Bacteriophage t3. Medical search

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.

A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.

Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.

Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. EC 2.7.7.-.

Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.

Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the COLIPHAGES and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.

Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.

A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)

Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains.

Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.

A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Guanine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.

A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. It includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products.

A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6).

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

A species of filamentous Pseudomonas phage in the genus INOVIRUS, family INOVIRIDAE.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. It plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. The enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. EC 3.5.4.12.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1.

Cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE; PODOVIRIDAE; and SIPHOVIRIDAE.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Hydrogen-donating proteins that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction and reduction of PEROXIREDOXINS. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide when acting as a reducing cofactor. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE.

An ATP-dependent exodeoxyribonuclease that cleaves in either the 5'- to 3'- or the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. It is primarily found in BACTERIA.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

A protein which effects termination of RNA synthesis during the genetic transcription process by dissociating the ternary transcription complex RNA;-RNA POLYMERASE DNA at the termination of a gene.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.

Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by complex contractile tails.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.

A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A family of recombinases initially identified in BACTERIA. They catalyze the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in GENETIC RECOMBINATION. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop, which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure.

A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Bacteriophage phiYeO3-12, specific for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3, is related to coliphages T3 and T7. (1/25)

Bacteriophage phiYeO3-12 is a lytic phage of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3. The phage receptor is the lipopolysaccharide O chain of this serotype that consists of the rare sugar 6-deoxy-L-altropyranose. A one-step growth curve of phiYeO3-12 revealed eclipse and latent periods of 15 and 25 min, respectively, with a burst size of about 120 PFU per infected cell. In electron microscopy phiYeO3-12 virions showed pentagonal outlines, indicating their icosahedral nature. The phage capsid was shown to be composed of at least 10 structural proteins, of which a protein of 43 kDa was predominant. N-terminal sequences of three structural proteins were determined, two of them showing strong homology to structural proteins of coliphages T3 and T7. The phage genome was found to consist of a double-stranded DNA molecule of 40 kb without cohesive ends. A physical map of the phage DNA was constructed using five restriction enzymes. The phage infection could be effectively neutralized using serum from a rabbit immunized with whole phiYeO3-12 particles. The antiserum also neutralized T3 infection, although not as efficiently as that of phiYeO3-12. phiYeO3-12 was found to share, in addition to the N-terminal sequence homology, several common features with T3, including morphology and nonsubjectibility to F exclusion. The evidence conclusively indicated that phiYeO3-12 is the first close relative of phage T3 to be described. (+info)

Insertion of the T3 DNA polymerase thioredoxin binding domain enhances the processivity and fidelity of Taq DNA polymerase. (2/25)

Insertion of the T3 DNA polymerase thioredoxin binding domain (TBD) into the distantly related thermostable Taq DNA polymerase at an analogous position in the thumb domain, converts the Taq DNA polymerase from a low processive to a highly processive enzyme. Processivity is dependent on the presence of thioredoxin. The enhancement in processivity is 20-50-fold when compared with the wild-type Taq DNA polymerase or to the recombinant polymerase in the absence of thioredoxin. The recombinant Taq DNA pol/TBD is thermostable, PCR competent and able to copy repetitive deoxynucleotide sequences six to seven times more faithfully than Taq DNA polymerase and makes 2-3-fold fewer AT-->GC transition mutations. (+info)

The genome sequence of Yersinia pestis bacteriophage phiA1122 reveals an intimate history with the coliphage T3 and T7 genomes. (3/25)

The genome sequence of bacteriophage phiA1122 has been determined. phiA1122 grows on almost all isolates of Yersinia pestis and is used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a diagnostic agent for the causative agent of plague. phiA1122 is very closely related to coliphage T7; the two genomes are colinear, and the genome-wide level of nucleotide identity is about 89%. However, a quarter of the phiA1122 genome, one that includes about half of the morphogenetic and maturation functions, is significantly more closely related to coliphage T3 than to T7. It is proposed that the yersiniophage phiA1122 recombined with a close relative of the Y. enterocolitica phage phiYeO3-12 to yield progeny phages, one of which became the classic T3 coliphage of Demerec and Fano (M. Demerec and U. Fano, Genetics 30:119-136, 1945). (+info)

Characterization of bacteriophage T3 DNA ligase. (4/25)

DNA ligases of bacteriophage T4 and T7 have been widely used in molecular biology for decades, but little is known about bacteriophage T3 DNA ligase. Here is the first report on the cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of bacteriophage T3 DNA ligase. The polyhistidine-tagged recombinant T3 DNA ligase was shown to be an ATP-dependent enzyme. The enzymatic activity was not affected by high concentration of monovalent cations up to 1 M, whereas 2 mM ATP could inhibit its activity by 50%. Under optimal conditions (pH 8.0, 0.5 mM ATP, 5 mM DTT, 1 mM Mg(2+) and 300 mM Na(+)), 1 fmol of T3 DNA ligase could achieve 90% ligation of 450 fmol of cohesive dsDNA fragments in 30 min. T3 DNA ligase was shown to be over 5-fold more efficient than T4 DNA ligase for ligation of cohesive DNA fragments, but less active for blunt-ended DNA fragments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T3 DNA ligase is more closely related to T7 DNA ligase than to T4 DNA ligase. (+info)

In vivo hydrolysis of S-adenosylmethionine induces the met regulon of Escherichia coli. (5/25)

Regulation of methionine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli involves a complex of the MetJ aporepressor protein and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) repressing expression of most genes in the met regulon. To test the role of SAM in the regulation of met genes directly, SAM pools were depleted by the in vivo expression of the cloned plasmid vector-based coliphage T3 SAM hydrolase (SAMase) gene. Cultures with in vivo SAMase activity were assayed for expression of the metA, B, C, E, F, H, J, K and R genes in cells grown in methionine-rich complete media as well as in defined media with and without l-methionine. In vivo SAMase activity dramatically induced expression between 11- and nearly 1000-fold depending on the gene assayed for all but metJ and metH, and these genes were induced over twofold. metJ : : Tn5 (aporepressor defective) and metK : : Tn5 (SAM synthetase impaired; produces <5 % of wild-type SAM) strains containing in vivo SAMase activity produced even higher met gene activity than that seen in comparably prepared cells with wild-type genes for all but metJ in a MetJ-deficient background. The SAMase-mediated hyperinduction of metH in wild-type cells and of the met genes assayed in metJ : : Tn5 and metK : : Tn5 cells provokes questions about how other elements such as the MetR activator protein or factors beyond the met regulon itself might be involved in the regulation of genes responsible for methionine biosynthesis. (+info)

