplace.com)
Benzodiazepines just have a higher safety margin compared to Barbiturates, hence there greater use now. (pharmer.org)
Barbiturates have generally been replaced by safer medicines for the treatment of insomnia and daytime nervousness or tension (benzodiazepines). (acris-antibodies.com)
A study of fatal overdoses due to anxiolytics and sedatives in the UK between 1983 and 1999 reported a figure of 146.2 fatal toxicities per million barbiturate prescriptions compared to just 7.4 per million for benzodiazepines . (europa.eu)
A new group of drugs called "benzodiazepines" has replaced many of the barbiturates. (tavad.com)
Depressants include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. (jrank.org)
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are legal to use only with a prescription from a doctor. (jrank.org)
Recently, physicians have begun prescribing another group of drugs called benzodiazepines in their places to treat many of the drugs that barbiturates were previously prescribed for. (drugnet.net)
What is the difference between barbiturates v benzodiazepines? (healthtap.com)
Is there a difference between barbiturates and benzodiazepines? (healthtap.com)
The side effects of barbiturates are more dangerous than those of benzodiazepines. (healthtap.com)
Benzodiazepines have largely replaced barbiturates in most medical uses. (verywellmind.com)
Reinforcement, defined as self-administration of drug greater than of a non-drug control, has been demonstrated most often in studies employing the IV route, and there has been greater reliability in this result for a given drug among barbiturates rather than among benzodiazepines. (elsevier.com)
Examples of GABA A PAMs include alcohol ( ethanol ), benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax) , Z-drugs such as zolpidem (Ambien) and the barbiturate drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Benzodiazepines were discovered in 1948 and largely replaced the barbiturates because of their larger therapeutic index . (wikipedia.org)

Barbiturates such as phenobarbital were long used as anxiolytics and hypnotics. (wikipedia.org)
However, barbiturates are still used as anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital and primidone) and general anesthetics (e.g., sodium thiopental). (wikipedia.org)
Today the use of barbiturates such as phenobarbital is restricted to the treatment of severe seizures and some protocols for anesthesia. (elsevier.com)
Phenobarbital (Solfoton[R]), a long-acting barbiturate , produces an anticonvulsant effect as well as sedation and hypnosis by "inhibiting the reticular activating system, thereby increasing the threshold for motor cortex stimulation" (Wilson et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
Barbiturates, like phenobarbital, are depressants that affect the central nervous system, much like alcohol. (wisegeek.com)
Phenobarbital is the best-studied barbiturate in treatment of SE. (medscape.com)
A trend is to recommend agents other than phenobarbital (propofol, midazolam, other barbiturates) for refractory SE. (medscape.com)
However, in general, short acting barbiturates, such as pentobarbital and secobarbital, which are more lipid soluble than long acting barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, cause more serious toxicity. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Although most barbiturate immunoassays are calibrated for detecting secobarbital, other widely abused barbiturates, such as pentobarbital, amobarbital, and phenobarbital, have adequate cross-reactivity and will trigger a positive result using the 200 ng/mL cutoff if present. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Serum or plasma testing for phenobarbital is available in many laboratories and can be ordered to assist with the diagnosis of barbiturate overdose. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone ( CAS 50-06-6), is the most widely used barbiturate. (europa.eu)
The effects of long-acting barbiturate drugs such as phenobarbital last 10 to 20 hours. (rapidtest.com)
Barbiturates are very dangerous drugs and are no longer used in most of the world for that purpose, and except for phenobarbital for seizure disorders and barbiturates used in anesthesia , should not be used for ANY purpose. (healthtap.com)
Phenobarbital: This barbiturate was used to treat seizures in young children, due to its effectiveness as an anticonvulsant. (verywellmind.com)
Some barbiturates such as phenobarbital are useful as anticonvulsants because they tend to have sufficient motor activity depression, without causing excessive sedation. (elephantcare.org)
Liver function is not directly affected when used acutely, but hepatic microsomal enzyme induction is well documented with extended barbiturate (especially phenobarbital) administration. (elephantcare.org)
Secobarbital (Seconal) and pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) are short-acting barbiturates, amobarbital (Amytal) is intermediate in duration of action, and phenobarbital (Luminal) is a long-acting derivative. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pentathal or Phenobarbital tops the Barbiturates list of most commonly used drugs. (anesthesiageneral.com)

Figure 1 shows a chromatogram of a 500 ng/mL barbiturate-spiked urine. (waters.com)
Chromatogram showing barbiturates spiked into urine at 500 ng/mL. (waters.com)
This application note presents a method of extracting barbiturates from urine and plasma samples by using Tox-Elut solid phase extraction columns and identification through UV/Vis absorbance spectrum comparisons with a reference library. (selectscience.net)
A urine drug screen for barbiturates should be ordered in any patient presenting with a clinical history or symptoms suggestive of barbiturate overdose. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Usually short acting barbiturates stay in urine 2-3 days after abuse, whereas a long-acting barbiturate can be detected for up to a week. (clinicaladvisor.com)
If a person stops abusing barbiturates, a random urine test can be ordered after the wash out period to ensure the patient is drug free. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Our Amp drug testing kits are designed for qualitative determination of Barbiturates drug substances in human urine specimens. (rapidtest.com)
Short-acting barbiturate drugs normally remain detectable in urine for 4 to 6 days, while long-acting barbiturate drugs can be detected for up to 30 days. (rapidtest.com)
Barbiturate drugs are excreted in the urine in unchanged forms, hydroxylated derivatives, carboxylated derivatives and glucuronide conjugates. (rapidtest.com)
The Barbiturates Drug Testing device is based on the principle of specific immunochemical reaction between antibodies and antigens to analyze particular compounds in human urine specimen. (rapidtest.com)
When a barbiturate drug is present in the urine specimen, it competes with drug conjugate for the limited amount of antibody-dye conjugate. (rapidtest.com)
Therefore, a positive urine specimen on the Barbiturates Drug Test will not show a colored band on the test line zone, indicating a positive result, while the presence of a colored band indicates a negative result. (rapidtest.com)
The spiked urine samples were then subjected to a pretreatment followed by SPE on a 100 mg/6 mL Strata™-X-Drug N tube as specified in Table I. After extraction, the barbiturates were analyzed by LC-MS-MS using a Kinetex® 2.6 μm C18 100 × 2.1 mm core-shell HPLC/UHPLC column with the MS operating in APCI negative mode (Figure 1). (chromatographyonline.com)
While developing an extraction method for the barbiturate spiked urine samples it was discovered that conditioning the Strata™-X-Drug N SPE sorbent was not necessary as the elimination of this step did not affect recovery. (chromatographyonline.com)
Order private and convenient barbiturate urine testing online through Personalabs to detect the various metabolites in urine. (personalabs.com)
This screening test will check your urine for recent use of barbiturates. (personalabs.com)
Barbiturates can be detected in the urine for up to five days after use, indicating that they remain in the body for at least that long. (dependency.net)
This test detects the presence of a class of drugs called barbiturates in urine. (allinahealth.org)
2] Maurer HH: Identification and differentiation of barbiturates, other sedative-hypnotics and their metabolites in urine integrated in a general screening procedure using computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (allinahealth.org)
Our barbiturate drug tests detect BAR in urine within hours of using the drug and possibly up to 3 - 8 days after use (depending on the individual and amount of use). (zoomtesting.co.uk)
Urine is the only home test method to check for Barbiturate drug use. (alltestkits.com)

