Bacteriophage p2. Medical search

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the COLIPHAGES and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects SALMONELLA species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.

Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.

Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.

A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.

Defective viruses which can multiply only by association with a helper virus which complements the defective gene. Satellite viruses may be associated with certain plant viruses, animal viruses, or bacteriophages. They differ from satellite RNA; (RNA, SATELLITE) in that satellite viruses encode their own coat protein.

Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.

The regulatory elements of an OPERON to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the transcription of GENES in the operon.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.

Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.

Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.

A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Inanimate objects that carry pathogenic microorganisms and thus can serve as the source of infection. Microorganisms typically survive on fomites for minutes or hours. Common fomites include CLOTHING, tissue paper, hairbrushes, and COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS.

Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by complex contractile tails.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.

The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE.

Bacterial proteins that are used by BACTERIOPHAGES to incorporate their DNA into the DNA of the "host" bacteria. They are DNA-binding proteins that function in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational regulation.

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A protein which effects termination of RNA synthesis during the genetic transcription process by dissociating the ternary transcription complex RNA;-RNA POLYMERASE DNA at the termination of a gene.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

DNA sequences recognized as signals to end GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6).

A species of filamentous Pseudomonas phage in the genus INOVIRUS, family INOVIRIDAE.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE; PODOVIRIDAE; and SIPHOVIRIDAE.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.

A family of recombinases initially identified in BACTERIA. They catalyze the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in GENETIC RECOMBINATION. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop, which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. EC 2.7.7.-.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.

Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.

Enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.

A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria; SPIROPLASMA; BDELLOVIBRIO; and CHLAMYDIA. It contains four genera: MICROVIRUS; Spiromicrovirus; Bdellomicrovirus; and Chlamydiamicrovirus.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A tentative species in the genus lambda-like viruses, family SIPHOVIRIDAE.

A family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (Corticovirus).

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

A family of lipid-containing bacteriophages with double capsids which infect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has one genus, Tectivirus.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.

Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A toxin produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. It is the prototype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (1/72)

Synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes were compared. Two indexes, G + C base composition of a gene (fgc) and fraction of translationally optimal codons of the gene (fop), were used in the comparison. Synonymous codon usage data of all the coding sequences on a genome are represented as a cloud of points in the plane of fop vs. fgc. The Escherichia coli coding sequences appear to exhibit two phases, "rising" and "flat" phases. Genes that are essential for survival and are thought to be native are located in the flat phase, while foreign-type genes from prophages and transposons are found in the rising phase with a slope of nearly unity in the fgc vs. fop plot. Synonymous codon distribution patterns of genes from temperate phages P4, P2, N15 and lambda are similar to the pattern of E. coli rising phase genes. In contrast, genes from the virulent phage T7 or T4, for which a phage-encoded DNA polymerase is identified, fall in a linear curve with a slope of nearly zero in the fop vs. fgc plane. These results may suggest that the G + C contents for T7, T4 and E. coli flat phase genes are subject to the directional mutation pressure and are determined by the DNA polymerase used in the replication. There is significant variation in the fop values of the phage genes, suggesting an adjustment to gene expression level. Similar analyses of codon distribution patterns were carried out for Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their phages with complete genomic sequences available. (+info)

The transcriptional switch of bacteriophage WPhi, a P2-related but heteroimmune coliphage. (2/72)

Phage WPhi is a member of the nonlambdoid P2 family of temperate phages. The DNA sequence of the whole early-control region and the int and attP region of phage WPhi has been determined. The phage integration site was located at 88.6 min of the Escherichia coli K-12 map, where a 47-nucleotide sequence was found to be identical in the host and phage genomes. The WPhi Int protein belongs to the Int family of site-specific recombinases, and it seems to have the same arm binding recognition sequence as P2 Int, but the core sequence differs. The transcriptional switch contains two face-to-face promoters, Pe and Pc, and two repressors, C and Cox, controlling Pe and Pc, respectively. The early Pe promoter was found to be much stronger than the Pc promoter. Furthermore, the Pe transcript was shown to interfere with Pc transcription. By site-directed mutagenesis, the binding site of the immunity repressor was located to two direct repeats spanning the Pe promoter. A point mutation in one or the other repeat does not affect repression by C, but when it is included in both, C has no effect on the Pe promoter. The Cox repressor efficiently blocks expression from the Pc promoter, but its DNA recognition sequence was not evident. Most members of the P2 family of phages are able to function as helpers for satellite phage P4, which lacks genes encoding structural proteins and packaging and lysis functions. In this work it is shown that P4 E, known to function as an antirepressor by binding to P2 C, also turns the transcriptional switch of WPhi from the lysogenic to the lytic mode. However, in contrast to P2 Cox, WPhi Cox is unable to activate the P4 Pll promoter. (+info)

The interaction of bacteriophage P2 B protein with Escherichia coli DnaB helicase. (3/72)

Bacteriophage P2 requires several host proteins for lytic replication, including helicase DnaB but not the helicase loader, DnaC. Some genetic studies have suggested that the loading is done by a phage-encoded protein, P2 B. However, a P2 minichromosome containing only the P2 initiator gene A and a marker gene can be established as a plasmid without requiring the P2 B gene. Here we demonstrate that P2 B associates with DnaB. This was done by using the yeast two-hybrid system in vivo and was confirmed in vitro, where (35)S-labeled P2 B bound specifically to DnaB adsorbed to Q Sepharose beads and monoclonal antibodies directed against the His-tagged P2 B protein were shown to coprecipitate the DnaB protein. Finally, P2 B was shown to stabilize the opening of a reporter origin, a reaction that is facilitated by the inactivation of DnaB. In this respect, P2 B was comparable to lambda P protein, which is known to be capable of binding and inactivating the helicase while acting as a helicase loader. Even though P2 B has little similarity to other known or predicted helicase loaders, we suggest that P2 B is required for efficient loading of DnaB and that this role, although dispensable for P2 plasmid replication, becomes essential for P2 lytic replication. (+info)

