Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.
Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.
The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.
Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.
Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.
The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.
A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6).
Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.
Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE.
A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.
A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.
Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.
Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.
Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.
A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the COLIPHAGES and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.
Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.
A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY.
The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.
Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates. It may also catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphates, diphosphates, thiamine diphosphates and FAD. The nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolases I and II are subtypes of the enzyme which are found mostly in viruses.
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.
The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.
A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.
Inhibitor of DNA replication in gram-positive bacteria.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.
Proteins that are involved in or cause CELL MOVEMENT such as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (MYOSIN; KINESIN; and DYNEIN motor families).
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.
A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.
Enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.
Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
Adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.
A representation, generally small in scale, to show the structure, construction, or appearance of something. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.
Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.
A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
A species of filamentous Pseudomonas phage in the genus INOVIRUS, family INOVIRIDAE.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE; PODOVIRIDAE; and SIPHOVIRIDAE.
A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.
A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. EC 2.7.7.-.
The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.
Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.
The regulatory elements of an OPERON to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the transcription of GENES in the operon.
Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.
A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.
Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.
Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.
A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria; SPIROPLASMA; BDELLOVIBRIO; and CHLAMYDIA. It contains four genera: MICROVIRUS; Spiromicrovirus; Bdellomicrovirus; and Chlamydiamicrovirus.
A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A tentative species in the genus lambda-like viruses, family SIPHOVIRIDAE.
An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.
A family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (Corticovirus).
A family of lipid-containing bacteriophages with double capsids which infect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has one genus, Tectivirus.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).
A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.
A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.
Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Evolution by small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus phi6. (1/87)

Fisher's geometric model of adaptive evolution argues that adaptive evolution should generally result from the substitution of many mutations of small effect because advantageous mutations of small effect should be more common than those of large effect. However, evidence for both evolution by small steps and for Fisher's model has been mixed. Here we report supporting results from a new experimental test of the model. We subjected the bacteriophage phi6 to intensified genetic drift in small populations and caused viral fitness to decline through the accumulation of a deleterious mutation. We then propagated the mutated virus at a range of larger population sizes and allowed fitness to recover by natural selection. Although fitness declined in one large step, it was usually recovered in smaller steps. More importantly, step size during recovery was smaller with decreasing size of the recovery population. These results confirm Fisher's main prediction that advantageous mutations of small effect should be more common. We also show that the advantageous mutations of small effect are compensatory mutations whose advantage is conditional (epistatic) on the presence of the deleterious mutation, in which case the adaptive landscape of phi6 is likely to be very rugged.  (+info)

Precise packaging of the three genomic segments of the double-stranded-RNA bacteriophage phi6. (2/87)

Bacteriophage phi6 has a genome of three segments of double-stranded RNA. Each virus particle contains one each of the three segments. Packaging is effected by the acquisition, in a serially dependent manner, of the plus strands of the genomic segments into empty procapsids. The empty procapsids are compressed in shape and expand during packaging. The packaging program involves discrete steps that are determined by the amount of RNA inside the procapsid. The steps involve the exposure and concealment of binding sites on the outer surface of the procapsid for the plus strands of the three genomic segments. The plus strand of segment S can be packaged alone, while packaging of the plus strand of segment M depends upon prior packaging of S. Packaging of the plus strand of L depends upon the prior packaging of M. Minus-strand synthesis begins when the particle has a full complement of plus strands. Plus-strand synthesis commences upon the completion of minus-strand synthesis. All of the reactions of packaging, minus-strand synthesis, and plus-strand synthesis can be accomplished in vitro with isolated procapsids. Live-virus constructions that are in accord with the model have been prepared. Mutant virus with changes in the packaging program have been isolated and analyzed.  (+info)

Packaging and replication regulation revealed by chimeric genome segments of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6. (3/87)

Bacteriophage phi6 has a double-stranded RNA genome composed of three linear segments, L, M, and S. The innermost particle in the virion of phi6, like in the other dsRNA viruses, is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex, which carries out all the functions needed for the replication of the viral genome. Empty polymerase complexes can package the single-stranded copies of the viral genome segments, replicate the packaged segments into double-stranded form (minus strand synthesis), and then produce new plus strands (transcripts) from the double-stranded RNA templates. The three viral genomic segments contain unique packaging signals at their 5' ends, and minus strand synthesis initiation is dependent on the sequence at the 3' end. Here we have constructed chimeric segments that have the packaging signal from one segment and the minus strand synthesis initiation signal from another segment. Using purified recombinant polymerase complexes and single-stranded/chimeric and original RNA segments, we have analyzed the packaging and replication regulation operating in in vitro conditions. We show that the 5' end of the L genome segment in single-stranded form is needed to switch from the packaging to the minus strand synthesis and the same sequence is required in double-stranded form to switch on plus strand synthesis. In addition we have constructed deletions to the M segment to analyze the possible regulatory role of the internal noncoding area of this segment.  (+info)

A novel virus-host cell membrane interaction. Membrane voltage-dependent endocytic-like entry of bacteriophage straight phi6 nucleocapsid. (4/87)

