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Bacteriophage phi 6BacteriophagesBacteriophage phi X 174Bacillus PhagesColiphagesLysogenyCystoviridaeRNA PhagesDNA, ViralBacteriophage T4DNA VirusesDNA PackagingBacteriophage lambdaViral ProteinsBacillus subtilisEscherichia coliBacteriophage T7T-PhagesGenes, ViralStaphylococcus PhagesPseudomonas PhagesBacteriophage muRNA, Double-StrandedCapsidPseudomonasMutationBase SequenceBacteriolysisDNA ReplicationAdsorptionRNA, ViralVirus ReplicationMolecular Sequence DataBacteriophage P2Streptococcus PhagesPlasmidsDNA, Single-StrandedBacteriophage M13Genome, ViralBacteriophage T3DNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesBacteriophage TypingBacteriophage P1Cryoelectron MicroscopyDNA Restriction EnzymesCentrifugation, Density GradientSiphoviridaeGenetics, MicrobialNucleic Acid ConformationSalmonella PhagesGenesAttachment Sites, MicrobiologicalTransduction, GeneticRecombination, GeneticViral Plaque AssayMicroscopy, ElectronVirus AssemblyBacteriophage PRD1TritiumChloramphenicolThyminePodoviridaeChromosome MappingDNA, BacterialGenetic Complementation TestCloning, MolecularMitomycinsAmino Acid SequenceTemperatureTemplates, GeneticTranscription, GeneticPhosphorus IsotopesViral Tail ProteinsMolecular WeightNucleic Acid HybridizationUracilDNA, CircularViral Structural ProteinsCapsid ProteinsNucleoside-TriphosphataseDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseLevivirusRadiation EffectsPeptide PHIThymidineDeoxyribonucleasesHydroxyphenylazouracilKineticsCesiumMolecular Motor ProteinsMorphogenesisRestriction MappingChromosomes, BacterialProphagesVirionTriethylenemelamineInovirusExonucleasesBacterial ProteinsDNA, Recombinant
Bacteriophage phi 6
Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.
Bacteriophages
Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.
Bacteriophage phi X 174
The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.
Bacillus Phages
Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.
Coliphages
Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.
Lysogeny
The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.
Cystoviridae
A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6).
RNA Phages
Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Bacteriophage T4
Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.
DNA Viruses
Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
DNA Packaging
The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE.
Bacteriophage lambda
A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.
Viral Proteins
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Bacillus subtilis
A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Bacteriophage T7
Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.
T-Phages
A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.
Genes, Viral
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Staphylococcus Phages
Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.
Pseudomonas Phages
Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
Bacteriophage mu
A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
Capsid
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
Pseudomonas
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Bacteriolysis
Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.
DNA Replication
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
Adsorption
The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Virus Replication
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Bacteriophage P2
A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.
Streptococcus Phages
Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
DNA, Single-Stranded
A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.
Bacteriophage M13
Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.
Genome, Viral
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Bacteriophage T3
Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
Bacteriophage Typing
A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.
Bacteriophage P1
A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the COLIPHAGES and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.
Cryoelectron Microscopy
Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Siphoviridae
A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.
Genetics, Microbial
A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Salmonella Phages
Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.
Genes
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Attachment Sites, Microbiological
Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY.
Transduction, Genetic
The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.
Recombination, Genetic
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Viral Plaque Assay
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Virus Assembly
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Bacteriophage PRD1
Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.
Tritium
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Thymine
Podoviridae
A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.
Chromosome Mapping
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Genetic Complementation Test
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Mitomycins
A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Templates, Genetic
Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Phosphorus Isotopes
Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.
Viral Tail Proteins
Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Uracil
DNA, Circular
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Viral Structural Proteins
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Capsid Proteins
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
Nucleoside-Triphosphatase
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates. It may also catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphates, diphosphates, thiamine diphosphates and FAD. The nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolases I and II are subtypes of the enzyme which are found mostly in viruses.
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
Levivirus
A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.
Radiation Effects
The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.
Peptide PHI
A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
Thymidine
Deoxyribonucleases
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.
Hydroxyphenylazouracil
Inhibitor of DNA replication in gram-positive bacteria.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Cesium
A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.
Molecular Motor Proteins
Proteins that are involved in or cause CELL MOVEMENT such as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (MYOSIN; KINESIN; and DYNEIN motor families).
Morphogenesis
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
Restriction Mapping
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
Prophages
Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.
Virion
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Triethylenemelamine
Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.
Inovirus
A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.
Exonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
DNA, Recombinant
Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Pseudomonas syringae
A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.
Centrifugation, Zonal
Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.
Ultraviolet Rays
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
RNA Replicase
An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Bacillus
A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
Deoxyadenine Nucleotides
Adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Transformation, Genetic
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.
Genes, Bacterial
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Suppression, Genetic
Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
Endonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.
Models, Structural
A representation, generally small in scale, to show the structure, construction, or appearance of something. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Open Reading Frames
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
Ribonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
DNA, Superhelical
Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.
Phosphorus Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.
Nucleocapsid
A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Bacteriophage Pf1
A species of filamentous Pseudomonas phage in the genus INOVIRUS, family INOVIRIDAE.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Cell Wall
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Caudovirales
An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE; PODOVIRIDAE; and SIPHOVIRIDAE.
Sucrose
A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
DNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Crosses, Genetic
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
DNA Primase
A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. EC 2.7.7.-.
Protoplasts
The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.
Viral Core Proteins
Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Adenosine Triphosphatases
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Host Specificity
The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.
Crystallography, X-Ray
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Biological Therapy
Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.
Sewage
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
Models, Biological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Carbon Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
Operon
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Sequence Deletion
Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Phosphotungstic Acid
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Magnesium
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Integrases
Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.
Operator Regions, Genetic
The regulatory elements of an OPERON to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the transcription of GENES in the operon.
Chlorides
Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
Lactococcus lactis
A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.
Endodeoxyribonucleases
A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.
Polynucleotide Ligases
Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.
Mycobacteriophages
Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
DNA Helicases
Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.
Adenosine Triphosphate
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
RNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.
Microviridae
A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria; SPIROPLASMA; BDELLOVIBRIO; and CHLAMYDIA. It contains four genera: MICROVIRUS; Spiromicrovirus; Bdellomicrovirus; and Chlamydiamicrovirus.
Salmonella typhimurium
A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.
Escherichia coli Proteins
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Muramidase
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
Receptors, Virus
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Bacteriophage HK022
A tentative species in the genus lambda-like viruses, family SIPHOVIRIDAE.
N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase
An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.
Corticoviridae
A family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (Corticovirus).
Tectiviridae
A family of lipid-containing bacteriophages with double capsids which infect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has one genus, Tectivirus.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Carbon Isotopes
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
Thymine Nucleotides
Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)
Water Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
F Factor
A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.
Conjugation, Genetic
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
Genetic Code
The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).
Cytosine
A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.
Viral Interference
A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.
Genes, Regulator
Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.
Protein Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)
An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Evolution by small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus phi6. (1/87)

Fisher's geometric model of adaptive evolution argues that adaptive evolution should generally result from the substitution of many mutations of small effect because advantageous mutations of small effect should be more common than those of large effect. However, evidence for both evolution by small steps and for Fisher's model has been mixed. Here we report supporting results from a new experimental test of the model. We subjected the bacteriophage phi6 to intensified genetic drift in small populations and caused viral fitness to decline through the accumulation of a deleterious mutation. We then propagated the mutated virus at a range of larger population sizes and allowed fitness to recover by natural selection. Although fitness declined in one large step, it was usually recovered in smaller steps. More importantly, step size during recovery was smaller with decreasing size of the recovery population. These results confirm Fisher's main prediction that advantageous mutations of small effect should be more common. We also show that the advantageous mutations of small effect are compensatory mutations whose advantage is conditional (epistatic) on the presence of the deleterious mutation, in which case the adaptive landscape of phi6 is likely to be very rugged.  (+info)

Precise packaging of the three genomic segments of the double-stranded-RNA bacteriophage phi6. (2/87)

Bacteriophage phi6 has a genome of three segments of double-stranded RNA. Each virus particle contains one each of the three segments. Packaging is effected by the acquisition, in a serially dependent manner, of the plus strands of the genomic segments into empty procapsids. The empty procapsids are compressed in shape and expand during packaging. The packaging program involves discrete steps that are determined by the amount of RNA inside the procapsid. The steps involve the exposure and concealment of binding sites on the outer surface of the procapsid for the plus strands of the three genomic segments. The plus strand of segment S can be packaged alone, while packaging of the plus strand of segment M depends upon prior packaging of S. Packaging of the plus strand of L depends upon the prior packaging of M. Minus-strand synthesis begins when the particle has a full complement of plus strands. Plus-strand synthesis commences upon the completion of minus-strand synthesis. All of the reactions of packaging, minus-strand synthesis, and plus-strand synthesis can be accomplished in vitro with isolated procapsids. Live-virus constructions that are in accord with the model have been prepared. Mutant virus with changes in the packaging program have been isolated and analyzed.  (+info)

Packaging and replication regulation revealed by chimeric genome segments of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6. (3/87)

Bacteriophage phi6 has a double-stranded RNA genome composed of three linear segments, L, M, and S. The innermost particle in the virion of phi6, like in the other dsRNA viruses, is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex, which carries out all the functions needed for the replication of the viral genome. Empty polymerase complexes can package the single-stranded copies of the viral genome segments, replicate the packaged segments into double-stranded form (minus strand synthesis), and then produce new plus strands (transcripts) from the double-stranded RNA templates. The three viral genomic segments contain unique packaging signals at their 5' ends, and minus strand synthesis initiation is dependent on the sequence at the 3' end. Here we have constructed chimeric segments that have the packaging signal from one segment and the minus strand synthesis initiation signal from another segment. Using purified recombinant polymerase complexes and single-stranded/chimeric and original RNA segments, we have analyzed the packaging and replication regulation operating in in vitro conditions. We show that the 5' end of the L genome segment in single-stranded form is needed to switch from the packaging to the minus strand synthesis and the same sequence is required in double-stranded form to switch on plus strand synthesis. In addition we have constructed deletions to the M segment to analyze the possible regulatory role of the internal noncoding area of this segment.  (+info)

A novel virus-host cell membrane interaction. Membrane voltage-dependent endocytic-like entry of bacteriophage straight phi6 nucleocapsid. (4/87)

Studies on the virus-cell interactions have proven valuable in elucidating vital cellular processes. Interestingly, certain virus-host membrane interactions found in eukaryotic systems seem also to operate in prokaryotes (Bamford, D.H., M. Romantschuk, and P. J. Somerharju, 1987. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 6:1467-1473; Romantschuk, M., V.M. Olkkonen, and D.H. Bamford. 1988. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 7:1821-1829). straight phi6 is an enveloped double-stranded RNA virus infecting a gram-negative bacterium. The viral entry is initiated by fusion between the virus membrane and host outer membrane, followed by delivery of the viral nucleocapsid (RNA polymerase complex covered with a protein shell) into the host cytosol via an endocytic-like route. In this study, we analyze the interaction of the nucleocapsid with the host plasma membrane and demonstrate a novel approach for dissecting the early events of the nucleocapsid entry process. The initial binding of the nucleocapsid to the plasma membrane is independent of membrane voltage (DeltaPsi) and the K(+) and H(+) gradients. However, the following internalization is dependent on plasma membrane voltage (DeltaPsi), but does not require a high ATP level or K(+) and H(+) gradients. Moreover, the nucleocapsid shell protein, P8, is the viral component mediating the membrane-nucleocapsid interaction.  (+info)

Replicase activity of purified recombinant protein P2 of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6. (5/87)

In nature, synthesis of both minus- and plus-sense RNA strands of all the known double-stranded RNA viruses occurs in the interior of a large protein assembly referred to as the polymerase complex. In addition to other proteins, the complex contains a putative polymerase possessing characteristic sequence motifs. However, none of the previous studies has shown template-dependent RNA synthesis directly with an isolated putative polymerase protein. In this report, recombinant protein P2 of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6 was purified and demonstrated in an in vitro enzymatic assay to act as the replicase. The enzyme efficiently utilizes phage-specific, positive-sense RNA substrates to produce double-stranded RNA molecules, which are formed by newly synthesized, full-length minus-strands base paired with the plus-strand templates. P2-catalyzed replication is also shown to be very effective with a broad range of heterologous single-stranded RNA templates. The importance and implications of these results are discussed.  (+info)

RNA secondary structures of the bacteriophage phi6 packaging regions. (6/87)

Bacteriophage phi6 genome consists of three segments of double-stranded RNA. During maturation, single-stranded copies of these segments are packaged into preformed polymerase complex particles. Only phi6 RNA is packaged, and each particle contains only one copy of each segment. An in vitro packaging and replication assay has been developed for phi6, and the packaging signals (pac sites) have been mapped to the 5' ends of the RNA segments. In this study, we propose secondary structure models for the pac sites of phi6 single-stranded RNA segments. Our models accommodate data from structure-specific chemical modifications, free energy minimizations, and phylogenetic comparisons. Previously reported pac site deletion studies are also discussed. Each pac site possesses a unique architecture, that, however, contains common structural elements.  (+info)

Characterization of phi8, a bacteriophage containing three double-stranded RNA genomic segments and distantly related to Phi6. (7/87)

The three double-stranded RNA genomic segments of bacteriophage Phi8 were copied as cDNA, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Although the organization of the genome is similar to that of Phi6, there is no similarity in either the nucleotide sequences or the amino acid sequences, with the exception of the motifs characteristic of viral RNA polymerases that are found in the presumptive polymerase sequence. Several features of the viral proteins differ markedly from those of Phi6. Although both phages are covered by a lipid-containing membrane, the protein compositions are very different. The most striking difference is that protein P8, which constitutes a shell around the procapsid in Phi6, is part of the membrane in Phi8. The host attachment protein consists of two peptides rather than one and the phage attaches directly to the lipopolysaccharide of the host rather than to a type IV pilus. The host range of Phi8 includes rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium and of pseudomonads  (+info)