Pharmacological barbiturates are based on the parent compound barbituric acid. (news-medical.net)
The name barbiturate originates from the fact that they are all chemical derivatives of barbituric acid. (wikipedia.org)
45. The term 'barbiturate' generally refers to drugs which are derivatives of barbituric acid. (druglibrary.org)
Barbiturates are chemical derivatives of barbituric acid. (sleepdex.org)
The pharmacologically active barbiturates are based on barbituric acid ( CAS 67-52-7), the fully systematic ( IUPAC ) name for which is 2,4,6-(1 H ,3H,5 H )-pyrimidinetrione. (europa.eu)
The reaction of 1,3-dimethyl-5-bis(thioethyl)methylene barbituric acid (2) with various vic-diamines leads to the formation of the respective 1,3-diazamethylene barbiturate derivatives 3 (a-f) in high yields. (eurekaselect.com)
Barbiturates are a class of drugs derived from barbituric acid that act as depressants to the central nervous system . (verywellmind.com)
The barbiturates are all derivatives of barbituric acid, which was first prepared in 1864 by the German organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer. (thefreedictionary.com)

Amobarbital: Commonly referred to as 'sodium amytal,' this barbiturate gained a reputation as a truth serum since it proved effective when given to some subjects during interrogation. (verywellmind.com)

One of the main medical uses for barbiturates is to treat seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Like the article said, barbiturates are central nervous system depressants and they also help prevent seizures. (wisegeek.com)
In addition, some of the barbiturates are used as anticonvulsants to help control seizures in certain disorders or diseases, such as epilepsy. (acris-antibodies.com)
Thresholds for pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures were determined in cats after varying periods of deep barbiturate intoxication. (aspetjournals.org)
We propose that the occurrence of seizures, psychotic behavior, or a recent personality change should be considered clues to possible barbiturate abuse in patients with migraine. (wiley.com)
The very first uses for barbiturates were for sedation and the inducement of sleep until they discovered that it was also an effective treatment for epileptic seizures. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Barbiturates are effective in relieving the conditions that they are designed to address (insomnia, seizures). (wikipedia.org)
Most people still using barbiturates today do so in the prevention of seizures or in mild form for relief from the symptoms of migraines . (wikipedia.org)

A short-acting barbiturate with sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant properties, pentobarbital can produce all levels of CNS mood alteration. (medscape.com)
It is a central nervous system depressant, and works by facilitating the action of GABA (a neurotransmitter), suppressing the spread of seizure activity, and increasing seizure threshold Pentobarbital, also known as pentobarbitone, is a short-acting barbiturate. (cpushack.com)
The barbiturates also have ef-fects on GABA and pentobarbital has been shown to be GABA-mimetic. (elephantcare.org)

Barbiturates act as central nervous system depressants producing effects ranging from mild sedation to general anesthesia. (waters.com)
Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants and they act in a similar manner to alcohol and slow down many areas of the brain. (selectscience.net)
Barbiturates are a group of central nervous system depressants which produce effects ranging from mild sedation to general anaesthesia. (europa.eu)
Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants, so they cause relaxation and sleepiness in people who use them. (dependency.net)

Barbiturates are effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as well as overdose potential among other possible adverse effects. (wikipedia.org)
Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates are used in the treatment of Meningitis? (medscape.com)
Barbiturates are used to relax patients before surgery, as anticonvulsants, and as sleeping pills. (thefreedictionary.com)
Barbiturates can be used legitimately to relieve anxiety or tension, as anticonvulsants, as sedatives used prior to surgery, and in the treatment of insomnia. (dependency.net)

Barbiturates are a group of drugs in the class of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics, which generally describes their sleep -inducing and anxiety -decreasing effects. (webmd.com)
Unlike crank and speed, barbiturates and other prescription sedative-hypnotics were produced by pharmaceutical companies and reached the street-drug user in many ways, such as diversion by pharmacists, inappropriate prescribing, and diversion from pharmaceutical companies (Smith & Wesson 1973). (thefreedictionary.com)
The use of barbiturates as sedative/hypnotics has largely been superseded by the benzodiazepine group. (europa.eu)
Barbiturates are known as sedative hypnotics, which induce sleep and decrease anxiety. (personalabs.com)
The lecture Barbiturates - Sedative Hypnotics by Pravin Shukle, MD is from the course CNS - Pharmacology. (lecturio.com)