Studies on the virus-cell interactions have proven valuable in elucidating vital cellular processes. Interestingly, certain virus-host membrane interactions found in eukaryotic systems seem also to operate in prokaryotes (Bamford, D.H., M. Romantschuk, and P. J. Somerharju, 1987. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 6:1467-1473; Romantschuk, M., V.M. Olkkonen, and D.H. Bamford. 1988. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 7:1821-1829). straight phi6 is an enveloped double-stranded RNA virus infecting a gram-negative bacterium. The viral entry is initiated by fusion between the virus membrane and host outer membrane, followed by delivery of the viral nucleocapsid (RNA polymerase complex covered with a protein shell) into the host cytosol via an endocytic-like route. In this study, we analyze the interaction of the nucleocapsid with the host plasma membrane and demonstrate a novel approach for dissecting the early events of the nucleocapsid entry process. The initial binding of the nucleocapsid to the plasma membrane is independent of membrane voltage (DeltaPsi) and the K(+) and H(+) gradients. However, the following internalization is dependent on plasma membrane voltage (DeltaPsi), but does not require a high ATP level or K(+) and H(+) gradients. Moreover, the nucleocapsid shell protein, P8, is the viral component mediating the membrane-nucleocapsid interaction.  (+info)

Replicase activity of purified recombinant protein P2 of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6. (5/87)

In nature, synthesis of both minus- and plus-sense RNA strands of all the known double-stranded RNA viruses occurs in the interior of a large protein assembly referred to as the polymerase complex. In addition to other proteins, the complex contains a putative polymerase possessing characteristic sequence motifs. However, none of the previous studies has shown template-dependent RNA synthesis directly with an isolated putative polymerase protein. In this report, recombinant protein P2 of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6 was purified and demonstrated in an in vitro enzymatic assay to act as the replicase. The enzyme efficiently utilizes phage-specific, positive-sense RNA substrates to produce double-stranded RNA molecules, which are formed by newly synthesized, full-length minus-strands base paired with the plus-strand templates. P2-catalyzed replication is also shown to be very effective with a broad range of heterologous single-stranded RNA templates. The importance and implications of these results are discussed.  (+info)

RNA secondary structures of the bacteriophage phi6 packaging regions. (6/87)

Bacteriophage phi6 genome consists of three segments of double-stranded RNA. During maturation, single-stranded copies of these segments are packaged into preformed polymerase complex particles. Only phi6 RNA is packaged, and each particle contains only one copy of each segment. An in vitro packaging and replication assay has been developed for phi6, and the packaging signals (pac sites) have been mapped to the 5' ends of the RNA segments. In this study, we propose secondary structure models for the pac sites of phi6 single-stranded RNA segments. Our models accommodate data from structure-specific chemical modifications, free energy minimizations, and phylogenetic comparisons. Previously reported pac site deletion studies are also discussed. Each pac site possesses a unique architecture, that, however, contains common structural elements.  (+info)

Characterization of phi8, a bacteriophage containing three double-stranded RNA genomic segments and distantly related to Phi6. (7/87)

The three double-stranded RNA genomic segments of bacteriophage Phi8 were copied as cDNA, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Although the organization of the genome is similar to that of Phi6, there is no similarity in either the nucleotide sequences or the amino acid sequences, with the exception of the motifs characteristic of viral RNA polymerases that are found in the presumptive polymerase sequence. Several features of the viral proteins differ markedly from those of Phi6. Although both phages are covered by a lipid-containing membrane, the protein compositions are very different. The most striking difference is that protein P8, which constitutes a shell around the procapsid in Phi6, is part of the membrane in Phi8. The host attachment protein consists of two peptides rather than one and the phage attaches directly to the lipopolysaccharide of the host rather than to a type IV pilus. The host range of Phi8 includes rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium and of pseudomonads  (+info)

Characterization of phi 13, a bacteriophage related to phi 6 and containing three dsRNA genomic segments. (8/87)

The three dsRNA genomic segments of bacteriophage Phi 13 were copied as cDNA and the nucleotide sequences were determined. The organization of the genome is similar to that of Phi 6, and there is significant similarity in the amino acid sequences of the proteins of the polymerase complex and one of the membrane proteins, P6. There is little or no similarity in the nucleotide sequences. Several features of the viral proteins differ markedly from those of Phi 6. Although both phages are covered by a lipid-containing membrane, the protein compositions are different. The host attachment protein consists of two peptides rather than one and the phage attaches directly to the LPS of the host rather than to a Type IV pilus. Despite the differences in the structure of the membranes, the two viruses can successfully exchange the genes for host attachment proteins and thereby change their host specificities.  (+info)

Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant ... Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, ... its structure has been studied by scientists interested in lipid-containing bacteriophages, and it has been used as a model ... "Structure-Function Insights Into the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of the dsRNA Bacteriophage Φ6". Segmented Double-stranded RNA ...
... bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.660.535 - bacteriophage pf1 MeSH B04.123.660.550 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123. ... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.205.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.205.320 - bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.205.350 - ... bacteriophage t4 MeSH B04.123.205.891.230 - bacteriophage t7 MeSH B04.123.230.070 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123.370.400 - ... bacteriophage n4 MeSH B04.123.150.700.070 - bacteriophage p22 MeSH B04.123.150.700.100 - bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.123.150.700. ...
... phi X174, G4 and phi K" Biochim Biophys Acta 1130(3) 277-288 Aoyama A, Hayashi M (1986) Synthesis of bacteriophage phi X174 in ... Keegstra W, Baas PD, Jansz HS (1979) Bacteriophage phi X174 RF DNA replication in vivo. A study by electron microscopy" J Mol ... Tessman ES, Tessman I, Pollock TJ (1980) Gene K of bacteriophage phi X 174 codes for a nonessential protein" J Virol 33(1) 557- ... A protein of bacteriophage phi X174 into an ATT codon yields a viable phage indicating that A protein is not essential for phi ...
Sanger and his team of scientists created a library of the bacteriophage, phi X 174, for use in DNA sequencing. The importance ... Bacteriophage P1 vectors can hold inserts 70 - 100kb in size. They begin as linear DNA molecules packaged into bacteriophage P1 ... February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. ... Cosmid vectors are plasmids that contain a small region of bacteriophage λ DNA called the cos sequence. This sequence allows ...
The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects Escherichia coli, and the first DNA- ... Fiers W, Sinsheimer RL (October 1962). "The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage phi-X174. III. Ultracentrifugal evidence for ... January 1992). "Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage phi X174 and its functional implications". Nature. 355 ( ... A protein of bacteriophage phi X174 into an ATT codon yields a viable phage indicating that A protein is not essential for phi ...
... his demonstration of Muller's ratchet in the RNA Virus Phi-6 and his work on sex in viruses. More recently, he was instrumental ... in the demonstration of the evolution of parasitic genetic elements in co-infecting bacteriophages and experimental tests of ...
"Molecular analysis of the region encoding the lytic system from Oenococcus oeni temperate bacteriophage phi 10MC". FEMS ... van der Ploeg, JR (2007). "Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans bacteriophage M102". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 275 (1): 130-8. ... "Identification and characterization of the two-component cell lysis cassette encoded by temperate bacteriophage phiPYB5 of ... 105 (6): 1939-44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03953.x. PMID 19120640. S2CID 25967192. Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier Jr., Milton H ...
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Clerch, B., E. Rivera, and M. Llagostera, Bacteriophage PSP3 and phi R73 activator proteins: analysis of promoter specificities ... The P2-like bacteriophages. In R. Calendar (ed.), The bacteriophages. Oxford Press, Oxford, 2005: p. 365-390 Lindahl, G., ... Bacteriophage P2 was first isolated by G. Bertani from the Lisbonne and Carrère strain of E. coli in 1951. Since that time, a ... Bacteriophage P2, scientific name Escherichia virus P2, is a temperate phage that infects E. coli. It is a tailed virus with a ...
Nakayama, K; Kanaya, S; Ohnishi, M; Terawaki, Y; Hayashi, T (1999). "The complete nucleotide sequence of phi CTX, a cytotoxin- ... as Pseudomonas virus phiCTX is a bacteriophage) and the injection of the double stranded DNA; the host transcribes and ... converting phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Implications for phage evolution and horizontal gene transfer via bacteriophages". ... doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMC 7086667. PMID 22481600. Baltimore, D (1971). "Expression of animal virus genomes". ...
In 2003 the same group synthetically assembled the genome of a virus, Phi X 174 bacteriophage. Smith is scientific director of ... 70 (6): 540. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64310-3. PMID 7776712. Berg, K. (1978). "The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978 ...
February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. ... In the 1970s, new techniques for sequencing DNA were applied to bacteriophage MS2 and øX174, and the extended nucleotide ... 1 (6): 28-29. Hesper B, Hogeweg P (2021). "Bio-informatics: a working concept. A translation of "Bio-informatica: een ... 152 (3720): 363-6. Bibcode:1966Sci...152..363E. doi:10.1126/science.152.3720.363. PMID 17775169. S2CID 23208558. Johnson G, Wu ...
Garmendia C, Bernad A, Esteban JA, Blanco L, Salas M (February 1992). "The bacteriophage phi 29 DNA polymerase, a proofreading ... Φ29 is a bacteriophage of Bacillus subtilis with a sequenced, linear, 19,285 base pair DNA genome. Each 5' end is covalently ... Bernad A, Blanco L, Salas M (September 1990). "Site-directed mutagenesis of the YCDTDS amino acid motif of the phi 29 DNA ... Φ29 DNA polymerase is an enzyme from the bacteriophage Φ29. It is being increasingly used in molecular biology for multiple ...
