Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Paediatric preputial pathology: are we circumcising enough? (1/4)
INTRODUCTION: Preputial problems are a common reason for referral to the paediatric surgical out-patient department. Many boys referred do not need surgical intervention. One indication for intervention is balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), a potentially serious condition previously considered rare in childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive boys referred to a paediatric general surgical out-patient department with problems relating to their prepuce during a period of 4 years were included. The out-patient diagnosis and management was recorded. All foreskins excised were sent for histological analysis. RESULTS: A total of 422 boys were referred, median age 6 years 2 months (range, 3 months to 16 years). Over half the boys referred simply required re-assurance that all was normal with their penis. However, 186 boys (44.1%) were listed for surgical procedures - 148 circumcision, 33 preputial adhesiolysis, and 5 frenuloplasty. There were histological abnormalities in 110 specimens (84.8%); chronic inflammation (n = 69; 46.6%), BXO (n = 51; 34.5%), and fibrosis (n = 4; 2.7%). Nineteen (12.8%) specimens were reported as histologically normal. The overall prevalence of BXO in the boys referred was 12.1%. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, the percentage of boys circumcised and the prevalence of BXO were both higher than in other published series. BXO may be more common and present at a younger age than previously thought. (+info)Management of boys with abnormal appearance of meatus at circumcision for balanitis xerotica obliterans. (2/4)
(+info)Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update. (3/4)
(+info)Histopathological examination of the prepuce after circumcision: Is it a waste of resources? (4/4)
(+info)The symptoms of BXO can vary in severity and may include:
* Redness and swelling of the foreskin and glans
* Pain during sexual activity
* Difficulty retracting the foreskin
* Thickening and tightening of the foreskin
* Foul-smelling discharge
The exact cause of BXO is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including:
* Poor hygiene
* Infection
* Allergies
* Irritation from certain chemicals or substances
* Poor fitting clothing or underwear
There are several treatments for BXO, including:
* Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
* Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and scarring
* Circumcision to remove the affected tissue
* Dermabrasion or laser therapy to remove scar tissue
It is important for men with BXO to practice good hygiene, avoid irritants, and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper treatment, most men with BXO can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.
In simpler terms, Balanitis is a condition that causes inflammation in the skin of the penis, specifically around the foreskin and glans. It can be caused by poor hygiene or other medical conditions like diabetes. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, and difficulty pulling back the foreskin. Treatment involves good hygiene practices and sometimes medicine to help clear up the infection.
The exact cause of Bronchiolitis Obliterans is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is often associated with allergies and asthma, and viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can trigger the onset of symptoms.
Symptoms of Bronchiolitis Obliterans include:
* Persistent coughing, which may be worse at night
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Fatigue and poor appetite
* Recurrent respiratory infections
BO is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or pulmonary function tests. There is no cure for Bronchiolitis Obliterans, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:
* Medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and improve lung function
* Pulmonary rehabilitation programs to improve breathing and overall health
* Oxygen therapy to help increase oxygen levels in the blood
* In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
While Bronchiolitis Obliterans can significantly impact quality of life, with proper management and care, many individuals with the condition are able to lead active and productive lives.
Arteriosclerosis obliterans is often seen as a complication of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. It can also be caused by other factors such as smoking, high cholesterol levels, and genetic predisposition.
Symptoms of arteriosclerosis obliterans can vary depending on the location and severity of the blockages. They may include:
* Pain or cramping in the legs, feet, or buttocks
* Weakness or fatigue in the affected limbs
* Coldness or numbness in the extremities
* Difficulty healing wounds or ulcers
* Poor circulation in the hands and feet
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
If you suspect that you may have arteriosclerosis obliterans, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests such as angiography or ultrasound to determine the extent of the blockages and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment for arteriosclerosis obliterans may include lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and managing high blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Medications such as vasodilators and antiplatelet agents may also be prescribed to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of further blockages. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to bypass or remove the blockages.
Preventing arteriosclerosis obliterans involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing any underlying medical conditions, and avoiding risk factors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Regular check-ups with a healthcare professional can also help to identify early signs of the condition and prevent its progression.
