Bacteriophage T4
Bacteriophage lambda
Bacteriophage T7
Lysogeny
The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.
T-Phages
A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.
Bacteriophage mu
A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.
Bacteriophage phi 6
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Bacteriophage phi X 174
Bacteriophage P2
Bacteriophage M13
Bacteriophage T3
Bacteriophage Typing
Bacteriophage P1
Salmonella Phages
Siphoviridae
RNA Phages
Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
Bacteriolysis
Bacteriophage PRD1
Pseudomonas Phages
Bacillus Phages
Base Sequence
Mutation
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Viral Tail Proteins
Levivirus
Adsorption
DNA Packaging
Plasmids
Prophages
Inovirus
Genes
Genetics, Microbial
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
Attachment Sites, Microbiological
Recombination, Genetic
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Amino Acid Sequence
Viral Plaque Assay
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Virus Replication
Transduction, Genetic
DNA, Single-Stranded
Cloning, Molecular
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Cystoviridae
Bacteriophage Pf1
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Temperature
Chromosome Mapping
Caudovirales
Phosphorus Isotopes
Transcription, Genetic
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
Genetic Complementation Test
DNA Primase
Biological Therapy
Cryoelectron Microscopy
Host Specificity
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Templates, Genetic
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Viral Structural Proteins
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Operon
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Phosphotungstic Acid
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Open Reading Frames
Ultraviolet Rays
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
DNA, Recombinant
Restriction Mapping
Mitomycins
Polynucleotide Ligases
Binding Sites
Mycobacteriophages
DNA, Circular
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Endodeoxyribonucleases
Radiation Effects
Integrases
Operator Regions, Genetic
Virus Assembly
Exonucleases
DNA Helicases
Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.
Lactococcus lactis
Microviridae
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
RNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Salmonella typhimurium
Models, Molecular
Virion
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Corticoviridae
Endonucleases
Tectiviridae
Muramidase
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase
Receptors, Virus
Pseudomonas
Thymine Nucleotides
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Water Microbiology
F Factor
DNA-Binding Proteins
Suppression, Genetic
Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Protein Binding
Genetic Code
Conjugation, Genetic
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
Viral Interference
Centrifugation, Zonal
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Transformation, Genetic
Genes, Regulator
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)
An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.
Protein Biosynthesis
Shiga Toxin
Integration Host Factors
RNA, Bacterial
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Drug Resistance, Microbial
RNA Ligase (ATP)
Colicins
Oligoribonucleotides
Rifampin
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Cesium
Biological Control Agents
Nucleotides
Repressor Proteins
Virus Integration
Lactococcus
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Phosphorus Radioisotopes
Cell Wall
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Microbial Viability
Substrate Specificity
Virus Activation
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
Bacillus
Nucleic Acid Renaturation
Shiga Toxin 2
Deoxyribonucleotides
Escherichia coli O157
A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Bacteriophage IKe
Streptococcus
Microvirus
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
Phenotype
Adenosine Triphosphatases
DNA, Superhelical
Chloroform
Rec A Recombinases
A family of recombinases initially identified in BACTERIA. They catalyze the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in GENETIC RECOMBINATION. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop, which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure.
Epidemiological characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in the North West of England by protein A (spa) and coagulase (coa) gene polymorphisms. (1/735)
In a comparative study, isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with known pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and bacteriophage type were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) for additional discriminatory subtyping information. PFGE was previously performed using standardized, commercially available kits and pre-programmed software. Isolates were examined for coagulase (coa) and protein A (spa) gene polymorphisms following PCR amplification of the coa hypervariable and spa repeat regions. Coa gene RFLPs produced a total of 38 distinct combined patterns after digestion with HaeIII and AluI and identified the predominant epidemic (EMRSA) types 15 and 16. A unique HaeIII restriction site was identified by RFLP and sequence analysis in the coa gene for EMRSA 15 but not EMRSA 16. The spa gene PCR yielded a total of 14 different profiles ranging from 3-18 repeats with the 2 predominant EMRSA types falling into 2 distinct groups. PCR detection of coa and spa polymorphisms offer a rapid preliminary strain identification and discriminatory subtyping information for surveillance of MRSA. (+info)Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phage-type DT104 among salmonellae causing enteritis in Israel. (2/735)
The relative frequency of salmonella strains isolated from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in Southern Israel changed during the period, 1994-6. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage-type 104 (DT104) appeared in Israel in 1994 and became the most prevalent strain in 1996. An outbreak of enteritis due to Salmonella enterica serotype Agona occurred in Israel, in October 1994 and lasted for 4 months. The relative frequency of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis remained almost constant during these years, with seasonal fluctuations only. The importance of the increase in the prevalence of Typhimurium DT104 has been the epidemic spread of a multiresistant strain of R-type ACT (A, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; T, tetracycline) belonging to this phage-type. Since 1995 the frequency of Typhimurium DT104 isolates that possess, in addition to the above R-type, a chromosomally encoded resistance to the quinolone drug, nalidixic acid, increased tenfold. In 1996, 27% of the Typhimurium DT104 isolates were of R-type ACTN. S. Enteritidis exhibited over 95% susceptibility to at least eight of the most commonly used antibiotic drugs, and none of the isolates was resistant to quinolone or fluoroquinoline. (+info)Molecular survey of the Salmonella phage typing system of Anderson. (3/735)
Typing phages for Salmonella and the prophages of their typical propagation strains were analyzed at the DNA level. Most of them belong to the P22 branch of the lambdoid phages. Acquisition of new plating properties of the typing phages by propagation in particular strains can be due to different host specific modifications of the DNA or to recombination events with residing prophages which are reflected by changes in the respective DNA restriction patterns. It is concluded that the actually available set of typing phages is a historically unique combination of strains. (+info)Phage type conversion in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis caused by the introduction of a resistance plasmid of incompatibility group X (IncX). (4/735)
The plasmid pOG670, a 54 kb, conjugative plasmid that specifies resistance to ampicillin and kanamycin and belonging to the incompatibility group X (IncX), was transferred into 10 isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis belonging to 10 different phage types (PT1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 9b, 10, 11 and 13). Acquisition of the plasmid by these strains did not result in the loss of any resident plasmids but resulted in phage type conversion in 8 of the 10 strains (PT1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 9b, 10 and 11). The observed changes in phage type were found to result from the loss of sensitivity to 3 of the 10 typing phages used (phages 3, 5 and 7). Where the conversion resulted in a change to a defined phage type, both the new and original PTs belonged to the same, previously described, evolutionary lines. Enteritidis PTs 1, 4 and 8, commonly associated with poultry world-wide, were converted to PTs 21, 6 and 13a respectively. The results indicate a different route for phage type conversion Enteritidis from others reported in the literature and, although IncX plasmids are not normally present in PT8 or PT13a, may suggest a possible mechanism/link connecting these phage types. (+info)Molecular characterization of an antibiotic resistance gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium DT104. (5/735)
Salmonella typhimurium phage type DT104 has become an important emerging pathogen. Isolates of this phage type often possess resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT resistance). The mechanism by which DT104 has accumulated resistance genes is of interest, since these genes interfere with treatment of DT104 infections and might be horizontally transferred to other bacteria, even to unrelated organisms. Previously, several laboratories have shown that the antibiotic resistance genes of DT104 are chromosomally encoded and involve integrons. The antibiotic resistance genes conferring the ACSSuT-resistant phenotype have been cloned and sequenced. These genes are grouped within two district integrons and intervening plasmid-derived sequences. This sequence is potentially useful for detection of multiresistant DT104. (+info)Identification of four phage resistance plasmids from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris HO2. (6/735)
The bacteriophage-host sensitivity patterns of 16 strains of Lactococcus lactis originally isolated from a mixed strain Cheddar cheese starter culture were determined. Using phages obtained from cheese factory whey, four of the strains were found to be highly phage resistant. One of these isolates, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris HO2, was studied in detail to determine the mechanisms responsible for the phage insensitivity phenotypes. Conjugal transfer of plasmid DNA from strain HO2 allowed a function to be assigned to four of its six plasmids. A 46-kb molecule, designated pCI646, was found to harbor the lactose utilization genes, while this and plasmids of 58 kb (pCI658), 42 kb (pCI642), and 4.5 kb (pCI605) were shown to be responsible for the phage resistance phenotypes observed against the small isometric-headed phage phi712 (936 phage species) and the prolate-headed phage phic2 (c2 species). pCI658 was found to mediate an adsorption-blocking mechanism and was also responsible for the fluffy pellet phenotype of cells containing the molecule. pCI642 and pCI605 were both shown to be required for the operation of a restriction-modification system. (+info)Subtyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the North-West of England: a comparison of standardised pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with bacteriophage typing including an inter-laboratory reproducibility study. (7/735)
Bacteriophage typing is currently the recognised methodology for the typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the UK. Bacteriophage typing is less discriminatory and does not type all isolates compared with some molecular methods for typing MRSA. Chromosomal genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is increasingly recognised as an improved method for typing MRSA, providing increased discrimination and typability. In this study the results of a comparison of bacteriophage typing and PFGE typing and subtyping are presented for a large collection of isolates from the North-West of England. Isolates belonging to the most frequently isolated epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA) bacteriophage types 15 and 16 were typed by PFGE with further discrimination of common PFGE types possible into a number of subtypes. These results for a large collection of isolates demonstrate the improved typing of MRSA with PFGE. The widespread acceptance of PFGE for typing MRSA isolates has been hampered by the lack of standardised methodologies. Recently, a standardised PFGE strain typing system, known as the GenePath system has become available. The results of an inter-laboratory comparison of PFGE typing for a collection of isolates demonstrated good reproducibility with this system. (+info)Phages for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an international trial. (8/735)
An internationally agreed and validated set of phages is used worldwide for the typing of strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin. However, because of the sometimes reduced susceptibility of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) to these phages, some of the national typing centres use locally isolated and characterized sets of experimental phages. In this trial, 42 such phages were distributed to 6 centres and tested against 744 isolates of MRSA with the intention of defining a phage set to augment the international set. The use of these experimental phages increased the percentage typability from 75% with the international set to 93% and the number of identifiable lytic patterns from 192 to 424. A subset of 10 experimental phages was selected. When this subset was compared with the experimental panel, the typability rate was 91% and 370 distinct patterns were obtained. This subset of phages has been distributed for international trial. (+info)
Salmonellosis in songbirds in winter - Healthy Wildlife
Department of Health | An outbreak of <em>Salmonella</em> Typhimurium phage type 64 gastroenteritis linked to catered luncheons...