Unfortunately the superbug had survived in her throat and she died on November 15, 2017, at age 25 before bacteriophage ... She attended Stanford University, graduating Phi Beta Kappa, majoring in human biology with a concentration in environmental ... This allowed her to push for experimental options with bacteriophage treatment, which engineers viruses to destroy bacteria. ... Retrieved March 6, 2019. "Salt in My Soul By Mallory Smith". Penguin Random House. Retrieved March 6, 2019. (Use mdy dates from ...
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... Court DL, Oppenheim AB, Adhya SL (January 2007). "A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks". Journal of Bacteriology ... Sanger F, Coulson AR, Hong GF, Hill DF, Petersen GB (December 1982). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA". Journal ... Bacteriophage MS2). The next year, Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The ...
Phi Sigma Society. 1930. p. 92. Biennial Report of the Iowa State Board of Education to the Governor and the ... General ... Rogers, C. G.; Sarles, W. B. (1963). "Characterization of Enterococcus Bacteriophages from the Small Intestine of the Rat". ... 85 (6): 1378-1385. doi:10.1128/jb.85.6.1378-1385.1963. PMC 278344. PMID 14047233. Hanes, N. B.; Sarles, W. B.; Rohlich, G. A. ( ... 44 (6): 409-424. Bibcode:1937SoilS..44..409B. doi:10.1097/00010694-193712000-00001. S2CID 84141480. Gee, Lynn L.; Sarles, W. B ...
Feb 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi: ... 1972: Walter Fiers and his team were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein ... Sanger's lab sequence the entire genome of bacteriophage Φ-X174. In the late 1970s: nonisotopic methods of nucleic acid ... Hershey, AD; Chase, M (May 1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". J. Gen ...
February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... leading to the publication of the first complete genome of a bacteriophage in 1977. Robert Holley and his team in Cornell ... 6 (2): e1000667. Bibcode:2010PLSCB...6E0667W. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667. PMC 2829047. PMID 20195499. Abe, N; Dror, I; ...
The first class III holin to be characterized was the bacteriophage T4-encoded t protein (T4 holin). Other examples include the ... The Erwinia Phage Phi-Ea1h Holin (EPPE-Hol) Family 1.E.59 - The Putative Acholeplasma Phage L2 Holin (L2 Holin) Family 9.B.109 ... Veiga-Crespo P; Barros-Velázquez J; Villa T.G. (2007). Méndez-Vilas A (ed.). "What can bacteriophages do for us?" (PDF). ... Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation ...
In addition to distance restraints, restraints on the torsion angles of the chemical bonds, typically the psi and phi angles, ... Common techniques include addition of bacteriophages or bicelles to the sample, or preparation of the sample in a stretched ... Thus each peak can be converted into a maximum distance between the nuclei, usually between 1.8 and 6 angstroms. The intensity ...
Aoyama, A; Hayashi, M (September 1985). "Effects of genome size on bacteriophage phi X174 DNA packaging in vitro". Journal of ... A version of bacteriophage ΦX174 has also been created where all gene overlaps were removed proving they were not necessary for ... Feiss, Michael; Fisher, R.A.; Crayton, M.A.; Egner, Carol (March 1977). "Packaging of the bacteriophage λ chromosome: Effect of ... Barrell, B. G.; Air, G. M.; Hutchison, C. A. (November 1976). "Overlapping genes in bacteriophage φX174". Nature. 264 (5581): ...
"Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ... Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat ... The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, ... The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977. Medical Research Council scientists ...
A Bacillus phage is a member of a group of bacteriophages known to have bacteria in the genus Bacillus as host species. These ... Blanco L, Salas M (September 1984). "Characterization and purification of a phage phi 29-encoded DNA polymerase required for ... Salas M, Blanco L, Lázaro JM, de Vega M (January 2008). "The bacteriophage phi29 DNA polymerase". IUBMB Life. 60 (1): 82-85. ... Lee JH, Shin H, Ryu S (May 2014). "Characterization and comparative genomic analysis of bacteriophages infecting members of the ...
Perhaps the most famous is the bacteriophage Phi-X174 with a genome size of 5,386 nucleotides. However, some ssDNA viruses can ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage ΦX174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/265687a0 ... The males measure 6-8 cm (2.4-3.1 in), while females measure up to almost 10 cm (3.9 in). The smallest extant crocodilian is ... 6: 696. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00696. PMC 4498126. PMID 26217327. J.M. Labonté; C.A. Suttle (2013). "Previously unknown and ...
Smith, H., Hutchison III, C., Pfannkoch, C., and Venter, C. Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: {phi}X174 ... bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. PNAS 100, 26 (2003), 15440-15445. Sazani, P., Larralde, R., Szostak, J. A small ... Nature 406 (2000), 974-978 Adleman, L. Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems Archived 6 February 2005 at ...
Directed mutagenesis Phi value analysis Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (June 2014). "Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 ... Hutchison Ca, 3.; Edgell, M. H. (1971). "Genetic Assay for Small Fragments of Bacteriophage φX174 Deoxyribonucleic Acid". ... effect of an extracistronic mutation on the in vitro propagation of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 72 (1 ... The ssUDNA is extracted from the bacteriophage that is released into the medium, and then used as template for mutagenesis. An ...