The effects of short-acting barbiturate drugs, such as secobarbital last 3 to 6 hours. (rapidtest.com)
The cutoff level for this Barbiturates Drug Test (BAR Drug Test) is 300 ng/ml of secobarbital. (rapidtest.com)

Propylene glycol toxicity complicating use of barbiturate coma. (medscape.com)
While barbiturate abuse may not be as talked about as some other drugs, statistics show that it is a significant health risk.There is just a small difference between the dose that causes desired sedation and that which causes coma and death. (emedicinehealth.com)
More acute responses to barbiturate drugs produce respiratory collapse and coma. (rapidtest.com)
While barbiturates are generally considered to be CNS depressants, they can invoke all levels of CNS mood alteration from paradoxical excitement to deep coma and death. (elephantcare.org)
In some cases, an overdose of barbiturates can lead to coma and death. (dependency.net)
OBJECTIVES: Barbiturate coma is employed in brain-injured patients whenever increases in intracranial pressure remain unresponsive to less aggressive therapeutic regimens. (uzh.ch)
Due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which did not respond to analgosedation, barbiturate coma was performed in 23 cases. (uzh.ch)
The pulmonary infection rate due to gram-negative organisms was nearly doubled during barbiturate coma. (uzh.ch)
CONCLUSIONS: Barbiturate coma may cause reversible leukopenia and an increased infection rate. (uzh.ch)
However, during and after barbiturate coma, close monitoring of leukocytes and infections and careful selection of antibiotics is required. (uzh.ch)

The barbiturates have sedative-hypnotic, anticonvulsant, anesthetic and respiratory depressant effects that are mediated by their actions at various target sites in the body. (acnp.org)
The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'barbiturate anticonvulsant agents' category to be taken concurrently is usually one . (drugs.com)

17. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising an antiviral pyrimidine nucleoside compound in an amount effective to disrupt viral replication in virus-infected cells and a 5-benzyl barbiturate in an amount effective to reduce nucleoside toxicity in uninfected cells. (google.com)
How to treat barbiturate toxicity? (brainscape.com)
How frequently do you see bradycardia with barbiturate toxicity and how would you speed it up back to normal? (healthtap.com)
Colon and oesophageal content from the male at necropsy were positive for Clostridium botulinum toxin type C by the mouse bioassay neutralisation test, confirming that this male had had concomitant barbiturate toxicity and botulism, and had succumbed to aspiration bronchopneumonia secondary to pharyngeal, laryngeal and oesophageal paralysis and oesophageal impaction. (scielo.org.za)
The most promising bioactive barbiturates were studied in silico with emphasis on compliance with the Lipinski's rule of five as well as several pharmacokinetics and toxicity parameters. (strath.ac.uk)

Barbiturates are depressants or downers. (homehealth-uk.com)
Barbiturates belong to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) depressants (medicines that cause drowsiness). (acris-antibodies.com)
When prescribed by a doctor and used as directed, depressants such as barbiturates can be safe. (jrank.org)
Barbiturates are depressants which are prescribed to individuals who suffer from the conditions of insomnia or anxiety. (drugnet.net)
Barbiturates are substances that act as depressants on the central nervous system. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Barbiturates are depressants. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Barbiturate use is especially dangerous when these drugs are used in combination with other depressants, such as alcohol or opiates . (dependency.net)

Despite this, barbiturates are still in use for various purposes: in general anesthesia, epilepsy, treatment of acute migraines or cluster headaches, acute tension headaches, euthanasia, capital punishment, and assisted suicide. (wikipedia.org)
The protective action of barbiturates in canine acute focal cerebral ischemia suggests that they should be considered for anesthesia in surgery requiring cerebral vessel occlusion and perhaps even for treatment of acute stroke. (ahajournals.org)
The bath concentrations required for this effect of both barbiturates were similar to previous reports of blood concentrations required for general anesthesia. (aspetjournals.org)
Usually there are minimal 2 no barbiturates used in anesthesia unless it's used early in the induction of anesthesia. (healthtap.com)

for "truth serum", or sodium amytal, an intermediate-acting barbiturate that is used for sedation and to treat insomnia, but was also used[by whom? (wikipedia.org)
Acute higher dose of barbiturate drugs induces exhilaration, sedation and respiratory depression. (rapidtest.com)
Postoperative sedation and adjunctive use with analgesics may be obtained by the administration of 12.5 to 25 mg in children and 25- … 8.1/10 Can phenergan cause a barbiturate positive on a drug test https://www.answers.com/Q/Can_phenergan_cause_a_barbiturate_positive_on_a_drug_test Dec 20, 2012 · Phenergan is a drug used as a antihistamine and to treat allergies. (cpushack.com)
The barbiturates depress the sensory cortex, lessen motor activity, and produce sedation at low dosages. (elephantcare.org)

Kamal Sweidan, Jorn Engelmann, Rajendra Joshi, Mohammad S. Mubarak and Mustafa M. El-Abadelah, " Synthesis of Some Cyclic Methylene 1,3-Diaza Barbiturates Derivatives", Letters in Organic Chemistry (2011) 8: 603. (eurekaselect.com)
For Barbiturates metabolism the thiopental is metabolized in the liver to hydroxythiopental and carboxylic acid derivatives. (anesthesiageneral.com)