Some common penile diseases include:
1. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
2. Premature Ejaculation (PE): Ejaculation that occurs before or shortly after penetration, with minimal sexual stimulation and before the person wishes it.
3. Penile Cancer: A type of cancer that affects the skin or tissue of the penis.
4. Phimosis: A condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted over the head of the penis.
5. Paraphimosis: A condition in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
6. Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis.
7. Posthetic Syndrome: Pain or discomfort after surgery on the penis.
8. Priapism: A persistent and usually painful erection that lasts for more than four hours and is not relieved by sexual activity or orgasm.
9. Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, which can be caused by bacterial or viral infections.
10. Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum, which can be caused by bacterial or viral infections.
These diseases can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging studies. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease and can include antibiotics, medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as some penile diseases can lead to complications such as scarring, loss of sensation, or erectile dysfunction if left untreated. It is also important to practice safe sex and take steps to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to help prevent the development of penile diseases.
The exact cause of thromboangiitis obliterans is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors for the condition include smoking, exposure to cold temperatures, and certain medical conditions such as Raynaud's phenomenon.
The symptoms of thromboangiitis obliterans can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:
* Pain, tenderness, and swelling in the affected limbs
* Coldness and discoloration of the skin
* Limited mobility and loss of function in the affected limbs
* Ulcers and wounds on the skin
Diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound and angiography. Treatment for the condition may include medications to dissolve blood clots and improve blood flow, as well as surgery to repair or replace damaged vessels. In severe cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary.
Overall, thromboangiitis obliterans is a rare and debilitating condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.
There are several causes of phimosis, including:
1. Congenital phimosis: This is when the foreskin is too tight or short to retract over the head of the penis, and it is present at birth.
2. Acquired phimosis: This can occur due to inflammation, infection, or injury to the foreskin.
3. Paraphimosis: This is when the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be retracted.
4. Circumcision: This is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin entirely, so it is not possible to have phimosis after circumcision.
Symptoms of phimosis can include:
1. Pain during urination or sexual activity
2. Difficulty retracting the foreskin over the head of the penis
3. Redness, swelling, or discharge in the area
4. Fever or chills
5. Difficulty starting to urinate or stopping urination
Treatment for phimosis depends on the severity of the condition and may include:
1. Topical creams or ointments to reduce inflammation and promote healing
2. Stretching exercises to help loosen the foreskin
3. Steroid injections to reduce swelling
4. Circumcision, if the condition is severe or does not respond to other treatments.
It is important to note that phimosis can be a symptom of other underlying conditions, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or urinary tract infections (UTIs), so it is important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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TERM
Descriptors in 2013 MeSH. Preferred term only. December 14, 2012
Known as balanitis xerotica o3
- In men, this genital involvement has traditionally been known as balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (medscape.com)
- Penile lichen sclerosus, also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the penis which can occur at all ages. (nih.gov)
- Lichen sclerosis in men, also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans (or BXO), is a skin disorder characterised by white patches on the head and foreskin of the penis. (healthymale.org.au)
Phimosis8
- Could a careful clinical examination distinguish physiologic phimosis from balanitis xerotica obliterans in children? (bvsalud.org)
- Pathologic phimosis is the adult form of the disease as a result of local scarring, infection or inflammation due to poor hygiene, recurrent balanitis and/or posthitis, diabetes mellitus and balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (medscape.com)
- [ 5 ] Though uncommon, a complication of balanitis (usually only in recurrent cases) is constricting phimosis , or inability to retract the foreskin from the glans penis. (medscape.com)
- Though uncommon, complications of balanitis include phimosis and cellulitis. (medscape.com)
- Incidence of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in Boys Younger than 10 Years Presenting with Phimosis. (medscape.com)
- Kiss A, Király L, Kutasy B, Merksz M. High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study. (medscape.com)