February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. ... Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as ... Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution ... Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were ...
A convergently evolved glutamic peptidase, the pre-neck appendage protein (bacteriophage phi-29), uses a Glu and Asp dyad at ... 37 (6): 1417-1421. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.37.1417. Morihara K, Tsuzuki H, Murao S, Oda K (Mar 1979). "Pepstatin-insenstive acid ... 6): 201-25. Bibcode:2013PJAB...89..201T. doi:10.2183/pjab.89.201. PMC 3749792. PMID 23759941. "Family G2". MEROPS. "Family G1 ...
Bacteriophage Φ29 DNA polymerase is a high-processivity enzyme that can produce DNA amplicons greater than 70 kilobase pairs. ... Esteban JA, Salas M, Blanco L (1993). "Fidelity of phi 29 DNA polymerase. Comparison between protein-primed initiation and DNA ... "Highly efficient DNA synthesis by the phage phi 29 DNA polymerase. Symmetrical mode of DNA replication". The Journal of ... 102 (48): 17332-6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217332H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508809102. PMC 1283157. PMID 16286637. Paez JG, Lin M, ...
PCA was used to generate the first synthetic genome in history, that of the Phi X 174 virus. The gibson assembly method, ... φX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (26): 15440-15445. ... 6 (5): 343-345. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1318. PMID 19363495. S2CID 1351008. Kouprina, Natalay; Larionov, Vladimir (2003-12-01). " ... doi:10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00070-6. ISSN 1574-6976. PMID 14638416. Marsischky, Gerald; LaBaer, Joshua (2004-10-15). "Many Paths ...
doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1027-01. Mew TW, Alvarez AM, Leach JE, Swings J (1993). "Focus on bacterial blight of rice". Plant ... Potential use of bacteriophages is also considered, however major limiting factors are their sensitivity to environmental ... 110 (6): 1153-1160. doi:10.1094/phyto-03-19-0098-le. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 31922946. Schaad NW, Jones JB, Chun W (2001). " ... 6 (1): 6453. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6453S. doi:10.1038/ncomms7453. PMID 25743609. Bayer-Santos E, Lima LD, Ceseti LM, Ratagami ...
doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0330-01. Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2010). "The ... Most viruses are bacteriophages, infecting bacteria. Parasitism is a major aspect of evolutionary ecology; for example, almost ... and in the way that bacteriophages can limit bacterial infections. It is likely, though little researched, that most pathogenic ... 13 (6): 278-284. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003. PMID 15936660. Lawrence, C. M.; Menon, S.; Eilers, B. J.; et al. (2009). " ...
In 2003 the 5386 bp genome of the bacteriophage Phi X 174 was assembled in about two weeks. In 2006, the same team, at the J. ... Chan, Leon Y.; Kosuri, Sriram; Endy, Drew (2005). "Refactoring bacteriophage T7". Molecular Systems Biology. 1: 2005.0018. doi: ... phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of ... "A fully decompressed synthetic bacteriophage øX174 genome assembled and archived in yeast". Virology. 434 (2): 278-284. doi: ...
PCA was used to generate the first synthetic genome in history, that of the Phi X 174 virus. The Gibson assembly method, ... φX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (26): 15440-15445. ... 6 (5): 343-345. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1318. PMID 19363495. S2CID 1351008. Kouprina, Natalay; Larionov, Vladimir (2003-12-01). " ... doi:10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00070-6. ISSN 1574-6976. PMID 14638416. Marsischky, Gerald; LaBaer, Joshua (2004-10-15). "Many Paths ...
Chaperones in bacteriophage T4 assembly. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998;63(4):399-406 Porter, Lauren L.; Looger, Loren L. (5 June ... generate a chevron plot and derive a Phi value analysis. Circular dichroism is one of the most general and basic tools to study ... The bacterium E. coli is the host for bacteriophage T4, and the phage encoded gp31 protein (P17313) appears to be structurally ... Phi value analysis Potential energy of protein Protein dynamics Protein misfolding cyclic amplification Protein structure ...
Instead, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Although he ... "Mapping experiments with r mutants of bacteriophage T4D". Genetics (published February 1962). 47 (2): 179-86. doi:10.1093/ ... 51 (1): 6-22. ISSN 0013-7812. Brown, Laurie M. and Rigden, John S. (editors) (1993) Most of the Good Stuff: Memories of Richard ... 5 (6): 57-61. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/5/6/38. ISSN 0953-8585. Friedman, Jerome (2004). "A Student's View of Fermi". In Cronin, ...
He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his junior year and graduated at the top of his class. Upon graduation he decided to learn as ... Gordon, LK; Haseltine WA (1980). "Comparison of the Cleavage of Pyrimidine Dimers by the Bacteriophage T4 and M. luteus UV- ... Haseltine, WA (July 6, 2004). "The Emergence of Regenerative Medicine: A New Field and a New Society". E-biomed: The Journal of ... 6 (6): 1983-1990. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.6.1983. PMC 367737. PMID 3537712. Sutherland, BM; Feng NI; Oliviera OM; Cairrachi G; Brash ...