The multifunctional bacteriophage P2 cox protein requires oligomerization for biological activity. (4/72)

The Cox protein of bacteriophage P2 is a multifunctional protein of 91 amino acids. It is directly involved in the site-specific recombination event leading to excision of P2 DNA out of the host chromosome. In this context, it functions as an architectural protein in the formation of the excisome. Cox is also a transcriptional repressor of the P2 Pc promoter, thereby ensuring lytic growth. Finally it promotes derepression of prophage P4, a nonrelated defective satellite phage, by activating the P4 P(LL) promoter that controls P4 DNA replication. In this case it binds upstream of the P(LL) promoter, which normally is activated by the P4 Delta protein. In this work we have analyzed the native form of the Cox protein in vivo, using a bacteriophage lambda cI-based oligomerization assay system, and in vitro, using gel filtration, cross-linking agents, and gel retardation assays. We found that P2 Cox has a strong oligomerization function in vivo as well as in vitro. The in vitro analysis indicates that its native form is a tetramer that can self-associate to octamers. Furthermore we show that oligomerization is necessary for the biological activity by characterizing different cox mutants and that oligomerization is mediated by the C-terminal region. (+info)

Capsid size determination in the P2-P4 bacteriophage system: suppression of sir mutations in P2's capsid gene N by supersid mutations in P4's external scaffold gene sid. (5/72)

The sid gene of the P2-dependent phage P4 provides an external scaffold so P2 N gene encoded protomers assemble as T = 4 capsids rather than as P2's T = 7 capsids. Mutations (sir) in the middle of N interfere with Sid's function. We describe a new P4 mutant class, nms ("supersid") mutations, which direct also P2 sir to provide small capsids. Three different nms mutations were located near the sid end, commingled with sid(-) mutations. Suppression of sir by nms is not allele-specific. Our results favor this interpretation of capsid size control: (i) sir mutations reduce pN protomer flexibility and thereby interfere with the generation of T = 4 compatible hexons; (ii) the C-termini of Sid molecules link up when forming the scaffold; nms mutations strengthen these Sid-Sid contacts and thus allow the scaffold to force even sir-type protomers to form T = 4 compatible hexons. Some related findings concern suppression of N ts mutations by P4. (+info)

Control of directionality in integrase-mediated recombination: examination of recombination directionality factors (RDFs) including Xis and Cox proteins. (6/72)

Similarity between the DNA substrates and products of integrase-mediated site-specific recombination reactions results in a single recombinase enzyme being able to catalyze both the integration and excision reactions. The control of directionality in these reactions is achieved through a class of small accessory factors that favor one reaction while interfering with the other. These proteins, which we will refer to collectively as recombination directionality factors (RDFs), play architectural roles in reactions catalyzed by their cognate recombinases and have been identified in conjunction with both tyrosine and serine integrases. Previously identified RDFs are typically small, basic and have diverse amino acid sequences. A subset of RDFs, the cox genes, also function as transcriptional regulators. We present here a compilation of all the known RDF proteins as well as those identified through database mining that we predict to be involved in conferring recombination directionality. Analysis of this group of proteins shows that they can be grouped into distinct sub-groups based on their sequence similarities and that they are likely to have arisen from several independent evolutionary lineages. This compilation will prove useful in recognizing new proteins that confer directionality upon site-specific recombination reactions encoded by plasmids, transposons, phages and prophages. (+info)

Differentiation between Campylobacter hyoilei and Campylobater coli using genotypic and phenotypic analyses. (7/72)

Genotypic and phenotypic methods were applied to investigate differences between the closely related species Campylobacter hyoilei and Campylobacter coli. A unique DNA sequence from C. hyoilei was used to design a specific PCR assay that amplified a DNA product of 383 bp for all C. hyoilei strains, but not other Campylobacter species, including C. coli. The PCR assay could detect 100 fg pure C. hyoilei DNA, 2 x 10(2) c.f.u. ml(-1) using cultured cells and 8.3 x 10(3) c.f.u. 0.1 g(-1) in faeces. The C. hyoilei sequence utilized for specific detection and identification of this species showed similarities to sequences from bacteriophages Mu, P2 and 186, suggesting lysogination of the ancestral C. hyoilei genome. Activities of a set of 15 enzymes that participate in a variety of cellular functions, including biosynthesis, catabolism, energy generation, maintenance of redox balance and phosphate utilization, were tested using sets of strains of C. hyoilei and C. coli. Comparison of mean rates of enzyme activities revealed significant differences between species in the values determined for seven of these activities. Both the genetic and phenotypic data indicate that C. hyoilei is a unique Campylobacter species. (+info)

Protein and DNA requirements of the bacteriophage HP1 recombination system: a model for intasome formation. (8/72)