Sudden withdrawal from the regular use of high doses can be fatal and for individuals who have become addicted to barbiturates it is essential that they seek the care of trained rehabilitation professionals to help them withdraw safely and effectively. (news-medical.net)
Barbiturates are also addictive and can cause a life-threatening withdrawal syndrome. (webmd.com)
Sudden withdrawal from a barbiturate drug after becoming physically dependent can result in death. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ingeborg Bachmann may have died of the consequences of barbiturate withdrawal (she was hospitalized with burns, the doctors treating her not being aware of her barbiturate addiction). (wikipedia.org)
The anti-convulsant effects of certain barbiturates have been very important in the treatment of acute convulsions associated with drug dependence withdrawal symptoms, various neurological disorders (including epilepsy), and poisoning due to the overdose of such stimulants as strychnine, nicotine and cocaine. (druglibrary.org)
How does barbiturate withdrawal compare? (drugs-forum.com)
Abrupt withdrawal from barbiturates can be life-threatening, unlike withdrawal from opiates. (europa.eu)
This decrease was interpreted as a manifestation of barbiturate withdrawal. (aspetjournals.org)
It also has been used to treat anxiety, drug withdrawal (particularly from other barbiturates) and as a sleep aid. (verywellmind.com)
Barbiturate addicts must be withdrawn from the drug gradually to avoid severe withdrawal symptoms such as convulsions. (thefreedictionary.com)
Physical barbiturate dependence is indicated by extreme cravings for the drug and withdrawal symptoms when drug use is halted. (dependency.net)
Withdrawal from barbiturates is typically accomplished with the aid of other medications that ease withdrawal symptoms. (dependency.net)
In some cases, withdrawal symptoms may last up to 15 days after stopping barbiturate use, especially if the patient took the drugs for a long period of time or in high doses. (dependency.net)

Nevertheless, barbiturates remain an important class of drugs from a scientific point of view, because they have played a central role in the characterization of the GABA A receptor complex. (acnp.org)
at the end we will report in detail on recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of barbiturate interactions with the GABA A receptor. (acnp.org)
16 ) noted that GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition of cat motoneurons was prolonged by barbiturates. (acnp.org)
These findings led naturally to a focus on interactions of barbiturates with the GABA A receptor. (acnp.org)
The effects of barbiturates occur via the GABA neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Barbiturates increase the time that the chloride pore of the GABAA receptor is opened, thereby increasing the efficacy of GABA. (wikipedia.org)
Picrotoxin can work at high barbiturate doses because it blocks the ion channel, so no matter if GABA or barb opens the channel, nothing can go through. (brainscape.com)
Neither GABA receptor-initiated signaling nor direct interactions of barbiturates with nuclear proteins affected the activity of NFAT. (aspetjournals.org)
[6] For example, the binding site of neurosteroids in the GABA A receptor is not known [8] and barbiturates bind at a beta subunit that is distinct from the benzodiazepine binding site. (wikipedia.org)

Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate that is marketed under the name Sodium Pentothal. (wikipedia.org)
Ultrashort-acting barbiturates such as thiopental sodium (Pentothal) are often used as general anesthetics. (thefreedictionary.com)
Also for barbiturates list , the thiopentone commercially available only as racemic mixture, although the S(-) isomers of thiopental is twice as potent as the R(+) isomers. (anesthesiageneral.com)
The metabolism of thiopental is almost complete (99%), with the principal sites of metabolism being oxidation of substituents on the number five carbon atom, desulfuration on the number two carbon atom, and hydrolytic opening of the Barbiturates metabolism acid ring. (anesthesiageneral.com)

Enhanced elimination in acute barbiturate poisoning - a systematic review. (medscape.com)
Although triptans are now by far the most widely recommended medications for acute migraine treatment, barbiturates , opioids, and nonspecific sedative drugs are still widely used and are causing problems for headache patients. (thefreedictionary.com)
There is no evidence that barbiturate therapy in patients with acute severe head injury improves outcome. (cochrane.org)
To assess the effects of barbiturates in reducing mortality, disability and raised ICP in people with acute traumatic brain injury. (cochrane.org)
Randomised controlled trials of one or more of the barbiturate class of drugs, where study participants had clinically diagnosed acute traumatic brain injury of any severity. (cochrane.org)
Roberts I, Sydenham E. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. (cochrane.org)
As a result, acute barbiturate poisoning may occur at any time during chronic intoxication. (europa.eu)

Therefore, the use of barbiturates as sedatives or hypnotics to relieve insomnia or daytime restlessness caused by everyday stresses is no longer advised and has been replaced with safer medicines. (news-medical.net)
Between the 1920s and the mid-1950s, barbiturates were practically the only drugs used as sedatives and hypnotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Barbiturates rapidly gained a wide usage as tranquillizers, sedatives and hypnotics (sleep inducers) which continues to this day. (druglibrary.org)

The first barbiturate, barbital, hit the market in 1903 under the trade name Veronal. (sleepdex.org)
In 1903, the first barbiturate ("barbital") was used in medical practices. (tavad.com)

Barbiturates are a kind of depressant or sedative drug. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A barbiturate is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. (wikipedia.org)
Today, only about 20% of all depressant prescriptions in the United States are for barbiturates. (drugfreeworkplace.com)
These drugs must be used very cautiously in cats as they are particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of barbiturates. (elephantcare.org)
The barbiturates cause reduced tone and motility of the intestinal musculature, probably secondary to its central depressant action. (elephantcare.org)

At fairly low doses, barbiturates may make you seem drunk or intoxicated. (medlineplus.gov)
In low doses barbiturates have a sedative or tranquilizing effect. (confirmbiosciences.com)
At high anesthetic doses, barbiturates have been demonstrated to inhibit the uptake of calcium at nerve endings. (elephantcare.org)
In low doses barbiturates act as sedatives sedative, any of a variety of drugs that relieve anxiety. (thefreedictionary.com)

Around 2500 different types of barbiturates have been synthesized since 1881, when barbital, the first pharmacologically active form, was synthesized. (news-medical.net)