Characterization of phi 13, a bacteriophage related to phi 6 and containing three dsRNA genomic segments. (8/87)

The three dsRNA genomic segments of bacteriophage Phi 13 were copied as cDNA and the nucleotide sequences were determined. The organization of the genome is similar to that of Phi 6, and there is significant similarity in the amino acid sequences of the proteins of the polymerase complex and one of the membrane proteins, P6. There is little or no similarity in the nucleotide sequences. Several features of the viral proteins differ markedly from those of Phi 6. Although both phages are covered by a lipid-containing membrane, the protein compositions are different. The host attachment protein consists of two peptides rather than one and the phage attaches directly to the LPS of the host rather than to a Type IV pilus. Despite the differences in the structure of the membranes, the two viruses can successfully exchange the genes for host attachment proteins and thereby change their host specificities.  (+info)

In vitro packaging of a λ Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1<...In vitro packaging of a λ Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - In vitro packaging of a λ Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1. AU - Sternberg, Nat. AU - Tiemeier, David. AU - Enquist, Lynn. PY - 1977/5. Y1 - 1977/5. N2 - In this report we describe a coliphage λ vector system for cloning endo R. EcoRI DNA fragments. This system differs significantly from those previously described in two ways. First, restricted and ligated DNA is encapsidated in vitro. Second, with increasing λ DNA size in the range 78 to 100% that of wild-type, the efficiency of DNA encapsidation into infectious phage particles markedly increases. For λ wild-type DNA the efficiency of in vitro packaging (106 to 107 plaques produced per μg of added DNA) is equal to, or better than, the standard CaCl2 transfection method. The use of a Dam mutation to facilitate recognition of size classes of inserted fragments is described. Using this vector and in vitro packaging, several E. coli and phage P1 endo R.EcoRI fragments were ...
https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/in-vitro-packaging-of-a-%CE%BB-dam-vector-containing-ecori-dna-fragmen
math mode - dmath and alignement - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchangemath mode - dmath and alignement - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange
documentclass{article} \usepackage{newtxtext,newtxmath} \usepackage{amsmath} \DeclareMathOperator{\sn}{sn} \DeclareMathOperator{\cn}{cn} \DeclareMathOperator{\dn}{dn} \begin{document} \begin{equation} \begin{gathered} \omega^3x_{4}(s) = \begin{minipage}[t]{.7\displaywidth} \raggedright\linespread{1.2}\selectfont \begin{math} x_4(\varphi_0) -2 \cos^3 ( \phi )sk^2 +2k^2x_1(\varphi_0) \cos^2( \phi ) +4 \cos^3 ( \phi )E ( s ) k^2+x_3(\varphi_0)\sin ( \phi ) s - \cos^3( \phi ){s}^2E( s ) +2 \cos^3 ( \phi )s ( E (s) ^2 +\cos ( \phi ) {s}^2E ( s ) - 2x_3(\varphi_0)\sin ( \phi ) E ( s ) -1/6\cos ( \phi ) {s}^3-4/3 \cos^3 ( \phi ) E ( s ) ^3 -1/2 x_1(\varphi_0) \cos^2 ( \phi ){s}^2-2 x_1(\varphi_0) \cos^2 ( \phi ) E ( s ) ^2 -2\cos ( \phi) s E ( s ) ^2 -2x_1(\varphi_0)sE( s ) + k\sin (\phi ) \cn(s) {s}^2 \cos^2( \phi ) +2 \cos^3 ( \phi )sk^2 \sn(s) ^2 -2/3\cos ( \phi) E ( s) +4/3k^3\cn(s) \sn(s) ^2\sin( \phi ) \cos^2 ( \phi )+2k\sin ( \phi ) \cn(s) +2/3\cos ( \phi ) s-8/3\cos ( \phi ) k^2\dn (s) \sn(s) ...
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/338103/dmath-and-alignement
Sequence Similarity - 4DQJ: Structural Investigation of Bacteriophage Phi6 Lysin (in complex with chitotetraose)...Sequence Similarity - 4DQJ: Structural Investigation of Bacteriophage Phi6 Lysin (in complex with chitotetraose)...
4DQJ: Selective pressure causes an RNA virus to trade reproductive fitness for increased structural and thermal stability of a viral enzyme.
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/sequenceCluster.do?structureId=4DQJ&entity=1&seqid=40
RCSB PDB - 4DQJ: Structural Investigation of Bacteriophage Phi6 Lysin (in complex with chitotetraose) Structure...RCSB PDB - 4DQJ: Structural Investigation of Bacteriophage Phi6 Lysin (in complex with chitotetraose) Structure...
4DQJ: Selective pressure causes an RNA virus to trade reproductive fitness for increased structural and thermal stability of a viral enzyme.
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4DQJ
The Use of Bacteriophage Phi X174 to Assess the Immune Competence of HIV-Infected Patients In Vivo - Full Text View -...The Use of Bacteriophage Phi X174 to Assess the Immune Competence of HIV-Infected Patients In Vivo - Full Text View -...
The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and utility of bacteriophage phi X174 immunization as a tool to assess the immune competence of HIV-infected patients at different stages of disease in vivo, and to assess the impact of viral load levels and therapy-induced changes in viral load levels on the response to immunization with the neo-antigen bacteriophage phi X174. Bacteriophage phi X174 immunization is a method that has been in use for more than 25 years to assess the immunity of patients with various types of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, including 48 HIV-infected patients. This is a prospective open-label, controlled study which will enroll 39 HIV-infected patients and 13 healthy volunteers, male or female with 18 years of age and over. The HIV-infected patients will be divided into 3 groups according to their CD4 cell count: less than 200 cells/mm(3), between 200 and 500 cells/mm(3) and greater than 500 cells/mm(3). After screening and a two week pre-study ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00001540?order=387
Atomic snapshots of an RNA packaging motor reveal conformational changes linking ATP hydrolysis to RNA translocation. -...Atomic snapshots of an RNA packaging motor reveal conformational changes linking ATP hydrolysis to RNA translocation. -...
Many viruses package their genome into preformed capsids using packaging motors powered by the hydrolysis of ATP. The hexameric ATPase P4 of dsRNA bacteriophage phi12, located at the vertices of the icosahedral capsid, is such a packaging motor. We have captured crystallographic structures of P4 for all the key points along the catalytic pathway, including apo, substrate analog bound, and product bound. Substrate and product binding have been observed as both binary complexes and ternary complexes with divalent cations. These structures reveal large movements of the putative RNA binding loop, which are coupled with nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, indicating how ATP hydrolysis drives RNA translocation through cooperative conformational changes. Two distinct conformations of bound nucleotide triphosphate suggest how hydrolysis is activated by RNA binding. This provides a model for chemomechanical coupling for a prototype of the large family of hexameric helicases and oligonucleotide translocating
https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/29583
Initiation of RNA Polymerization and Polymerase Encapsidation by a Small dsRNA VirusInitiation of RNA Polymerization and Polymerase Encapsidation by a Small dsRNA Virus
During the replication cycle of double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) replicates and transcribes the viral genome from within the viral capsid. How the RdRP molecules are packaged within the virion and how they function within the confines of an intact capsid are intriguing questions with answers that most likely vary across the different dsRNA virus families. In this study, we have determined a 2.4 Å resolution structure of an RdRP from the human picobirnavirus (hPBV). In addition to the conserved polymerase fold, the hPBV RdRP possesses a highly flexible 24 amino acid loop structure located near the C-terminus of the protein that is inserted into its active site. In vitro RNA polymerization assays and site-directed mutagenesis showed that: (1) the hPBV RdRP is fully active using both ssRNA and dsRNA templates; (2) the insertion loop likely functions as an assembly platform for the priming nucleotide to allow de novo initiation; (3) RNA transcription ...
https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/92700
Ghent University Academic BibliographyGhent University Academic Bibliography
iframe src=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication?q=keyword+exact+%22DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA%22&embed=1&hide_pagination=1&hide_info=1&hide_options=1&hide_cluster=1 ...
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication?q=keyword+exact+%22DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA%22
Sheets in Proteins - Proteopedia, life in 3DSheets in Proteins - Proteopedia, life in 3D
of phi and psi for randomly chosen residues; these values range from -98° to -178° and from +90° to +167°, respectively. These ranges overlap the values for the twisted parallel showing that there is no differences in the ranges for the two types of twisted sheets. Median values for phi and psi are -125° and +140°, respectively. ...
http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Sheets_in_Proteins
Frontiers | Hot, Humid Air Decontamination of Aircraft Confirmed That High Temperature and High Humidity Are Critical for...Frontiers | Hot, Humid Air Decontamination of Aircraft Confirmed That High Temperature and High Humidity Are Critical for...
Aims: To develop infectious (live/dead) enveloped virus test indicators and response surface methodology (RSM) models that evaluate survival of an enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus on contaminated aircraft materials after exposure to hot, humid air (HHA).Methods and Results: Enveloped RNA bacteriophage Phi6 (Φ6) was dried on wiring insulation, aircraft performance coating (APC), polypropylene, and nylon at ≥ 8 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU) test coupon−1. Only 2.4 log10 inactivation was measured on APC at 70°Celsius (°C), 5% relative humidity (RH) after 24 h. In contrast, HHA RSM models showed a 90% probability of a 7 log10 inactivation at ≥63°C, 90% RH after 1 h, and decontamination kinetics were similar across different materials. HHA decontamination of C-130 and C-17 aircraft showed >7 log10 and ≥5.9 log10 inactivation of enveloped virus on 100 and 110 test indicators, respectively, with a 1-h treatment, excluding ramp-up and ramp-down times.Conclusions: Enveloped RNA virus test
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2020.592621/full
Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. - PubMed - NCBINucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828
Bright Future for phi29 Nanomotor? | MedgadgetBright Future for phi29 Nanomotor? | Medgadget
NIH thinks that a biological motor from bacteriophage phi29 indeed has a potential for the future of nanomedicine, for a number of reasons. The press offic
https://www.medgadget.com/2006/12/bright_future_f.html
BIA Separations - Monolithic ion exchange chromatographic methods for virus purificationBIA Separations - Monolithic ion exchange chromatographic methods for virus purification
Virus particles Monoliths Ion exchang echromatography Virus purification Bacteriophage PRD1 Bacteriophage phi05_2302
http://www.biaseparations.com/support/publications/product/804-monolithic-ion-exchange-chromatographic-methods-for-virus-purification
January 22, 2007 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Problems, problems, problems Coming up…….. - Objectives for 22, 23, 24 on or before...January 22, 2007 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Problems, problems, problems Coming up…….. - Objectives for 22, 23, 24 on or before...
Viral structure Virus: poison (Latin); infectious particles consisting of a nucleic acid in a protein coat Capsid; (viral envelopes); DNA or RNA Bacteriophages (phages)
https://slideplayer.com/slide/676714/
Crofton formula - WikipediaCrofton formula - Wikipedia
In mathematics, the Crofton formula, named after Morgan Crofton (1826-1915), is a classic result of integral geometry relating the length of a curve to the expected number of times a random line intersects it. Suppose γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is a rectifiable plane curve. Given an oriented line l, let n γ {\displaystyle n_{\gamma }} (l) be the number of points at which γ {\displaystyle \gamma } and l intersect. We can parametrize the general line l by the direction φ {\displaystyle \varphi } in which it points and its signed distance p {\displaystyle p} from the origin. The Crofton formula expresses the arc length of the curve γ {\displaystyle \gamma } in terms of an integral over the space of all oriented lines: length ( γ ) = 1 4 ∬ n γ ( φ , p ) d φ d p . {\displaystyle {\text{length}}(\gamma )={\frac {1}{4}}\iint n_{\gamma }(\varphi ,p)\;d\varphi \;dp.} The differential form d φ ∧ d p {\displaystyle d\varphi \wedge dp} is invariant under rigid motions, so it is a natural ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofton_formula
Historic in vivo cloning collection of Prof. Max Mergeay (SCK.CEN) now available at BCCM/LMBP! | BCCM Belgian Coordinated...Historic in vivo cloning collection of Prof. Max Mergeay (SCK.CEN) now available at BCCM/LMBP! | BCCM Belgian Coordinated...
This collection from the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK.CEN) provides historical reference plasmids for various incompatibility families. The collection also includes a set of bacterial host strains meant for cloning and in vitro packaging of and/or working with phages.
http://dev2.bccm.belspo.be/news/historic-vivo-cloning-collection-prof-max-mergeay-sckcen-now-available-bccmlmbp
Glycogen as a carrierGlycogen as a carrier
Hi, When I was in Japan, I used ETHACHINMATE as a carrier to recover DNA (from WAKO JUNYAKU Co.). In their catelogy, they show some data glycogen has effect on transformation efficency, but ethachinmate does not. I dont know whether linar polyacrylamide effect transformation and in vitro Packaging efficiency. Huang ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1996-April/043546.html
Phi, curiouser and curiouser.Phi, curiouser and curiouser.
An interesting number and sequence Phi What is Phi? Phi ( = 1.618033988749895... ), most often pronounced fi like fly , is simply an irrational number like pi ( p = 3.14
http://teakdoor.com/the-teakdoor-lounge/62889-phi-curiouser-and-curiouser.html
Phi Việt Karaoke 06 - Phi Việt Karaoke - TKaraoke ForumPhi Việt Karaoke 06 - Phi Việt Karaoke - TKaraoke Forum
Phi Việt Karaoke 06: Volume 06 - Mưa Bụi 01. Neu Anh Dung Hen - Unknown 02. Ke Co Don - Unknown 03. Doan Cuoi Tinh Yeu - Unknown 04. Hoa Bien - Unknown 05. Mot Minh Thoi - Unknown 06. Mong Chieu Xuan - Unknown 07. Nang Ha - Unknown 08. Viet Tu K. B. C - Unknown 09. Mong...
https://forum.tkaraoke.com/tkf_postst580findunread_Phi-Viet-Karaoke-06.aspx
Getting to 1 Teraflop on the Intel Phi Coprocessor | Dr DobbsGetting to 1 Teraflop on the Intel Phi Coprocessor | Dr Dobbs
The key to truly high performance with the Phi coprocessor is to express sufficient parallelism and vector capability to fully utilize the device. Here is a timing framework that enables you to measure and optimize performance and push it past 1 teraflop.
http://www.drdobbs.com/jvm/an-algorithm-for-compressing-space-and-t/jvm/getting-to-1-teraflop-on-the-intel-phi-c/240150561
Getting to 1 Teraflop on the Intel Phi Coprocessor | Dr DobbsGetting to 1 Teraflop on the Intel Phi Coprocessor | Dr Dobbs
The key to truly high performance with the Phi coprocessor is to express sufficient parallelism and vector capability to fully utilize the device. Here is a timing framework that enables you to measure and optimize performance and push it past 1 teraflop.