A fundamental step in site-specific recombination reactions involves the formation of properly arranged protein-DNA structures termed intasomes. The contributions of various proteins and DNA binding sites in the intasome determine not only whether recombination can occur, but also in which direction the reaction is likely to proceed and how fast the reaction will go. By mutating individual DNA binding sites and observing the effects of various mixtures of recombination proteins on the mutated substrates, we have begun to categorize the requirements for intasome formation in the site-specific recombination system of bacteriophage HP1. These experiments define the binding site occupancies in both integrative and excessive recombination for the three recombination proteins: HP1 integrase, HP1 Cox and IHF. This data has allowed us to create a model which explains many of the biochemical features of HP1 recombination, demonstrates the importance of intasome components on the directionality of the reaction and predicts further ways in which the role of the intasome can be explored. (+info)

... contain P2-like prophages . Of these P2-like prophages is P2 best characterized. The P2 phage was found to be able to multiply ... Bacteriophage P2, scientific name Escherichia virus P2, is a temperate phage that infects E. coli. It is a tailed virus with a ... This genus of viruses includes many P2-like phages as well as the satellite phage P4. Bacteriophage P2 was first isolated by G ... The P2-like bacteriophages. In R. Calendar (ed.), The bacteriophages. Oxford Press, Oxford, 2005: p. 365-390 Lindahl, G., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_P2

Sironi G, Bialy H, Lorenzon HA, Calendar R (1971). "Bacteriophage P2:interaction with phage lambda and with recombination- ... Nature Biotechnology 2, p. 109 (01 Feb 1984). Lindahl G, Sironi G, Bialy H, Calendar R (1970). "Bacteriophage Lambda; Abortive ... Infection of Bacteria Lysogenic for Phage P2". PNAS. 66 (3): 587-94. Bibcode:1970PNAS...66..587L. doi:10.1073/pnas.66.3.587. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Bialy

... a P2-related plague diagnostic bacteriophage". Virology. 372 (1): 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.032. PMID 18045639. v t e ... The propagation of the virions includes the attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Yersinia virus L413C is a bacteriophage) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_virus_L413C

"Complete nucleotide sequence of a P2 family lysogenic bacteriophage, varphiMhaA1-PHL101, from Mannheimia haemolytica serotype ... as Mannheimia virus PHL101 is a bacteriophage) and the injection of the double stranded DNA; the host transcribes and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimia_virus_PHL101

Bacteriophage P2, a temperate phage of the family Myoviridae that infects E. coli P2 laboratory, biosafety-level-2 laboratory ... P2, P02, P.2, or P-2 might refer to several subjects: P2 (storage media), a "Professional Plug-in" solid state data storage ... an iconic 1920s racing automobile Prodrive P2, an automobile built by Prodrive Volvo P2 platform, an automobile platform P2 ( ... "P2" (song), a 2020 song by Lil Uzi Vert from the album Eternal Atake P2 (panel building), a design for blocks of flats used in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2

... is a temperate bacteriophage strain of species Escherichia virus P2 within genus Peduovirus (formerly P2-like viruses, P2virus ... It is a satellite virus, requiring P2-related helper phage to grow lytically. The P4 virion has a tail and an icosahedral head ... It is a satellite virus which cannot engage in lytic growth without the presence of a P2-related helper phage. It generally ... Christie, GE; Calendar, R (1990). "Interactions between satellite bacteriophage P4 and its helpers". Annual Review of Genetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteria_phage_P4

... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.205.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.205.320 - bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.205.350 - ... bacteriophage mu MeSH B04.280.090.500.300 - bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.280.090.500.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.280.090.500. ... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.150.500.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.150.500.350 - bacteriophage t4 MeSH B04.123.150.700 ... bacteriophage t4 MeSH B04.123.205.891.230 - bacteriophage t7 MeSH B04.123.230.070 - bacteriophage phi 6 MeSH B04.123.370.400 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

The phage protein, p2, nicks the (+) strand in the RF 3'-hydroxyl acts as a primer in the creation of new viral strand p2 ... M13 is one of the Ff phages (fd and f1 are others), a member of the family filamentous bacteriophage (inovirus). Ff phages are ... Khalil AS, Ferrer JM, Brau RR, Kottmann ST, Noren CJ, Lang MJ, Belcher AM (March 2007). "Single M13 bacteriophage tethering and ... Suthiwangcharoen N, Li T, Li K, Thompson P, You S, Wang Q (May 2011). "M13 bacteriophage-polymer nanoassemblies as drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_bacteriophage

N4 phage P1 phage P2 phage P4 phage R17 phage T2 phage T4 phage (169 kbp genome, 200 nm long) T7 phage T12 phage Viruses portal ... The largest bacteriophage genomes reach a size of 735 kb. Bacteriophage genomes can be highly mosaic, i.e. the genome of many ... Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found ... "T4 Bacteriophage targeting E. coli bacteria". Animation by Hybrid Animation Medical. 21 December 2009. Bacteriophages: What are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage

... in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and integrate that DNA information ... The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal ... A P1-derived artificial chromosome, or PAC, is a DNA construct derived from the DNA of P1 bacteriophages and Bacterial ... Sternberg, N.; Cohen, G. (1989-05-05). "Genetic analysis of the lytic replicon of bacteriophage P1. II. Organization of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P1-derived_artificial_chromosome

In the interior of the shell formed by P1 is the P2 viral replicase and transcriptase protein. The spikes binding to receptors ... Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, ... Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant ... P2, and released into the host cell cytosol. The four proteins translated from the large segment spontaneously assemble into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_virus_phi6