In the late 1950s and 1960s, there was an increase in reports of barbiturate overdoses and dependence problems, and physicians stopped prescribing them. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Over long term use dependence develops to barbiturates. (news-medical.net)
Elderly over the age of 65 are at higher risk of experiencing adverse effects of barbiturates and also are at risk of drug dependence and accidental overdose. (news-medical.net)
As a result, people over the age of sixty-five are at higher risk of experiencing the harmful effects of barbiturates, including drug dependence and accidental overdose. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, the barbiturates have considerable potential for producing psychological and physiological dependence, and are probably second only to alcohol in frequency of drug-induced debilitation in modern society. (druglibrary.org)
Numerous medical users develop dependence and continue use long after the original medical purpose or prescription is absent, and there are indications that most chronic barbiturate users obtain the drugs through legitimate channels.98 Since many physicians do not adequately maintain or monitor prescription records, a patient may be able to arrange an increase in the frequency and/or quantity of drug prescribed. (druglibrary.org)
It's important for physicians, especially primary care physicians, who most often treat migraine patients, to be aware that medications containing opioids or barbiturates have the potential to produce drug dependence and addictive behavior, especially with regular use," said Richard B. (thefreedictionary.com)
Depending on the dose, frequency, and duration of use, one can rapidly develop tolerance, physical dependence and psychological dependence on barbiturates. (drugfreeworkplace.com)
Regular use of even therapeutic doses of barbiturates is very likely to result in the development of tolerance and dependence. (europa.eu)
ICD-9 code 304.1 for Barbiturate and similarly acting sedative or hypnotic dependence is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -NEUROTIC DISORDERS, PERSONALITY DISORDERS, AND OTHER NONPSYCHOTIC MENTAL DISORDERS (300-316). (aapc.com)
If you need more information about barbiturate addiction or want to learn how to reduce your dependence, contact us at 1-888-803-9961 or fill out our simple contact form. (dependency.net)
Barbiturate dependence develops when a person starts to crave the barbiturate. (dependency.net)
Studies of PO barbiturate self-administration in monkeys have demonstrated reinforcement but recent studies of PO benzodiazepine self-administration in baboons have not, although physical dependence was demonstrated. (elsevier.com)

Addiction to barbiturates, however, is uncommon today. (webmd.com)
Barbiturates carry a risk of psychological and physical addiction . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Although many individuals have taken barbiturates therapeutically without harm, concern about the addiction potential of barbiturates and the ever-increasing numbers of fatalities associated with them led to the development of alternative medications. (drugfreeworkplace.com)
Barbiturate use is a major addiction problem for many people. (medlineplus.gov)
Barbiturates are a class of antidepressants whose abuse and addiction by recreational users has become a widespread problem (www.nlm.nih.gov). (chromatographyonline.com)
What Leads To A Barbiturate Addiction? (drugnet.net)
It is possible to develop both a psychological and physical addiction to barbiturates. (drugnet.net)
Taken regularly, barbiturates can be psychologically and physically addictive (see drug addiction and drug abuse drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. (thefreedictionary.com)
Barbiturates may also be purchased on the black market and used as a recreational drug, which is another possible route to addiction. (dependency.net)
Those who are dependent on barbiturates may experience work, home, or school problems as a result of the addiction. (dependency.net)
Recovery from barbiturate addiction may be difficult to accomplish without help, but a full recovery is possible with professional assistance. (dependency.net)
Cognitive behavioral therapy, in which the patient learns how to control his or her behavior to avoid relapses, is an important part of addiction treatment for barbiturate use. (dependency.net)

The street names of commonly abused barbiturates describe the desired effect of the drug or the color and markings on the actual pill. (webmd.com)
Barbiturates are also commonly used in suicide attempts. (webmd.com)
48. Barbiturates are commonly used in medical practice today and it would seem likely that many households have had first-hand experience with them. (druglibrary.org)
Back when Barbiturates were used more commonly there were substantially more deaths associated with sole use of a Barbiturates drug that caused the death. (pharmer.org)
Barbiturates are sedatives that are commonly used to treat ICP. (cochrane.org)
Capsule - Barbiturates are commonly found in powder form contained and sold in brightly-colored capsules for oral ingestion. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Zoo animals, including tigers, have been reported to suffer from barbiturate intoxication, with pentabarbitone being most commonly recorded. (scielo.org.za)

When people take barbiturates by mouth, their effects begin within 30 minutes of swallowing and last from 4 to 16 hours . (medicalnewstoday.com)
In addition, nursing mothers who take barbiturates may transmit the drug to their babies through breast milk. (wikipedia.org)
A person does not have to take barbiturates and alcohol at the same time to experience the dangers of combined side effects. (wisegeek.com)

Barbiturates used to be regularly prescribed to treat insomnia, depression and anxiety, but the small difference between a normal dose and an overdose led to a number of accidental deaths, as well as people using them to commit suicide. (news-medical.net)
The effects of Intermediate-acting barbiturates such as butabarbital sodium last for between 6 and 12 hours and these are used to treat insomnia. (news-medical.net)
Barbiturates were first used in medicine in the early 1900s and became popular in the 1960s and 1970s as treatment for anxiety , insomnia , or seizure disorders. (webmd.com)
Barbiturates are a class of organic compounds that were developed in the late 19th century for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. (emedicinehealth.com)
In past decades, barbiturates were prescribed for insomnia and other common purposes where the patient needed to relax, but the side effects of the drug where too problematic to continue using it for those purposes. (wisegeek.com)
It is used to treat insomnia short-term, particularly in patients who have become accustomed to barbiturates. (sleepdex.org)
Barbiturates suppress REM sleep, which is one reason they are not used for insomnia, except in rare cases for a short-term fix. (sleepdex.org)
In small quantities barbiturates provide relief from insomnia, anxiety and tension, they might make the user appear drunk. (homehealth-uk.com)
Long-term use of barbiturates can lead to chronic inebriation, aggressive behaviour, impaired memory, judgement and coordination, and insomnia. (homehealth-uk.com)
Barbiturates have been used to treat insomnia but if they are used regularly (for example, every day) for insomnia, they are usually not effective for longer than 2 weeks. (acris-antibodies.com)
For example, a person that has been prescribed barbiturates for insomnia may be unable to sleep when they don't take them. (drugnet.net)
Can you advise me if getting prescribed barbiturates for insomnia? (healthtap.com)
Barbiturates were frequently used to treat agitation, anxiety, and insomnia, but their use for treating such symptoms fell out of favor due to the risk of overdose and abuse. (verywellmind.com)

the barbiturates ("downers") counteract the excitement and alertness obtained from stimulant drugs like cocaine and methamphetamines . (webmd.com)
Barbiturates are sometimes called downers or reds. (dependency.net)