Compensatory evolution in response to a novel RNA polymerase: orthologous replacement of a central network gene. (6/25)

A bacteriophage genome was forced to evolve a new system of regulation by replacing its RNA polymerase (RNAP) gene, a central component of the phage developmental pathway, with that of a relative. The experiment used the obligate lytic phage T7 and the RNAP gene of phage T3. T7 RNAP uses 17 phage promoters, which are responsible for all middle and late gene expression, DNA replication, and progeny maturation, but the enzyme has known physical contacts with only 2 other phage proteins. T3 RNAP was supplied in trans by the bacterial host to a T7 genome lacking its own RNAP gene and the phage population was continually propagated on naive bacteria throughout the adaptation. Evolution of the T3 RNAP gene was thereby prevented, and selection was for the evolution of regulatory signals throughout the phage genome. T3 RNAP transcribes from T7 promoters only at low levels, but a single mutation in the promoter confers high expression, providing a ready mechanism for reevolution of gene expression in this system. When selected for rapid growth, fitness of the engineered phage evolved from a low of 5 doublings/h to 33 doublings/h, close to the expected maximum of 37 doublings/h. However, the experiment was terminated before it could be determined accurately that fitness had reached an obvious plateau, and it is not known whether further adaptation could have resulted in complete recovery of fitness. More than 30 mutations were observed in the evolved genome, but changes were found in only 9 of the 16 promoters, and several coding changes occurred in genes with no known contacts with the RNAP. Surprisingly, the T7 genome adapted to T3 RNAP also maintained high fitness when using T7 RNAP, suggesting that the extreme incompatibility of T7 elements with T3 RNAP is not an invariant property of divergence in these expression systems. (+info)

Evolution and the complexity of bacteriophages. (7/25)

BACKGROUND: The genomes of both long-genome (> 200 Kb) bacteriophages and long-genome eukaryotic viruses have cellular gene homologs whose selective advantage is not explained. These homologs add genomic and possibly biochemical complexity. Understanding their significance requires a definition of complexity that is more biochemically oriented than past empirically based definitions. HYPOTHESIS: Initially, I propose two biochemistry-oriented definitions of complexity: either decreased randomness or increased encoded information that does not serve immediate needs. Then, I make the assumption that these two definitions are equivalent. This assumption and recent data lead to the following four-part hypothesis that explains the presence of cellular gene homologs in long bacteriophage genomes and also provides a pathway for complexity increases in prokaryotic cells: (1) Prokaryotes underwent evolutionary increases in biochemical complexity after the eukaryote/prokaryote splits. (2) Some of the complexity increases occurred via multi-step, weak selection that was both protected from strong selection and accelerated by embedding evolving cellular genes in the genomes of bacteriophages and, presumably, also archaeal viruses (first tier selection). (3) The mechanisms for retaining cellular genes in viral genomes evolved under additional, longer-term selection that was stronger (second tier selection). (4) The second tier selection was based on increased access by prokaryotic cells to improved biochemical systems. This access was achieved when DNA transfer moved to prokaryotic cells both the more evolved genes and their more competitive and complex biochemical systems. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: I propose testing this hypothesis by controlled evolution in microbial communities to (1) determine the effects of deleting individual cellular gene homologs on the growth and evolution of long genome bacteriophages and hosts, (2) find the environmental conditions that select for the presence of cellular gene homologs, (3) determine which, if any, bacteriophage genes were selected for maintaining the homologs and (4) determine the dynamics of homolog evolution. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: This hypothesis is an explanation of evolutionary leaps in general. If accurate, it will assist both understanding and influencing the evolution of microbes and their communities. Analysis of evolutionary complexity increase for at least prokaryotes should include analysis of genomes of long-genome bacteriophages. (+info)

Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. (8/25)

Synthetic biology involves the engineering of biological organisms by using modular and generalizable designs with the ultimate goal of developing useful solutions to real-world problems. One such problem involves bacterial biofilms, which are crucial in the pathogenesis of many clinically important infections and are difficult to eradicate because they exhibit resistance to antimicrobial treatments and removal by host immune systems. To address this issue, we engineered bacteriophage to express a biofilm-degrading enzyme during infection to simultaneously attack the bacterial cells in the biofilm and the biofilm matrix, which is composed of extracellular polymeric substances. We show that the efficacy of biofilm removal by this two-pronged enzymatic bacteriophage strategy is significantly greater than that of nonenzymatic bacteriophage treatment. Our engineered enzymatic phage substantially reduced bacterial biofilm cell counts by approximately 4.5 orders of magnitude ( approximately 99.997% removal), which was about two orders of magnitude better than that of nonenzymatic phage. This work demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of using engineered enzymatic bacteriophage to reduce bacterial biofilms and the applicability of synthetic biology to an important medical and industrial problem. (+info)

... is typically studied in the T3 and T7 RNA polymerases in bacteriophages and in E. coli. Abortive initiation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortive_initiation

Other viruses, such as bacteriophages T3 and T7, encode proteins that inhibit the restriction enzymes. To counteract these ... They found that bacteriophage growing within an infected bacterium could be modified, so that upon their release and re- ... This prevents infection by effectively destroying the foreign DNA introduced by an infectious agent (such as a bacteriophage). ... infection of a related bacterium the bacteriophage's growth is restricted (inhibited) (also described by Luria in his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_modification_system

His part was naming the bacteriophages into Type 1(T1), Type 2 (T2), Type 3 (T3), etc. The specific time and place of T4 virus ... T4-like viruses Animation of T4 Bacteriophage Infecting E.coli Animation of T4 Bacteriophage DNA packaging. ... "Genetic Recombinations Leading to Production of Active Bacteriophage from Ultraviolet Inactivated Bacteriophage Particles". ... Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4. ASM Press, Washington, DC. (The second T4 bible, go here, as well as Mosig and Eiserling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_virus_T4