Routine test legal definition of routine test
Use of an Automated Multiple-Locus, Variable-Number Tandem Repeat-Based Method for Rapid and High-Throughput Genotyping of...
Publication : USDA ARS
Resistance evolution against phage combinations depends on the timing and order of exposure - Research Database, The University...
Routine Tests for Antenatal Care
08/08/1990 - Laboratory Standard does not cover routine tests supporting production but non-routine, non-production-related...
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Structure and genome ejection mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus phage P68 | Science Advances
Phage group - Wikipedia
Identification of Glutamic Acid Producing Strains by Phages -- Vol. 06, No 03, 1991 -- Virologica Sinica
CiteSeerX - Computing with Capsules
The Actinobacteriophage Database | Phage Nanobubbles
Doctors Urge Fewer Routine Tests
Would you be prepared for an unexpected result on a routine test? I wasnt
Foodborne general outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 infection, England and Wales, 1992-2002: where are the risks...
Emergence of new Salmonella Enteritidis phage types in Europe? Surveillance of infections in returning travellers. - Nuffield...
Increasing Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis - Volume 8, Number 5-May 2002 - Emerging Infectious...
Evaluating risk factors for endemic human Salmonella Enteritidis infections with different phage types in Ontario, Canada using...
Department of Health | An outbreak of <em>Salmonella</em> Typhimurium phage type 135a in a child...
Online Business Operator: May 2016
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Structural studies on the lipopolysaccharides isolated from bacteriophage selected strains of Aecomonas hydrophila - Memorial...
Typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B) | SpringerLink
The Vision
Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis phage types in the Slovak Republic. | Base documentaire | BDSP
Comparative analysis of subtyping methods against a whole-genome-sequencing standard for Salmonella enterica serotype...
ISCR Elements: Novel Gene-Capturing Systems of the 21st Century? | Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
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Search | European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
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Scivation Xtend RTD | Case of 12
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Distribution.Types.PackageDescription.Lens
Text.Pandoc.Parsing
Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Elicits Cross-Immunity against a Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Strain...
Table 1 - Tandem Repeat Analysis for Surveillance of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections - Volume 13, Number 3-March 2007 -...
The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi regulator TviA reduces interleukin-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells by...
Surveillance of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in southern Italy in the years 1992...
Foodborne disease in our global village: A multinational investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella serotype enteritidis phage...
Molecular typing reveals a unique clone of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi among Indian strains [2]<...
Host Restriction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Is Not Caused by Functional Alteration of SipA, SopB, or SopD
Population Heterogeneity of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Resulting from Phase Variation of the lpf Operon In Vitro...
Victorian eggs recalled due to salmonella strain not normally seen in Australia
Microbiology Society Journals | Insertion sequence IS200 can differentiate drug-resistant and drug-sensitive Salmonella typhi...
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A3 Receptors | Beneficial Effects of RAF Inhibitor i
Identification and molecular characterization of a S. agalactiae strain lacking the capsular locus
40 routine tests and procedures may do more harm than good, medical experts say | Toronto Star
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Cellucor C4 On-The-Go RTD 295mL (Box of 12)
Sinorhizobium meliloti
Lesley SM (1982). "A bacteriophage typing system for Rhizobium meliloti". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 28 (2): 180-189. ... Systematic naming of bacteriophages is rarely followed in the scientific literature. Thus, a variety of phages end up sharing ... Several bacteriophages that infect Sinorhizobium meliloti have been described: Φ1, Φ1A, Φ2A, Φ3A, Φ4 (=ΦNM8), Φ5t (=ΦNM3), Φ6 ... and Krsmanovi-Simic D, Werquin M (1973). "Etude des bactériophages de Rhizobium meliloti" [Study of bacteriophages of Rhizobium ...
Optical mapping
"Bacteriophage strain typing by rapid single molecule analysis". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (18): e117. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv563. ... the reaction mixture contains a single type of FdNTP and allows for multiple additions of that nucleotide type. Various washes ...
Staphylococcus aureus
... bacteriophage typing, spa locus typing, and SCCmec typing are often conducted more than others. With these methods, it can be ... SAINT-MARTIN, M.; CHAREST, G.; DESRANLEAU, J. M. (1951). "Bacteriophage Typing in Investigations of Staphylococcal Food- ... Spa locus typing is also considered a popular technique that uses a single locus zone in a polymorphic region of S. aureus to ... Depending upon the type of infection present, an appropriate specimen is obtained accordingly and sent to the laboratory for ...
Pseudomonas virus 42
Ackermann, H.W.; Krisch, H. M. (10 December 1997). "A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages". Archives of Virology. 142 (12): ... Pseudomonas virus 42, formerly Pseudomonas phage 42, is a bacteriophage known to infect Pseudomonas bacteria. ...
Vibrio virus nt1
"A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages". Archives of Virology. 142 (12): 2329-2345. doi:10.1007/s007050050246. PMID 9672598. ... Vibrio virus nt1 (formerly Vibrio phage nt-1) is a bacteriophage known to infect Vibrio bacteria. It infects Vibrio natriegens ... "Classification of Myoviridae bacteriophages using protein sequence similarity". BMC Microbiology. 9 (1): 224. doi:10.1186/1471- ...
Escherichia virus T4
His part was naming the bacteriophages into Type 1(T1), Type 2 (T2), Type 3 (T3), etc. The specific time and place of T4 virus ... Ackermann HW, Krisch HM (1997). "A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages". Archives of Virology. 142 (12): 2329-45. doi:10.1007/ ... Snustad DP (August 1968). "Dominance interactions in Escherichia coli cells mixedly infected with bacteriophage T4D wild-type ... "Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous component of the dark matter of the biosphere". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (35 ...
Bacteriophage
Ackermann, H.-W.; Krisch, H. M. (6 April 2014). "A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages". Archives of Virology. 142 (12): 2329- ... Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.[1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found ... A bacteriophage (/bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ/), also known informally as a phage (/feɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within ... 2×108 bacteriophages per mL.[47] Bacteriophages are thought to extensively contribute to horizontal gene transfer in natural ...
Microbial dark matter
Microbial ecology Filee, J.; Tetart, F.; Suttle, C. A.; Krisch, H. M. (2005). "Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous ...
Prophage
Bacteriophage λ is able to undergo a type of recombinational repair called prophage reactivation. Prophage reactivation can ... A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA ... Menouni R, Hutinet G, Petit MA, Ansaldi M (2015). "Bacterial genome remodeling through bacteriophage recombination". FEMS ... doi:10.1016/0027-5107(73)90001-8. PMID 4688367 Bernstein C. Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in bacteriophage. Microbiol Rev. 1981; ...
AB5 toxin
"Shigella dysenteriae Type 1-Specific Bacteriophage from Environmental Waters in Bangladesh". Applied and Environmental ... B subunits of the AB5 toxins have the affinity towards binding glycan which some type of tumors seem to possess making it an ... For these experiments, different types of AB5 toxins can be used to induce the fast formation of tCDR in E.Coli cells. The ... strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from food by a combination of serotyping and molecular typing of Shiga toxin ...
Coliphage
A coliphage is a type of bacteriophage that infects coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Examples include Bacteriophage ...
Peptidoglycan recognition protein
This peptidoglycan-binding type 2 amidase domain is homologous to bacteriophage and bacterial type 2 amidases. PGRP domain has ... and not present in bacteriophage amidases. Invertebrate PGRPs can be small secreted proteins (e.g., PGRP-SB, -SA, -SD, and -LB ... type I diabetes, infectious complications in hemodialysis, and thrombosis, consistent with pro-inflammatory effects of PGLYRP1 ... "Analysis of potential hub genes involved in the pathogenesis of Chinese type 1 diabetic patients". Annals of Translational ...
Phage monographs
Typing of Salmonella typhimurium by means of bacteriophage. The Bacteriological Hygienical Department of the Royal Veterinary ... Bacteriophages. Interscience, New York. OCLC 326505 Ho, N. B., Z. T. Si, and M. X. Yu. 1959. Bacteriophages from China. An ... French; The Bacteriophage and its Behavior] OCLC 11981307 d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1926. The Bacteriophage and Its ... The Bacteriophages. Volume I Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 18686137 Calendar, R. 1988. The Bacteriophages. Volume II Plenum ...