Perhaps no class of drugs better illustrates this most important of axioms in pharmacology than the barbiturates. (acnp.org)

Today's drug abusers may be too young to remember the death and dangerous effects barbiturates caused in the 1970s, so they underestimate the risks of using them. (webmd.com)
If taken daily for longer than about 1 month, the brain develops a need for the barbiturate, which causes severe symptoms if the drug is withheld. (webmd.com)
Use of barbiturates as a recreational drug then became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, leading to abuse in some cases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When barbiturates are taken during pregnancy, the drug passes through the placenta to the fetus. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, many chronic barbiturate (and other prescription drug) users obtain 'legitimate' prescriptions from a number of different doctors simultaneously, without the physicians' awareness.79 Because of these patterns, the distinction between medical and non-medical use of barbiturates is often particularly difficult. (druglibrary.org)
Which medications in the drug class Barbiturates are used in the treatment of Status Epilepticus? (medscape.com)
Important information regarding BARBITURATES drug use. (drugfreeworkplace.com)
Barbiturates are a prescription-only medicine and a class B controlled drug (Schedules 2 and 3). (homehealth-uk.com)
Barbiturate drug screens can be positive for several days to weeks after barbiturate ingestion, depending on the half-life of the barbiturate. (clinicaladvisor.com)
however, the binding sites of the two drug types differ and as a result, the action of barbiturates is less specific. (europa.eu)
The Diagnostic Automation/Cortez Diagnostics Inc Barbiturates Drug Rapid Test (BAR Drug Test) or The Diagnostic Automation/Cortez Diagnostics DOA (Drug of Abuse) test is a one-step immunochromatography test. (rapidtest.com)
When the amount of a barbiturate drug is equal or more than the cut-off, it will prevent the binding of drug conjugate to the antibody. (rapidtest.com)
This colored band should always appear on the control line zone if the Barbiturates drug testing device is stored in good condition and the Barbiturates drug test is performed appropriately. (rapidtest.com)
For customized cutoff level barbiturate drug tests, please contact Customer Service. (rapidtest.com)
This Barbiturates Drug Test (BAR Drug Test) is available in multi-panel, cassette, strip, or cup format. (rapidtest.com)
Strata-X-Drug N SPE sorbent provided both time and solvent savings which are multiplied when screening numerous samples at once, making it faster and more profitable for forensic labs to screen barbiturate samples. (chromatographyonline.com)
Why drug addicts used barbiturates? (healthtap.com)
There is no reason a drug in the barbiturate class can't be taken on an empty stomach. (healthtap.com)
Drug screen followed by testing for barbiturate levels in blood. (healthtap.com)
Is acetazolamide a barbiturate drug? (healthtap.com)
Another important point to remember is that if a barbiturate test is positive, it merely proves the presence of the drug in the sample, not how much of it was taken or how impaired the person was. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Conversely, a barbiturate elixir is a liquid form of the drug intended for oral ingestion. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Side effects, drug interactions, warnings and precautions, and efficacy during pregnancy information should be reviewed prior to taking this medication Promethazine was frequently administered in combination with a barbiturate and an atropine-like agent. (cpushack.com)
7.9/10 Will Phenergan Show Up As A Barbiturate On A Drug Test https://drug-alcohol-testing.blurtit.com/2492615/will-phenergan-show-up-as-a Yes, Phenergan could possibly show up as a barbiturate on a standard drug screening, and therefore could produce a false-positive result. (cpushack.com)
Barbiturates are a type of drug that depresses the central nervous system. (cpushack.com)
Barbiturates are normally categorized by their duration of clinical action following an average oral dose (when possible) Promethazine is contraindicated for use in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug substance, substances of similar chemical structure or hypersensitivity to the other ingredients. (cpushack.com)
In the United States the manufacture and distribution of barbiturates were brought under federal control by the 1965 Drug Abuse and Control Act, and they are legally available only by prescription. (thefreedictionary.com)
When, in the late 1950s, many thought that the social cost of barbiturates was beginning to outweigh the medical benefits, a serious search began for a replacement drug. (wikipedia.org)
Several barbiturates leave similar residues that the 10-panel drug test may pick up. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In Barbiturates metabolism , the haemodilution in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes reduction in total drug concentration and protein binding fraction at the onset of CPB. (anesthesiageneral.com)

In addition to having a narrow therapeutic index, barbiturates are also addictive. (webmd.com)
Barbiturates are highly addictive. (thefreedictionary.com)
Barbiturates are addictive. (medlineplus.gov)
Barbiturates are highly addictive and there is a serious risk of overdose. (homehealth-uk.com)
Though many patients are prescribed barbiturates and opioids for their migraines, the majority indicated that they prefer their migraine medication to be FDA approved for the disease, not addictive and have few side effects. (thedailyheadache.com)
Is Barbiturate Addictive? (dependency.net)
Barbiturates are highly addictive, but not everyone who takes them becomes addicted. (dependency.net)

If barbiturates are prepared as injection drugs, they are then classified as class A drugs and the penalties for possession and supply are more severe. (news-medical.net)
Majdan M, Mauritz W, Wilbacher I, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, Leitgeb J. Barbiturates use and its effects in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in five European countries. (medscape.com)
High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. (nih.gov)
Barbiturates are frequently used for the treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe head injury ( Wilberger and Cantella, 1995 ). (aspetjournals.org)
There is no direct effect on the kidney by the barbiturates, but severe renal impairment may occur secondary to hypotensive effects in overdose situations. (elephantcare.org)