Agritope introduced an S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase (SAMase) encoding gene derived from the E. coli bacteriophage T3, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato

T7 or T3. These promoters are recognized by DNA dependent RNA polymerases originally characterized from bacteriophages. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease_protection_assay

"Discrimination between bacteriophage T3 and T7 promoters by the T3 and T7 RNA polymerases depends primarily upon a three base- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Jorgensen

... bacteriophage n4 MeSH B04.123.150.700.070 - bacteriophage p22 MeSH B04.123.150.700.100 - bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.123.150.700. ... bacteriophage n4 MeSH B04.280.090.700.070 - bacteriophage p22 MeSH B04.280.090.700.100 - bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.280.090.700. ... bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.123.205.891.200 - bacteriophage t4 MeSH B04.123.205.891.230 - bacteriophage t7 MeSH B04.123.230.070 ... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.205.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.205.320 - bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.205.350 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

The cleavage of this sequence between the AA's results in 5' overhangs on the DNA called sticky ends: 5'-A ,A G C T T-3' 3'-T T ... Their primary function is to protect the host genome against invasion by foreign DNA, primarily bacteriophage DNA. There is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HindIII

... , also called bacteriophage T3 and T3 phage, is a bacteriophage capable of infecting susceptible bacterial ... FRASER, D; WILLIAMS, RC (Feb 1953). "Details of frozen-dried T3 and T7 bacteriophages as shown by electron microscopy". Journal ... "DNA packaging-associated hyper-capsid expansion of bacteriophage t3". Journal of Molecular Biology. 397 (2): 361-74. doi: ... T3+Phage at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_virus_T3

T7 phage, T3 phage, Φ29, P22, P37 Ligamenvirales Lipothrixviridae. Enveloped, rod-shaped. Linear dsDNA. Acidianus filamentous ... Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.[1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found ... A bacteriophage (/bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ/), also known informally as a phage (/feɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within ... 2×108 bacteriophages per mL.[47] Bacteriophages are thought to extensively contribute to horizontal gene transfer in natural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage

... swapping it out for one found in T3 RNAP makes the polymerase recognize T3 promoters instead. Similar to other viral nucleic ... T7 RNA Polymerase is an RNA polymerase from the T7 bacteriophage that catalyzes the formation of RNA from DNA in the 5'→ 3' ... Other members include phage T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases, the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), and the chloroplastic ssRNAP ... McAllister WT (1993). "Structure and function of the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (or, the virtues of simplicity)". Cellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_RNA_polymerase

... coli bacteriophage T3, which reduced the levels of S-adenosylmethionine, a precursor to ACC.[11] Endless Summer was briefly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

The DNA-binding protein complex recognizes a discrete nucleotide sequence (5'-GGG ACT TTC T-3') in the upstream region of a ... These microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, viruses and bacteriophages. The bacterial part of the microbiota has been more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_microbiota

... is an RNA polymerase from the T7 bacteriophage that catalyzes the formation of RNA from DNA in the 5'→ 3' ... Related family members include phage T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases, but this family is also related to the mitochondrial RNA ... McAllister WT (1993). "Structure and function of the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (or, the virtues of simplicity)". Cell. ... T7 and T3, or T7 and SP6) in opposite orientation. RNA can be selectively synthesized from either strand of the insert DNA with ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_RNA_polymerase

It relies on relating the desired activity of a target protein with the fitness of an infectious bacteriophage which carries ... This resulted in polymerases with ~3-4 orders of magnitude greater activity for the target promoter than the original T3 ... The central component of PACE is a fixed-volume vessel known as the "lagoon". The lagoon contains M13 bacteriophage vectors ... Brödel, A.K.; Isalan, M.; Jaramillo, A. (2018). "Engineering of biomolecules by bacteriophage directed evolution". Curr. Opin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage-assisted_continuous_evolution

Journal Article: Length quantization of DNA partially expelled from heads of a bacteriophage T3 mutant ... Title: Length quantization of DNA partially expelled from heads of a bacteriophage T3 mutant ... 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; BACTERIOPHAGES; CONTROL; DNA; DNA SEQUENCING; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ELECTROPHORESIS; EVOLUTION; GELS; ... We use directed evolution to isolate a five-site T3 point mutant that hyper-produces tail-free capsids with mature DNA (heads ...

https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/22435036-length-quantization-dna-partially-expelled-from-heads-bacteriophage-t3-mutant

The gene for Klebsiella bacteriophage K11 RNA polymerase: Sequence and comparison with the homologous genes of phages T7, T3, ... Sequence and analysis of the gene for bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res 13:6753-6766 ... Dietz, A., Weisser, H., Kössel, H. et al. The gene for Klebsiella bacteriophage K11 RNA polymerase: Sequence and comparison ... Sanger F, Coulson AR, Barrell BG, Smith AJH, Roe BA (1980) Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00261733

... that encode T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerases (RNAPs) sharing 45% amino acid identity. In phylogenetic analyses using ... Identification and characterization of T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerase sequences in wheat Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Jul;40(4 ... Using PCR-based methods, we assembled two wheat cDNA sequences, wheat-G and wheat-C, that encode T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10480381/?dopt=Abstract

A Restriction Map of Bacteriophage T3. Characterization of T7 Promoter Sequences. The Structure of Transposable Mating Type ... Site-Specific Recombination in Bacteriophage λ: Requirements for the Phage att Site and Organization of the Recombination ... Formation of PlargF Specialized Transducing Bacteriophage: Involvement of IS1. New Synthetic Oligonucleotides for Specific ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/mobilization-and-reassembly-of-genetic-information/scott/978-0-12-633360-2

Locations and nucleotide sequences of three major class III promoters for bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase on T3 DNA. / Basu, S ... title = "Locations and nucleotide sequences of three major class III promoters for bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase on T3 DNA", ... T1 - Locations and nucleotide sequences of three major class III promoters for bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase on T3 DNA ... Locations and nucleotide sequences of three major class III promoters for bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase on T3 DNA. ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/locations-and-nucleotide-sequences-of-three-major-class-iii-promo-2