Human viruses in water
Some types of coliphages (a type of bacteriophage) are inactive in an of air-water-solid interface. This is due to the ... viruses on the other hand can colonize either the upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract depending on the type ...
Toxin-antitoxin system
Type III toxin-antitoxin (AbiQ) systems have been shown to protect bacteria from bacteriophages altruistically. During an ... Type IV toxin-antitoxin systems are similar to type II systems, because they consist of two proteins. Unlike type II systems, ... Similar protective effects have been observed with type I, type II, and type IV (AbiE) toxin-antitoxin systems. Abortive ... Type II toxin-antitoxin systems are generally better-understood than type I. In this system a labile proteic antitoxin tightly ...
Anti-CRISPR
"Disabling a Type I-E CRISPR-Cas Nuclease with a Bacteriophage-Encoded Anti-CRISPR Protein". mBio. 8 (6). doi:10.1128/mBio.01751 ... Furthermore, the locus of the genes codifying these type I-E proteins was really close to the one responsible for the type I-F ... The first inhibitors of a type II CRISPR-Cas system were then discovered: AcrIIC1, AcrIIC2 and AcrIIC3, that block the type II‑ ... the type of mechanism used in the genetic edition of human cells). A year later, a study confirmed the presence of type II-A ...
Mobilome
Prophages are genomes of bacteriophages (a type of virus) that are inserted into bacterial chromosomes; prophages can then be ... Prophages can loop out of bacterial chromosomes to produce bacteriophages that go on to infect other bacteria with the ... and plasmids and prophages being the major types in prokaryotes. Virophages contribute to the viral mobilome. Transposable ...
Scarlet fever
"Nucleotide sequence of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage ... Bacteriophages were discovered in 1915 by Frederick Twort. His work was overlooked and bacteriophages were later rediscovered ... This type of rash is accompanied by a prodromal period of cough and runny nose in addition to a fever, indicative of a viral ... Specifically, Bacteriophage T12 is responsible for the production of speA.[21] Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, speA, is the ...
William C. Earnshaw
"The structural organization of DNA packaged within the heads of T4 wild-type, isometric and giant bacteriophages". Cell. 14 (3 ... Earnshaw, W. C.; King, J; Eiserling, F. A. (1978). "The size of the bacteriophage T4 head in solution with comments about the ... Earnshaw, W. C.; Hendrix, R. W.; King, J (1979). "Structural studies of bacteriophage lambda heads and proheads by small angle ... The Structure of Bacteriophage p22 and its Assembly Intermediates (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Earnshaw ...
Sydney Josland
... bacteriophage typing, chemistry and virology. Josland continued to specialize in research into Leptospirosis and Salmonella, ... Josland, S. W. and Norris, D. M., Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. V. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 58, August ... This contrasted with overseas results where many types of Salmonella had been found. In the 1950s, Josland prepared killed ... Josland, S. W., Salmonella Types in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 283, June 1952, pp180-184. Josland, ...
P35 holin family
The reaction catalyzed by P35 holin is: autolysin (in) → autolysin (out) Bacteriophage Phage typing Holin Lysin Transporter ... Rydman, Pia S.; Bamford, Dennis H. (2003-07-01). "Identification and mutational analysis of bacteriophage PRD1 holin protein ...
Complementation (genetics)
In this case the test depends on mixed infections of host bacterial cells with two different bacteriophage mutant types. Its ... In this species, wild type flies have red eyes and eye color is known to be related to two genes, A and B. Each one of these ... In the case where the mutations are in different genes, each strain's genome supplies the wild-type allele to "complement" the ... The complementation test was also used in the early development of molecular genetics when bacteriophage T4 was one of the main ...
Bacterial display
Bacteriophage display is the most common type of display system used although bacterial display is becoming increasingly ... when peptides were genetically fused with proteins displayed on the M13 bacteriophage. Bacteriophage display is a commonly used ... There are two types of live bacterial vaccines that can be made: Normally pathogenic bacteria are weakened so they are no ... Many types of bacteria have cell surface proteins such as the enteropathogenic E. coli intimin protein which is involved in ...
Topoisomerase
The bacteriophage (phage) T4 gyrase (type II topoismerase) is a multisubunit protein consisting of the products of genes 39, 52 ... There are two types or families of this enzyme; type I family and type II family. Type I family passes one strand of the DNA ... type IB and type IC topoisomerases change the linking number by any integer, whereas type IIA and type IIB topoisomerases ... Both type IA and type IB topoisomerases, within the Type I family, have very distinct differences in their properties. Type II ...
Bacteria
Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial ... Two other types of bacterial motion are called twitching motility that relies on a structure called the type IV pilus, and ... There are many types of antibiotics, and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the ... Many types of secretion systems are known and these structures are often essential for the virulence of pathogens, so are ...
Complementation (genetics)
In this case the test depends on mixed infections of host bacterial cells with two different bacteriophage mutant types. Its ... In this species, wild type flies have red eyes and eye color is known to be related to two genes, A and B. Each one of these ... Complementation tests in fungi and bacteriophage[edit]. Complementation tests can also be carried out with haploid eukaryotes ... In this case, each strain's genome supplies the wild-type allele to "complement" the mutated allele of the other strain's ...
Quantum dot
This system allowed them to vary both the length of bacteriophage and the type of inorganic material through genetic ... This type of white light as the backlight of an LCD panel allows for the best color gamut at lower cost than an RGB LED ... A widely used type of quantum dots grown with this method are In(Ga)As quantum dots in GaAs. Such quantum dots have the ... As their toxicity may also be dynamic depending on the environmental factors such as pH level, light exposure and cell type, ...
History of virology
... "bacteriophage".[23][24] Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several ... He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name Burkitt's lymphoma. This type of cancer was endemic in ... Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. Early ... the first electron micrograph of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages ...
Food web
"Detritus can be broadly defined as any form of non-living organic matter, including different types of plant tissue (e.g. leaf ... type of species), richness (number of species), biomass (the dry weight of plants and animals), productivity (rates of ... ecologists have tested various types of ecological control mechanisms. For example, herbivores generally have an abundance of ... comparing and investigating the nature of non-random patterns in the structure of food web networks among many different types ...
Chloroplast DNA
Hedtke B, Börner T, Weihe A (August 1997). "Mitochondrial and chloroplast phage-type RNA polymerases in Arabidopsis". Science. ... that most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4.[ ...
Acne
... acnes bacteriophage (PA6). The authors proposed applying this research toward the development of bacteriophage therapy as an ... Many over-the-counter treatments in many forms are available, which are often known as cosmeceuticals.[168] Certain types of ... Ablative lasers (such as CO2 and fractional types) have also been used to treat active acne and its scars. When ablative lasers ... Atrophic acne scars have lost collagen from the healing response and are the most common type of acne scar (account for ...
Genetically modified tomato
... coli bacteriophage T3, which reduced the levels of S-adenosylmethionine, a precursor to ACC.[11] Endless Summer was briefly ...
Genome - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fish, Tetraodon nigroviridis, type of Puffer fish 3.85×108 Smallest vertebrate genome known ... 1976). "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature. 260 ... 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695.. ...
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
A.D. Hershey and Martha Chase, "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage," J. General ... Principal cancer types under study: breast, prostate, blood (leukemia, lymphoma); melanoma; liver; ovarian and cervical; lung; ... Louis, sought to discover the nature of genes through study of viruses called bacteriophages that infect bacteria. ...
Freshwater swamp forest
... for this type of forest in the Amazon (though generally spelled varzea when used in English). Igapó, another word used in ...
Eksoribonukleaza II
"An Escherichia coli ribonuclease which removes an extra nucleotide from a biosynthetic intermediate of bacteriophage T4 proline ... http://www.garlandscience.com/textbooks/0815323042.asp?type=reviews. *Irwin H. Segel. Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of ...
Retrovirus
Genus Betaretrovirus; type species: Mouse mammary tumour virus. *Genus Gammaretrovirus; type species: Murine leukemia virus; ... Genus Epsilonretrovirus; type species: Walleye dermal sarcoma virus. *Genus Lentivirus; type species: Human immunodeficiency ... Genus Felispumavirus; type species: Feline foamy virus. *Genus Prosimiispumavirus; type species: Brown greater galago prosimian ... Genus Deltaretrovirus; type species: Bovine leukemia virus; others include the cancer-causing Human T-lymphotropic virus ...
Pasteur Institute
Roux and Yersin established that they were dealing with a new type of bacillus, not only able to proliferate and abundantly ... Félix d'Herelle discovered in 1917 the bacteriophage, a virus that spread only inside bacteria; ... Both Roux and Metchnikoff, consequent to the discovery that this type of ape can be contaminated with the illness, contributed ... a type of streptococcus, cannot be found in the lymphatic glands. However it is Paul-Louis Simond who was the first to ...
ವಂಶವಾಹಿ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat ... Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III". The Journal of ... Hershey, AD; Chase, M (1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal ... Lobo, Ingrid; Shaw, Kelly (2008). "Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage". Nature Education Knowledge. SciTable (Nature ...
List of atheists in science and technology
... see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.[290] ... She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of bacteriophages and contributed to the early development of molecular biology.[181] ... Citi, Sandra; Berg, Douglas E. "Grete Kellenberger-Gujer: Molecular biology research pioneer". Bacteriophage. 6 (2): 1-12. doi: ...