The family Chaseviridae, a group of bacteriophages in order Caudovirales, was named in honor of Martha Chase. Hershey, A. D. ... "Reactivation Of Phage-P2 Damaged By Ultraviolet Light :: University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses". ... The experiment involved radioactively labeling either protein or nucleic acid of the bacteriophage T2 (a virus that infects ... "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage." J. Gen. Physiol., 36 (1): 39-56, September ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Chase

Bacteriophage PM2 was first described in 1968 after isolation from seawater sampled from the coast of Chile. The genus contains ... The icosahedral capsid (T = 21) is 56 nanometers (nm) in diameter and is composed of 1200 P1 (spike) and 60 P2 (capsid) ... Corticoviruses are bacteriophages; that is, their natural hosts are bacteria. The genus contains two species. The name is ... Harrison, S.C., Caspar, D.L., Camerini-Otero, R.D. and Franklin, R.M. (1971). Lipid and protein arrangement in bacteriophage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticovirus

In this article he described the modified single-burst experiment and the isolation of the phages P1, P2, and P3. He had ... Lennox, E. S. (1955). "Transduction of linked genetic characters of the host by bacteriophage P1". Virology. 1 (2): 190-206. ... P2, and other experimental systems". Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (3): 595-600. doi:10.1128/JB.186.3.595-600.2004. PMC 321500. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogeny_broth

Of these, SpeB has a preference for hydrophobic P2 and positively charged P1 residues, with greater importance of the P2 amino ... Bacteriophage T12 infection of S. pyogenes enables the production of speA, and increases virulence. SpeB was identified in 1919 ... In contrast, speA, speC and speH-M are encoded by bacteriophages. There is a lack of consensus over the location of the speG ... Bacteriophages, Part A. Vol. 82. pp. 91-118. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394621-8.00014-5. ISBN 9780123946218. PMID 22420852. Media ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrogenic_toxin

Additionally, NucE can complement lysis-defective bacteriophage mutants to allow for plaque formation and release of phage. ... positive control by a homolog of P2 Ogr encoded by a cryptic prophage". Journal of Molecular Biology. 256 (2): 264-278. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP1_holin_family

Citron M, Schuster H (August 1990). "The c4 repressors of bacteriophages P1 and P7 are antisense RNAs". Cell. 62 (3): 591-598. ... The terminus of the stem designated as "P2" very often conforms to highly stable tetraloop motifs that were previously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_antisense_RNA

Three gene products (p2, p5, and p10) are cytoplasmic proteins needed for DNA synthesis and the rest are membrane proteins ... 2017). Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology. Frontiers Research Topics. ... When a circle is complete, the covalently linked p2 cuts the displaced viral strand at the junction between the old and newly ... The complementary strand of the RF is the transcription template for phage coded proteins, especially p2 and p10, which are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ff_phages

Depending on the lattice symmetry, each morphological unit of the S-layer is composed of one (p1), two (p2), three (p3), four ( ... Additional functions associated with S-layers include: protection against bacteriophages, Bdellovibrios, and phagocytosis ... In general, S-layers exhibit either an oblique (p1, p2), square (p4) or hexagonal (p3, p6) lattice symmetry. ... These models exhibit hexagonal (p6) and oblique (p2) symmetry, for M. acetivorans and G. stearothermophilus S-layers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-layer

The precise location, in the GRCh38.p2 assembly, is from base pair 50,384,290 to base pair 50,418,018 on chromosome 19. The ... Tyrosine Y701 functions similarly to tyrosine Y567 in the RB69 bacteriophage orthologue as the sugar steric gate that prevents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLD1

FERM domain FERM domains contain basic residues capable of binding PtdIns(4,5)P2. Talin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are two ... the virus bacteriophage T4, an RNA virus and humans. In such studies, numerous mutations defective in the same gene were often ... "Intragenic Complementation among Temperature Sensitive Mutants of Bacteriophage T4D". Genetics. 51 (6): 987-1002. doi:10.1093/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

Asfarviridae is either a sister group to Poxviridae (building together Pokkesviricetes) or a member of the P2 clade. The ICTV ... from bacteriophages to transposons to giant viruses". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1341 (1): 10-24. Bibcode: ... "P2" thereafter). Poxviridae is consistently treated as a basal branch. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleocytoviricota

In 2001, the first genome sequence of Sulfolobus, Sulfolobus solfataricus P2, was published. In P2's genome, the genes related ... Permanent lysogens differ from lysogenic bacteriophages in that the host cells are not lysed after the induction of ... solfataricus P2 (2,992,245 nucleotides), and S. tokodaii str. 7 (2,694,756 nucleotides). The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus ... "The complete genome of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus

For example, if p is the frequency of allele A, and q is the frequency of allele a then the terms p2, 2pq, and q2 are the ... Bernstein H; Fisher KM (March 1968). "Dominance in bacteriophage T4D". Genetics. 58 (3): 307-18. doi:10.1093/genetics/58.3.307 ... and bacteriophage T4 GP37. Hereditary defects in enzymes are generally inherited in an autosomal fashion because there are more ... reporting a mutant protein inhibiting the normal function of a wild-type protein in a mixed multimer was with the bacteriophage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)

Bacteriophages are able to infect most bacteria and are easily found in most environments colonized by bacteria, and have been ... Reported locally in these: "To Become Vegetarians", Mansfield (O.) News, 17 January 1910, p2 "150,000 at Cleveland Stop the Use ... Another research team was able to use bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages in the control of bacterial ... Joerger R.D. (2003). "Alternatives to antibiotics: bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages". Poultry Science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock

When a microbe is invaded by a bacteriophage, the first stage of the immune response is to capture phage DNA and insert it into ... Han D, Lehmann K, Krauss G (June 2009). "SSO1450-a CAS1 protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 with high affinity for RNA and ... CRISPR-Cas prevents bacteriophage infection, conjugation and natural transformation by degrading foreign nucleic acids that ... Boyd CM, Angermeyer A, Hays SG, Barth ZK, Patel KM, Seed KD (September 2021). "Bacteriophage ICP1: A Persistent Predator of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR

2019): Bacteriophage trigger antiviral immunity and prevent clearance of bacterial infection, Science 29 Mar 2019: Vol. 363, ... also previously known as AES-2 and P2). There is also a clone that is frequently found infecting the reproductive tracts of ... Wright A, Hawkins CH, Anggård EE, Harper DR (August 2009). "A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage ... Sulakvelidze A, Alavidze Z, Morris JG (March 2001). "Bacteriophage therapy". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 45 (3): 649 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa

Crystal Structure of A C-Terminal Domain of the Bacteriophage P2 Tail Spike Protein, Gpv ... The structure of Crystal Structure of A C-Terminal Domain of the Bacteriophage P2 Tail Spike Protein, Gpv also contains other ... The structure of Crystal Structure of A C-Terminal Domain of the Bacteriophage P2 Tail Spike Protein, Gpv, PDB code: 3aqj was ... Calcium in PDB 3aqj: Crystal Structure of A C-Terminal Domain of the Bacteriophage P2 Tail Spike Protein, Gpv. Protein ...

http://calcium.atomistry.com/pdb3aqj.html

Escherichia coli K-12 and B contain functional bacteriophage P2 ogr genes. Journal of Bacteriology. ISSN: 0021-9193. 174 (12). ...

https://www.uia.no/en/kk/profil/auduns

Structures of Lactococcal Phage p2 Baseplate Shed Light on a Novel Mechanism of Host Attachment and Activation in Siphoviridae ... Lactococcal Bacteriophage P2 Receptor-Binding Protein Structure Suggests a Common Ancestor Gene with Bacterial and Mammalian ... LACTOCOCCAL PHAGE P2 ORF15. M [auth P],. N [auth Q]. 326. Lactococcus virus P2. Mutation(s): 0 ... LACTOCOCCAL PHAGE P2 ORF16. O [auth R]. 375. Lactococcus virus P2. Mutation(s): 0 ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2wzp

Cooperative interactions between bacteriophage P2 integrase and its accessory factors IHF and Cox. Virology. 5 February 2005; ... Cooperative interactions between bacteriophage P2 integrase and its accessory factors IHF and Cox. Virology. 5 February ... Cooperative interactions between bacteriophage P2 integrase and its accessory factors IHF and Cox. Virology. 5 February ...

https://2008.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:UC_Berkeley/GatewayOverview&diff=96773&oldid=96768

Characterization of phi12, a bacteriophage related to phi6: nucleotide sequence of the large double-stranded RNA. Gottlieb, P ... In the amino acid sequence of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (P2), similarity was found to the comparable proteins of ... In this regard, the large double-stranded RNA genomic segment of bacteriophage phi12 was copied as cDNA and its nucleotide ... Characterization of phi12, a bacteriophage related to phi6: nucleotide sequence of the large double-stranded RNA.. The ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/ref/e/12033785.html

Coliphage P2 Enterobacteria phage P2 P2 Phage P2 Phages P2, Bacteriophage P2, Coliphage P2, Phage Phage P2 Phage, P2 Phages, P2 ... Enterobacteria phage P2. P2 Phage. P2 Phages. P2, Bacteriophage. P2, Coliphage. P2, Phage. Phage P2. Phage, P2. Phages, P2. ... Bacteriophage P2 - Preferred Concept UI. M0027043. Scope note. A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like ... colifago P2 fago P2 fago P2 de enterobacterias Scope note:. Especie de bacteriófago temperado del género de virus similares a ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=31625

2006 The P2-like bacteriophages. CalendarR. The Bacteriophages Oxford Oxford University Press 365 390 ... 1982 Bacteriophage lambda int protein recognizes two classes of sequence in the phage att site: characterization of arm-type ... 1991 A genetic analysis of Xis and FIS interactions with their binding sites in bacteriophage lambda. J Bacteriol 173 5954 5963 ... 1992 Deformation of DNA during site-specific recombination of bacteriophage lambda: replacement of IHF protein by HU protein or ...

https://www.prelekara.sk/casopisy/plos-genetics/2010-10/tight-regulation-of-the-gene-of-the-kple1-prophage-a-new-paradigm-for-integrase-gene-regulation-44918

In vitro packaging of the bacteriophage phi 6 ssRNA genomic precursors. Gottlieb, P; Strassman, J; Frucht, A; Qiao, X Y; ... These structures are dodecahedral assemblages of proteins P1, P2, P4, and P7. We report in this paper that these particles are ... Bacteriophage phi 6 contains three double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomic segments. We have constructed a plasmid that contains a ... Bacteriophage phi 6 contains three segments of double-stranded RNA within a nucleocapsid. Plasmids containing cDNA copies of ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Qiao,+X+Y

Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage ... Adipocyte P2 gene: developmental expression and homology of 5-flanking sequences among fat cell-specific genes ... A fat-specific enhancer is the primary determinant of gene expression for adipocyte P2 in vivo (English) ... A fat-specific enhancer is the primary determinant of gene expression for adipocyte P2 in vivo. scientific article ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33923356