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P0AA25

a, bacteriophage SP6 promoter. b, bacteriophage T3 promoter. c, bacteriophage T7 promoter. d, human CMV promoter. e, human HBB ... Red: Patwardhan et al. 2009 bacteriophage promoters. Blue: Patwardhan et al. 2009 mammalian promoters. Green: Melnikov et al. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25778704?dopt=Abstract

PGRP; Animal peptidoglycan recognition proteins homologous to Bacteriophage T3 lysozyme. RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8993

Enterobacteria phage T7 (Bacteriophage T7). Enterobacteria phage T3 (Bacteriophage T3). Yersinia phage YpP-Y. Yersinia phage R ... Enterobacteria phage T7 (Bacteriophage T7). Enterobacteria phage T3 (Bacteriophage T3). Yersinia phage YpP-Y. Yersinia phage R ... "Mutation in bacteriophage T3 affecting host cell lysis.". Miyazaki J.I., Ryo Y., Fujisawa H., Minagawa T.. Virology 89:327-329( ... Enterobacteria phage T3 (Bacteriophage T3). ,p>This subsection of the ,a href="http://www.uniprot.org/help/names_and_taxonomy_ ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P10307

By regulating the expression of the rat liver SAM synthetase and the bacteriophage T3 SAM hydrolase proteins in E. coli, a 100- ... X. Bacteriophage T3-induced S-adenosylmethionine cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 241:1995-2006. ... 1994) A novel Tn10 tetracycline regulon system controlling expression of the bacteriophage T3 gene encoding S-adenosyl-L- ... and bacteriophage T3 SAM hydrolase (T3SH). RLSS is a highly conserved homolog of the bacterial MetK SAM synthetase, except that ...

https://jb.asm.org/content/181/21/6756?ijkey=bee8d6aa8f8620310bb2fdc206d413cb51150137&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Here the authors find that bacteriophage T7 helicase is also involved in replication re-initiation by interacting with a non- ... Kruger, D. H. & Schroeder, C. Bacteriophage T3 and bacteriophage T7 virus-host cell interactions. Microbiol. Rev. 45, 9-51 ( ... Here, we investigate this replication re-initiation pathway using the bacteriophage T7 replisome. The bacteriophage T7 ... Mechanisms for the initiation of bacteriophage T7 DNA replication. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 47, 669-679 (1983). ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04702-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0c868737-818a-4e0f-bc5c-17290d3c2538

Enterobacteria phage T3 (Bacteriophage T3). OC Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Caudovirales; Podoviridae; OC ... "Sequence of a conditionally essential region of bacteriophage T3, RT including the primary origin of DNA replication."; RL J. ... DR InterPro; IPR016306; DNA_ligase_ATP-dep_T3. DR InterPro; IPR012340; NA-bd_OB-fold. DR Pfam; PF01068; DNA_ligase_A_M; 1. DR ... PIRSF; PIRSF001600; DNA_ligase_phage_T3; 1. DR SUPFAM; SSF50249; SSF50249; 1. DR PROSITE; PS00697; DNA_LIGASE_A1; 1. DR PROSITE ...

http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?uniprot:P07717

Locations and nucleotide sequences of three major class III promoters for bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase on T3 DNA, J. Biol. ... Hamada, K., Fujisawa, H., and Minagawa, T., 1986, A defined in vitro system for packaging of bacteriophage T3 DNA, Virology 151 ... Beier, H., and Hausmann, R., 1973, Genetic map of bacteriophage T3, I. Virol. 12: 417.Google Scholar ... Hausmann, R., and Härle, E., 1971, Expression of the genomes of the related bacteriophages T3 and T7, in: Proceedings of the ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-5424-6_8

Escherichia virus T3, also called bacteriophage T3 and T3 phage, is a bacteriophage capable of infecting susceptible bacterial ... FRASER, D; WILLIAMS, RC (Feb 1953). "Details of frozen-dried T3 and T7 bacteriophages as shown by electron microscopy". Journal ... "DNA packaging-associated hyper-capsid expansion of bacteriophage t3". Journal of Molecular Biology. 397 (2): 361-74. doi: ... T3+Phage at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_virus_T3

Bacteriophage T3 Phage T3 Enterobacteria phage T3 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria. It is in the genus ... Bacteriophage P1 Phage P1 P1 is a temperate bacteriophage (phage) that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria. When ...

https://bch.cbd.int/database/organism-registry/

Identification and characterization of T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerase sequences in wheat. Plant. Mol. Biol. 40, 567- ... Sequences homologous to yeast mitochondrial and bacteriophage T3 and T7 RNA polymerases are widespread throughout the ... Mechanism of inhibition of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase by T7 lysozyme. J. Mol. Biol. 269, 10-27.CrossRefPubMedGoogle ... RNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7. Mol. Biol. 33, 353-367.Google Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11008-005-0081-1

T3 DNA Ligase exhibits a higher tolerance (2-fold) for NaCl in the reaction compared to T4 DNA Ligase, making the enzyme a ... Cohesive ends, blunt ends, and nick sealing can all be efficiently catalyzed by T3 DNA Ligase. As with T4 DNA Ligase, blunt end ... T3 DNA Ligase is an ATP-dependent ds DNA ligase from bacteriophage T3. It will catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond ... T3 DNA Ligase is an ATP-dependent ds DNA ligase from bacteriophage T3. It will catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond ...

https://www.neb.com/products/m0317-t3-dna-ligase

The RNA may be synthesized by a cellular RNA polymerase or a bacteriophage RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7, SP6). The use and ... RNA was synthesized from phagemid clones with T3 and T7 RNA polymerase6, followed by template removal with two sequential DNase ... A general strategy for production of dsRNA is to clone segments of interest between flanking copies of the bacteriophage T7 ... T3 or T7 RNA polymerase), or with characterized promoters in vivo, is produced predominantly from a single strand. The ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6506559?dq=7493558

Ikeda, T. M., and Gray, M. W. (1999). Identification and characterization of T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerase sequences ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2014.00061/full

Suitable promoters are those which are recognized by specific bacteriophage polymerases, such as bacteriophage T3, T7 or SP6. ... According to the SISKA invention, one of the primers is provided with a promoter sequence, for example of a bacteriophage T7 ...