RNA world
RNA can act as a ribozyme, a special type of enzyme. Because it can perform the tasks of both DNA and enzymes, RNA is believed ... Experiments with basic ribozymes, like Bacteriophage Qβ RNA, have shown that simple self-replicating RNA structures can ... Influenza virus, whose genome consists of 8 physically separated single-stranded RNA segments,[80] is an example of this type ... One version of the hypothesis is that a different type of nucleic acid, termed pre-RNA, was the first one to emerge as a self- ...
Innate immune system
Type I interferons (IFN), secreted mainly by dendritic cells,[22] play a central role in antiviral host defense and a cell's ... such as bacteriophages. In this system, bacteria produce enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, that attack and destroy ... Le Bon A, Tough DF (August 2002). "Links between innate and adaptive immunity via type I interferon". Current Opinion in ... Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell that reside in connective tissue and in the mucous membranes. They are intimately ...
Glossary of biology
A type of undifferentiated or partially undifferentiated cell that is capable of differentiating into other types of ... bacteriophage. A virus that infects and multiplies within bacteria.. Barr body. The inactive X chromosome in a female somatic ... A type of organism which does not have a true nucleus.. protein. A polypeptide chain of amino acids. It is a body-building ... A type of fertilization in which a sperm unites with an egg external to the body or bodies of the parent organisms. Contrast ...
T5likevirus
The type species, Enterobacteria phage T5, and several other species have been fully sequenced. The genomes range between ... and TonB-Dependent Bacteriophage H8: Receptor Binding and Genomic Sequence". Journal of Bacteriology. 189 (15): 5658-5674. doi: ... There are currently eight species in this genus, including the type species Enterobacteria phage T5. Group: dsDNA Order: ... type IV) T5likeviruses are nonenveloped, with a head and tail. The head is icosahedral (T=13) and is about 90 nm in diameter. ...
RNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.. Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes,[10] and as ... Transposons are only one of several types of mobile genetic elements. Retrotransposons copy themselves in two stages: first ...
Epigenetics
PSI+ and URE3, discovered in yeast in 1965 and 1971, are the two best studied of this type of prion.[76][77] Prions can have a ... packaging of bacteriophage, transposase activity and regulation of gene expression.[110][116] There exists a genetic switch ... Several types of epigenetic inheritance systems may play a role in what has become known as cell memory,[44] note however that ... A variety of epigenetic mechanisms can be perturbed in different types of cancer. Epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes or ...
Antigenic drift
"Long term trends in the evolution of H(3) HA1 human influenza type A". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ...
Chloroplast DNA
Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. The existence of ... that most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4.[ ... Hedtke B, Börner T, Weihe A (August 1997). "Mitochondrial and chloroplast phage-type RNA polymerases in Arabidopsis". Science. ...
Category:Low-importance virus articles
Talk:Bacteriophage Mu. *Talk:Bacteriophage P2. *Talk:Bacteriophage PBC1. *Talk:Bacteriophage Qβ ... Talk:B type inclusion. *Talk:B13R (virus protein). *Talk:Babanki virus. *Talk:Baboon lymphocryptovirus ...
Single cell sequencing
Restriction enzymes also enable the detection of other types of methylation, such as 6mA with DpnI.[35] Nanopore-based ... Reagents required for MDA reactions include: random primers and DNA polymerase from bacteriophage phi29. In 30 degree ... This can uncover the existence of rare cell types within a cell population that may never have been seen before. For example, ... The stochastic component may be addressed by pooling single-cell MDA reactions from the same cell type, by employing ...
Cholera
... is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others.[2] It is ... Non-toxic strains can acquire toxicity through a temperate bacteriophage.[25] Susceptibility. About 100 million bacteria must ... susceptibility to cholera is also affected by their blood type, with those with type O blood being the most susceptible.[14] ... This type of toilet stops transmission of disease via the fecal-oral route due to water pollution. ...
Ecotone
Lastly, the abundance of introduced species in an ecotone can reveal the type of biome or efficiency of the two communities ...
Species-area relationship
Frank W. Preston, an early investigator of the theory of the species-area relationship, divided it into two types: samples (a ... It is rarely, if ever, constructed for all types of organisms if simply because of the prodigious data requirements. It is ... Authors have classified the species-area relationship according to the type of habitats being sampled and the census design ... Regardless of census design and habitat type, species-area relationships are often fit with a simple function. Frank Preston ...
Protist
Nutritional types in protist metabolism Nutritional type Source of energy Source of carbon Examples ... "Isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris-specific antibody fragments from a bacteriophage antibody display library". Experimental ... Two separate types of slime molds exist, the cellular and acellular forms.. Some protists, sometimes called ambiregnal protists ... Nutrition can vary according to the type of protist. Most eukaryotic algae are autotrophic, but the pigments were lost in some ...
Malolactic fermentation
Martineau, B., Acree, T.E. and Henick-Kling, T "Effect of wine type on the detection threshold for diacetyl" Food Research ... Some experimentation with the use of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) has been conducted to limit malolactic ... to another type of acid, L+ lactic acid. This can occur naturally. However, in commercial winemaking, malolactic conversion ... but disappointing results in the cheesemaking industry have led to skepticism about the practical use of bacteriophages in ...
Coral reef fish
Both types of fish contain strong toxins, but the difference is in the way the toxin is delivered. Venomous fish deliver their ... Carnivores are the most diverse of feeding types among coral reef fishes. There are many more carnivore species on the reefs ... given the huge variety in the types of prey on offer around coral reefs.[14] ... generalized feeders with more standard jaw and mouth structures that allow them to forage on a wide range of animal prey types ...
DNA sequencing
Each type of the nucleotide blocks the ion flow through the pore for a different period of time. The method does not require ... The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977.[25] Medical Research Council scientists ... The benefit of this sequencing type is its ability to capture a large number of targets with a homogenous coverage.[108] A ... The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, ...
Campylobacter
Connerton, P.L.; Timms, A.R.; Connerton, I.F. (2011). "Campylobacter bacteriophages and bacteriophage therapy". Journal of ... since this type of medication inhibits normal gastric acid. ... Bacteriophages specific to the species now known as C. coli and ... Bacteriophage[edit]. The confusing taxonomy of Campylobacter over the past decades make identifying the earliest reports of ... Firehammer, BD; Border, M (1968). "Isolation of temperate bacteriophages from Vibrio fetus". American Journal of Veterinary ...
Kil protein, bacteriophage P22-type (IPR020298) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Bacteriophage Typing | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coli O157 in Finland Marjut Saari, Thomas Cheasty, Kirsikka Leino ... Phage-Based Typing Scheme for Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg, a Causative Agent of Food Poisonings in Canada Walter ... Reaction Difference Rule for Phage Typing of Staphylococcus aureus at 100 Times the Routine Test Dilution Hazel M. Aucken, Kate ... Emergence and Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Phage Type DT191a Tansy Peters, Katie L. Hopkins, ...
Azure Mutants: A Type of Host-Dependent Mutant of the Bacteriophage f2 | Science
A new type of host-dependent mutant, azure mutant, of bacteriophage f2 has been isolated. Growth of these mutants was ... Azure Mutants: A Type of Host-Dependent Mutant of the Bacteriophage f2 ... Azure Mutants: A Type of Host-Dependent Mutant of the Bacteriophage f2 ... Azure Mutants: A Type of Host-Dependent Mutant of the Bacteriophage f2 ...
Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium...
Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium ... Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium ... Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium ... Our data suggest that horizontal transfer of type III dependent effector proteins by lysogenic infection with bacteriophages ( ...
Molecular characterization of T4-type bacteriophages in a rice field - Jia - 2007 - Environmental Microbiology - Wiley Online...
All T4-type bacteriophage isolates tested so far have a conserved genetic module that encodes the virion components including ... Molecular characterization of T4-type bacteriophages in a rice field. Authors. *. Zhongjun Jia,. Corresponding author. * ... Christopher M. Bellas, Alexandre M. Anesio, High diversity and potential origins of T4-type bacteriophages on the surface of ... Vita Ratri Cahyani, Jun Murase, Susumu Asakawa, Makoto Kimura, Change in T4-type bacteriophage communities during the ...
Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by...
H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing.. U Krause, F M Thomson-Carter, T H ... H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. ... H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. ... H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. ...
Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci...
Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci ... Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci ... Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci ... Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci ...
Highly Stable Trimers Formed by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Fused with the Trimeric Motif of T4...
Structure of bacteriophage T4 fibritin: a segmented coiled coil and the role of the C-terminal domain. Structure 15:789-798. ... A) The wild-type HIV-1 gp160 glycoprotein is represented at the top, with the helical N36 and C34 regions and transmembrane (TM ... Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization is determined by epitope exposure on the gp120 oligomer. J. Exp. Med. 182: ... Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a 160-kDa envelope glycoprotein (gp160) precursor, which is proteolytically ...
The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec type V from Staphylococcus aureus ST398 is packaged into bacteriophage capsids |...
The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec type V from Staphylococcus aureus ST398 is packaged into bacteriophage capsids. ... The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec type V from Staphylococcus aureus ST398 is packaged into bacteriophage capsids ... This shows that staphylococcal phages can encapsulate the resistance determinant mecA of a large SCCmec type V (5C2&5) element ... Previous studies have shown that certain serological group B bacteriophages of S. aureus are capable of generalized ...
Analysis of the Genetic Switch and Replication Region of a P335-Type Bacteriophage with an Obligate Lytic Lifestyle...