- 6. Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans:an underestimated cause of secondary phimosis. (nih.gov)
- Balanitis is recurrent inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis caused by infection or phimosis. (chennaicircumcisionclinic.in)
Penis5
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), or penile lichen sclerosus, is a progressive sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of the glans penis and foreskin. (medscape.com)
- In very few cases, balanitis may contribute to the "buried penis syndrome. (medscape.com)
- This image depicts the glans penis of a patient who was diagnosed as having balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (cdc.gov)
- As stated by historians, it is believed that the circumcision procedure was originally undertaken as an early public health measure to prevent balanitis, a swelling of the penis that can be caused by the accumulation of desert sand under the foreskin. (chennaicircumcisionclinic.in)
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a condition where the tight foreskin in some cases, also affects the head of the penis to get scarred and inflamed. (chennaicircumcisionclinic.in)
Lichen Sclerosus1
- Related Medscape Drugs & Diseases articles include Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus , Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis , and Balanitis in Emergency Medicine . (medscape.com)
Penile2
20231
- 2023. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540054/all/Balanitis. (hopkinsguides.com)
Meatal2
- Meatal stenosis with urinary retention may rarely accompany balanitis. (medscape.com)
- We review outcomes after management of meatal balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). (aeu.es)
Genital1
- The etiology of male genital lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans [BXO]) is unknown but is thought to be multifactorial. (medscape.com)
Pathology1
- 19. [Balanitis xerotica obliterans, underdiagnosed pathology of clinical relevance]. (nih.gov)
Diabetes2
- Diabetes is the most common underlying condition associated with adult balanitis. (medscape.com)
- Balanitis and diabetes. (nih.gov)
Balanoposthitis1
- Like balanitis and balanoposthitis , lichen sclerosis occurs more commonly in males who are uncircumcised . (healthymale.org.au)
Diagnosis2
- The diagnosis of balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) in children may be challenging, since clinical examination only could lead to an underestimation of its incidence . (bvsalud.org)
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a review of diagnosis and management. (medscape.com)
Clinical2
- The specificity and positive predictive value of abnormal macroscopic findings at examination, together with a positive clinical history for other allergic or immune diseases , and/or for balanitis , were 100% and the positive likelihood ratio was greater than 10. (bvsalud.org)
- 9. [Clinical and immunohistochemical correlation of balanitis xerotica obliterans]. (nih.gov)
Complications1
- What is Known â ¢ Occurrence of balanitis xerotica obliterans may be underestimated in children and it could lead to long-term complications . (bvsalud.org)
Males1
- Balanitis can occur in males at any age. (medscape.com)
Review1
- 12. Balanitis xerotica obliterans--a review. (nih.gov)
Treatment1
- 5. Treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans in pediatric patients. (nih.gov)
Children2
Cases1
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) has occurred in monozygotic twins, which suggests a genetic basis for the disease in some cases. (medscape.com)
Poor1
- Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are most affected by balanitis. (medscape.com)
Male genital lichen sclerosus1
- The etiology of male genital lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans [BXO]) is unknown but is thought to be multifactorial. (medscape.com)
Penile carcinoma1
- 15. Genital lichen sclerosus/balanitis xerotica obliterans in men with penile carcinoma: a critical analysis. (nih.gov)
Lichen sclerosus3
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a subcategory of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus limited to the male genitalia and is associated with destructive inflammation, phimosis, urethral stenosis, and squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a subcategory of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus limited to the male genitalia. (medscape.com)
- Related Medscape Drugs & Diseases articles include Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus , Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis , and Balanitis in Emergency Medicine . (medscape.com)
Phimosis2
- Incidence of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in Boys Younger than 10 Years Presenting with Phimosis. (medscape.com)
- Even more, in boys with physiologic phimosis that does not respond to conservative treatment, Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans should be considered as the underlying condition. (nih.gov)
Diagnosis2
- Cite this: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans and Its Differential Diagnosis - Medscape - Nov 01, 1999. (medscape.com)
- Characteristics of the Differential Diagnosis of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans. (medscape.com)
Etiology1
- Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is a chronic, progressive, sclerosing inflammation of unclear etiology. (nih.gov)