http://www.google.ca/patents/US5466586

shows clearly that the genomic DNA of bacteriophage T3, which cannot be cleaved by wild-type EcoRII because of the lower ... Cleavage of the DNA of bacteriophage T3 with EcoRII-trunc (here: EcoRII173-404) and wild-type EcoRII. Top: quantities of ... enzymes used; left trace: T3 DNA without restriction endonuclease; BstNI: positive control of the cleavage pattern; right trace ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7101697?dq=6,654,957

Compared to the T3 and T7 bacteriophage polymerases, POLRMT requires auxiliary proteins to recognize the promoter. These are ... It is structurally similar to both the T3 and T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerases, and all three have a conserved catalytic core ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Mammalian-Mitochondrial-DNA-

1987) Yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase is homologous to those encoded by bacteriophages T3 and T7. Cell 51:89-99. ... 2006) Bacteriophage origins of mitochondrial replication and transcription proteins. Trends Genet 22:90-95. ... 1998) Pausing and termination by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. J Mol Biol 280:201-213. ... 2004) Promoter binding, initiation, and elongation by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. A single-molecule view of the ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/109/23/8948

"ORI bacteriophage f1" FT promoter 0..0 FT /note="PRO E. coli lac gene" FT promoter 0..0 FT /note="PRO bacteriophage T3" FT ... CC The order of the major features in this plasmid is: TRP1 - f1 ori CC (NaeI) - T7 promoter - lacZ/MCS - T3 promoter - pMB1 ... promoter 0..0 FT /note="PRO bacteriophage T7" FT CDS 0..0 FT /note="GEN E. coli beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ); FT reporter ...

http://genome-www.stanford.edu/vectordb/vector_descrip/COMPLETE/PRS314.SEQ.html

Specific contacts between the bacteriophage T3, T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases and their promoters.J. Biol. Chem.2661991645651. ... In vitro comparison of initiation properties of bacteriophage lambda wild-type PR and ×3 mutant promoters.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...

https://jb.asm.org/content/181/3/893

Bacteriophage T3 and bacteriophage T7 virus-host cell interactions. Microbiol. Rev. 45:9-51. ... Bacteriophage phiYeO3-12, specific for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3, is related to coliphages T3 and T7. J. Bacteriol. ... The genome sequence of Yersinia pestis bacteriophage phiA1122 reveals an intimate history with the coliphage T3 and T7 genomes ... Antimicrobial drug discovery through bacteriophage genomics. Nat. Biotechnol. 22:185-191.. OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/87/22/12260

... some plasmids and the phages T7 and T3 synthesize a direct inhibitor of type I restriction-modification systems (11-13). ... Bacteriophages and Bacteria.. T7 mutants sRK836 and the 0.3 deletion mutant D364 were kindly provided by F. W. Studier ( ... DNA Ejection from a Bacteriophage λ Particle Results in Immediate Cleavage of 0.3+ Phage DNA by EcoKI.. The above data suggest ... Translocation and specific cleavage of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vivo by EcoKI. L. René García and Ian J. Molineux ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/96/22/12430?ijkey=77a8da2b152a09bf9ad55e0f9e80101f16628245&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Enzymes like bacteriophage SP6, T3 and T7 RNA polymerases have been used to produce synthetic RNA for a wide variety of ... Leary, S.L. et al. (1991) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from bacteriophage T3 transcribes and amplifies an RNA template in vitro ... Chamberlin, M. et al. (1983) Isolation of bacterial and bacteriophage RNA polymerases and their use in synthesis of RNA in ... In vitro transcription using bacteriophage DNA-dependent RNA polymerases has been optimized to mediate the synthesis of large ...

https://www.promega.com/resources/pubhub/enotes/t7-ribomax-express-generation-of-27kb-in-vitro-transcripts-in-minutes/

1997) Transcription termination by bacteriophage T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases at Rho-independent terminators. Can. J. Microbiol. ... 2000) Genomic sequences of bacteriophages HK97 and HK022: pervasive genetic mosaicism in the lambdoid bacteriophages. J. Mol. ... We isolated a bacteriophage, ΦK1-5, that is able to infect and grow on either K1 or K5 strains of E. coli. It appears that its ... 1996) Bacteriophage T4 host range is expanded by duplications of a small domain of the tail fiber adhesion. J. Mol. Biol. 258: ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/75/6/2509

Abortive initiation is typically studied in the T3 and T7 RNA polymerases in bacteriophages and in E. coli. Abortive initiation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortive_initiation

Dietz A, Kössel H, Hausmann R (1985) On the evolution of the terminal redundancies of Klebsiella phage No. 11 and of coliphages T3 and T7. (springer.com)
Escherichia virus T3, also called bacteriophage T3 and T3 phage, is a bacteriophage capable of infecting susceptible bacterial cells, including strains of Escherichia coli. (wikipedia.org)
P1 is a temperate bacteriophage (phage) that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria. (cbd.int)
Enterobacteria phage T3 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria. (cbd.int)
Bacteriophages have adapted to bacterial defense systems, devised strategies to evade these anti-phage mechanisms and restored their infective capacity. (springer.com)
McGrath S, Fitzgerald GF, van Sinderen D. Identification and characterization of phage-resistance genes in temperate lactococcal bacteriophages. (springer.com)
Here we introduce the Phage On Tap (PoT) protocol for the quick and efficient preparation of homogenous bacteriophage (phage) stocks. (peerj.com)
Due to increasing interest for the use of bacteriophage (phage) in medical, industrial, and molecular settings, new approaches are required to quickly and efficiently produce high titer, homogenous, and purified phage stocks. (peerj.com)
To further analyze the correct taxonomic position of this virus we have completed the sequence of its genome noting its very close similarity to Yersinia phage Berlin and coliphage T3. (biomedcentral.com)
A bacteriophage ( / b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ / ), also known informally as a phage ( / f eɪ dʒ / ), is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea . (wikipedia.org)
As foundation, here we observe directly, for the first time, extreme, sheet-like outer shell thinness in a hyper-expanded capsid of phage T3. (beds.ac.uk)
Phage therapy has been in vogue from 1930 until date as evidenced by works from Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages Microbiology Virology at Tbilisi, Georgia (Summers 2012). (researchsquare.com)
BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. (bvsalud.org)
Bacteriophage T7 is a virulent phage with an icosahedral head, a short noncontractile tail, and a dsDNA genome of 39937 bp. (ecoliwiki.org)