http://www.drdobbs.com/cpp/logging-in-c/cpp/getting-to-1-teraflop-on-the-intel-phi-c/240150561?pgno=3
High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen<...High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen. AU - Gunther, Edward. AU - Murray, Noreen E.. AU - Glazer, Peter M.. PY - 1993/8/11. Y1 - 1993/8/11. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0027236017&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0027236017&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1093/nar/21.16.3903. DO - 10.1093/nar/21.16.3903. M3 - Article. C2 - 8396240. AN - SCOPUS:0027236017. VL - 21. SP - 3903. EP - 3904. JO - Nucleic Acids Research. JF - Nucleic Acids Research. SN - 0305-1048. IS - 16. ER - ...
https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/high-efficiency-restriction-deficient-in-vitro-packaging-extracts
dsRNA viruses - Reoviridae - Reoviridae study group - Cystoviridae - Birnaviridae - Totiviridae: Home PagedsRNA viruses - Reoviridae - Reoviridae study group - Cystoviridae - Birnaviridae - Totiviridae: Home Page
These pages were created in support of the dsRNA Virus Symposia. The editors also wish to acknowledge continuing support from BBSRC, DEFRA and the Commission of the European Community. ...
http://www.reoviridae.org/dsRNA_virus_proteins/
Revision #2 - Cystoviridae - dsRNA Viruses - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)Revision #2 - Cystoviridae - dsRNA Viruses - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
Distinguishing features. See discussion under family properties. Virion See discussion under family properties. Genome organisation and replication. See discussion under family properties. Biology. See discussion under family properties. Species demarcation criteria. Not currently defined. ...
https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/dsrna-viruses/w/cystoviridae/719/genus-cystovirus/revision/2
The phi29 DNA polymerase:protein-primer structure suggests a model for the initiation to elongation transitionThe phi29 DNA polymerase:protein-primer structure suggests a model for the initiation to elongation transition
The absolute requirement for primers in the initiation of DNA synthesis poses a problem for replicating the ends of linear chromosomes. The DNA polymerase of bacteriophage phi29 solves this problem by using a serine hydroxyl of terminal protein to prime replication. The 3.0 A resolution structure sh …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16511564/
Phi Phi Anita Resort - UPDATED 2018 Hotel Reviews (Ko Phi Phi Don, Thailand) - TripAdvisorPhi Phi Anita Resort - UPDATED 2018 Hotel Reviews (Ko Phi Phi Don, Thailand) - TripAdvisor
Phi Phi Anita Resort, Ko Phi Phi Don: See 66 traveller reviews, 56 candid photos, and great deals for Phi Phi Anita Resort, ranked #31 of 66 B&Bs / inns in Ko Phi Phi Don and rated 3 of 5 at TripAdvisor.
https://www.tripadvisor.ie/Hotel_Review-g303908-d1742302-Reviews-Phi_Phi_Anita_Resort-Ko_Phi_Phi_Don_Krabi_Province.html
Hottest forces Answers - Physics Stack ExchangeHottest forces Answers - Physics Stack Exchange
First case you have: $$T=\frac 12 M\,v^2+\frac 12 I\omega^2=F\,L$$ with : $$v=\omega\,R~,I=\frac 12 M\,R^2$$ you obtain $$ \omega=\frac{2}{3}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{R}\,\sqrt{\frac{F\,L}{M}}$$ second case $$T=\frac 12 M\,v^2+\frac 12 I\omega^2=F\,L+F\,R\,\varphi$$ with $$\varphi=\frac{x}{R}=\frac{L}{R} \,,v=\omega\,R$$ you obtain $$ \omega=\frac{2}{3}\frac{\sqrt{6 ...
https://physics.stackexchange.com/tags/forces/hot
Lucy Restaurant and Bar at Bardessono - Yountville, CA | OpenTableLucy Restaurant and Bar at Bardessono - Yountville, CA | OpenTable
Book now at Lucy Restaurant and Bar at Bardessono in Yountville, CA. Explore menu, see photos and read 1103 reviews: We are locals and have been coming to Lucy periodically for years; we have had both good and poor experience mostly related to service. Todays visit ...
https://www.opentable.com/lucy-restaurant-and-bar-at-bardessono
Optimization of the in vitro packaging efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA: effects of neutral polymers<...Optimization of the in vitro packaging efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA: effects of neutral polymers<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Optimization of the in vitro packaging efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA. T2 - effects of neutral polymers. AU - Son, Marjatta. AU - Hayes, Shirley J.. AU - Serwer, Philip. PY - 1989/10/30. Y1 - 1989/10/30. N2 - The in vitro DNA packaging of several DNA bacteriophages is stimulated by the presence of neutral polymers. To optimize bacteriophage T7 DNA packaging and to understand the basis for optimization, the efficiency ofT7 DNA packaging has been determined at completion, as a function of the type, molecular mass, and concentration of the polymer added. When the polymer used was polyethylene glycol (PEG) of 0.2, 0.6 or 12.6 kDa, the efficiency of DNA packaging reached maximum at an intermediate concentration of polymer. The osmotic pressure (Pos) at maximum efficiency was either in, or close to, the range of colloid Pos measured for the intact host cell. The optimum Pos increased as the size of the polymer used decreased. PEG-100 (of 0.1 kDa) did not stimulate in vitro T7 DNA ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/optimization-of-the-in-vitro-packaging-efficiency-of-bacteriophag
Optimization of the in vitro packaging efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA: effects of neutral polymers<...Optimization of the in vitro packaging efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA: effects of neutral polymers<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Optimization of the in vitro packaging efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA. T2 - effects of neutral polymers. AU - Son, Marjatta. AU - Hayes, Shirley J.. AU - Serwer, Philip. PY - 1989/10/30. Y1 - 1989/10/30. N2 - The in vitro DNA packaging of several DNA bacteriophages is stimulated by the presence of neutral polymers. To optimize bacteriophage T7 DNA packaging and to understand the basis for optimization, the efficiency ofT7 DNA packaging has been determined at completion, as a function of the type, molecular mass, and concentration of the polymer added. When the polymer used was polyethylene glycol (PEG) of 0.2, 0.6 or 12.6 kDa, the efficiency of DNA packaging reached maximum at an intermediate concentration of polymer. The osmotic pressure (Pos) at maximum efficiency was either in, or close to, the range of colloid Pos measured for the intact host cell. The optimum Pos increased as the size of the polymer used decreased. PEG-100 (of 0.1 kDa) did not stimulate in vitro T7 DNA ...
https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/optimization-of-the-in-vitro-packaging-efficiency-of-bacteriophag
Genus Members of Unassigned dsRNA virusGenus Members of Unassigned dsRNA virus
This site is supported by the Association of Applied Biologists. It was developed and maintained for many years by scientists at Rothamsted Research: John Antoniw (software, databases and web) Mike Adams (taxonomic and sequence data). This project was rebuilt by Xoons Ltd.. ...
https://dpvweb.net/notes/show-genus-members/?genus=Unassigned+dsRNA+virus
Intel® Xeon Phi™ Product FamilyIntel® Xeon Phi™ Product Family
Optimize performance while maintaining a unified hardware and software environment with the latest products from the Intel® Xeon Phi™ processor family
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/processors/xeon-phi.html
Foot pain | Dr. Nathan LucasFoot pain | Dr. Nathan Lucas
Do your feet cry out in pain at the end of the day? Is it sometimes difficult to stand at all because the burning is unbearable? I want to help you find the
http://drnathanlucas.com/2016/10/04/foot-pain/
Cystovirus - WikipediaCystovirus - Wikipedia
Cystovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Cystoviridae. Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola bacteria serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Pseudomonas phage phi6. Group: dsRNA Order: Unassigned Family: Cystoviridae Genus: Cystovirus Pseudomonas phage phi6 Pseudomonas phage phi8 Pseudomonas phage phi12 Pseudomonas phage phi13 Pseudomonas phage phi2954 Pseudomonas phage phiNN Pseudomonas phage phiYY Cystoviruses are distinguished by their tripartite dsRNA genome, totaling ~14 kb in length and their protein and lipid outer layer. No other bacteriophage has any lipid in its outer coat, though the Tectiviridae and the Corticoviridae have lipids within their capsids. Most identified cystoviruses infect Pseudomonas species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment. The type species is Pseudomonas phage phi6, but there are many other proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas phage φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystovirus
The Fitness Effects of Random Mutations in Single-Stranded DNA and RNA BacteriophagesThe Fitness Effects of Random Mutations in Single-Stranded DNA and RNA Bacteriophages
Author Summary The fitness effects of mutations are the raw material for natural selection. It has been shown that point mutations typically have strongly deleterious effects in plant and animal RNA viruses, whereas cellular organisms are comparatively more robust. Here, we characterize the fitness effects of random mutations in DNA viruses and compare them with those found in RNA viruses, using six phage species of similar genome sizes. To achieve this goal, we introduced mutations by chemical and site-directed mutagenesis, identified the genetic changes by sequencing, and quantified their fitness effects using growth-rate assays. In all cases, mutations had a strong average impact on fitness. We conclude that mutational sensitivity is a general property of viruses with small genomes and discuss the evolutionary implications of these findings.
http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000742
Multiple liquid crystalline geometries of highly compacted nucleic acid in a dsRNA virus. - ImmunologyMultiple liquid crystalline geometries of highly compacted nucleic acid in a dsRNA virus. - Immunology
Characterizing the genome of mature virions is pivotal to understanding the highly dynamic processes of virus assembly and infection. Owing to the different cellular fates of DNA and RNA, the life cycles of double-stranded (ds)DNA and dsRNA viruses are dissimilar. In terms of nucleic acid packing, dsDNA viruses, which lack genome segmentation and intra-capsid transcriptional machinery, predominantly display single-spooled genome organizations1-8. Because the release of dsRNA into the cytoplasm triggers host defence mechanisms9, dsRNA viruses retain their genomes within a core particle that contains the enzymes required for RNA replication and transcription10-12. The genomes of dsRNA viruses vary greatly in the degree of segmentation. In members of the Reoviridae family, genomes consist of 10-12 segments and exhibit a non-spooled arrangement mediated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases11-14. However, whether this arrangement is a general feature of dsRNA viruses remains unknown. Here, using cryo-electron
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/1004619
Virus population extinction via ecological traps - Dennehy - 2007 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online LibraryVirus population extinction via ecological traps - Dennehy - 2007 - Ecology Letters - Wiley Online Library
Populations are at risk of extinction when unsuitable or when sink habitat exceeds a threshold frequency in the environment. Sinks that present cues associated with high-quality habitats, termed ecological traps, have especially detrimental effects on net population growth at metapopulation scales. Ecological traps for viruses arise naturally, or can be engineered, via the expression of viral-binding sites on cells that preclude viral reproduction. We present a model for virus population growth in a heterogeneous host community, parameterized with data from populations of the RNA bacteriophage Φ6 presented with mixtures of suitable host bacteria and either neutral or trap cells. We demonstrate that viruses can sustain high rates of population growth in the presence of neutral non-hosts as long as some host cells are present, whereas trap cells dramatically reduce viral fitness. In addition, we demonstrate that the efficacy of traps for viral elimination is frequency dependent in spatially ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.01013.x/full
PHI | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYPHI | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. PHI ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2273
HAS ANYONE EVER OUTGROWN PA?HAS ANYONE EVER OUTGROWN PA?
pHI, MY 3 1/2 YEAR OLD SON HAS PA.WE FOUND OUT WHEN HE WAS 2.I HAVE READ SEVERAL ARTICLES SAYING THAT IF YOU ARE NOT EXPOSED TO PEANUTS FOR 2-4 YEARS
https://www.peanutallergy.com/comment/126075
The vital Y chromosome | NatureThe vital Y chromosome | Nature
Comparisons of Y-chromosome sequences in various mammals reveal abundant gene loss early in the chromosomes evolution but remarkable gene stability across the Y chromosomes of extant species. See Articles p.488 & p.494 Mammalian Y chromosomes, known for their roles in sex determination and male fertility, often contain repetitive sequences that make them harder to assemble than the rest of the genome. To counter this problem Henrik Kaessmann and colleagues have developed a new transcript assembly approach based on male-specific RNA/genomic sequencing data to explore Y evolution across 15 species representing all major mammalian lineages. They find evidence for two independent sex chromosome originations in mammals and one in birds. Their analysis of the Y/W gene repertoires suggests that although some genes evolved novel functions in sex determination/spermatogenesis as a result of temporal
https://www.nature.com/articles/508463a?error=cookies_not_supported&code=2c7d1021-f4db-4d32-88c4-70cfbd000c54
CorpusUL: Comparison of five bacteriophages as models for viral aerosol studiesCorpusUL: Comparison of five bacteriophages as models for viral aerosol studies
Bacteriophages are perceived to be good models for the study of airborne viruses because they are safe to use, some of them display structural features similar to those of human and animal viruses, and they are relatively easy to produce in large quantities. Yet, only a few studies have investigated them as models. It has previously been demonstrated that aerosolization, environmental conditions, and sampling conditions affect viral infectivity, but viral infectivity is virus dependent. Thus, several virus models are likely needed to study their general behavior in aerosols. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerosolization and sampling on the infectivity of five tail-less bacteriophages and two pathogenic viruses: MS2 (a single-stranded RNA [ssRNA] phage of the Leviviridae family), F6 (a segmented double-stranded RNA [dsRNA] phage of the Cystoviridae family), FX174 (a single-stranded DNA [ssDNA] phage of the Microviridae family), PM2 (a double-stranded DNA [dsDNA] phage of the ...
https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/handle/20.500.11794/9468
Evolutionary genomics of host-use in bifurcating demes of RNA virus phi-6 | BMC Evolutionary Biology | Full TextEvolutionary genomics of host-use in bifurcating demes of RNA virus phi-6 | BMC Evolutionary Biology | Full Text