"Bacteriophage P2-related tail formation protein [Ensembl]. Phage tail protein (Tail_P2_I) [Interproscan].","protein_coding" " ... "bacteriophage P2 gpD protein [Ensembl]. Phage late control gene D protein (GPD) [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "EDJ90028"," ... ","Bacteriophage lysis protein [Ensembl]. Bacteriophage Rz lysis protein [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "CRP10795","No alias ... ","hypothetical protein [Ensembl]. Bacteriophage CI repressor helix-turn-helix domain, Bacteriophage CI repressor C-terminal ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/sequences/table/4847

φX216, a P2-like bacteriophage with broad Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei strain infectivity. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12: ... Lammertyn E, Vande Voorde J, Meyen E, Maes L, Mast J, Anné J. Evidence for the presence of Legionella bacteriophages in ... Jung L-S, Ding T, Ahn J. Evaluation of lytic bacteriophages for control of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium. Ann Clin ... Wan X, Geng P, Sun J, Yuan Z, Hu X. Characterization of two newly isolated bacteriophages PW2 and PW4 and derived endolysins ...

https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01012-9

Division M. Bacteriophage (25). Dr. Hatoum-Aslan is an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at ... focusing on the P2 porin protein of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae from patients with otitis media. Through protein ... Currently, she is working on the discovery of bacteriophages in oral microbes and their effect on oral ecology. ... MacLeas research work spans the microbial sciences, from the genomics of bacteria, archaea and bacteriophages, to the ...

https://asm.org/Council-on-Microbial-Sciences/Council-member-Landing

Lee JH, Shin H, Son B, Ryu S. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus cereus bacteriophage BCP78. J Virol. 2012 Jan. 86(1):637-8. ... II noroviruses in suspected food-borne or environmental outbreaks of gastroenteritis through sequence analysis of the P2 domain ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/175569-114369/which-procedures-may-be-beneficial-in-the-workup-of-food-poisoning

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-treatment

P2, Bacteriophage use Bacteriophage P2 P2, Coliphage use Bacteriophage P2 P2, Phage use Bacteriophage P2 ... P2 Purinoceptor Agonists use Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists P2 Purinoceptor Antagonists use Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists ... P1 Bacteriophage Artificial Chromosomes use Chromosomes, Artificial, P1 Bacteriophage P1 CDC21 Protein use Minichromosome ... P1-Derived Artificial Chromosome use Chromosomes, Artificial, P1 Bacteriophage P1-Derived Artificial Chromosomes use ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/DeCS2016_Alfab-P.htm

Bacteriophage P2, GpM 2 Family IPR017624:Catechol 2,3 dioxygenase 2 Domain IPR031811:AlgX/AlgJ, SGNH hydrolase-like domain 2 ... Bacteriophage P2, GpN, major capsid 2 Family IPR012786:Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, alpha subunit 2 Domain IPR021416: ... Bacteriophage lambda, GpH, tail tape measure, C-terminal 6 Family IPR017592:Pilus assembly, Flp-type CpaB 6 Conserved_site ... Bacteriophage phiJL001, Gp84, N-terminal 11 Domain IPR002750:CobE/GbiG C-terminal domain 11 Family IPR000831:Trp repressor 11 ...

https://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/aamg/1502720332816_CamiLowProdigalV2_40.0_intikhab/WWWAAMG/visuals/CamiLowProdigalV2_AAMG_DOMAINS_data_summary.txt

Size of bacteriophage P2 myovirus capsid Bacteriophage P2. 60 (Table - link) nm. 104850. Baker TS, Olson NH, Fuller.... ... Bacteriophage. Table - link N/A. 111602. Purohit PK et al., Forces.... Structural proteins in bacteriophage N4 Bacteriophage N4 ... Bacteriophage T7. 50. bp/sec. 106942. García LR, Molineux IJ..... Number of proteins involved in bacteriophage T4 head ... Size of satellite bacteriophage P4 myovirus capsid Bacteriophage P4. 45 (Table - link) nm. 104851. Baker TS, Olson NH, Fuller ...

https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/search.aspx?trm=bacteriophage

"My first paper on lysogeny, describing the modified single-burst experiment and the isolation of P1, P2, and P3, also contained ... Lennox, E. S. (1955). Transduction of linked genetic characters of the host by bacteriophage P1. Virology. 1:190-206. PMID ... In the Postscript to his 2004 paper, "Lysogeny at Mid-Twentieth Century: P1, P2, and Other Experimental Systems", Giuseppe ... Bertani, G. (2004). Lysogeny at mid-twentieth century: P1, P2, and other experimental systems. J. Bacteriology. 186:595-600. ...

https://www.protocolsonline.com/recipes/media/lysogeny-broth/

In this study, 26 genes from the bacteriophage Φ24B were identified by either CMAT or 2D-PAGE as being expressed in E. coli ... The other 7 genes studied did not present significant changes in expression: P2, P3, P4, P6, CM18, 16S, and gyraseB. The full ... Assuming a burst size similar to that of bacteriophage Lambda (170 ± 10 virions cell-1) [27], a significant amount of phage ...

https://mdm2signaling.com/index.php/2020/04/

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2019_Alfab-P.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2018_Alfab-P.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-P.htm

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-P.htm

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/175569-114353/which-medications-are-used-to-treat-food-poisoning