DNA packaging of phages phi29, T3 and T7 sometimes produces incompletely packaged DNA with quantized lengths, based on gel electrophoretic band formation. (osti.gov)
some plasmids and the phages T7 and T3 synthesize a direct inhibitor of type I restriction-modification systems ( 11 - 13 ). (pnas.org)
It is now accepted that bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant biological entities in most ecosystems and soda lakes are no exception, with studies conducted on Mono Lake placing viral abundance at 10 9 ml -1 , among the highest in natural aquatic environments [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteriophages (or 'phages') shape microbial ecosystems by infecting and killing targeted bacterial species. (elifesciences.org)
Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7. (bvsalud.org)
the relationship of two Serratia phages to coli-dysentery phages T3, T7, and D44. (naver.com)

Infection of Escherichia coli containing the type I restriction enzyme Eco KI by bacteriophage T7 0.3 mutants leads to restriction during the late stages of genome entry and during DNA replication. (pnas.org)
A virulent double-stranded DNA bacteriophage, ΦK1-5, has been isolated and found to be capable of infecting Escherichia coli strains that possess either the K1 or the K5 polysaccharide capsule. (asm.org)
For instance, the T7 bacteriophage preys on various strains of Escherichia coli , a type of bacteria often found in the human gut. (elifesciences.org)

Rapid ejection of a 0.3 + T7 genome from a bacteriophage λ particle results in degradation of the infecting DNA by Eco KI, showing that the normal T7 DNA translocation process delays restriction. (pnas.org)
In this study, we describe the biological characteristics, whole genome sequences, and annotations for two new isolates of the B. megaterium bacteriophages (BM5 and BM10), which were isolated from Egyptian soil samples. (peerj.com)
Comparative analysis of the BM5 and BM10 genome structures, in conjunction with other B. megaterium bacteriophages, revealed relatively high levels of sequence and organizational identity. (peerj.com)
The genome of Kvp1, the first Kluyvera cryocrescens -specific bacteriophage, was sequenced using pyrosequencing (454 technology) at the McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre. (biomedcentral.com)
At 39,472 bp, the annotated genome revealed a closer relationship to coliphage T3 than T7 with Kvp1 containing homologs to T3 early proteins S-adenosyl-L-methionine hydrolase (0.3) and protein kinase (0.7). (biomedcentral.com)
Their primary function is to protect the host genome against invasion by foreign DNA, primarily bacteriophage DNA. (wn.com)
Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome , and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. (wikipedia.org)
Genome sequence, structural proteins, and capsid organization of the cyanophage syn5: a "horned" bacteriophage of marine synechococcus. (purdue.edu)
A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis. (medconditions.net)

Using PCR-based methods, we assembled two wheat cDNA sequences, wheat-G and wheat-C, that encode T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerases (RNAPs) sharing 45% amino acid identity. (nih.gov)
It is structurally similar to both the T3 and T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerases, and all three have a conserved catalytic core at the C-terminus. (news-medical.net)
Compared to the T3 and T7 bacteriophage polymerases, POLRMT requires auxiliary proteins to recognize the promoter. (news-medical.net)
Abortive initiation is typically studied in the T3 and T7 RNA polymerases in bacteriophages and in E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
The most studied polymerases belong to Family A (found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and bacteriophages) and family B (found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, archaea, and viruses). (frontiersin.org)

Bacteria can cause diseases, but they also battle their own microscopic enemies: a group of viruses known as bacteriophages. (elifesciences.org)
Bacteriophages are probably the oldest viruses, having appeared early during bacterial evolution. (springer.com)
[1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. (wikipedia.org)
This tightly regulated transcriptional pattern of SSV1 has not been described before for any archaeal virus and is reminiscent of those of many bacteriophages and some eukaryotic viruses. (tu-darmstadt.de)
To unravel the influence of viruses, and particularly bacteriophages, on microbiota ecology and animal host physiology and health, methods allowing quantitative comparison of virus diversity, abundance and function across samples are needed. (biomedcentral.com)

Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. (medconditions.net)

DNA_ligase_ATP-dep_T3. (genome.jp)
T3 DNA Ligase is an ATP-dependent ds DNA ligase from bacteriophage T3. (neb.com)
Cohesive ends, blunt ends, and nick sealing can all be efficiently catalyzed by T3 DNA Ligase (1). (neb.com)
T3 DNA Ligase exhibits a higher tolerance (2-fold) for NaCl in the reaction compared to T4 DNA Ligase, making the enzyme a versatile choice for in vitro molecular biology protocols requiring DNA ligase activity. (neb.com)
An E. coli strain containing a recombinant gene encoding T3 DNA Ligase. (neb.com)
One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme required to give 50% ligation of 100 ng HindIII fragments of λ DNA in a total reaction volume of 20 μl in 1 minute at 25°C in 1X T3 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer. (neb.com)
T3 DNA Ligase is also active in buffers without PEG 6000, such as our T4 DNA Ligase Buffer and NEBuffers 1-4, for applications in which PEG 6000 is detrimental. (neb.com)
T3 DNA ligase , which can also ligate both blunt and sticky-ended DNA fragments, can tolerate salt concentrations of up to 250-300 mM. (bitesizebio.com)
In these buffers T3 DNA Ligase exhibits an approximately 10-fold reduction in activity. (neb.com)
Heating a reaction containing T3 DNA Ligase at 65°C for 10 minutes will inactivate the enzyme. (neb.com)