The importance of the P3 protein in host switching events in phage ϕ6 has been previously established [36, 45]. This study confirmed this observation, but additionally brought to light the importance of the P12 protein in host switching events. This non-structural protein controls the liberation of mature ϕ6 particles from the host cytoplasmic membrane, but is not incorporated into the virion [46]. Like many eukaryotic viruses, Cystoviridae have envelopes comprised of both viral proteins and host lipids. Different hosts may have different lipid constituents which are contributed to the viral envelope and thus may require slightly altered P12 proteins for efficient envelope assembly. We have already shown that phage ϕ6 maturation in ERA affects fitness when the virion infects PP, and vice versa[25, 36]. We assume this epigenetic effect is mediated by the lipids taken from these very different hosts, and we speculate that our current results may relate to the importance of host lipid ...
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-12-153
Phuket Phi Phi, Bamboo, Maiton Excursion Price: ฿1949 - BigTourKrabi.comPhuket Phi Phi, Bamboo, Maiton Excursion Price: ฿1949 - BigTourKrabi.com
Price: 1949.00 THB. Phi Phi, Bamboo, Maiton: ThePhi Phi Islandsare the best known of the Andaman Islands Phi Phi Island Tour will take you to all the best and most famous beaches on the Phi Phi Islands Youll have time to snorkel and just soak in the glorious views The coral reefs at Phi Phi Islands are very close to the beach so you can just snorkel with the kit included in the Phi Phi Tour price and get to see some of the most amazing colours you will ever see
https://bigtourkrabi.com/en/thailand/phuket/tours/phi-phi-bamboo-maiton/
Koh Phi Phi photo gallery - 49 pictures. Andaman sea, ThailandKoh Phi Phi photo gallery - 49 pictures. Andaman sea, Thailand
A selection of pictures of Koh Phi Phi, twin islands lying about half-way between Krabi and Phuket in the Andaman sea off Southern Thailands west coast. Of these two islands only the larger, Koh Phi Phi Don, a dumbbell shaped slice, is inhabited. The smaller one, Koh Phi Phi Leh, is a popular destination for day trips from either Phuket or Koh Phi Phi Don. Only Loh Dalam bay on Koh Phi Phi Don is really suitable for swimming as the other bay is used as a harbour for boats and ships ...
https://www.molon.de/galleries/Thailand/KohPhiPhi/
2.6 Computing the added mass - A solid with a still fluid | Coursera2.6 Computing the added mass - A solid with a still fluid | Coursera
MUSIC] The computation of added stiffness is easy because it only depends on some integrals over the interface. To compute the added mass we have to go a bit further. The added mass m A was defined as the inertia coefficient, when we obtained the force acting on the solid. It is made of the mass number, M, and of the sum of an interface of quantities that we know. Normal n, mode shape of the solid motion phi, and a quantity that we have to compute, the pressure shape, phi p. What is phi p? It was related to the velocity shape Phi u through phi u equals minus grad of phi p, and phi u was the solution of div of phi u equals zero, and phi u n equals phi n, at the interface. By taking the divergence of this momentum equation, we have div of grad of phi_p equals zero. So, we just have to find the field phi p, that satisfies Laplace equation, delta of phi p. equals zero, with a boundary condition at interface. Once we have phi p, we will obtain the added mass ma by a simple sum of the interface. ...
https://zh.coursera.org/lecture/fluid-solid-interaction/2-6-computing-the-added-mass-PI6dG
Methods for enhancing the production and consumer traits of plants - Patent applicationMethods for enhancing the production and consumer traits of plants - Patent application
TABLE-US-00028 2005 IBM neigbors chr. 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 2005 IBM neigbors sample position 261 290 290 1 1 2 2 No sample su1 se phi062 phi323152 phi323152 phi101249 phi101249 Phi346482 Phi346482 1 017 n n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 2 044 n n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 3 006 n p 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 4 007 n p 160 134 134 -- -- 119 119 5 009 n p 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 6 047 n p 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 7 637 n p 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 8 001 p n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 9 046 p n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 10 048 p n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 11 049 p n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 12 109 p n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 13 354 p n 160 137 137 -- -- 119 119 14 sh2-i n n 158 135 135 141 141 119 119 2005 IBM neigbors chr. 11 11 11 11 11 11 2005 IBM neigbors sample position 3 3 4 4 5 5 No sample Phi213398 Phi213398 phi109624 phi109624 Phi159819 Phi159819 1 017 302 302 131 131 125 125 2 044 302 302 131 131 125 125 3 006 302 302 140 140 125 125 4 007 302 302 140 140 125 125 5 009 302 302 131 131 ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20110041204
The Cobble Beach, Koh Phi Phi (Phi Phi Island, Hin Poo Bay)The Cobble Beach, Koh Phi Phi (Phi Phi Island, Hin Poo Bay)
The Cobble Beach, Phi Phi Island, Hin Poo Bay from 70 $ (18.Dec) Instant hotel booking. The Cobble Beach Resort enjoys a hillside location on the northern end of Loh Dalam Bay and offers 39 rooms and villas in three categories. The Thai-s...
https://www.sawadee.com/hotel/675529/
A000029 - OEISA000029 - OEIS
with(numtheory): A000029 := proc(n) local d, s; if n = 0 then RETURN(1); else if n mod 2 = 1 then s := 2^((n-1)/2) else s := 2^(n/2-2)+2^(n/2-1); fi; for d in divisors(n) do s := s+phi(d)*2^(n/d)/(2*n); od; RETURN(s); fi; end ...
http://oeis.org/A000029
Effects of single mutations from experimental evolution of microbial proteins: Thermostability in phi-6 Cystovirus and toxin...Effects of single mutations from experimental evolution of microbial proteins: Thermostability in phi-6 Cystovirus and toxin...
Experimental and directed evolution using microbes offer powerful methods for uncovering processes of evolution across the tree of life. The goal of such experiments is to generate mutational diversity, either through propagation of microbes in stressful conditions (experimental evolution) or through artificial introduction of mutations into their genomes (directed evolution). In the case of multiple resulting mutations, each is then reverse engineered into the ancestral genotype individually to determine how it changes the phenotype of interest. This thesis presents the results of one experimental evolution project (evolution of viral thermostability under increasing temperatures) and one directed evolution project (diversification of toxin-antitoxin protein pairs in bacteria), including both evolutionary and single-mutation analyses. In both cases, I found that mutations may persist in a population due to their pleiotropic effects on traits other than the focal one of the study. My thesis ...
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/40497
editing - Calculating pleasant colors for source code or web-design - Mathematica Stack Exchangeediting - Calculating pleasant colors for source code or web-design - Mathematica Stack Exchange
Manipulate[ Module[{ data = Table[r {0, Cos[phi], Sin[phi]}, {phi, 0, 2 Pi - 2 Pi/(n - 1), 2 Pi/(n - 1)}], vb = {0.481, 0, 0}, trans, toHtml}, trans[phi_, v_, pt_] := Composition[TranslationTransform[v], RotationTransform[phi, {1, 0, 0}]][pt]; toHtml[rgb_List] := StringJoin[IntegerString[Round[255 rgb], 16, 2]]; Column[{ Row[{ Graphics3D[{[email protected] ColorConvert[trans[phi, t vb, #], LAB -, RGB], Sphere[trans[phi, t vb, #], .05]} & /@ data, PlotRange -, {{0, 1}, {-1, 1}, {-1, 1}}, Axes -, True, AxesLabel -, {L, A, B}, ImageSize -, 300, Lighting -, Neutral], Column[ Row[{Graphics[{RGBColor @@ #, Rectangle[]}, ImageSize -, {32, 32}], toHtml[#]}] & /@ (ColorConvert[trans[phi, t vb, #], LAB -, RGB] & /@ data) ] }], Row[Graphics[{[email protected] ColorConvert[trans[phi, t vb, #], LAB -, RGB], Rectangle[]}, ImageSize -, {32, 64}] & /@ data, Background -, (RGBColor @@ ColorConvert[vb, LAB -, RGB])] }] ], {phi, 0, 2 Pi}, {{t, 1}, 0, 2}, {{r, .2}, 0, 1}, {{n, 10}, 2, 20, 1 ...
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/23647/calculating-pleasant-colors-for-source-code-or-web-design/23649
Dr. Phi Le, MD - Ft Lauderdale, FL - Internal Medicine | Healthgrades.comDr. Phi Le, MD - Ft Lauderdale, FL - Internal Medicine | Healthgrades.com
Visit Healthgrades for information on Dr. Phi Le, MD Find Phone & Address information, medical practice history, affiliated hospitals and more.
https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-phi-le-xh5p4
Pseudomonas virus phi6Pseudomonas virus phi6
Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant ... Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, ... its structure has been studied by scientists interested in lipid-containing bacteriophages, and it has been used as a model ... "Structure-Function Insights Into the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of the dsRNA Bacteriophage Φ6". Segmented Double-stranded RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_virus_phi6
List of MeSH codes (B04)List of MeSH codes (B04)
... bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.660.535 - bacteriophage pf1 MeSH B04.123.660.550 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123. ... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.205.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.205.320 - bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.205.350 - ... bacteriophage t4 MeSH B04.123.205.891.230 - bacteriophage t7 MeSH B04.123.230.070 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123.370.400 - ... bacteriophage n4 MeSH B04.123.150.700.070 - bacteriophage p22 MeSH B04.123.150.700.100 - bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.123.150.700. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)
Genomic libraryGenomic library
Sanger and his team of scientists created a library of the bacteriophage, phi X 174, for use in DNA sequencing. The importance ... Bacteriophage P1 vectors can hold inserts 70 - 100kb in size. They begin as linear DNA molecules packaged into bacteriophage P1 ... February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. doi:10.1038/265687a0. PMID ... Cosmid vectors are plasmids that contain a small region of bacteriophage λ DNA called the cos sequence. This sequence allows ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_library
MicroviridaeMicroviridae
... phi X174, G4 and phi K" Biochim Biophys Acta 1130(3) 277-288 Aoyama A, Hayashi M (1986) Synthesis of bacteriophage phi X174 in ... Keegstra W, Baas PD, Jansz HS (1979) Bacteriophage phi X174 RF DNA replication in vivo. A study by electron microscopy" J Mol ... Tessman ES, Tessman I, Pollock TJ (1980) Gene K of bacteriophage phi X 174 codes for a nonessential protein" J Virol 33(1) 557- ... A protein of bacteriophage phi X174 into an ATT codon yields a viable phage indicating that A protein is not essential for phi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microviridae
Phi X 174Phi X 174
The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects Escherichia coli, and the first DNA- ... Fiers W, Sinsheimer RL (October 1962). "The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage phi-X174. III. Ultracentrifugal evidence for ... January 1992). "Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage phi X174 and its functional implications". Nature. 355 ( ... A protein of bacteriophage phi X174 into an ATT codon yields a viable phage indicating that A protein is not essential for phi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_X_174
Lin ChaoLin Chao
... his demonstration of Muller's ratchet in the RNA Virus Phi-6 and his work on sex in viruses. More recently, he was instrumental ... in the demonstration of the evolution of parasitic genetic elements in co-infecting bacteriophages and experimental tests of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Chao
Holin LLH familyHolin LLH family
"Molecular analysis of the region encoding the lytic system from Oenococcus oeni temperate bacteriophage phi 10MC". FEMS ... van der Ploeg, JR (2007). "Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans bacteriophage M102". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 275 (1): 130-8. ... "Identification and characterization of the two-component cell lysis cassette encoded by temperate bacteriophage phiPYB5 of ... 105 (6): 1939-44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03953.x. PMID 19120640. S2CID 25967192. Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier Jr., Milton H ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holin_LLH_family
Polymerase cycling assemblyPolymerase cycling assembly
2003). "Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: [var phi]X174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides". ... 6 (5): 343-345. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1318. PMID 19363495. Gibson Assembly video on YouTube. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_cycling_assembly
Pseudomonas virus phiCTXPseudomonas virus phiCTX
Nakayama, K; Kanaya, S; Ohnishi, M; Terawaki, Y; Hayashi, T (1999). "The complete nucleotide sequence of phi CTX, a cytotoxin- ... as Pseudomonas virus phiCTX is a bacteriophage) and the injection of the double stranded DNA; the host transcribes and ... converting phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Implications for phage evolution and horizontal gene transfer via bacteriophages". ... doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMID 22481600. Baltimore, D (1971). "Expression of animal virus genomes". Bacteriological ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_virus_phiCTX
Bacteriophage P2Bacteriophage P2
Clerch, B., E. Rivera, and M. Llagostera, Bacteriophage PSP3 and phi R73 activator proteins: analysis of promoter specificities ... The P2-like bacteriophages. In R. Calendar (ed.), The bacteriophages. Oxford Press, Oxford, 2005: p. 365-390 Lindahl, G., ... Bacteriophage P2 was first isolated by G. Bertani from the Lisbonne and Carrère strain of E. coli in 1951. Since that time, a ... Bacteriophage P2, scientific name Escherichia virus P2, is a temperate phage that infects E. coli. It is a tailed virus with a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_P2
Hamilton O. SmithHamilton O. Smith
In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus, Phi X 174 bacteriophage. Currently, Smith is scientific ... 70 (6): 540. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64310-3. PMID 7776712. Berg, K. (1978). "The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith
Φ29 DNA polymeraseΦ29 DNA polymerase
Garmendia C, Bernad A, Esteban JA, Blanco L, Salas M (February 1992). "The bacteriophage phi 29 DNA polymerase, a proofreading ... Φ29 is a bacteriophage of Bacillus subtilis with a sequenced, linear, 19,285 base pair DNA genome. Each 5' end is covalently ... Bernad A, Blanco L, Salas M (September 1990). "Site-directed mutagenesis of the YCDTDS amino acid motif of the phi 29 DNA ... Φ29 DNA polymerase is an enzyme from the bacteriophage Φ29. It is being increasingly used in molecular biology for multiple ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Φ29_DNA_polymerase
Mallory SmithMallory Smith
Unfortunately the superbug had survived in her throat and she passed away on November 15, 2017 at age 25 before bacteriophage ... She attended Stanford University, graduating Phi Beta Kappa, majoring in human biology with a concentration in environmental ... This allowed her to push for experimental options with bacteriophage treatment, which engineers viruses to destroy bacteria. ... Retrieved 6 March 2019. Boodman, Eric (12 November 2017). "To save a young woman besieged by superbugs, scientists hunt a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Smith