Kuhstoss and Rao, book Древнеяпонский of the Integration Function of the Streptomycete Bacteriophage PhiC31, 1991 J. A author ... P2-gus) from representative to a(t pFlpBtM-II, and a 29:41Example structured population chapter, entire as FLP-FRT, has needed ... book Древнеяпонский bacteriophage for the longitudinal Random 18-year-old system. Both the E- and efficient characteristics ...

http://www.scoutconnection.com/wwwboard/ebook.php?q=book-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-2002/

aliens ammonoids Aphrodita Artemis artificial life Astrobiology Athene Aurore Dupin bacteriophages Botany brown algae ... Strangers in the animal tree (P2). Posted by Alejandro Izquierdo on 3 Mar 2016. 15 Apr 2020. ...

https://onelephantsandbacteria.net/2016/03/03/strangers-in-the-animal-tree-p2/

P2 - sample location at the discharge of OLEPS pump number 1 *P3 - sample location in the discharge pipe between OLEPS and MDF ... Comparative Inactivation of Murine Norovirus and MS2 Bacteriophage by Peracetic Acid and Monochloramine in Municipal Secondary ... At P2, with an average contact time of 2 minutes, the log reduction of fecal coliforms ranged from 0 to 1.46; and at P4, ... And, PAA demands, as observed at P2, was up to 3.8 mg/L, depending upon the initial dose as well as the upstream operating ...

https://www.cwea.org/news/peracetic-acid-full-scale-trial-at-east-bay-dischargers-authority-for-disinfection-of-secondary-effluent/

Researched the part ,partinfo,BBa_K112805,/partinfo, (subpart of Bba_K112808) containing the T4 Bacteriophage lysis t gene ( ... corresponding to the proposed P2 promoter, and represses the expression of this operon under anaerobic conditions. ... Researched the part ,partinfo,BBa_K112805,/partinfo, (subpart of Bba_K112808) containing the T4 Bacteriophage lysis t gene ( ... corresponding to the proposed P2 promoter, and represses the expression of this operon under anaerobic conditions.. ...

https://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:NTNU_Trondheim/Logg&diff=26134&oldid=18652

The R359C variant altered PI(4,5)P2-interaction. Interpretation Our study identified deleterious KCNQ5 variants in GGE, ... At present, it is unclear whether specific AMR categories are differentially disseminated via bacteriophages (phages) or ...

https://orbilu.uni.lu/browse?type=author&sort_by=1&order=DESC&rpp=20&etal=3&value=May%2C+Patrick+50002348&offset=0

If cells have been resuspended properly in P1, "brownish areas" after P2 addition just indicate poor mixing of P1 and P2. To ... Isolation of bacteriophage-P1-derived constructs using the QIAGEN® Plasmid Midi Kit - (EN). EN. ... Buffer P2 is the lysis buffer used in a variety of QIAGEN kits for plasmid DNA purification. Details on buffer preparation and ... Volumes of lysis Buffers P1, P2, and P3 are higher than in the standard protocols in order to efficiently lyse the large number ...

https://www.qiagen.com/ua/products/discovery-and-translational-research/dna-rna-purification/dna-purification/plasmid-dna/qiagen-plasmid-kits/

Lactococcal Bacteriophage P2 Receptor-Binding Protein Structure Suggests a Common Ancestor Gene with Bacterial and Mammalian Viruses. (rcsb.org)

A family of bacteriophages that infects enterobacteria, CAULOBACTER, and PSEUDOMONAS. (jefferson.edu)

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE , which infects E. coli. (bvsalud.org)

By reviewing a number of recently conducted case studies with bacteriophages involving patients with bacterial infections that could no longer be successfully treated by regular antibiotic therapy, we again stress the urgency and significance of the development of international guidelines and frameworks that might facilitate the legal and effective application of bacteriophage therapy by physicians and the receiving patients. (pdffox.com)

Especie de bacteriófago temperado del género de virus similares a P2, familia MYOVIRIDAE, que infecta a E. coli. (bvsalud.org)

My first paper on lysogeny, describing the modified single-burst experiment and the isolation of P1, P2, and P3, also contained the formula of the LB medium which I had concocted in order to optimize Shigella growth and plaque formation. (protocolsonline.com)

Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE . (nih.gov)

Cooperative interactions between bacteriophage P2 integrase and its accessory factors IHF and Cox. (igem.org)

Lee JH, Shin H, Son B, Ryu S. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus cereus bacteriophage BCP78. (medscape.com)

http://www.invitrogen.com/ ), which is based on the site-specific recombination system from the bacteriophage lambda that facilitates the integration of the phage's DNA into the Escherichia coli chromosome [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We conclude with an outlook on how recently developed DNA editing technologies are expected to further control and enhance the efficient application of bacteriophages. (pdffox.com)

Tracking the transmission routes of genogroup II noroviruses in suspected food-borne or environmental outbreaks of gastroenteritis through sequence analysis of the P2 domain. (medscape.com)

Abstract: This perspective paper follows up on earlier communications on bacteriophage therapy that we wrote as a multidisciplinary and intercontinental expert-panel when we first met at a bacteriophage conference hosted by the Eliava Institute in Tbilisi, Georgia in 2015. (pdffox.com)

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE , which infects E. coli. (nih.gov)
On the fine structure of the temperate bacteriophages P1, P2 and P22. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Therefore, it is likely that either phage P2 uses LPS as a receptor (as in phage T7), or that the receptor for phage P2 is one of the 31 membrane proteins not included in the TMP. (teachnunite.com)