There are many different types of barbiturates. (tavad.com)
What are the different types of barbiturates? (healthtap.com)

This medicine contains a barbiturate and narcotic pain reliever. (limamemorial.org)
Jun 24, 2019 · Usual adult dosage is 50 mg promethazine HCl with an appropriately reduced dose of narcotic or barbiturate and the required amount of a belladonna alkaloid. (cpushack.com)
Barbiturates are normally categorized by their duration of clinical action following an average oral dose (when possible) Oct 25, 2018 · Usual adult dosage is 50 mg promethazine HCl (promethazine hydrochloride) with an appropriately reduced dose of narcotic or barbiturate and the required amount of a belladonna alkaloid. (cpushack.com)

Barbiturates are sedatives with a low "therapeutic index", meaning that a toxic dose isn't much higher than an effective dose. (healthtap.com)

The risk of side effects of barbiturates is higher in older patients and among pregnant women. (news-medical.net)

The survey found that patients taking triptans are significantly more likely than those taking barbiturates or opioids to report that their medication works well at relieving migraine symptoms, with sixty percent of triptan patients reporting that it describes their medication "extremely" or "very" well to say it relieves their migraines symptoms completely compared with 42 percent of patients taking barbiturates and opioids. (thedailyheadache.com)

Sodium pentothal is a barbiturate often known as "truth serum. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Commercial preparations of barbiturates list often contain a mixture of six parts anhydrous sodium carbonate to prevent precipitation of the insoluble acid form of the thiopentone by atmospheric carbon dioxide. (anesthesiageneral.com)

Barbiturates slow down the CNS in a similar way to alcohol and depending on how rapidly they produce effects and the duration of those effects, they may be classed as ultra-short-, short-, intermediate- or long-acting. (news-medical.net)
The effects of barbiturates and alcohol are very similar, and when combined can be lethal. (webmd.com)
People who abuse barbiturates use them to obtain a "high," which is described as being similar to alcohol intoxication, or to counteract the effects of stimulant drugs. (webmd.com)
Barbiturates are a group of drugs that have calming effects on the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
How quickly barbiturates act and how long their effects last can vary. (medicalnewstoday.com)
With regular use, tolerance to the effects of barbiturates develops. (wikipedia.org)
Barbiturates were abused to reduce anxiety, decrease inhibitions, and treat unwanted effects of illicit drugs. (emedicinehealth.com)
Because barbiturates and alcohol create the exact same type of intoxication, the user may not realize that the side effects have progressed past the point of safety. (wisegeek.com)
Most barbiturates can become habit-forming, and are usually taken for their strong sedative effects. (sleepdex.org)
To quantify any side effects resulting from the use of barbiturates. (cochrane.org)
What are the immediate effects of taking barbiturates? (homehealth-uk.com)
What are the long-term effects of taking barbiturates? (homehealth-uk.com)
How do barbiturates effects on sleep compare to BDZ's? (brainscape.com)
Local anesthetics and barbiturates: effects on evoked potentials in isolated mammalian cortex. (aspetjournals.org)
All barbiturates act in the same way, only differing at the speed with which they do it and the duration of their effects on the body. (confirmbiosciences.com)
Thus, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism of direct inhibition of the calcineurin/calmodulin complex that may explain some of the known immunosuppressive effects associated with barbiturate treatment. (aspetjournals.org)
NF-κB plays a central role in the regulation of the immune system and several previously reported effects of barbiturates on the function of immune cells could be explained by inhibition of NF-κB. (aspetjournals.org)
While the exact mechanisms for the CNS effects caused by barbiturates are unknown, they have been shown to inhibit the release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and glutamate. (elephantcare.org)
Besides the cardiac arresting effects of the barbiturates at euthanatizing dosages, the barbiturates have other cardiovascular effects. (elephantcare.org)
Some varieties of barbiturates are long-acting, with effects that last for up to two days. (dependency.net)
High doses of barbiturates can result in effects similar to being drunk, including staggering, slurred speech, and mental confusion. (dependency.net)
In some cases, the effects can be long-lasting, and someone who takes barbiturates at night may still feel drowsy the next morning. (dependency.net)

Research shows tolerance can develop with even one administration of a barbiturate. (wikipedia.org)
Although tolerance to barbiturates develops rapidly, the gap between a safe (for a heavy user) and lethal dose is very narrow and so accidental overdoses are very common with these drugs. (homehealth-uk.com)
All individuals that misuse barbiturates are at risk of developing a tolerance to them. (drugnet.net)
Could barbiturate use cause tolerance to other sedatives? (healthtap.com)
Barbiturates cause tolerance to other sedatives like valium and other benzodiazapine drugs. (healthtap.com)
Some people develop a tolerance to barbiturates, requiring larger or more frequent doses to get the same effect. (dependency.net)

Most overdoses of this type of medicine involve a mixture of drugs, usually alcohol and barbiturates, or barbiturates and opiates such as heroin, oxycodone, or fentanyl. (medlineplus.gov)
Barbiturate overdose is less frequent than overdoses with other abused drugs due to the decreasing therapeutic and recreational use of barbiturates. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Most overdoses of this type of medicine involve a mixture of drugs, usually alcohol and barbiturates, or barbiturates and opiates (heroin or oxycontin). (baptistjax.com)

Benzodiazepine use has largely replaced barbiturates in the medical profession, with the exception of a few specific indications. (webmd.com)

Barbiturates can also be used as a form of anesthetic. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Basal metabolic rates may be reduced with resultant decreases in body temperature when barbiturates are given at anesthetic doses. (elephantcare.org)
Although barbiturates fell out of favor, they continue to serve as a short-acting anesthetic and anti- epileptic drugs. (wikipedia.org)

turquoise-- That's a good question but I don't have an exact answer for you because it depends on the type of barbiturate you are on. (wisegeek.com)
The dose depends on the specific type of barbiturate. (dependency.net)