Species and type phages of lactococcal bacteriophages. Intervirology 32 1991 2 9 ... Analysis of the Genetic Switch and Replication Region of a P335-Type Bacteriophage with an Obligate Lytic Lifestyle on ... Analysis of the Genetic Switch and Replication Region of a P335-Type Bacteriophage with an Obligate Lytic Lifestyle on ... Analysis of the Genetic Switch and Replication Region of a P335-Type Bacteriophage with an Obligate Lytic Lifestyle on ...
Toxicity test and bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food contact surfaces and foods prepared by...
Toxicity test and bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food contact surfaces and foods prepared by ... Toxicity test and bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food contact surfaces and foods prepared by ... coagulase and DNase production tests and later phage typed by group I, II, III and IV phage sets at RTD (routine test dilution ...
Staphylococcus aureus of canine nostril origin : bacteriophage typing, antibiotic sensitivity, and biochemical characteristics...
Bacteriophage typing: Definition with Bacteriophage typing Pictures and Photos
Definition of Bacteriophage typing with photos and pictures, translations, sample usage, and additional links for more ... bacteriophage plaque. bacteriophage resistance. bacteriophage t3. bacteriophage t4. bacteriophage t7. bacteriophage typing ( ... bacteriophage omicron x174. bacteriophage p1. bacteriophage p2. bacteriophage p22. bacteriophage phi 6. bacteriophage phi x 174 ... Bacteriophage Typing Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Bacteriophage Typing. bacteriophage immunity. bacteriophage lambda. ...
A comparative investigation of the occurence of type A bacteriophages of
... ,italic,Salmonella typhimurium,/italic, in Australia ... A comparative investigation of the occurence of type A bacteriophages of ,italic,Salmonella typhimurium,/italic, in Australia ... A comparative investigation of the occurence of type A bacteriophages of Salmonella typhimurium. in Australia and California. ... A comparative investigation of the occurence of type A bacteriophages of Salmonella typhimurium. in Australia and California - ...
Lysogeny with Shiga Toxin 2-Encoding Bacteriophages Represses Type III Secretion in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli -...
The genes for Stx are present on lambdoid bacteriophages integrated into the E. coli genome. Phage type (PT) 21/28 is the most ... Typical EHEC strains are defined by the expression of a type III secretion (T3S) system, the production of Shiga toxins (Stx) ... A model is proposed in which Stx2-encoding bacteriophages regulate T3S to co-ordinate epithelial cell colonisation that is ... prevalent strain type linked with human EHEC infections in the United Kingdom and is more likely to be associated with cattle ...
2 Types of Cycle that occurs in Bacteriophage Virus - Discussed!
An interesting modification of lytic cycle occurs when a certain type of bacteriophage, termed temperate, infects certain types ... 2 Types of Cycle that occurs in Bacteriophage Virus - Discussed!. Article shared by : ... 2 most important Types of Cycle that occurs in Bacteriophage Virus are Lytic-cycle and Lysogenic Cycle. ... Bacteriophages are the best understood viruses in terms of their gene structure and expression. For example T2-bacteriophage ...
Isolation and selection of a bacteriophage-typing set for Enterobacter cloacae | Microbiology Society
... cloacae and their lytic reactions were used to select phages for a typing set. Numerical analysis by the Jaccard coefficient ... Isolation and selection of a bacteriophage-typing set for Enterobacter cloacae * M. A. Gaston ... cloacae and their lytic reactions were used to select phages for a typing set. Numerical analysis by the Jaccard coefficient ...
Lytic phage | virus | Britannica.com
Two types of recombination hotspots in bacteriophage T4: one requires DNA damage and a replication origin and the other does...
Two types of recombination hotspots in bacteriophage T4: one requires DNA damage and a replication origin and the other does ... Two types of recombination hotspots in bacteriophage T4: one requires DNA damage and a replication origin and the other does ... Recombination hotspots have previously been discovered in bacteriophage T4 by two different approaches, marker rescue ...
Microbiology Society Journals | Serotyping and bacteriophage typing of human and bovine group-B streptococci
Serotypes and phage types of group-B streptococci isolated from healthy and diseased human subjects and from cattle in ... f Serotyping and bacteriophage typing of human and bovine group-B streptococci MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the ... Serotyping and bacteriophage typing of human and bovine group-B streptococci, Page 1 of 1 ... Serotypes and phage types of group-B streptococci isolated from healthy and diseased human subjects and from cattle in ...
Bacteriophage types - Replication & Classification | Bacteriophage.news
A brief overview to the different types of phages that have been discovered to date. ... bacteriophagebacteriophage classificationbacteriophage typesbacteriophageslysogeniclyticphagephage classificationphage types ... Temperate bacteriophages - Lysogenic cycle. Temperate bacteriophages are the bacteriophage type that use the lysogenic cycle ... Virulent bacteriophages happen to be those that play in our interest, as well as theirs. This bacteriophage type uses the lytic ...
Application of bacteriophage typing to klebsiella pneumoniae
Bacteriophage typing results indicate that most of the isolates were unrelated, with only a few isolates being clonal in origin ... Bacteriophage typing of these isolates readily resolved the ambiguity encountered in serotyping of these isolates. I also used ... I used a bacteriophage typing system to supplement serotyping in differentiating capsular cross-reactivity between isolates and ... Overall, bacteriophage typing proved to be an effective, inexpensive, and clinically practical adjunct to serotyping in ...
Molecular characterization of the Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Vi-typing bacteriophage E1<...
The genome of the Vi phage E1 is significantly related to other bacteriophages belonging to the same serovar Typhi phage-typing ... The genome of the Vi phage E1 is significantly related to other bacteriophages belonging to the same serovar Typhi phage-typing ... The genome of the Vi phage E1 is significantly related to other bacteriophages belonging to the same serovar Typhi phage-typing ... The genome of the Vi phage E1 is significantly related to other bacteriophages belonging to the same serovar Typhi phage-typing ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Typing of locally isolated cultures of Salmonella typhi by means of Vi-bacteriophage.
7 Facts About Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages have three main structure types. Since bacteriophages are viruses, they consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) ... Treating this type of infection with bacteriophages provides a way to preserve the good gut bacteria while destroying only the ... Bacteriophages help to transfer genes between bacteria by means of genetic recombination. This type of gene transfer is known ... Bacteriophages play a significant role in the worlds carbon cycle Bacteriophages are the most abundant virus in the ocean. ...
PPT - T4 Bacteriophage PowerPoint presentation | free to view - id: 25bd85-ZDc1Z
Different Types of Bacteriophages ... Lysogenic- infect the cell and integrates its genetic material into the ... - A free ... eat (greek) Two major types: Lytic and Lysogenic. ... T4 Bacteriophage. Description:. ... eat (greek) Two major types ... Two major types Lytic and Lysogenic 3. Different Types of Bacteriophages*Lytic- infect the cell and force the replication of ... T4 Bacteriophage. 1. T4 Bacteriophage 2. What is a Bacteriophage?*A small virus that only infects bacteria wikipedia ...
Bacteriophage - Wikipedia
Ackermann, H.-W.; Krisch, H. M. (6 April 2014). "A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages". Archives of Virology. 142 (12): 2329- ... Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.[1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found ... A bacteriophage (/bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ/), also known informally as a phage (/feɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within ... 2×108 bacteriophages per mL.[47] Bacteriophages are thought to extensively contribute to horizontal gene transfer in natural ...
Transduction | Encyclopedia.com
See also Bacterial ultrastructure; Bacteriophage and bacteriophage typing; Molecular biology and molecular genetics; Viral ... which are specifically targeted by certain types of bacteriophage.. There are two types of transduction: generalized ... Unlike the other mechanisms, however, transduction requires the participation of a type of virus called a bacteriophage in ... 1. The transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another by means of a bacteriophage.. 2. The conversion of ...
Ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle
Alfred Day Hershey facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Alfred Day Hershey
See also Bacteriophage and bacteriophage typing; Molecular biology and molecular genetics; Viral genetics ... Bacteriophages-known simply as phages-had been discovered in 1915, only nineteen years before Hershey began his career. Phages ... This type of reproduction is known as replication. Little was known about the particulars of this process when Hershey was a ... Hersheys work with bacteriophages, the viruses that prey on bacteria , was often carried out in loose collaboration with other ...