This image shows a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the bacteriophage Phi-6 procapsid (protein shell) cut open to ... Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. This bacteriophage is a model system for human pathogens like rotavirus that ...
Tags: bacteriophage, bacteriophage phi-6, cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM, double-stranded RNA viruses, gastrointestinal ... bacteriophage phi-6. Twinkle, Twinkle Little Cryo-EM Star Posted on December 21st, 2017. by Dr. Francis Collins ... One of them is a tiny virus called bacteriophage phi-6, which researchers are studying in an effort to combat a similar, but ... the 3D structure of this immature bacteriophage phi-6 particle in the process of replication. At the points of its "star," key ...
7. Integration of the Bacteriophage Phi-3-T-Coded Thymidylate Synthetase Gene into the Bacillus subtilis Chromosome ... Distribution of Bacteriophage Phi-3-T Homologous Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sequences in Bacillus subtilis 168, Related ... 6 March 1960 Publisher: St. Louis Post-Dispatch Genre: Articles. Excerpts 4. Network New York: How Does the Scientific ... Bacteriophages, and Other Bacillus Species Creator: Stroynowski, Iwona Teresa Date: October 1981 Publisher: American Society ...
Bacteriophages [B04.123] * Pseudomonas Phages [B04.123.660] * Bacteriophage Pf1 [B04.123.660.535] * Bacteriophage phi 6 [ ... Bacteriophages [B04.123] * RNA Phages [B04.123.691] * Cystoviridae [B04.123.691.230] * Bacteriophage phi 6 [B04.123.691.230.070 ... Bacteriophage phi 6 Preferred Term Term UI T051140. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1993). ... Bacteriophage phi 6. Tree Number(s). B04.123.660.550. B04.123.691.230.070. B04.820.223.625.070. Unique ID. D017126. RDF Unique ...
Bacteriophage N4 B04.123.205.300 Bacteriophage P1 B04.123.205.305 Bacteriophage P2 B04.123.205.320 Bacteriophage phi X 174 ... Bacteriophage mu B04.123.150.500.300 Bacteriophage P1 B04.123.150.500.305 Bacteriophage P2 B04.123.150.500.350 Bacteriophage T4 ... Bacteriophage mu B04.280.090.500.300 Bacteriophage P1 B04.280.090.500.305 Bacteriophage P2 B04.280.090.500.350 Bacteriophage T4 ... Bacteriophage HK022 B04.123.205.230 Bacteriophage lambda B04.123.205.250 Bacteriophage M13 B04.123.205.260 Bacteriophage mu ...
Bacteriophage phi 6 B4.123.230.70 Badnavirus B4.715.68 Bahrain Z1.586.500.175 Balloon Embolectomy E5.157.32 Balloon Occlusion ... Human papillomavirus 6 B4.280.535.50.606 B4.280.210.655.50.606 B4.909.204.210.655.50.606 B4.613.204.655.50.606 B4.909.574.204. ... Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1 D12.776.260.698.209.572 D12.776.260.643.572 D12.776.930.669.209.572 Nuclear ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.547 ...
Bacteriophages [B04.123] * Pseudomonas Phages [B04.123.660] * Bacteriophage Pf1 [B04.123.660.535] * Bacteriophage phi 6 [ ... Bacteriophages [B04.123] * RNA Phages [B04.123.691] * Cystoviridae [B04.123.691.230] * Bacteriophage phi 6 [B04.123.691.230.070 ... Bacteriophage phi 6 Preferred Term Term UI T051140. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1993). ... Bacteriophage phi 6. Tree Number(s). B04.123.660.550. B04.123.691.230.070. B04.820.223.625.070. Unique ID. D017126. RDF Unique ...
... of antibiotic resistance markers among Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains by temperate bacteriophages Aa phi 23. Cell ... we also tested for bacteriophages from 100 mL of sewage in samples 1A and 2A (Table). Bacteriophages partially purified from ... The band in which we expected a broad range of bacteriophages (10), corresponding to a density of 1.46 ± 0.5 g mL-1, was ... To partially purify bacteriophages, two assay approaches were used to optimize the method. For both approaches, 10 mL of sewage ...
A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6. Preferred term. Pseudomonas Phages ... Bacteriophage, Pseudomonas. Bacteriophages, Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas Bacteriophage. Pseudomonas Bacteriophages. Pseudomonas ...
Antiviral Characterization of Advanced Materials: Use of Bacteriophage Phi 6 as Surrogate of Enveloped Viruses Such as SARS-CoV ... Protein-based nanomaterials: a new tool for targeted drug delivery. Therapeutic Delivery 13(6) ...
7. Integration of the Bacteriophage Phi-3-T-Coded Thymidylate Synthetase Gene into the Bacillus subtilis Chromosome ... Distribution of Bacteriophage Phi-3-T Homologous Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sequences in Bacillus subtilis 168, Related ... 6 March 1960 Publisher: St. Louis Post-Dispatch Genre: Articles. Excerpts 4. Network New York: How Does the Scientific ... Bacteriophages, and Other Bacillus Species Creator: Stroynowski, Iwona Teresa Date: October 1981 Publisher: American Society ...
7. Integration of the Bacteriophage Phi-3-T-Coded Thymidylate Synthetase Gene into the Bacillus subtilis Chromosome ... Distribution of Bacteriophage Phi-3-T Homologous Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sequences in Bacillus subtilis 168, Related ... 6 March 1960 Publisher: St. Louis Post-Dispatch Genre: Articles. Excerpts 4. Network New York: How Does the Scientific ... Bacteriophages, and Other Bacillus Species Creator: Stroynowski, Iwona Teresa Date: October 1981 Publisher: American Society ...
Shown here, a cryo-electron microscopy image of Phi-6s protein shell, or procapsid, cut open to show the different types of ... You guessed right: The bacteriophage Phi-6, which serves as a model system for rotavirus, the most common cause of diarrheal ... An understanding of how the bacteriophage assembles may help scientists develop new ways of treating rotavirus infections. ... National Institutes of Health • Office of the Director , Volume 25 Issue 6 • November-December 2017 ...
Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or ... The bacteriophage Phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human ... Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1 cm(2) coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain ... The persistence of Phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for EBOV and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. ...
The results showed up to 99.98% and 99.92% viral inactivation against the phi 6 enveloped bacteriophage and MS2 non-enveloped ... bacteriophage, respectively, suggesting that this chitosan/acetic acid film is a promising material for biomedical applications ... The HMPV detection rate, according to the age group, was highest in group 4 (3 - 6 years) at 7.4% (27/367), followed by group 3 ... Results: We identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families. A significant difference in microbial and viral abundance was found ...
The antiviral tests showed that TNM is antiviral against the enveloped bacteriophage phi 6, which is commonly used as a ... The results showed up to 99.98% and 99.92% viral inactivation against the phi 6 enveloped bacteriophage and MS2 non-enveloped ... although it did not have any antiviral effect against the non-enveloped bacteriophage MS2. We also found that adding sugar to ... 6. Assessment of Purity, Stability, and Pharmacokinetics of NGP-1, a Novel Prodrug of GS441254 with Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ...
This image is a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the bacteriophage phi-6 procapsid sliced open to show the four types ... This bacteriophage is a model system for certain viruses that cause more than half a million deaths of children every year. ... "The best approach is to keep infants under 6 months out of the sun," Sachs says, "and to avoid exposure to the sun in the hours ... October 4-6, 2015. Crystal Gateway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center. 1700 Jefferson Davis Highway. Arlington, VA 22202. ...
This image is a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the bacteriophage phi-6 procapsid sliced open to show the four types ... This bacteriophage is a model system for certain viruses that cause more than half a million deaths of children every year. ... "The best approach is to keep infants under 6 months out of the sun," Sachs says, "and to avoid exposure to the sun in the hours ... October 4-6, 2015. Crystal Gateway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center. 1700 Jefferson Davis Highway. Arlington, VA 22202. ...
Bacteriophage phi 6 B4.123.230.70 Badnavirus B4.715.68 Bahrain Z1.586.500.175 Balloon Embolectomy E5.157.32 Balloon Occlusion ... Human papillomavirus 6 B4.280.535.50.606 B4.280.210.655.50.606 B4.909.204.210.655.50.606 B4.613.204.655.50.606 B4.909.574.204. ... Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1 D12.776.260.698.209.572 D12.776.260.643.572 D12.776.930.669.209.572 Nuclear ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.547 ...
Bacteriophage phi 6 B4.123.230.70 Badnavirus B4.715.68 Bahrain Z1.586.500.175 Balloon Embolectomy E5.157.32 Balloon Occlusion ... Human papillomavirus 6 B4.280.535.50.606 B4.280.210.655.50.606 B4.909.204.210.655.50.606 B4.613.204.655.50.606 B4.909.574.204. ... Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1 D12.776.260.698.209.572 D12.776.260.643.572 D12.776.930.669.209.572 Nuclear ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.547 ...
Bacteriophage phi 6 B4.123.230.70 Badnavirus B4.715.68 Bahrain Z1.586.500.175 Balloon Embolectomy E5.157.32 Balloon Occlusion ... Human papillomavirus 6 B4.280.535.50.606 B4.280.210.655.50.606 B4.909.204.210.655.50.606 B4.613.204.655.50.606 B4.909.574.204. ... Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1 D12.776.260.698.209.572 D12.776.260.643.572 D12.776.930.669.209.572 Nuclear ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.547 ...
Bacteriophage phi 6 B4.123.230.70 Badnavirus B4.715.68 Bahrain Z1.586.500.175 Balloon Embolectomy E5.157.32 Balloon Occlusion ... Human papillomavirus 6 B4.280.535.50.606 B4.280.210.655.50.606 B4.909.204.210.655.50.606 B4.613.204.655.50.606 B4.909.574.204. ... Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1 D12.776.260.698.209.572 D12.776.260.643.572 D12.776.930.669.209.572 Nuclear ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.547 ...
Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, have re-emerged as powerful regulators of bacterial populations in natural ... Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, have re-emerged as powerful regulators of bacterial populations in natural ... 1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265, 687-695. doi: 10.1038/265687a0 ... Schmelcher, M., and Loessner, M. J. (2014). Application of bacteriophages for detection of foodborne pathogens. Bacteriophage 4 ...
A cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image of the protein shell of the bacteriophage known as Phi-6, which serves as a model ... Understanding how the bacteriophage assembles may help in developing new ways of treating rotavirus infection, the most common ...
Bacteriophage phi X 174/drug effects; Bacteriophage phi X 174/genetics; Biogenic Polyamines/chemistry*; Biogenic Polyamines/ ... We have examined the ability of the polyamines and their analogues to protect phi X-174 plasmid DNA from strand breakage ... Published In Biochem Biophys Res Commun, (1998 Mar 6). Abstract: Reactive oxygen species are known to induce strand breaks and/ ...