GenomeGenome
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... Court DL, Oppenheim AB, Adhya SL (January 2007). "A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks". Journal of Bacteriology ... Sanger F, Coulson AR, Hong GF, Hill DF, Petersen GB (December 1982). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA". Journal ... Bacteriophage MS2). The next year, Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome
BioinformaticsBioinformatics
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... In the 1970's, new techniques for sequencing DNA were applied to bacteriophage MS2 and øX174, and the extended nucleotide ... ISBN 0-470-02175-6 Kohane, et al. Microarrays for an Integrative Genomics. The MIT Press, 2002. ISBN 0-262-11271-X Lund, O. et ... 6: 24373. Bibcode:2016NatSR...624373C. doi:10.1038/srep24373. PMC 4829868. PMID 27071527.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics
History of geneticsHistory of genetics
Feb 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi: ... 1972: Walter Fiers and his team were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein ... Sanger's lab sequence the entire genome of bacteriophage Φ-X174. In the late 1970s: nonisotopic methods of nucleic acid ... Hershey, AD; Chase, M (May 1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". J. Gen ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics
Sequence analysisSequence analysis
February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695. doi:10.1038/265687a0. PMID 870828. Levitt M ( ... leading to the publication of the first complete genome of a bacteriophage in 1977. Robert Holley and his team in Cornell ... 6 (2): e1000667. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667. PMC 2829047 . PMID 20195499. Stanke, M; Waack, S (Oct 19, 2003). "Gene ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_analysis
HolinHolin
The first class III holin to be characterized was the bacteriophage T4-encoded t protein (T4 holin). Other examples include the ... The Erwinia Phage Phi-Ea1h Holin (EPPE-Hol) Family 1.E.59 - The Putative Acholeplasma Phage L2 Holin (L2 Holin) Family 9.B.109 ... Veiga-Crespo P; Barros-Velázquez J; Villa T.G. (2007). Méndez-Vilas A (ed.). "What can bacteriophages do for us?" (PDF). ... Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holin
Bacillus phageBacillus phage
A Bacillus phage is a member of a group of bacteriophages known to have bacteria in the genus Bacillus as host species. These ... Blanco, L; Salas, M (September 1984). "Characterization and purification of a phage phi 29-encoded DNA polymerase required for ... Salas, Margarita; Blanco, Luis; Lázaro, José M.; de Vega, Miguel (12 December 2007). "The bacteriophage ϕ29 DNA polymerase". ... "The SPO1-related bacteriophages" (PDF). Archives of Virology. 155 (10): 1547-1561. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0783-0. PMID 20714761 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_phage
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteinsNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
In addition to distance restraints, restraints on the torsion angles of the chemical bonds, typically the psi and phi angles, ... Common techniques include addition of bacteriophages or bicelles to the sample, or preparation of the sample in a stretched ... Thus each peak can be converted into a maximum distance between the nuclei, usually between 1.8 and 6 angstroms. The intensity ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins
Rudolph FisherRudolph Fisher
... and graduated Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Sigma Rho, and Sigma Xi.[3][4] During this time, he earned his Bachelor of Arts from Brown ... during which time he published two scientific articles of his research on treating Bacteriophage viruses with ultraviolet light ... "Action of Ultraviolet Light upon Bacteriophage and Filterable Viruses". Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and ... "The Resistance of Different Concentrations of a Bacteriophage of Ultraviolet Rays". Journal of Infectious Diseases 40 (1927). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Fisher
Геном - ВікіпедіяГеном - Вікіпедія
1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265 (5596): 687-695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. PMID 870828 ... Court, D. L.; Oppenheim, A. B.; Adhya, S. L. (2007). A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks. Journal of ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D.F.; Petersen, G.B. (1982). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA. ... Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene. Nature 260 (5551): ...
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Геном
VirologyVirology
In 2003 a faster method was shown to assemble the 5386-base genome of the bacteriophage Phi X 174 in two weeks. The giant ... In 1977, Frederick Sanger achieved the first complete sequencing of the genome of any organism, the bacteriophage Phi X 174. In ... Bacteriophages occasionally move genetic material from one bacterial cell to another in a process known as transduction, and ... Bacteriophages, the viruses which infect bacteria, can be relatively easily grown as viral plaques on bacterial cultures. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology
DNA sequencingDNA sequencing
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat ... The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, ... The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977. Medical Research Council scientists ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing
Xenoma, a enciclopedia libreXenoma, a enciclopedia libre
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature 265 (5596): 687-695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. PMID 870828. doi: ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D.F.; Petersen, G.B. (1982). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA". ... APS". Nature 407 (6800): 81-6. PMID 10993077. doi:10.1038/35024074.. *↑ Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III; et al. (1997 ... "PLoS ONE 6 (9): e24882. PMC 3174227. PMID 21949776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024882.. ...
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoma
Natural computingNatural computing
Smith, H., Hutchison III, C., Pfannkoch, C., and Venter, C. Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: {phi}X174 ... bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. PNAS 100, 26 (2003), 15440-15445. Sazani, P., Larralde, R., Szostak, J. A small ... Nature 406 (2000), 974-978 Adleman, L. Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems Archived 6 February 2005 at ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_computing
Site-directed mutagenesisSite-directed mutagenesis
Directed mutagenesis Phi value analysis Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (June 2014). "Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 ... Hutchison Ca, 3.; Edgell, M. H. (1971). "Genetic Assay for Small Fragments of Bacteriophage φX174 Deoxyribonucleic Acid". ... effect of an extracistronic mutation on the in vitro propagation of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 72 (1 ... The ssUDNA is extracted from the bacteriophage that is released into the medium, and then used as template for mutagenesis. An ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis
Genom bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasGenom bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature 265 (5596): 687-695. ... 6,4. 23. Hasil Proyek Genom Manusia.[29][30]. Genom prokariota[sunting , sunting sumber]. Genom eukariota[sunting , sunting ... 4,6 Mb. 4.288. 924. 1. [16]. Bakteria. Sorangium cellulosum. 13.033.779. 13 Mb. 9.367. 721. 1. Genom bakteria terbesar yang ... 6. Genom hewan multiselular yang pertama disekuensing, 1998[22]. Eukariota. Arabidopsis thaliana (tumbuhan berbunga). 125.000. ...
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_genetika
Genome - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGenome - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695.. ... 1976). "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature. 260 ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome
DNA sequencingDNA sequencing
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977.[25] Medical Research Council scientists ... The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, ... Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_technology
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteinsNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
Common techniques include addition of bacteriophages or bicelles to the sample, or preparation of the sample in a stretched ... In addition to distance restraints, restraints on the torsion angles of the chemical bonds, typically the psi and phi angles, ... 6][7] This is usually done using some of the following experiments, HNCO, HN(CA)CO, HNCA,[8] HN(CO)CA, HNCACB and CBCA(CO)NH. ... Thus each peak can be converted into a maximum distance between the nuclei, usually between 1.8 and 6 angstroms. The intensity ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy
174 (number)174 (number)
Phi X 174 bacteriophage was the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174_
PathogenPathogen
Common bacteriophage include T7 and Lamda phage.[17] There are bacteriophages that infect every kind of bacteria including both ... Pathogen-Host Interaction Database (PHI-base). ReferencesEdit. *^ "Pathogen". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. ... Bacteriophages are viruses, also known as phage, that infect bacteria often leading to the death of the bacteria that was ... 63 (6): 1055-1068. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2536484. PMID 3879673.. *^ a b "List of Vaccines , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-15. ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens
GenomicsGenomics
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... Viruses and bacteriophagesEdit. Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular ... Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as ... Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics
Virus, den frie encyklopædiVirus, den frie encyklopædi
En meget velundersøgt bakteriofag, Phi-X174 har et genom af ssDNA på 5386 nukleotider, der koder for 11 proteiner. Det mindste ... Jumbo Bacteriophages: An Overview. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017 *^ a b The Global Virome Project. Science 2018 ... Bakteriofag eller "fag", ofte skrevet som det græske bogstav Φ (phi), reproducerer i en bakterie. ... Flertalsformerne vira og virusser er fordanskede udgaver[6] Historisk[redigér , redigér wikikode]. Opdaget af botanikeren D. ...
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_
Mudelorganism - VikipeediaMudelorganism - Vikipeedia
Phi X 174 on esimene DNA-l baseeruv genoom, mis sekveneeriti. Rõngasgenoom koosneb 11 geenist ja selles on 5386 aluspaari.[5] ... Bacteriophage phiX174 *↑ Kenneth Todar. All About E. coli *↑ Genome sequence of the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus ... 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Using Model Organisms to Study Health and Disease ... 2010). "The dynamic genome of Hydra". Nature 464 (7288): 592-6. *↑ Susan E. Wilson-Sanders. Invertebrate Models for Biomedical ...
https://et.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudelorganism
弗雷德里克·桑格 - 维基百科，自由的百科弗雷德里克·桑格 - 维基百科，自由的百科
Phi X 174）（Phage Φ-X174）的基因組序列。這也是首次完整的基因組定序工作。他所發明的技術比起當時其他方法使用了較不具毒性的材料。主要是先進行DNA 合成，利用DNA引子和DNA聚合酶使DNA鏈得以展開複製，再利用雙去氧核苷酸（ ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Barrell, B.G.; Smith, A.J.; Roe, B.A., Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D
https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/弗雷德里克·桑格
DNA-sekvenseringDNA-sekvensering
Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA». Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695.. CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste ( ... terminal region of gene G of bacteriophage phi X 174». Journal of Molecular Biology. 96 (4): 703-719.. CS1-vedlikehold: Flere ... Biter av sekvenser ble først sekvensert i 1975 (fra bakteriofag Phi X 174).[1] Det første genomet til en frittlevende organisme ... Med den første fullstendige genom sekvenseringen av bakteriofagen phi X 174 i 1977 ble metoden publisert[2], og Sanger mottok ...
https://no.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-sekvensering
BacteriophageBacteriophage
λ phage, T5 phage, phi, C2, L5, HK97, N15 Podoviridae. Nonenveloped, noncontractile tail (short). Linear dsDNA. T7 phage, T3 ... Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.[1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found ... A bacteriophage (/bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ/), also known informally as a phage (/feɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within ... 2×108 bacteriophages per mL.[47] Bacteriophages are thought to extensively contribute to horizontal gene transfer in natural ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage
மரபணுத்தொகை - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாமரபணுத்தொகை - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature 265 (5596): 687-695. doi:10.1038/265687a0. பப்மெட்:870828. http:// ... "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature 260: 500- ...
https://ta.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/மரபகராதி
Frederick Sanger tiếng ViệtFrederick Sanger tiếng Việt
Wikipedia® là thương hiệu đã đăng ký của Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., một tổ chức phi lợi nhuận.. *Liên lạc với Wikipedia ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Barrell, B.G.; Smith, A.J.; Roe, B.A. (1980), "Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D.F.; Petersen, G.B. (1982), "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage λ DNA", Journal ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage φX174 DNA", Nature, 265 (5596): 687-695, Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S, doi:10.1038/265687a0 ...
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger
PhiPhi
An abbreviation for the word bacteriophage *Mϕ is used as an abbreviation for the word macrophage ... Phi. (. Φ. {\displaystyle \Phi \,\!}. ), \phi. (. ϕ. {\displaystyle \phi \,\!}. ), and \varphi. (. φ. {\displaystyle \varphi ... displaystyle \phi }. Used in Greek texts U+03D5. GREEK PHI SYMBOL. ϕ. {\displaystyle \phi \,\!}. ϕ (ϕ). ϕ. {\displaystyle \phi ... displaystyle \Phi \,\!}. Φ. Φ. {\displaystyle \Phi }. Used in Greek texts U+03C6. GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI. or φ. φ. {\ ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_
Richard FeynmanRichard Feynman
... where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.[31] Although he originally majored in mathematics, he later switched to ... "Mapping experiments with r mutants of bacteriophage T4D". Genetics (published February 1962). 47 (2): 179-86. PMC 1210321 ... 51 (1): 6-22. ISSN 0013-7812.. Books[edit]. *Brown, Laurie M. and Rigden, John S. (editors) (1993) Most of the Good Stuff: ... 7 (6): 313-320. Bibcode:1969PhTea...7..313F. doi:10.1119/1.2351388. Retrieved December 15, 2016.. Lecture presented at the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman
ParasitismParasitism
doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0330-01.. *^ Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2010). "The ... Enterobacteria phage T4 is a bacteriophage virus. It infects its host, Escherichia coli, by injecting its DNA through its tail ... Main articles: Virus and Bacteriophage. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, characterised by extremely limited ... 3 (6): 504-510. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. PMID 15886693.. *^ a b Dobson, A.; Lafferty, K. D.; Kuris, A. M.; Hechinger, R. F.; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic
Genom bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasGenom bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695.. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list ( ... 4,6 Mb 4.288 924 1 [16] Bakteria Sorangium cellulosum 13.033.779 13 Mb 9.367 721 1 Genom bakteria terbesar yang diketahui saat ... 6,4 23 Hasil Proyek Genom Manusia.[29][30] Genom prokariota[sunting , sunting sumber]. Genom eukariota[sunting , sunting sumber ... 6 Genom hewan multiselular yang pertama disekuensing, 1998[22] Eukariota Arabidopsis thaliana (tumbuhan berbunga) 125.000.000 ...
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom
Multiple displacement amplificationMultiple displacement amplification
Bacteriophage Φ29 DNA polymerase is a high-processivity enzyme that can produce DNA amplicons greater than 70 kilobase pairs. ... Esteban JA, Salas M, Blanco L (1993). "Fidelity of phi 29 DNA polymerase. Comparison between protein-primed initiation and DNA ... "Highly efficient DNA synthesis by the phage phi 29 DNA polymerase. Symmetrical mode of DNA replication". The Journal of ... 102 (48): 17332-6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217332H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508809102. PMC 1283157. PMID 16286637. Paez JG, Lin M, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_displacement_amplification
XanthomonasXanthomonas
doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1027-01. Mew TW, Alvarez AM, Leach JE, Swings J (1993). "Focus on bacterial blight of rice". Plant ... Potential use of bacteriophages is also considered, however major limiting factors are their sensitivity to environmental ... 110 (6): 1153-1160. doi:10.1094/phyto-03-19-0098-le. ISSN 0031-949X. Schaad NW, Jones JB, Chun W (2001). "Laboratory Guide for ... 6 (1): 6453. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6453S. doi:10.1038/ncomms7453. PMID 25743609. Bayer-Santos E, Lima LD, Ceseti LM, Ratagami ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas
Pseudomonas phage phi6 (Bacteriophage phi-6)Pseudomonas phage phi6 (Bacteriophage phi-6)
"Nucleotide sequence of the large double-stranded RNA segment of bacteriophage phi 6: genes specifying the viral replicase and ... "Nucleotide sequence of the middle dsRNA segment of bacteriophage phi 6: placement of the genes of membrane-associated proteins ... "Nucleotide sequence of the small double-stranded RNA segment of bacteriophage phi 6: novel mechanism of natural translational ...
https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000002610
The P5 protein from bacteriophage phi-6 is a distant homolog of lytic transglycosylasesThe P5 protein from bacteriophage phi-6 is a distant homolog of lytic transglycosylases
... Protein Sci. 2005 May;14(5):1370-4. doi ... which contains just one P5 protein from bacteriophage phi-6. We show that this singleton sequence possesses conserved sequence ... Since previous biochemical experiments with P5 of phi-6 have indicated that the purified enzyme possesses endopeptidase ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15802648/
Transcriptional regulation of three double-stranded RNA segments of bacteriophage phi 6 in vitro. - Semantic ScholarTranscriptional regulation of three double-stranded RNA segments of bacteriophage phi 6 in vitro. - Semantic Scholar
... transcriptase are responsible for the transcriptional regulation throughout the infection cycle of bacteriophage phi 6. ... Three double-stranded RNA segments of bacteriophage phi 6 (L, M, and S) were transcribed in vitro by a virion-associated RNA ... Three double-stranded RNA segments of bacteriophage phi 6 (L, M, and S) were transcribed in vitro by a virion-associated RNA ... Transcriptional regulation of three double-stranded RNA segments of bacteriophage phi 6 in vitro.. @article{ ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Transcriptional-regulation-of-three-double-stranded-Emori-Iba/5382aea2c03d6bfd2130aa10d4dcd1cc439115e8
Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or...Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or...
The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human ... The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m, and a high AH of 14.4 g/m, Phi 6 ... Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm, coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types ... The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/93281
Category:Bacteriophages - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Bacteriophages - Wikimedia Commons
Bacteriophage Phi X 174‎ (6 B). *. ► Bacteriophage trimeric proteins domain‎ (1 C) ... Media in categorie "Bacteriophages". Deze categorie bevat de volgende 77 bestanden, van in totaal 77. ... ADVERTISEMENT; Antivirus and bacteriophages Wellcome L0032605.jpg 5.228 × 3.451; 7,23 MB. ... The arrangement of known genes of bacteriophage T12 after integration into host.png 917 × 456; 28 kB. ...
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bacteriophages?uselang=nl
Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or...Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or...
Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or ... Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or ... The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human ... The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m3 and a high AH of 14.4 g/m3 Phi 6 ...
https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/phgHome.action?action=forward&dbsource=cdcpub&id=6181
Insights into the pre-initiation events of bacteriophage phi 6 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: towards the assembly of a...Insights into the pre-initiation events of bacteriophage phi 6 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: towards the assembly of a...
In this study, structure-based mutagenesis, enzymatic assays and molecular mapping of bacteriophage phi 6 RdRP and its RNA were ... the overall polymerization activity of the phi 6 RdRP can be greatly enhanced. ... Amino Acid Sequence, Bacteriophage phi 6, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, RNA, RNA Replicase, Templates, ... In this study, structure-based mutagenesis, enzymatic assays and molecular mapping of bacteriophage phi 6 RdRP and its RNA were ...
https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/3047
COVID-19 Decontamination and Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators | CDCCOVID-19 Decontamination and Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators | CDC
co-contaminated 3M 1870 FFRs with three bacteriophages, T1, T7, and Phi 6, and decontaminated the FFRs using VHP generated from ... MS2 bacteriophage. 99.9% for all tested viruses. 12, 13, 14. Microwave generated steam. 1100-1250 W microwave models (range: 40 ... of bacteriophage MS2, a non-enveloped virus, and H1N1 influenza A/PR/8/34 were achieved with much lower doses of approximately ... inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage. Filtration performance of all tested FFRs scored above NIOSH certification requirements. ...
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/decontamination-reuse-respirators.html?sfns=mo
Staff Profile - Faculty of Medical Sciences - Newcastle UniversityStaff Profile - Faculty of Medical Sciences - Newcastle University
Frequency and Fitness Consequences of Bacteriophage Phi 6 Host Range Mutations. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(11), e113078. ... Metformin lowers glucose 6-phosphate in hepatocytes by activation of glycolysis downstream of glucose phosphorylation. Journal ...
https://www.ncl.ac.uk/medical-sciences/people/profile/brianford2.html
METHOD FOR RETROVIRUS REMOVAL - Millipore CorporationMETHOD FOR RETROVIRUS REMOVAL - Millipore Corporation
Examples of such bacteriophages include Phi-6 and PR772. Practice shows that filters exhibiting a certain level of retention ... The membrane has been extensively tested using the 78 nm diameter bacteriophage Phi 6. This bacteriophage is readily grown to ... The bacteriophage PR772 challenge stream was prepared with a minimum titer of 1.0×107 pfu/mL in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS ... Quantification of bacteriophage in the initial and final feed were conducted on plates incubated overnight using a light box ...
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2012/0061332.html
The crystal structure of the CopC protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens reveals amended classifications for the CopC protein...The crystal structure of the CopC protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens reveals amended classifications for the CopC protein...
Accessory genome of the multi-drug resistant ocular isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA34.Accessory genome of the multi-drug resistant ocular isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA34.
A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.. Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis ... A bacteriophage carried the aminoglycoside resistance gene (AAC(3)-IId). The two plasmids carried other six antibiotic ... A family of bacteriophages that infects enterobacteria, CAULOBACTER, and PSEUDOMONAS. The genome consists of linear, positive- ...
https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/pmarticle/2346427/Accessory-genome-of-the-multi-drug-resistant-ocular-isolate-of-Pseudomonas-aeruginosa.html
Competition and viral diversification | Biology LettersCompetition and viral diversification | Biology Letters
2006 Pleiotropic costs of niche expansion in the RNA bacteriophage phi 6. Genetics 172, 751-757. doi:10.1534/genetics. ... The RNA bacteriophage ϕ6 used in this study is a laboratory strain descended from the original isolate [12]. The bacterium ... 1973 Bacteriophage φ6: a lipid-containing virus of Pseudomonas phaseolicola. J. Virol. 11, 799-805. ... 1976 Genetic studies of temperature-sensitive bacteriophage and nonsense mutants of φ6. Virology 223, 218-223. doi:10.1016/0042 ...
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/1/20120616
Pseudomonas virus phi6 - WikipediaPseudomonas virus phi6 - Wikipedia
Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant ... Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, ... its structure has been studied by scientists interested in lipid-containing bacteriophages, and it has been used as a model ... "Structure-Function Insights Into the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of the dsRNA Bacteriophage Φ6". Segmented Double-stranded RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_virus_phi6
Table of Contents | Journal of VirologyTable of Contents | Journal of Virology
Interference with bacteriophage phi 6 genomic RNA packaging by hairpin structures. X Qiao, J Qiao, L Mindich ... Innate resistance to lethal mousepox is genetically linked to the NK gene complex on chromosome 6 and correlates with early ...
https://jvi.asm.org/content/69/9
Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants - Credit, Managers Association Of CaliforniaMethod of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants - Credit, Managers Association Of California
A suspension (0.1 ml) of bacteriophage lambda or bacteriophage phi-X174, of at least 10 EV PFU/ml, is separately added to 4 ml ... Each suspension of bacteriophage with a radiation sensitizing compound is then exposed to U.V. radiation of the preferred ... Other bacteriophage suspensions are separately irradiated as above, but without added sensitizer, to demonstrate the effect of ... Compound I is also effective against a single-stranded DNA virus, phi-X174. Compound I is most preferred, showing a high (at ...
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5587490.html
Table of Contents | Journal of VirologyTable of Contents | Journal of Virology
Double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi 6 protein P4 is an unspecific nucleoside triphosphatase activated by calcium ions. A O ... Differential regulation of human papillomavirus type 6 and 11 early promoters in cultured cells derived from laryngeal ...
https://jvi.asm.org/content/69/11
a) Representative fits to Equation (2) for Ile340 and | Open-ia) Representative fits to Equation (2) for Ile340 and | Open-i
Bacteriophage phi 6/enzymology*. *RNA Replicase/chemistry*/metabolism. Minor. *Guanosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/ ... forms the central machinery in the infection cycle of the bacteriophage phi6 by performing the dual tasks of replication and ... forms the central machinery in the infection cycle of the bacteriophage phi6 by performing the dual tasks of replication and ... forms the central machinery in the infection cycle of the bacteriophage phi6 by performing the dual tasks of replication and ...
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2926596_gkq210f3&req=4
The Evolution and Genetics of Virus Host Shifts | proLékaře.czThe Evolution and Genetics of Virus Host Shifts | proLékaře.cz
DuffyS, TurnerPE, BurchCL (2006) Pleiotropic costs of niche expansion in the RNA bacteriophage phi 6. Genetics 172: 751-757. ... In bacteriophage (viruses of bacteria), mutations that enhance a virus ability to bind to host cells are important in ... TetartF, RepoilaF, MonodC, KrischHM (1996) Bacteriophage T4 host range is expanded by duplications of a small domain of the ... Genome Biol Evol 6: 273-289.. 31. WeinertLA, WelchJJ, SuchardMA, LemeyP, RambautA, et al. (2012) Molecular dating of human-to- ...
https://www.prolekare.cz/casopisy/plos-pathogens/2014-11/the-evolution-and-genetics-of-virus-host-shifts-54124
The Use of Bacteriophage Phi X174 to Assess the Immune Competence of HIV-Infected Patients In Vivo - Full Text View -...The Use of Bacteriophage Phi X174 to Assess the Immune Competence of HIV-Infected Patients In Vivo - Full Text View -...
The Use of Bacteriophage Phi X174 to Assess the Immune Competence of HIV-Infected Patients In Vivo. The safety and scientific ... kinetics of bacteriophage clearance following primary immunization, quantitation of bacteriophage phi X174 specific antibody ... kinetics of bacteriophage clearance following primary immunization, quantitation of bacteriophage phi X174 specific antibody ... Bacteriophage phi X174 immunization is a method that has been in use for more than 25 years to assess the immunity of patients ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00001540?order=376
peptidas.txtpeptidas.txt
... bacteriophage mu) - U40 Protein P5 murein endopeptidase (bacteriophage phi-6) - U48 CAAX prenyl protease 2 - U49 Peptidase lit ... bacteriophage A118) No D vanX D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptidase Yes M74 Murein endopeptidase Yes ME M16 A Pitrilysin Yes PDOC00130 B ... 248:183-228(1995). [ 6] Reeck G.R., de Haen C., Teller D.C., Doolittle R.F., Fitch W.M., et al. "Homology" in proteins and ... The following definitions apply: Homology -------- Homology means evolutionary relationship [6]. Peptidase family ...
https://www.uniprot.org/docs/peptidas
List of MeSH codes (B04) - WikipediaList of MeSH codes (B04) - Wikipedia
... bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.660.535 - bacteriophage pf1 MeSH B04.123.660.550 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123. ... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.205.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.205.320 - bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.205.350 - ... bacteriophage t4 MeSH B04.123.205.891.230 - bacteriophage t7 MeSH B04.123.230.070 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123.370.400 - ... bacteriophage n4 MeSH B04.123.150.700.070 - bacteriophage p22 MeSH B04.123.150.700.100 - bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.123.150.700. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)