PhagesSalmonellaGenesInfectCharacterizationEscherichiaGenomesVirulentLytic cycleIsolatesSpeciesInfection with bacteriophagesStaphylococcusViruses calledHumansReplicationShiga ToxinSequencesPathogenic bacteriaLambdaCampylobacterProteinsAntibioticAbundantResearchers1987DiversityCapsidD'HerelleCharacterize1999Strains of bacteriaResistanceMolecularPolymeraseSequenceGeneGenetic materialCapsularClostridiumArchaeaProteinFermentation
Phages34
- Therefore, we also investigated the possible involvement of these transducing phages in the transmission of the large SCCmec type V (5C2&5) element of S. aureus UMCG-M4. (muni.cz)
- This shows that staphylococcal phages can encapsulate the resistance determinant mecA of a large SCCmec type V (5C2&5) element, which may lead to its transfer to other staphylococci. (muni.cz)
- Lactococcal phages are classified into 12 different species based on morphology, DNA homology, and protein profiles ( 35 ), but only three phage species, the prolate-headed c2 species and the isometric-headed 936 and P335 species represent the major virulent types responsible for problems in dairy plants. (asm.org)
- However, the increasing appearance of new lytic phages belonging to the P335 species, supported by DNA homology studies showing extensive homology between lytic and temperate P335 phage species, indicates that temperate phages or a phage remnant constitutes an important source for the development of new lytic bacteriophages ( 1 , 19 , 49 , 69 ). (asm.org)
- They were tested at RTD on 92 selected strains of E. cloacae and their lytic reactions were used to select phages for a typing set. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Lysis or lytic cycle is a cytoplasmic viral replication process in which the bacteriophage injects its genetic material into a host cell, which allows this genetic material to replica, producing many new phages. (bacteriophage.news)
- Once the host cell is filled with new bacteriophages, the host cell raptures from within, releasing the newly formed phages. (bacteriophage.news)
- It is important to note that the bacteriophages that are used for phage products and phage therapy are all virulent phages. (bacteriophage.news)
- However, when a lysogenic bacteriophage feels under a certain amount of pressure, or its survival is placed at risk, it has the ability to switch from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle, which results in rapid replication of newly formed phages which burst out of the host cell. (bacteriophage.news)
- Bacteriophages-known simply as phages-had been discovered in 1915, only nineteen years before Hershey began his career. (encyclopedia.com)
- The immunity profiles of the different Stx phages did not conform to the model established for bacteriophage lambda, in that the pattern of individual Stx phage infection of various lysogens was neither expected nor predicted. (northumbria.ac.uk)
- The data demonstrate that, although Stx phages are members of the lambdoid family, their replication and infection control strategies are not necessarily identical to the archetypical bacteriophage λ, and this could be responsible for the widespread occurrence of stx genes across a diverse range of E. coli serotypes. (northumbria.ac.uk)
- Phages were discovered to be antibacterial agents and were used in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia (pioneered there by Giorgi Eliava with help from the co-discoverer of bacteriophages, Félix d'Herelle) during the 1920s and 1930s for treating bacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Traditionally, bacteriophages (phages) have been regarded as a nuisance in industrial processes that rely on bacterial fermentation. (els.net)
- 1991) Species and type phages of lactococcal bacteriophages. (els.net)
- Shaburova, O. 2006-03-15 00:00:00 A study was made of several bacteriophages (including phages U2 and LB related to T-even phages of Escherichia coli) that grow both on E. coli K12 and on some Salmonella strains. (deepdyve.com)
- U2 and LB are similar to canonical E. coli-specific T-even phages in morphological type and size of the phage particle and in reaction with specific anti-T4 serum. (deepdyve.com)
- Ambivalent bacteriophages were found in species other than T-even phages and were similar in morphotype to lambdoid and other E. coli phages. (deepdyve.com)
- Ambivalent phages can be used to develop a new set for phage typing in Salmonella. (deepdyve.com)
- Consequently, the resulting typing phage preparation is devoid of an admixture of temperate phages, which are common in Salmonella. (deepdyve.com)
- The presence of temperate phages in phage-typing preparations may cause false-positive results in identifying specific Salmonella strains isolated from the environment or salmonellosis patients. (deepdyve.com)
- Some studies deal with their use in strain typing ( 10 , 32 ), but extensive studies of the molecular biology of C. difficile phages are lacking. (asm.org)
- R- and F-type pyocins are defective prophages ancestrally related to P2 and lambda phages, respectively, which have differentiated into bacteriocins ( 8 , 9 ). (asm.org)
- Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-converting bacteriophages induced from 49 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated during a recent outbreak of enterocolitis in Spain were examined in an attempt to identify the variability due to the stx 2 -converting phages. (asm.org)
- Bacteriophages, sometimes simply referred to as phages, are considered the most abundant biological entities on the planet [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The downside is, if a doctor doesn't know exactly which species of bacteria is infecting a patient, he or she must create a cocktail of many different types of phages to ensure effectiveness. (gizmodo.com.au)
- And with a near-limitless supply of different phages (no two identical phages have ever been identified), bacterial resistance isn't such a problem: if a bug develops resistance to one type of phage, researchers can just add different phages to the cocktail. (gizmodo.com.au)
- Bacteriophages (phages) and bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth ( 1 , 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. (jove.com)
- Because each type of phage can infect and lyse only specific types of bacteria, phages represent a highly specific form of anti-bacterial treatment. (jove.com)
- Bacteriophages, or phages for short, are viruses that infect bacteria, take over the molecular machinery inside the bacterial cells and use it to make more copies of themselves. (elifesciences.org)
- Some of the most common among these viruses in the open ocean are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages (phages) that infect many abundant and biogeochemically important groups of bacterioplankton, such as Prochlorococcus , Synechococcus , and numerous heterotrophic bacterial species in common genera such as Roseobacter , Alteromonas , Pelagibacter , and Puniceispirillum ( 1 - 6 ). (asm.org)
- Two types of bacteriophages threaten bacteria: lytic phages and lysogenic (or temperate) phages. (rxpgnews.com)
- Bacteriophages (that is, phages: viruses that infect bacteria) are highly abundant and are known to play critical roles in bacterial mortality, biogeochemical cycling and horizontal gene transfer. (nature.com)
Salmonella21
- Salmonella typhimurium employs the specialized type III secretion system encoded in pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) to translocate effector proteins into host cells and to modulate host cell signal transduction. (pnas.org)
- Our data suggest that horizontal transfer of type III dependent effector proteins by lysogenic infection with bacteriophages (lysogenic conversion) may provide an efficient mechanism for fine-tuning the interaction of Salmonella spp. (pnas.org)
- Evidence from tissue culture experiments indicates that the SPI1 type III system of Salmonella spp. (pnas.org)
- The type III secretion apparatus as well as most effector proteins are highly conserved among all Salmonella spp. (pnas.org)
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Typing of locally isolated cultures of Salmonella typhi by means of Vi-bacteriophage. (who.int)
- Bacteriophage types of Salmonella typhi in Haryana. (bvsalud.org)
- The substrates inositol, rhamnose, d-tartrate and m-tartrate used in fermentation tests with 338 cultures of Salmonella paratyphi B differentiated strains in some phage types to give information that could be used in epidemiological investigations. (nih.gov)
- Phage types of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from clinical and food samples, and from broiler carcasses in southern Brazil. (biomedsearch.com)
- 272 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (111 isolated from frozen broiler chicken carcasses, 126 from human food and other biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 35 from different poultry materials) were selected for phage typing. (biomedsearch.com)
- This study was focused on the isolation of bacteriophages that are specific to some of commonly human pathogens namely E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. (edu.iq)
- Lilleengen K. Typing Salmonella typhimurium by means of bacteriophage. (atcc.org)
- The type species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 is Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, with the type strain LT2T, and conservation of the epithet enterica in Salmonella enterica over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. (atcc.org)
- Ambivalent bacteriophages of different species active on Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella sp. (deepdyve.com)
- Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 40, DT56 variant(v), and DT160 accounted for the majority of isolates. (springer.com)
- Anderson ES, Ward LR, de Saxe MJ, De Sa JDH (1977) Bacteriophage-typing designations of Salmonella typhimurium . (springer.com)
- Alle eerste isolaten bij de mens van Salmonella, Bordetella, Legionella, Shigella, Listeria, Yersinia, Streptococcus pyogenes (zowel invasief als oppervlakkig) en invasieve Haemophilus influenzae worden door middel van meldingsformulieren gerapporteerd. (openrepository.com)
- Salmonella-, Bordetella-, en Streptococcus pyogenes-isolaten dienen opgestuurd te worden naar het Laboratorium voor Infectieziektenscreening en Diagnostiek (RIVM) voor serotypering en faagtypering. (openrepository.com)
- Salmonella, Bordetella and Streptococcus pyogenes isolates should be sent to the Laboratory of Bacteriology (RIVM) for serotyping and phage typing. (openrepository.com)
- Comparative genomic analysis of 142 bacteriophages infecting Salmonella enterica subsp. (biomedcentral.com)
- A majority of the phamilies, 4330 out of 5796 (74.7%), occurred in just one prophage underscoring the high degree of diversity among Salmonella bacteriophages. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Salmonella riboswitch is the first to sense and respond to a metal ion, substantially expanding the types of molecules that riboswitches can detect to help cells assess and react to their environment. (rxpgnews.com)
Genes16
- The identification of a characteristic genetic switch including two divergent promoters and two cognate repressor genes strongly indicates that φ31 was derived from a temperate bacteriophage. (asm.org)
- These bacteriophages use cytoplasmic viral replication, lytic and lack the genes to become lysogenic. (bacteriophage.news)
- Bacteriophages help to transfer genes between bacteria by means of genetic recombination . (thoughtco.com)
- Some bacteria species including E. coli , Streptococcus pyogenes (causes flesh-eating disease), Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera), and Shigella (causes dysentery) become harmful when genes that produce toxic substances are transferred to them via bacteriophages. (thoughtco.com)