... for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage ... for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage ...
Bacteriophage. Phi-X174. no penetration at 2 psi(13.8 kPa). 1 In order of increasing protection2 American Association of ... Phi-X174 bacteriophage penetration as a test system.. ISO 16604-. Clothing for protection against contact with blood and body ... Phi-X174 bacteriophage has nearly spherical morphology similar to HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. At 27 nm in diameter, it ... Bacteriophage. (Phi-X174) challenge suspension. Determines the ability of a material to resist the penetration of a ...
A more detailed explanation on the Phi-Psi Maps can be found on the Phi-Psi Explorer tab of any Info Page. ... Bacteriophage Φ-X 174 (2bpa) Microvirus, Microviridae. PBCV-1 Virus Capsid (1m4x) Chlorovirus, Phycodnaviridae ... This can be seen already in the Info Page, specifically in the 3D IAU (Icosahedral Asymmetric Unit) and Phi-Psi Explorer ... X-ray structure of the entire lipid-containing bacteriophage pm2 (2w0c), Corticoviridae. Poliovirus/Receptor Complex (1nn8) ...
3 IN-FRAME N-TERMINALLY DIFFERENT PROTEINS ARE PRODUCED FROM THE REPRESSOR LOCUS OF THE STREPTOMYCES BACTERIOPHAGE-PHI-C31. ... Bialik, R. J., Nikora, V. & Rowinski, P. M., Dec 2012, In: Acta Geophysica. 60, 6, p. 1639-1660 22 p.. Research output: ... 3-Methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]thiazolo[5,4-e]pyridine-6-thione-dimethylformamide (1/1). ... Fishwick, S. & Rawlinson, N., 30 Jul 2012, In: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 59, 6, p. 809-826 18 p.. Research output: ...
"Nucleotide Sequence of Bacteriophage phi X174 DNA", Nature, 265(5596), pgs. 687-95, 27 Feb 1977. 44. Allan M. Maxam and Walter ... Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase,"Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage", ... Moreover, subsequent research published in 1952 by A. D. Hershey and Martha Chase on the composition of bacteriophages ... Such techniques allow DNA segments to be modified and propagated readily using bacteriophages and their hosts. Subsequently, ...
  • A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thanks to a breakthrough technology called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) , NIH researchers recently captured, at near atomic-level of detail, the 3D structure of this immature bacteriophage phi-6 particle in the process of replication. (nih.gov)
  • Shown here, a cryo-electron microscopy image of Phi-6's protein shell, or procapsid, cut open to show the different types of protein: P1 (blue), P4 (red), P7, yellow, and P2 (purple). (nih.gov)
  • Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. (nih.gov)
  • Un fago de Pseudomonas encontrado frecuentemente es el BACTERIÓFAGO PHI 6. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • Increasing levels of resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria, particularly in gram-negative rods resistant to β-lactam antimicrobial drugs, have become evident ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The major mechanism of resistance that causes clinically important infection in gram-negative bacteria is the production of β-lactamases, which includes chromosome- and plasmid-encoded enzymes ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, have re-emerged as powerful regulators of bacterial populations in natural ecosystems. (frontiersin.org)
  • Similar transfer efficiencies were recorded from the contaminated hands to the surfaces, with the number of bacteria transferred to the hands well above the infectious dose (up to 10 6 cells). (cupronmedicaltextiles.com)
  • Importantly, more than 30% of inoculated bacteria and bacteriophage were transferred from the volunteer's hands to their lips, with clear implications for the fecal-oral transmission of nosocomial pathogens (8). (cupronmedicaltextiles.com)
  • This bacteriophage is a model system for human pathogens like rotavirus that cause more than half a million deaths every year in children. (nih.gov)
  • You guessed right: The bacteriophage Phi-6, which serves as a model system for rotavirus, the most common cause of diarrheal disease among infants and young children. (nih.gov)
  • An understanding of how the bacteriophage assembles may help scientists develop new ways of treating rotavirus infections. (nih.gov)
  • One of them is a tiny virus called bacteriophage phi-6, which researchers are studying in an effort to combat a similar, but more-complex, group of viruses that can cause life-threatening dehydration in young children. (nih.gov)
  • The study was performed with sewage samples collected during a 6-month period (November 2001 to April 2002). (cdc.gov)
  • Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. (nih.gov)
  • Familia de bacteriófagos que contiene un género (Cystovirus) con un miembro (BACTERIÓFAGO PHI 6). (bvsalud.org)
  • A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. (nih.gov)
  • The median length of hospital stay was 6 days. (cdc.gov)
  • The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. (nih.gov)
  • We investigated 1735 archived cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from Egyptian patients between 2016 and 2019 and performed molecular characterization for infection for12 different viruses: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7), human enteroviruses (HEVs), human parechovirus (HPeV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), adenovirus (AdV), and mumps virus (MuV). (bvsalud.org)
  • Results: We identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families. (bvsalud.org)