The DNA sequences of three major class III T3 RNA polymerase promoters located at 45.0, 55.0, and 64.8% on the standard T3 genetic map have been determined. (elsevier.com)
Alignment of these three class III promoters and a previously determined T3 RNA polymerase promoter at 1.05% on T3 genetic map, with start points of transcription (+1) in register, indicates a high degree of sequence conservation among the four T3 RNA polymerase promoters. (elsevier.com)
Furthermore, careful examination of the nucleotide sequences around 45.0 and 64.8 T3 map units shows that the putative RNA sequences arising from these regions by overlapping transcription from upstream promoters can be arranged into stable stemloop structures thought to be required for RNase III cleavage. (elsevier.com)
The bacteriophage promoters, T7, T3, and SP6, consist of 23 basepairs numbered -17 to +6, where +1 indicates the first base of the coded transcript. (thermofisher.com)
Neurons expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA were localized by in situ hybridization in normal and monocularly deprived cat visual cortex by using single-stranded RNA probes transcribed from cDNAs cloned in vectors with the T3 and T7 RNA polymerase promoters. (elsevier.com)
and (iv T7 and T3 bacteriophage promoters and EcoRI, NotI and BamHI restriction sites flanking the cloning site that allow for synthesis of, or isolation of, end-specific probes for chromosome walking. (elsevier.com)
It also encodes the beta galactosidase alpha peptide for bluewhite color detection of inserts and also has the T7 and T3 promoters for in vitro RNA synthesis and priming sites for sequencing. (lifescience-market.com)

By regulating the expression of the rat liver SAM synthetase and the bacteriophage T3 SAM hydrolase proteins in E. coli , a 100-fold range of SAM levels could be achieved. (asm.org)
This is the first report to demonstrate that membrane-bound proteins are involved in the adsorption of a T7-related bacteriophage. (asm.org)

Abstract&list_uids=12079351&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=13&itool=pubmed_docsum 'Complete nucleotide sequence and likely recombinatorial origin of bacteriophage T3. (openwetware.org)

Although well studied with respect to their microbial composition, their viral compositions have not, and consequently few bacteriophages that infect bacteria from haloalkaline environments have been described. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, bacteria and bacteriophages have a long history of co-evolution in which bacteria have developed multiple resistance mechanisms against bacteriophages. (springer.com)
It is estimated there are more than 10 31 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined. (wikipedia.org)
Bacteriophages are a promising alternative for curtailing infections caused by multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. (researchsquare.com)

BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. (bvsalud.org)

During the morphogenesis of double-stranded DNA bacteriophages, a DNA-free protein capsid (procapsid) is assembled and subsequently packages the bacteriophage DNA. (uthscsa.edu)
Similar in structure to T3, each virion of T7 has an icosahedral head (capsid) with a diameter of 60-61 nm and a 2 nm thick shell (the outer layer being made from two forms of the gene 10 protein). (ecoliwiki.org)

100. The expression library of claim 91 wherein the expression vector is a bacteriophage vector and wherein the expression library comprises recombinant bacteriophage particles. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

The deduced amino acid sequence of this polypeptide shows 71% homology to the T7 RNA polymerase (the product of T7 gene 1 ), 72% homology to the T3 RNA polymerase and 27% homology to the SP6 RNA polymerase. (springer.com)
Kotani H, Ishizaki Y, Hiraoka N, Obayashi A (1987) Nucleotide sequence and expression of the cloned gene of bacteriophage SP6 RNA polymerase. (springer.com)
Moffatt BA, Dunn JJ, Studier FW (1984) Nucleotide sequence of the gene for bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. (springer.com)
1986) Bacteriophage T3 gene 8 product oligomer structure. (forexsignalx.com)

Characterization of the lysogeny DNA module from teteperate Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage φSfi21. (springer.com)

Bacteriophage Genetics and Molecular Biology. (springer.com)

Head morphogenesis of complex double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid bacteriophages. (naver.com)

In this study, we used the regulated expression of two foreign enzymes to evade E. coli 's stringent regulation of SAM levels, namely, expression of rat liver SAM synthetase (RLSS) and bacteriophage T3 SAM hydrolase (T3SH). (asm.org)
In E. coli MG1655, expression of T3SH [the bacteriophage T3 S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) hydrolase] significantly reduced AI-2 activity in culture supernatants, suggesting that AI-2 production is limited by the amount of SAH produced in SAM-dependent transmethylase reactions. (lancs.ac.uk)

Yep-phi is a T7-related bacteriophage specific to Yersinia pestis , and it is routinely used in the identification of Y. pestis in China. (asm.org)

Krylov, V. 2006-03-01 00:00:00 The T7-like ΦKMV bacteriophage active on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was previously isolated by us and shown to have DNA resistant to many endonucleases. (deepdyve.com)
Commercial production of bacteriophages specific against Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Shigella spp were done till mid 1950's at EIBMV, HIEET, Poland (Sulakvelidze et al. (researchsquare.com)

Dunn JJ, Studier FW (1983) The complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage T7 dNA and the locations of T7 genetic elements. (springer.com)
RT "Sequence of a conditionally essential region of bacteriophage T3, RT including the primary origin of DNA replication. (genome.jp)
A study in evolution: the DNA base sequence homology between coliphages T7 and T3. (naver.com)

ΦK5 is a related bacteriophage specific for E. coli strains that display the K5 antigen, a polymer consisting of a repeating structure of 4-linked α- N -acetylglucosamine and β-glucuronic acid ( N -acetyl heparosin). (asm.org)
Monitoring the bacteriophages that survived and multiplied the most after infecting different strains of E. coli revealed which RBP building blocks are important for efficiency and specificity. (elifesciences.org)
Diverse Temperate Bacteriophage Carriage in Clostridium difficile 027 Strains," PLoS ONE (May 2012), 7(5):e372631-9. (patents.com)

Rudolph C, Freund-Mölbert E, Stirm S (1975) Fragments of Klebsiella bacteriophage No. 11. (springer.com)

The formation of closed circles by linear DNA from bacteriophage I after infection. (bitesizebio.com)
2005) Changes in bacteriophage T7 virion structure at the initiation of infection. (ecoliwiki.org)

Bacteriophages occur abundantly in the biosphere, with different genomes, and lifestyles. (wikipedia.org)

1997) 272, 21±30 Positioning of the Start Site in the Initiation of Transcription by Bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase Benjamin F. Weston, Iaroslav Kuzmine and Craig T. Martin* Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA , USA *Corresponding author The determination of various polymerase structures has sparked interest in understanding how the polynucleotide template interacts with the active site. (docplayer.net)

In recent years, advances in sequencing technologies and data analysis techniques have enabled detailed metagenomic studies investigating intestinal viromes (collections of bacteriophage and eukaryotic viral nucleic acids) and their potential contributions to the ecology of the microbiota. (biomedcentral.com)