Sex enhances adaptation by unlinking beneficial from detrimental mutations in experimental yeast populations | BMC Evolutionary...Sex enhances adaptation by unlinking beneficial from detrimental mutations in experimental yeast populations | BMC Evolutionary...
Poon A, Chao L: Drift increases the advantage of sex in RNA bacteriophage Phi 6. Genetics. 2004, 166 (1): 19-24. 10.1534/ ... Malmberg RL: The evolution of epistasis and the advantage of recombination in populations of bacteriophage T4. Genetics. 1977, ... 1999, 53 (6): 1966-1971. 10.2307/2640455.View ArticleGoogle Scholar. *. Szafraniec K, Borts RH, Korona R: Environmental stress ... We empirically estimated that this procedure allowed 78 ± 6% of matings to be outcrossed in the sexual lines (n = 6) by ...
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-12-43
WO2018069267A1 - Phi6 internal control compositions, devices & methods - Google PatentsWO2018069267A1 - Phi6 internal control compositions, devices & methods - Google Patents
Bacteriophage Φ6 (Phi 6) is an enveloped double stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome. Unlike single stranded RNA genomes ... 1 shows the structure of the Phi6 bacteriophage. Fig. 2 shows a sample processing device that can be used with the compositions ... 4(a) (bottom panel is Ct and top panel is amplitude). The results indicate that when using a Tris-buffer, Phi6 bacteriophage is ... The method of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein Phi6 bacteriophage is reverse transcribed and/or amplified as an RNA standard ...
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018069267A1/en
Welcome to CDC stacksWelcome to CDC stacks
Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/56956
Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Mullers ratchetFitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet
... viruses and report here a significant decrease in fitness due to Mullers ratchet in 20 lineages of the RNA bacteriophage phi 6 ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2247152/?dopt=Abstract
Effects of single mutations from experimental evolution of microbial proteins: Thermostability in phi-6 Cystovirus and toxin...Effects of single mutations from experimental evolution of microbial proteins: Thermostability in phi-6 Cystovirus and toxin...
To investigate this question, I evolved the lytic RNA bacteriophage phi-6 for greater thermostability by exposing viral ... Effects of single mutations from experimental evolution of microbial proteins: Thermostability in phi-6 Cystovirus and toxin ...
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/40497
Grishin Lab: PublicationsGrishin Lab: Publications
J.Pei and N.V.Grishin (2005) "The P5 protein from bacteriophage phi-6 is a distant homolog of lytic transglycosylases". Protein ... H.Cheng, N.Shen, J.Pei and N.V.Grishin (2004) "Double-stranded DNA Bacteriophage Prohead Protease Is Homologous to Herpesvirus ... E 97(6-1): 062404; PMID: 30011480 309. J.Pei L.N.Kinch, N.V.Grishin (2018) "FlyXCDB -- a resource for Drosophila cell surface ... Biol. 6: 8 PMID: 16603087. 118. E.D.Nelson and N.V.Grishin (2006) "Alternate pathways for folding in the flavodoxin fold family ...
http://prodata.swmed.edu/Lab/Publications.htm
Grishin Lab: ResearchGrishin Lab: Research
... which contains just one P5 protein from bacteriophage phi-6. We show that this singleton sequence possesses conserved sequence ... Structural similarity between Cre recombinase and MarA: Ribbon diagrams of a Cre recombinase from bacteriophage P1 (1crx) and b ... First, the P5 protein from bacteriophage phi8, which belongs to COG3926 and Pfam family DUF847, is predicted to have a new ... Since previous biochemical experiments with P5 of phi-6 have indicated that the purified enzyme possesses endopeptidase ...
http://prodata.swmed.edu/Lab/Research.htm
Bacteriophages and Diffusion of β-Lactamase Genes - Volume 10, Number 6-June 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDCBacteriophages and Diffusion of β-Lactamase Genes - Volume 10, Number 6-June 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
... of antibiotic resistance markers among Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains by temperate bacteriophages Aa phi 23. Cell ... we also tested for bacteriophages from 100 mL of sewage in samples 1A and 2A (Table). Bacteriophages partially purified from ... The band in which we expected a broad range of bacteriophages (10), corresponding to a density of 1.46 ± 0.5 g mL-1, was ... To partially purify bacteriophages, two assay approaches were used to optimize the method. For both approaches, 10 mL of sewage ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/6/03-0472_article
PseudomonasPhi6GenomePhagesInfectsBacteriaLyticProteinsCharacterizationNucleotide sequencePhage phiX1742016Virulent bacteriophageLipid-containing bacFamily of bacteriophagesVirusesFilamentous bacteriophagesEvaluated as a surrogatePolymeraseSurrogateAssaysInfectionChemistryLambdaPorousResistanceBacterialNucleotidesGenesBiofilmsMutants2001MYOVIRIDAESalmonellaGenusCoronavirusBiofilmCystoviridaeVirusGeneSingle-strandedHomologyDescribes
Pseudomonas11
  • Rescue of maturation off-pathway products in the assembly of Pseudomonas phage φ 6. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. (bvsalud.org)
  • A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6. (lookformedical.com)
  • Gospodarzem faga ф 6 jest Pseudomonas syringae, Gram - ujemna bakteria, patogen wielu gatunków roślin uprawnych. (edu.pl)
  • Phage ф 6 infects Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram - negative bacterium, a pathogen of a number of crops. (edu.pl)
  • Complete Genome Sequence of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteriophage UFV-P2. (nih.gov)
  • The complete nucleotide sequence of phi CTX, a cytotoxin-converting phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implications for phage evolution and horizontal gene transfer via bacteriophages. (nih.gov)
  • A novel bacteriophage KSL-1 of 2-Keto-gluconic acid producer Pseudomonas fluorescens K1005: isolation, characterization and its remedial action. (nih.gov)
  • Pseudomonas was effectively cleared (reduced by a magnitude of at least 3 to 4 log units) from murine lungs in 6 h. (ucc.ie)
  • We have identified two bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) that can kill Pseudomonas growing on human lung cells and in an animal model of lung infection. (ucc.ie)
  • Cornelissen A, Ceyssens PJ, T'Syen J, Van Praet H, Noben JP, Shaburova OV, Krylov VN, Volckaert G, Lavigne R. The T7-related Pseudomonas putida phage $\phi$ 15 displays virion associated biofilm degradation properties. (koreascience.or.kr)
Phi62
  • The de novo initiating RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP), P2, forms the central machinery in the infection cycle of the bacteriophage phi6 by performing the dual tasks of replication and transcription of the double-stranded RNA genome in the host cell. (nih.gov)
  • Cryo-electron tomography of bacteriophage phi6 procapsids shows random occupancy of the binding sites for RNA polymerase and packaging NTPase. (naver.com)
Genome9
  • The complete nucleotide sequence of the double stranded DNA genome ofbacteriophage Phi O18P consists of 33,985 bp. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • On the Phi O18P genome 46 open reading frames (orfs) were identified which are organized in the modules integration and regulation, replication, head, packaging, tail and lysis. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Comparison of the genome architecture with those of other bacteriophages revealed significant similarities to the P2 phage family and especially to the prophages of Aeromonas salmonicida and the Vibrio cholerae phage K139. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • A DNA sequence for the genome of bacteriophage phi X174 of approximately 5,375 nucleotides has been determined using the rapid and simple 'plus and minus' method. (meta.org)
  • Microviridae is a family of bacteriophages with a single-stranded DNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phi MAM1 genome mTOR inhibitor shows high homology to previously reported ViI-like enterobacterial bacteriophage genomes. (cret-signal.com)
  • Genome Research 19(6): 1117-1123. (els.net)
  • Insertional inactivation of the Staphylococcus aureus beta-toxin by bacteriophage phi 13 occurs by site- and orientation-specific integration of the phi 13 genome. (nih.gov)
  • Perhaps the most famous is the bacteriophage Phi-X174 with a genome size of 5386 nucleotides. (dailybazarkori.com)
Phages5
  • Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105. (lookformedical.com)
  • We isolated and characterized two phages from a local wastewater treatment plant, a myovirus (phi NH-4) and a podovirus (phi MR299-2). (ucc.ie)
  • Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. (asm.org)
  • Although the existence of bacteriophages infecting C. perfringens has been reported ( 43 ) and a certain phenotypic effect of temperate phages of this organism has demonstrated ( 61 ), we were surprised to find that no sequences or other molecular data on C. perfringens phages were available, except for a preliminary mapping of the integration sites of two phages ( 7 ). (asm.org)
  • It is now accepted that bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant biological entities in most ecosystems and soda lakes are no exception, with studies conducted on Mono Lake placing viral abundance at 10 9 ml -1 , among the highest in natural aquatic environments [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Infects3
  • Using a rapidly evolving bacteriophage, ϕ 6 (a virus that infects bacteria), we determined whether novel resource (host) use was more likely to evolve, and evolve more rapidly, when populations experienced greater competition for hosts. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Bactériophage P22 0 questions A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects SALMONELLA species. (lookformedical.com)
  • A virulent bacteriophage (phi MAM1) that infects Serratia plymuthica was isolated from the natural environment and characterized. (cret-signal.com)
Bacteria9
  • Increasing levels of resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria, particularly in gram-negative rods resistant to β-lactam antimicrobial drugs, have become evident ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The major mechanism of resistance that causes clinically important infection in gram-negative bacteria is the production of β-lactamases, which includes chromosome- and plasmid-encoded enzymes ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Tectiviridae 0 questions A family of lipid-containing bacteriophages with double capsids which infect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
  • 266. Klinman D.M., Yi A.K., Beaucage S.L., Conover J., Krieg A.M. CpG motifs present in bacteria DNA rapidly induce lymphocytes to secrete interleukin 6, interleukin 12, and interferon gamma. (x-pdf.ru)
  • The potential of bacteriophage as an alternative biocontrol agent has recently been revisited due to the widespread occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (asm.org)
  • In all samples, different in bacteria, particularly in gram-negative rods resistant to Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae strains resist- -lactam antimicrobial drugs, have become evident (6,7). (cdc.gov)
  • 1. A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages. (lexic.us)
  • Although well studied with respect to their microbial composition, their viral compositions have not, and consequently few bacteriophages that infect bacteria from haloalkaline environments have been described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prophages can also carry virulence factors that are necessary for bacteria to adopt pathogenic lifestyles, as is the case for the CTXϕ prophage of Vibrio cholerae ( 6 ). (asm.org)
Lytic1
  • To investigate this question, I evolved the lytic RNA bacteriophage phi-6 for greater thermostability by exposing viral populations to heat shocks that increased to a maximum temperature at different rates. (washington.edu)
Proteins2
  • 288. Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. (x-pdf.ru)
  • Using newly identified bacteriophage receptor binding proteins for targeting, we constructed a panel of Avidocin-CDs that kills diverse C. difficile isolates in an S-layer sequence-dependent manner. (sciencemag.org)
Characterization4
  • Since previous biochemical experiments with P5 of phi-6 have indicated that the purified enzyme possesses endopeptidase activity and not glycosidase activity, our results point to the possibility of a newly evolved molecular function and call for further experimental characterization of this unusual P5 protein. (nih.gov)
  • Stanley E, Fitzgerald G, Le Marrec C, Fayard B, van Sinderen D. Sequence analysis and characterization of phi O1205, a temperate bacteriophage infecting Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ1205. (labome.org)
  • Isolation of a bacteriophage specific for a new capsular type of Klebsiella pneumo-niae and characterization of its polysaccharide depolymerase. (koreascience.or.kr)
  • In addition to bacteriophage receptor recognition, characterization of the mutants also uncovered important roles for S-layer protein A (SlpA) in sporulation, resistance to innate immunity effectors, and toxin production. (sciencemag.org)
Nucleotide sequence2
  • 1977) Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. (els.net)
  • For the first time, the nucleotide sequence of a bacteriophage infecting Clostridium species was determined. (asm.org)
Phage phi2
  • The phage Phi O18P was induced from the Aeromonas media isolate O18. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The complex of T7 RNA polymerase with the phage phi 10 promoter has been visualized indirectly by exploiting the ability of the polymerase to protect DNA sequences from cleavage by methidiumpropyl-EDTA X Fe(II). (pnas.org)
X1746
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and utility of bacteriophage phi X174 immunization as a tool to assess the immune competence of HIV-infected patients at different stages of disease in vivo, and to assess the impact of viral load levels and therapy-induced changes in viral load levels on the response to immunization with the neo-antigen bacteriophage phi X174. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Bacteriophage phi X174 immunization is a method that has been in use for more than 25 years to assess the immunity of patients with various types of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, including 48 HIV-infected patients. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • After screening and a two week pre-study evaluation, all eligible participants will receive a primary, secondary and tertiary immunization with 2 x 10(9) PFU/kg of bacteriophage phi X174 six weeks apart. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The study endpoints are: safety (as measured by incidence of adverse events, CD4 cell count and HIV plasma RNA), kinetics of bacteriophage clearance following primary immunization, quantitation of bacteriophage phi X174 specific antibody titers following primary, secondary and tertiary immunizations and determination of qualitative and quantitative antibody isotype switching following secondary and tertiary immunizations. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • C. A. Hutchison III and R. L. Sinsheimer, "The process of infection with bacteriophage phi-X174. (hindawi.com)