- However, genetic variation within the virulence genes of wild-type strains appears to be limited and could not be directly linked to differences in pathogenicity ( 30 ) or environmental distribution. (asm.org)
- The genes encoding the Shiga-like toxins are carried by temperate bacteriophages. (vub.be)
- The bacteriophage regions flanking the sltII genes will be amplified by IPCR and subsequently the nucleotide sequence of these flanking regions will be determined. (vub.be)
- The pathogenicity of Shiga-like toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), notably serotype O157, the causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, is based partly on the presence of genes (stx1 and/or stx2) that are known to be carried on temperate lambdoid bacteriophages. (northumbria.ac.uk)
- The genomic diversity of the bacteriophages appears to be immense and has been proposed to represent the largest source of gene diversity in the natural world, a feature emphasised by the large number of novel genes of unknown function revealed by genome sequencing and meta-genomic studies [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Bacteriophages also carry what are known as auxiliary metabolic genes in their DNA. (innovations-report.com)
- They use this memory, plus a DNA-slicing enzyme known as a Cas to recognize and chop up the genes of invading bacteriophage. (technologyreview.com)
- The genes encoding Shiga toxins ( stx ) are located in the genomes of temperate lambdoid bacteriophages ( 21 ). (asm.org)
- This gene is part of a system that defends against bacteriophage attack called the PLE, which consists of several genes of previously unknown function. (elifesciences.org)
- Both bacteriophages contained a large number of radical S -adenosylmethionine (SAM) genes, presumably involved in boosting host metabolism during infection, as well as evidence that many genes had been acquired from a wide range of bacterial species. (biomedcentral.com)
- Further bacteriophages, from the UK Campylobacter typing set, were screened for the presence of bacteriophage structural genes, DNA methylases, mobile genetic elements and regulatory genes identified from the genome sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
- The bacteriophages show adaptations to their host and possess genes that may enhance Campylobacter metabolism, potentially advantaging both the bacteriophage and its host. (biomedcentral.com)
Infect9
- Bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria, are the most abundant biological entities in the biosphere and play a key role in global biogeochemical cycling. (wiley.com)
- Bacteriophages are 'bacteria eaters' in that they are viruses that infect and destroy bacteria . (thoughtco.com)
- In addition to infecting bacteria, bacteriophages also infect other microscopic prokaryotes known as archaea . (thoughtco.com)
- Since bacteriophages do not infect human cells , they have been used in medical therapies to treat bacterial diseases . (thoughtco.com)
- In this study, the researchers concentrated on bacteriophages that infect blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria. (innovations-report.com)
- As the probiotic bacteria pass through a person's intestinal tract, the bacteriophage would burst forth and infect any nearby C. difficile , causing them to hack up their own DNA. (technologyreview.com)
- That's because each type tends to infect only specific bacteria. (technologyreview.com)
- Some types of viruses called bacteriophages, or bacteria eaters, only infect bacteria cells. (jove.com)
- The bacteriophages then break open, or "lyse", the bacterial cell, releasing the viral copies into the environment, ready to infect more bacteria nearby. (elifesciences.org)
Characterization3
- Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase associated with a temperate bacteriophage of group A, type 49 streptococci. (asm.org)
- Among other indications, ceftriaxone tional Microbiology Laboratory (NML), PHAC, for phage is the drug of choice for treating severe or invasive sal- type characterization and antimicrobial resistance testing. (cdc.gov)
- Furthermore, we show that the bacteriophage induction event is mediated by a pharyngeal cell soluble factor for which we provide an initial characterization. (asm.org)
Escherichia7
- Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. (asm.org)
- Controlling injection: regulation of type III secretion in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. (semanticscholar.org)
- Shiga toxin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli type O157:H7 promotes intestinal colonization. (semanticscholar.org)
- For example T 2 -bacteriophage infects Escherichia coli and causes lytic cycle. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
- Epidemiological typing of enterhemorragic Escherichia coli strains by characterizing their plasmids and studying their bacteriophages. (vub.be)
- We will purify and characterize the temperate bacteriophages present in human and bovine enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains. (vub.be)
- A virulent double-stranded DNA bacteriophage, ΦK1-5, has been isolated and found to be capable of infecting Escherichia coli strains that possess either the K1 or the K5 polysaccharide capsule. (asm.org)
Genomes11
- Recombination hotspots have previously been discovered in bacteriophage T4 by two different approaches, marker rescue recombination from heavily damaged phage genomes and recombination during co-infection by two undamaged phage genomes. (duke.edu)
- Bacteriophages occur abundantly in the biosphere, with different genomes, and lifestyles. (wikipedia.org)
- The genomes of six Listeria bacteriophages were sequenced and analyzed. (asm.org)
- It is becoming increasingly clear that bacteriophages have an important role in bacterial biology, diversity, and evolution, as indicated by the advances in genome sequencing which revealed a high incidence of phage-related sequences in bacterial genomes. (asm.org)
- The comparative analysis of bacteriophage genome sequences has greatly enhanced our understanding of their diversity, revealing relationships between phage genomes often infecting distantly related host bacteria. (mdpi.com)
- Five S. meliloti genomes have been sequenced to date: Rm1021, AK83, BL225C, Rm41, and SM11 with 1021 considered to be the wild type. (wikipedia.org)
- Desiere F, Lucchini S and Brussow H (1998) Evolution of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage genomes by modular exchanges followed by point mutations and small deletions and insertions. (els.net)
- It should be noted that bacteriophage can shape the evolution of Campylobacter genomes as they do in other bacterial genera. (asmscience.org)
- Temperate bacteriophages are major players in the evolution of bacterial genomes. (prolekare.cz)
- The results indicate that many of these bacteriophages are related, with 10 out of 15 showing some relationship to the sequenced genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Genetic conservation has been shown to extend to other Campylobacter bacteriophages, forming a highly conserved lineage of bacteriophages that predate upon campylobacters and indicating that highly adapted bacteriophage genomes can be stable over prolonged periods of time. (biomedcentral.com)
Virulent2
- Virulent bacteriophages happen to be those that play in our interest, as well as theirs. (bacteriophage.news)
- Two large virulent Campylobacter bacteriophages were found to show very high levels of sequence conservation despite separation in time and place of isolation. (biomedcentral.com)
Lytic cycle4
- 2 most important Types of Cycle that occurs in Bacteriophage Virus are Lytic-cycle and Lysogenic Cycle. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
- An interesting modification of lytic cycle occurs when a certain type of bacteriophage, termed temperate, infects certain types of bacteria. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
- This bacteriophage type uses the lytic cycle for replication. (bacteriophage.news)
- In the bacteriophage lytic cycle , the virus replicates within the host. (thoughtco.com)
Isolates13
- All T4-type bacteriophage isolates tested so far have a conserved genetic module that encodes the virion components including gene 23 (g23), the major capsid protein. (wiley.com)
- Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of these g23 sequences belonged to two novel subgroups of T4-type bacteriophages, although some of them were related to well-studied subgroups of T4-type bacteriophages, such as marine cyanophage isolates of exoT-evens. (wiley.com)
- I used a bacteriophage typing system to supplement serotyping in differentiating capsular cross-reactivity between isolates and to type serologically non-typable clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. (usask.ca)
- I evaluated the ability of these bacteriophages to differentiate 17 serologically cross-reacting K. pneumoniae isolates from human, animal, and environmental sources. (usask.ca)
- Bacteriophage typing of these isolates readily resolved the ambiguity encountered in serotyping of these isolates. (usask.ca)
- I also used 13 multiply cross-infecting bacteriophages to type 30 serologically untypable hospital isolates of K. pneumoniae. (usask.ca)
- Bacteriophage typing results indicate that most of the isolates were unrelated, with only a few isolates being clonal in origin. (usask.ca)
- Overall, bacteriophage typing proved to be an effective, inexpensive, and clinically practical adjunct to serotyping in distinguishing serologically cross-reactive and serologically nontypable isolates of K. pneumoniae. (usask.ca)
- This analysis will allow to detect if there is a link between bacteriophages isolated from bovine strains and from human clinical isolates. (vub.be)
- S. Typhimurium isolates were typed at the Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Weybridge, and the Health Protection Agency, Colindale. (springer.com)
- SCCmec types I and IV were the most common types among the PJI isolates. (biomedsearch.com)
- However, for over half (57 %) of the isolates, it was not possible to assign an SCCmec type. (biomedsearch.com)
- The characterisation of the SCCmec elements revealed a large heterogeneity, with a high frequency of isolates carrying more than one type of the ccr gene complex. (biomedsearch.com)
Species3
- The DNA sequence of the replication module, part of the lysis module, and remnants of a lysogenic module from the lytic P335 species lactococcal bacteriophage φ31 was determined, and its regulatory elements were investigated. (asm.org)
- Bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria selectively: each type of bacteriophage is active only to the certain bacterial species. (kalinka-store.com)
- Bacteriophages (from Ancient Greek meaning 'bacteria-eaters') - viruses that kill bacteria selectively: each type of bacteriophage is active only to the certain bacterial species and neutral with normal microbial flora of humans and don't interact with their organs and systems. (kalinka-store.com)
Infection with bacteriophages1
- Treating this type of infection with bacteriophages provides a way to preserve the good gut bacteria while destroying only the C. diff germs. (thoughtco.com)
Staphylococcus1
- The aim of the present study was to characterise the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and, if possible, assign them to any of the presently known SCCmec types. (biomedsearch.com)
Viruses called3
- Naturally occurring viruses called bacteriophages attack specific types of bacteria. (flipboard.com)