Studies of barbiturate and benzodiazepine self-administration are categorized by species and route of administration. (elsevier.com)

Barbiturates are primarily sedatives and they induce sleep. (news-medical.net)
Co-administration of barbiturates with antibiotics known to induce bone marrow suppression could, in turn, potentiate barbiturate-mediated immunosuppression. (uzh.ch)

Enzyme induction leads to increased metabolism of certain medications concomitantly taken along with barbiturates. (news-medical.net)
Some of the drugs whose metabolism and effectiveness is affected by barbiturate use include anti-seizure drugs like phenytoin and carbamazepine, antibiotics like rifampicin etc. (news-medical.net)
Barbiturates are believed to reduce ICP by suppressing cerebral metabolism, thus reducing cerebral metabolic demands and cerebral blood volume. (cochrane.org)
Clinical signs range from mild ataxia to general anaesthesia with recovery over hours to days with several factors affecting hepatic barbiturate metabolism and tissue partitioning. (scielo.org.za)
All barbiturates metabolism is in the liver. (anesthesiageneral.com)
The reserve capacity of the liver to carry out oxidation of barbiturates metabolism is large, and hepatic dysfunction must be extreme before a prolonged duration of action of barb iturates as a result of decreased metabolism occurs. (anesthesiageneral.com)

Thresholds measured 18 to 22 hours after the last dose of barbiturate were significantly decreased even with the shortest period of barbiturate intoxication employed (26 hr). (aspetjournals.org)

This chapter will focus in particular on current knowledge and recent developments in our understanding of the receptor actions of barbiturates. (acnp.org)
Researchers have attempted to identify the actions of barbiturates in the CNS since the discovery of this class of drugs. (acnp.org)
For example , the fluidizing actions of barbiturates on membrane phospholipids are rather small until supratherapeutic concentrations are reached. (acnp.org)
The pharmacological actions of barbiturates include depressing nerve activity in the cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles. (verywellmind.com)

All were migraineurs who had become dependent on barbiturates. (wiley.com)
The user may become dependent on barbiturates to relieve feelings of anxiety, loneliness, tension, or stress. (dependency.net)

Several neuronal targets are affected by pharmacologically relevant concentrations of barbiturates, including ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels. (acnp.org)
During a period of double stimulus pulses to the LOT, up to 10 seconds apart, low concentrations of barbiturates depressed the N-wave to the second pulse with little effect on the first, conditioning pulse, an effect not seen with local anesthetics. (aspetjournals.org)

Barbiturates are drugs that cause relaxation and sleepiness. (medlineplus.gov)

Some barbiturates are now more widely used in the treatment of epilepsy and shorter acting molecules are used in anaesthesia. (europa.eu)
However, barbiturates are still used to treat some types of epilepsy. (tavad.com)

Barbiturates are synthetic drugs used in medicine to depress the central nervous system. (news-medical.net)
Barbiturate drugs can depress the central nervous system. (rapidtest.com)

There is no evidence that barbiturates reduce death, and although they reduce intracranial pressure, one in four people have problems because barbiturates also cause low blood pressure. (cochrane.org)

Characteristics of barbiturate overdose include central nervous system (CNS) depression, hypotension, constricted pupils reacting to light, and depression of cardiovascular system. (clinicaladvisor.com)

People who overuse barbiturates and opioids, such as codeine, butalbital, and oxycodone, to treat migraine are at an increased risk of developing chronic migraine. (thedailyheadache.com)
People who overuse barbiturates and opioids, such as codeine, butalbital, and oxycodone, to treat migraine are at an increased risk of developing chronic migraine, according to research that will be presented at the American Academy of Neurology 60th Anniversary Annual Meeting in Chicago, April 12-19, 2008. (thedailyheadache.com)

Diseases1

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Significance of acute cerebral swelling in patients with sylvian hematoma due to ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and its management. (1/447)

Surgical treatment of internal carotid artery anterior wall aneurysm with extravasation during angiography--case report. (2/447)

Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species by flow cytometry. (3/447)

Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus is not linked to increased extracellular glutamate concentration. (4/447)

Assessment of the effect of amphotericin B on the vitality of Candida albicans. (5/447)

Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. (6/447)

Pharmacological evidence for a KATP channel in renin-secreting cells from rat kidney. (7/447)

Preparation of barbiturate optical isomers and their effects on GABA(A) receptors. (8/447)

Barbiturates

Secobarbital

Pentobarbital

Amobarbital

Thiopental

Barbital

Methohexital

Phenobarbital

Mephobarbital

GABA Modulators

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Hexobarbital

Receptors, GABA-A

Thiamylal

Gas Poisoning

Embalming

Methaqualone

Primidone

Opium

Glutethimide

Benzodiazepines

Anesthetics

Meprobamate

Macedonia (Republic)

Flurazepam

Picrotoxin

Diazepam

Phenytoin

Chlormethiazole

Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay

Electronic Mail

Food Dispensers, Automatic

Editorial Policies

Authorship

Periodicals as Topic

Postal Service

Internet

Pulmonary Edema

Charcoal

Drug Overdose

Encyclopedias as Topic

Antidotes

Drug Repositioning

Drug Approval

United States Food and Drug Administration

Uridine Phosphorylase

Patents as Topic

Benzyl Alcohol

Benzyl Compounds

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Glycogen Phosphorylase, Liver Form

Significance of acute cerebral swelling in patients with sylvian hematoma due to ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and its management. (1/447)

Surgical treatment of internal carotid artery anterior wall aneurysm with extravasation during angiography--case report. (2/447)

Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species by flow cytometry. (3/447)

Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus is not linked to increased extracellular glutamate concentration. (4/447)

Assessment of the effect of amphotericin B on the vitality of Candida albicans. (5/447)

Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. (6/447)

Pharmacological evidence for a KATP channel in renin-secreting cells from rat kidney. (7/447)

Preparation of barbiturate optical isomers and their effects on GABA(A) receptors. (8/447)

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