We use directed evolution to isolate a five-site T3 point mutant that hyper-produces tail-free capsids with mature DNA (heads). (osti.gov)
Visualization of Bacteriophage T3 Capsids with DNA Incompletely Packaged In Vivo. (uthscsa.edu)

We have used bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (T7RNAP) to study the transcriptional accessibility of ES chromatin in vivo . (embopress.org)
In vivo lysogenization of a Clostridium difficile bacteriophage .PHI.CD119," Anaerobe (2011) 17:125-129. (patents.com)

Several Bacillus bacteriophages have been isolated, but very few Bacillus megaterium bacteriophages have been characterized. (peerj.com)

The lack of information on bacteriophages of Clostridium difficile prompted this study. (asm.org)
Bacteriophage treatment significantly reduces viable Clostridium difficile and prevents toxin production in an in vitro model system," Anaerobe (2010), 16:549-554. (patents.com)
Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced ileocecitis with Bacteriophage," Anaerobe (1999), 5:69-78. (patents.com)
1. A method of treatment comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising two or more bacteriophages selected from the group consisting of NCTC 12081404, NCTC 12081405, NCTC 12081406, NCTC 12081407, NCTC 12081408, NCTC 12081409, and NCTC 12081410, wherein the two or more bacteriophages are capable of lysing more than 5 different ribotypes of Clostridium difficile, and wherein the 5 different ribotypes comprise 014/20 or 027. (patents.com)

Here, we investigate this replication re-initiation pathway using the bacteriophage T7 replisome. (nature.com)

Sanger F, Coulson AR, Barrell BG, Smith AJH, Roe BA (1980) Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA sequencing. (springer.com)

The quantitative nature of the relationships between Kvp1 and the other members of the T7-like virus genus (T7, T3, φA1122, φYeO3-12, Berlin, K1F, VP4 and gh-1) was confirmed using CoreGenes. (biomedcentral.com)

CC The order of the major features in this plasmid is: TRP1 - f1 ori CC (NaeI) - T7 promoter - lacZ'/MCS - T3 promoter - pMB1 ori - bla - CC CEN6 - ARSH4. (stanford.edu)
The order of the major features in this plasmid is: LEU2 f1 ori (NaeI) T7 promoter lacZ/MCS T3 promoter pMB1 ori bla CEN6 ARSH4. (lifescience-market.com)
95. The expression library of claim 91 wherein the expression vector is a plasmid vector, bacteriophage vector or phagemid vector. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Studier FW, Dunn JJ (1983) Organization and expression of bacteriophage T7 DNA. (springer.com)
Cryo-EM asymmetric reconstruction of bacteriophage P22 reveals organization of its DNA packaging and infecting machinery. (purdue.edu)

The aim of this study, therefore, was to isolate and characterize bacteriophages specific for C. difficile as a preliminary step to assessing their potential as novel therapeutic agents. (asm.org)

These polysaccharide coats also act as recognition sites for bacteriophages, which often carry tail spikes that contain polysaccharide depolymerization activities. (asm.org)
2008) Evidence for bacteriophage T7 tail extension during DNA injection. (ecoliwiki.org)

These findings demonstrate that even small changes to the bacteriophages can make a big difference to their ability to infect their preys. (elifesciences.org)

Terminal repetition in non-permuted T3 and T7 bacteriophage DNA molecules. (naver.com)

The anatomy of the T5 bacteriophage DNA molecule (1966) Abelson John et al. (naver.com)

This was then confirmed by engineering highly active T7 bacteriophage variants against an E. coli strain that causes urinary tract infections. (elifesciences.org)

Anatomy4

Organisms44

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care4

Bacteriophage phiYeO3-12, specific for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3, is related to coliphages T3 and T7. (1/25)

Insertion of the T3 DNA polymerase thioredoxin binding domain enhances the processivity and fidelity of Taq DNA polymerase. (2/25)

The genome sequence of Yersinia pestis bacteriophage phiA1122 reveals an intimate history with the coliphage T3 and T7 genomes. (3/25)

Characterization of bacteriophage T3 DNA ligase. (4/25)

In vivo hydrolysis of S-adenosylmethionine induces the met regulon of Escherichia coli. (5/25)

Compensatory evolution in response to a novel RNA polymerase: orthologous replacement of a central network gene. (6/25)

Evolution and the complexity of bacteriophages. (7/25)

Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. (8/25)

Bacteriophage T4

Bacteriophages

Bacteriophage T7

T-Phages

Coliphages

Bacteriophage T3

Escherichia coli

Viral Proteins

Bacteriophage lambda

DNA, Viral

DNA Viruses

Lysogeny

Genes, Viral

Bacteriophage mu

Mutation

DNA Replication

Base Sequence

Bacteriophage phi X 174

Bacteriophage phi 6

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases

Molecular Sequence Data

DNA Primase

Viral Tail Proteins

Bacteriophage M13

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

Bacteriophage P2

Genes

DNA, Single-Stranded

Genetics, Microbial

Siphoviridae

Bacteriolysis

Bacteriophage Typing

Plasmids

Bacteriophage P1

Recombination, Genetic

Polynucleotide Ligases

DNA Helicases

DNA Packaging

Deoxyribonucleases

Salmonella Phages

Virus Replication

Amino Acid Sequence

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

RNA Phages

Adsorption

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Chloramphenicol

Bacteriophage PRD1

Pseudomonas Phages

DNA Restriction Enzymes

Staphylococcus Phages

Templates, Genetic

RNA Nucleotidyltransferases

Cloning, Molecular

Genome, Viral

Transcription, Genetic

Bacillus Phages

Podoviridae

Capsid

Thymine Nucleotides

Streptococcus Phages

Kinetics

RNA, Viral

Genetic Complementation Test

Exonucleases

Phosphorus Isotopes

Tritium

DNA, Bacterial

Temperature

Microscopy, Electron

Nucleic Acid Denaturation

Proflavine

Muramidase

RNA Ligase (ATP)

Endodeoxyribonucleases

Radiation Effects

Levivirus

Molecular Weight

Chromosome Mapping

Ultraviolet Rays