- In fact, the system is an immune defense bacteria use to fend off invading viruses called bacteriophage. (technologyreview.com)
- Not only must they constantly compete against their comrades for resources and living space, they re also subject to infection by pathogens viruses called bacteriophages which can affect their ability to survive and prosper. (rxpgnews.com)
Humans4
- Furthermore, there is no evidence on bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of acne in humans. (springer.com)
- Employing a technology called phage-typing, researchers affiliated with Britain's Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) warned that resistance selection on farms could also harm humans. (jhu.edu)
- The bacteriophages applied in clinical practice destroy pathogenic bacteria, don't affect the normal microbial flora of humans and don't interact with their organs and systems. (kalinka-store.com)
- Since the early 20th century, researchers have recognized the potential value of lytic bacteriophages in combating bacterial infections in crops, humans, and agricultural animals. (jove.com)
Replication5
- Two types of recombination hotspots in bacteriophage T4: one requires DNA damage and a replication origin and the other does not. (duke.edu)
- Temperate bacteriophages are the bacteriophage type that use the lysogenic cycle for replication. (bacteriophage.news)
- These bacteriophages use cytoplasmic viral replication. (bacteriophage.news)
- Bacteriophages were able to generate reducing sugars in capsular polysaccharine from the isolating host and from hosts in which replication could not occur. (usask.ca)
- This type of reproduction is known as replication. (encyclopedia.com)
Shiga Toxin1
- Lysogenisation of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophage represses cell motility. (semanticscholar.org)
Sequences1
- These sequences, determined for different bacteriophages, will be compared with know bacteriophage sequences and with each other. (vub.be)
Pathogenic bacteria1
- Some bacteriophages target potentially pathogenic bacteria by exploiting surface-associated virulence factors as receptors. (phe.gov.uk)
Lambda1
- The bacteriophage P22 kil gene, like lambda kil, kills the host cell when it is expressed. (ebi.ac.uk)
Campylobacter6
- Ook een weekoptelling van de isolaten en een weektotaal van Campylobacter. (openrepository.com)
- This chapter discusses efforts to exploit Campylobacter -specific bacteriophages to reduce the numbers of C. jejuni and C. coli colonizing poultry and contaminating poultry meat products. (asmscience.org)
- Bacteriophage Therapy and Campylobacter , p 679-693. (asmscience.org)
- Transmission electron micrographs of Campylobacter bacteriophage. (asmscience.org)
- Campylobacter , a food-borne pathogen, is one of the organisms for which the use of bacteriophage is being considered to reduce human exposure to this organism. (biomedcentral.com)
- Sequencing and genome analysis was performed for two Campylobacter bacteriophages. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins8
- The SPI1 type III system and the effector proteins are conserved among all salmonellae and are thought to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. (pnas.org)
- Experiments using a derivative of SopEΦ implicate lysogenic conversion as an important mechanism facilitating horizontal transfer of type III-dependent effector proteins. (pnas.org)
- The envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) function as a trimer composed of three gp120 exterior glycoproteins and three gp41 transmembrane proteins. (asm.org)
- Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome , and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have structures that are either simple or elaborate. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteriophages typically have what type of attachment proteins? (brainscape.com)
- Enveloped viruses, like influenza, typically have what type of attachment proteins? (brainscape.com)
- Non-enveloped (naked) viruses can have what two types of attachment proteins? (brainscape.com)
Antibiotic1
- As research on new antibiotic agents is decreasing due to cost and difficulty, the development of new, natural, and non-conventional alternatives-such as antimicrobial peptides, natural engineered antibodies, and bacteriophages-is becoming critical. (springer.com)
Abundant3
- Bacteriophages are bacterial parasites and are considered the most abundant and diverse biological entities on the planet. (biomedcentral.com)
- Bacteriophages are numerically the most abundant DNA-containing entities in the oligotrophic ocean, yet how specific phage populations vary over time and space remains to be fully explored. (asm.org)
- The spatiotemporal distributions of the most abundant open-ocean bacteriophages that we report here provide new insight into viral temporal persistence, life history, and virus-host-environment interactions throughout the open-ocean water column. (asm.org)
Researchers2
- However, researchers have previously shown that using bacteriophages to trigger CRISPR can efficiently kill skin bacteria and might also help combat Shigella sonnei , a diarrheal infection common in the developing world. (technologyreview.com)
- Now that researchers know that ICP1 bacteriophages also delay lysis in Vibrio cholerae , this might lead to more studies exploring this process in samples from cholera patients. (elifesciences.org)
19872
Diversity2
- Molecular analysis of the g23 sequence revealed a remarkable level of diversity of T4-type bacteriophages isolated from rice straw and surface soil in a Japanese rice field. (wiley.com)
- Common themes among bacteriophage-encoded virulence factors and diversity among the bacteriophages involved. (semanticscholar.org)
Capsid4
- Since bacteriophages are viruses, they consist of a nucleic acid ( DNA or RNA ) enclosed within a protein shell or capsid . (thoughtco.com)
- A bacteriophage may also have a protein tail attached to the capsid with tail fibers extending from the tail. (thoughtco.com)
- RNA bacteriophages, plant viruses, and animal viruses have a self-folding mechanism that enables the viral genome to fit within the capsid container. (thoughtco.com)
- B) Bacteriophage CP220 empty capsid after DNA insertion. (asmscience.org)
D'Herelle1
- It was D'Herelle who conducted much research into bacteriophages and introduced the concept of phage therapy. (wikipedia.org)
Characterize1
- The aim of this study, therefore, was to isolate and characterize bacteriophages specific for C. difficile as a preliminary step to assessing their potential as novel therapeutic agents. (asm.org)
19992
- Gindreau E and Lonvaud‐Funel A (1999) Molecular analysis of the region encoding the lytic system from Oenococcus oeni temperate bacteriophage phi 10MC. (els.net)
- and a glycine residue is also found in the same position in the closely related bacteriophage RB69 DNA polymerase ( S hamoo and S teitz 1999 ). (genetics.org)
Strains of bacteria1
- 1. A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages. (lexic.us)
Resistance5
- Coffey A and Ross RP (2002) Bacteriophage‐resistance systems in dairy starter strains: molecular analysis to application. (els.net)
- Daly C, Fitzgerald GF and Davis R (1996) Biotechnology of the lactic acid bacteria with special reference to bacteriophage resistance. (els.net)
- Hill C, Miller LA and Klaenhammer TR (1990) Cloning, expression and sequence determination of a bacteriophage fragment encoding bacteriophage resistance in Lactococcus lactis. (els.net)
- It highlights the role that individual experts using bacteriophage typing played in warning about the mass selection for bacterial resistance on farms and the response of a corporatist system, whose traditional laissez-faire arrangements struggled to cope with the risk posed by bacterial resistance. (jhu.edu)
- Wide spread resistance against antibiotics has prompted a renewed surge of interest in bacteriophages which are viruses capable of infecting and sometimes killing bacteria, as safe and effective therapy alternatives [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular3
- Here we have characterized the Vi-associated E1-typing bacteriophage using a number of molecular approaches. (phe.gov.uk)
- Molecular tools and enzymes derived from the study of bacteriophage (see text for details). (els.net)
- 1997) Molecular ecology of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage infections in a cheese factory. (els.net)
Polymerase1
- We propose that a β-turn-β structure, which plays a critical role in exonucleolytic proofreading in the bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase, is also present in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA pol δ. (genetics.org)
Sequence2
- Phage morphology and DNA hybridization, as well as partial sequence information, suggest that this phage (SopEΦ) is a new member of the P2 family of bacteriophages. (pnas.org)
- In the present studies, we observed that the clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolate UMCG-M4 with the sequence type 398 contains four prophages belonging to the serological groups A, B and Fa. (muni.cz)
Gene4
- Bacteriophages are the best understood viruses in terms of their gene structure and expression. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
- This type of gene transfer is known as transduction. (thoughtco.com)
- Hays and Seed saw that the lidI gene disrupts lysis inhibition, speeding up the bursting of infected bacterial cells, which in turn decreases the number of bacteriophages produced from each infected cell. (elifesciences.org)
- Our understanding of the dynamics of genome stability versus gene flux within bacteriophage lineages is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic material1
- we could introduce a genetic material into indigenous bugs via a bacteriophage - a virus that infects bacteria - to give local microbes DNA that would allow them to break down oil . (infiniteunknown.net)
Capsular5
- As well, I set out to examine whether the bacteriophage endoglycosidase determines capsular specificity. (usask.ca)
- Using sewage as starting material, I isolated 91 bacteriophages to the 77 capsular serotypes of Klebsiella. (usask.ca)
- Finally, I evaluated whether the bacteriophage endoglycosidase is involved in determining capsular specificity. (usask.ca)
- I measured endoglycosidase activity in the presence of partially purified capsular polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotypes upon which the bacteriophage could or could not replicate. (usask.ca)
- This was observed with both specific and multiply cross-infective bacteriophages, suggesting that the bacteriophage endoglycosidase does not determine capsular specificity. (usask.ca)
Clostridium2
- Scientists have isolated bacteriophages that destroy the superbug Clostridium difficile (C. diff) . (thoughtco.com)
- The lack of information on bacteriophages of Clostridium difficile prompted this study. (asm.org)
Archaea2
- A bacteriophage ( / b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ / ), also known informally as a phage ( / f eɪ dʒ / ), is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea . (wikipedia.org)
- A bacteriophage (/bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ/), also known informally as a phage (/ˈfeɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. (wikipedia.org)
Protein1
- The possession of a specific type of outer-membrane protein receptor for colicin M or bacteriophage ES18 and the particular type of ribosomal ribonucleic acid present, defined three groups among the phage-typed and biotyped cultures. (nih.gov)
Fermentation1
- One of the predominant reasons for fermentation failures is infection of the starter culture by bacteriophages, resulting in slow acid formation and a product of inferior value. (asm.org)