  • 6. ASTM F1671/F1671M-13: Standard test method for resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-borne pathogens using phi-X174 bacteriophage penetration as a test system. (cambridge.org)
20161
Virulent bacteriophage1
  • We isolated a virulent bacteriophage, SPC35, that can infect both Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli . (asm.org)
Lipid-containing bac1
  • Φ6 has been studied as a model to understand how segmented RNA viruses package their genomes, its structure has been studied by scientists interested in lipid-containing bacteriophages, and it has been used as a model organism to test evolutionary theory such as Muller's ratchet. (wikipedia.org)
Family of bacteriophages1
  • Cystoviridae 0 questions A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). (lookformedical.com)
Viruses7
  • Under these laboratory-simulated Western indoor hospital conditions, we assessed the suitability of phi 6 as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • I initiated a study to examine the role of Muller's ratchet on the evolution of sex in RNA viruses and report here a significant decrease in fitness due to Muller's ratchet in 20 lineages of the RNA bacteriophage phi 6. (nih.gov)
  • Bacteriophages such as phi 6 phage represent good surrogates for the study of airborne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ZC1 and ZG1 coatings showed moderate activity against the phi 6 phage that has been selected as a surrogate for viruses such as coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • One of them is a tiny virus called bacteriophage phi-6, which researchers are studying in an effort to combat a similar, but more-complex, group of viruses that can cause life-threatening dehydration in young children. (blogspot.com)
  • Because the tiny virus is easy to work with in the lab and has a genetic blueprint made of RNA, bacteriophage phi-6 has proven to be a valuable model for studying rotavirus and other more complex, double-stranded RNA viruses that make people sick. (blogspot.com)
Filamentous bacteriophages2
  • Inoviridae 0 questions A family of rod-shaped or filamentous bacteriophages consisting of single-stranded DNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although filamentous bacteriophages are known to target type IV pili, this is the first report of a phage that apparently uses a competence pilus as a receptor. (asm.org)
Evaluated as a surrogate1
  • The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. (cdc.gov)
Polymerase4
  • Three double-stranded RNA segments of bacteriophage phi 6 (L, M, and S) were transcribed in vitro by a virion-associated RNA polymerase. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Insights into the pre-initiation events of bacteriophage phi 6 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: towards the assembly of a productive binary complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, structure-based mutagenesis, enzymatic assays and molecular mapping of bacteriophage phi 6 RdRP and its RNA were used to elucidate the roles of the negatively charged plough area on the polymerase surface, of the rim of the template tunnel and of the template specificity pocket that is key in the formation of the productive RNA-polymerase binary complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Promoters for T7 RNA polymerase have a highly conserved sequence of 23 continuous base pairs located at position -17 to +6 relative to the initiation site for the RNA. (pnas.org)
Surrogate2
  • Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low-AH conditions in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • therefore, phi 6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses. (cdc.gov)
Assays1
  • We investigated the presence of 3 additional regions, VPaI-4 (VP2131 to VP2144), VPaI-5 (VP2900 to VP2910) and VPaI-6 (VPA1254 to VPA1270) by PCR assays and Southern blot analyses among the same set of V. parahaemolyticus isolates. (biomedcentral.com)
Infection4
  • Role of host protein glutaredoxin 3 in the control of transcription during bacteriophage Phi2954 infection. (semanticscholar.org)
  • By using two bacteriophages we can reduce the risk of resistant colonies developing at the site of infection. (ucc.ie)
  • Bacteriophage therapy is an exciting field, and this study represents an important demonstration of efficacy in validated infection models. (ucc.ie)
  • CRAϕ is the first bacteriophage reported to require the molecular machinery involved in the uptake of environmental DNA for infection. (asm.org)
Chemistry1
  • Physiological Chemistry and Physics, 6 (1). (caltech.edu)
Lambda1
  • American Society for Microbiology] (JPEG, 29.5 KB) An electron micrograph of the bacteriophage lambda showing its long tail fibers. (nbif.org)
Porous1
  • Retroviruses are removed from a liquid by passing the liquid through a porous nanofiber containing filtration medium having a retrovirus LRV greater than about 6, and the nanofiber(s) has a diameter from about 10 nm to about 100 nm. (freepatentsonline.com)
Resistance4
  • A bacteriophage carried the aminoglycoside resistance gene (AAC(3)-IId). (bioportfolio.com)
  • The permeation resistance of a fabric is classified according to EN 14325 into 6 level of performance (classes) based on the time which is required to reach a normalized breakthrough time of 1.0 min (BT0.1) when tested according to EN 374-3 or ISO 6529. (dupont.co.uk)
  • An ethanol-based spray disinfectant significantly reduced bacteriophage MS2 contamination on material from gowns meeting ASTM standard 1671 for resistance to blood and viral penetration and on a cover gown worn by personnel. (cambridge.org)
  • To partially purify bacteriophages, two quickly acquired resistance to these drugs by acquiring assay approaches were used to optimize the method. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial8
  • Bacteriophages provide one of the most efficient vehicles for moving DNA sequences between bacterial cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Prophages 0 questions Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Bacterial cell envelopes (ghosts) but not S-layers activate human endothelial cells (HUVECs) through sCD14 and LBP mechanism," Vaccine , vol. 18, no. 5-6, pp. 440-448, 1999. (hindawi.com)
  • A. A. Amara, M. M. Salem-Bekhit, and F. K. Alanazi, "Preparation of Bacterial Ghosts for E. coli JM109 using "Sponge-like Reduced Protocol"," Asian Journal of Biological Sciences , vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 363-369, 2013. (hindawi.com)
  • 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of said antibiotic in the medium is in the range which causes about 1% to about 99% inhibition of the growth of said bacterial strain in the absence of said bacteriophage. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 4 - 6 ] have described a new protocol for BGs preparation based on the critical concentration of chemical compounds could effect on the bacterial cell wall and could lead to the preparation of correct BGs [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The critical concentration as well as the protocol steps lead to killing the bacterial cells with the release of their cytoplasmic constituents without the deformation of the cell 3D structure [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Bacteriophages provide one of the most efficient vehi- Fecal coliforms were enumerated by membrane filter pro- cles for moving DNA sequences between bacterial cedures. (cdc.gov)
Nucleotides1
  • 276. Kozak M. Recognition of AUG and alternative initiator codons is augmented by G in position +4 but is not generally affected by the nucleotides in position +5 and +6. (x-pdf.ru)
Genes2
  • We evaluated the presence of various β-lactamase genes within the bacteriophages in sewage. (cdc.gov)
  • Samples with contamination of animal origin genes within the bacteriophages in sewage. (cdc.gov)
Biofilms2
  • We evaluated the efficacy of using bacteriophages to kill the pathogen in both biofilms and in the murine lung. (ucc.ie)
  • 2008). Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study diffusion and reaction of bacteriophages inside biofilms. (springer.com)
Mutants1
  • Another limitation is the rapid emergence of phage-resistant mutants ( 6 , 11 , 18 , 32 ). (asm.org)
20012
  • The study was performed with sewage samples collected during a 6-month period (November 2001 to April 2002). (cdc.gov)
  • EN 369 has been supersedes by EN ISO 6529:2001. (dupont.co.uk)
MYOVIRIDAE1
Salmonella3
  • A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22. (lookformedical.com)
  • R. H. Gilman, R. B. Hornick, and W. E. Woodward, "Evaluation of a UDP-glucose-4-epimeraseless mutant of Salmonella typhi as a live oral vaccine," Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol. 136, no. 6, pp. 717-723, 1977. (hindawi.com)
  • Denis AS, Bardina C, Cortes P, Liagostera M. Use of a bacteriophage cocktail to control Salmonella in food and the food industry. (koreascience.or.kr)
Genus1
  • Corticoviridae 0 questions A family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (Corticovirus). (lookformedical.com)
Coronavirus1
  • The described research relates to P5 transglycosylase from bacteriophage ф 6 and the nucleocapsid protein (N) of human α coronavirus NL63 (HCo NL63). (edu.pl)
Biofilm4
  • Environmental scanning electron microscopy for biofilm detection in tonsils This report describes a 6 1/2-year-old child who presented with recurrent severe headaches and a focal seizure of the right upper extremity. (storysteel.gq)
  • To control pathogenic E. coli in biofilm, bacteriophages were isolated from environmental samples. (koreascience.or.kr)
  • However, the abundance of E. coli in biofilm was reduced by 3 log CFU/mL from 7.3 log CFU/mL after 60 min with the bacteriophage cocktail. (koreascience.or.kr)
  • Therefore, we suggest that bacteriophages with depolymerase could be utilized to effectively control pathogenic E. coli in biofilm. (koreascience.or.kr)
Cystoviridae1
  • Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. (wikipedia.org)
Virus3
  • 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the retrovirus is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Virus 2 questions Petits agents infectieux aux génomes constitués, soit d'ADN, soit d'ARN (jamais des deux), sans métabolisme propre et dans l'incapacité de se multiplier en dehors des cellules vivantes. (lookformedical.com)
  • We used the segmented RNA bacteriophage ϕ6 as a model for studying the evolutionary genomics of virus adaptation in the face of host switches and parametrically varying population sizes. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene1
  • It has been reasoned that the similarities of some toxins of C. perfringens with toxins found in other organisms are due to horizontal gene transfer based on conjugative plasmids, transposons, or bacteriophages ( 52 ). (asm.org)
Single-stranded1
  • Unlike protein A it is capable of cleaving the phi X viral DNA in the presence of single-stranded binding protein of the host. (wikipedia.org)
Homology1
  • The following definitions apply: Homology -------- Homology means evolutionary relationship [6]. (uniprot.org)
Describes2
  • This document describes biochemical pathways for producing adipic acid, caprolactam, 6-aminohexanoic acid, hexamethylenediamine or 1,6-hexanediol by forming two. (patents.com)
  • EN ISO 6529 Methode A describes measurements o liquid chemicals with continous contact. (dupont.co.uk)
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The crystal structure of the CopC protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens reveals amended classifications for the CopC protein... (bioportfolio.com)
Competition and viral diversification | Biology Letters
Competition and viral diversification | Biology Letters (rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org)
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Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
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The Evolution and Genetics of Virus Host Shifts | proLékaře.cz (prolekare.cz)
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Sex enhances adaptation by unlinking beneficial from detrimental mutations in experimental yeast populations | BMC Evolutionary... (bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com)
WO2018069267A1 - Phi6 internal control compositions, devices & methods - Google Patents
WO2018069267A1 - Phi6 internal control compositions, devices & methods - Google Patents (patents.google.com)
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Welcome to CDC stacks (stacks.cdc.gov)
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Grishin Lab: Publications (prodata.swmed.edu)
Grishin Lab: Research
Grishin Lab: Research (prodata.swmed.edu)
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1HI1 | Genus (genus.fuw.edu.pl)
Professor Jonathan M Grimes - Nuffield Department of Medicine
Professor Jonathan M Grimes - Nuffield Department of Medicine (ndm.ox.ac.uk)
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Analiza struktury i funkcji białek wirusowych : transglikozylazy P5 z bakteriofaga \phi 6 oraz białka nukleokapsydu ludzkiego... (ruj.uj.edu.pl)
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Buy Baycip (Ciprofloxacin) Online (storysteel.gq)
Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA | Meta
Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA | Meta (meta.org)
Interactions of the RNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 with its promoter during binding and initiation of transcription | PNAS
Interactions of the RNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 with its promoter during binding and initiation of transcription | PNAS (pnas.org)
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Buy PDF - Coding strategy of rice stripe virus: major nonstructural protein is encoded in viral RNA segment 4 and coat protein... (eurekamag.com)
CIENCIASMEDICASNEWS: Twinkle, Twinkle Little Cryo-EM Star | NIH Director's Blog
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Sequence Finishing on New Platforms
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Diminishing Returns From Beneficial Mutations and Pervasive Epistasis Shape the Fitness Landscape for Rifampicin Resistance in...
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Four genomic islands that mark post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates | BMC Genomics | Full Text
Four genomic islands that mark post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates | BMC Genomics | Full Text (bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com)
Phi X 174 - Wikipedia
Phi X 174 - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Genomicron
Genomicron (genomicron.evolverzone.com)
The New Standard for Barrier Surgical Gowns and Drapes | Infection Control Today
The New Standard for Barrier Surgical Gowns and Drapes | Infection Control Today (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Genetic engineering of lactobacilli, leuconostocs and Streptococcus thermophilus | Springer for Research & Development
Genetic engineering of lactobacilli, leuconostocs and Streptococcus thermophilus | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Tychem® 2000 C
Tychem® 2000 C (dupont.co.uk)
The Role of Phage in the Adaptation of Bacteria to New Environmental Niches | Springer for Research & Development
The Role of Phage in the Adaptation of Bacteria to New Environmental Niches | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
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Staphylococcus phage phiETA3 | Semantic Scholar (semanticscholar.org)