Bacteriophages (phages) are highly host-specific bacteria killers. (kennesaw.edu)
Term type: None Total SEA-PHAGES sections taught: 0 Total SEA-PHAGES students: None At the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, we believe in the power of individuals to advance science through research and … Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR Bacteriophage: A virus that lives within a bacterium, replicating itself and eventually destroying the bacterial cell. (teachnunite.com)

Isolation of large bacterial plasmids and characterization of the P2 incompatibility group plasmids pMGl and pMG5. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Characterization of the binding sites of two proteins involved in the bacteriophage P2 site-specific recombination system. (nih.gov)
175 (1), 85-93 (1993) PUBMED 8416914 REFERENCE 27 (bases 9410 to 11037) AUTHORS Hacker,K.J. and Alberts,B.M. TITLE Overexpression, purification, sequence analysis, and characterization of the T4 bacteriophage dda DNA helicase JOURNAL J. Biol. (genome.jp)
267 (29), 20674-20681 (1992) PUBMED 1328208 REFERENCE 28 (bases 5842 to 7650) AUTHORS Sanson,B. and Uzan,M. TITLE Sequence and characterization of the bacteriophage T4 comC alpha gene product, a possible transcription antitermination factor JOURNAL J. Bacteriol. (genome.jp)

Transposition and fusion of the lac genes to selected promoters in Escherichia coli using bacteriophages lambda and Mu. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The protein product of the rep gene of Escherichia coli is required for the replication of certain bacteriophage genomes (phi X174, fd, P2) and for the normal replication of E. coli DNA. (tamu.edu)

155, 447-466] has been used to show that lambda integration protein (Int) exhibits cooperativity in binding to specific recognition sites within the attachment site region (lambda attP) of bacteriophage lambda DNA. (nih.gov)

Two RNA polymerases homologous to bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase - bacteriophage Sp6 and T3 RNA polymerases - were screened for crystallization under conditions identical or similar to those reported for the growth of large single crystals of T7 RNA polymerase. (uthscsa.edu)
We first produced T. cruzi cell lines that constitutively expressed bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase and the tetracycline repressor protein from a multicopy episome. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
These include polycistronic tran- ever, the system was found to be tightly regulated to a sim- scription, trans -splicing of mRNA, mitochondrial RNA ilar degree when a bacteriophage T7 promoter was utilised editing, compartmentalisation of glycolysis and the utili- This necessitated the integration of a T7 RNA sation of a unique thiol, trypanothione, in place of glu- polymerase gene into a transcriptionally active region of tathione. (hmamedicalclinic.com)

Freeze-fracturing of Pseudomonas phaseolicola infected by the lipid-containing bacteriophage 06. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The properties and host range of male-specific bacteriophages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (wikidata.org)
F116: a DNA bacteriophage specific for the pili of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. (wikidata.org)

Shown here, a cryo-electron microscopy image of Phi-6's protein shell, or procapsid, cut open to show the different types of protein: P1 (blue), P4 (red), P7, yellow, and P2 (purple). (nih.gov)
67 (4), 2305-2316 (1993) PUBMED 8383243 REFERENCE 26 (bases 160878 to 161150) AUTHORS Orsini,G., Ouhammouch,M., Le Caer,J.P. and Brody,E.N. TITLE The asiA gene of bacteriophage T4 codes for the anti-sigma 70 protein JOURNAL J. Bacteriol. (genome.jp)

317 (2), 179-190 (2002) PUBMED 11902835 REFERENCE 6 (bases 15606 to 16280) AUTHORS Belle,A., Landthaler,M. and Shub,D.A. TITLE Intronless homing: site-specific endonuclease SegF of bacteriophage T4 mediates localized marker exclusion analogous to homing endonucleases of group I introns JOURNAL Genes Dev. (genome.jp)
79085 to 79237) AUTHORS Vaiskunaite,R., Miller,A., Davenport,L. and Mosig,G. TITLE Two new early bacteriophage T4 genes, repEA and repEB, that are important for DNA replication initiated from origin E JOURNAL J. Bacteriol. (genome.jp)

20 - Genetic expression in bacteriophage and. (nih.gov)

Structural components of bacteriophage. (microbiologyresearch.org)
loop_ _audit_author.name _audit_author.pdbx_ordinal 'Rice, P.A.' 1 'Mizuuchi, K.' 2 # _citation.id primary _citation.title 'Structure of the bacteriophage Mu transposase core: a common structural motif for DNA transposition and retroviral integration. (rcsb.org)

131540 to 131540) AUTHORS Truncaite,L., Zajanckauskaite,A. and Nivinskas,R. TITLE Identification of two middle promoters upstream DNA ligase gene 30 of bacteriophage T4 JOURNAL J. Mol. (genome.jp)

Tracking the transmission routes of genogroup II noroviruses in suspected food-borne or environmental outbreaks of gastroenteritis through sequence analysis of the P2 domain. (medscape.com)

An understanding of how the bacteriophage assembles may help scientists develop new ways of treating rotavirus infections. (nih.gov)
In research conducted at NIAID's Rocky Mountain Laboratories in collaboration with NCI, scientists treated mice with phage P1, P2 or a combination of the two, all injected at different times following ST258 infection. (nih.gov)

Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is an alternative treatment approach for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections that has shown efficacy in experimental animal models and promise in clinical case reports. (nih.gov)
Bacteriophages have been very helpful in the study of bacterial and molecular genetics. (teachnunite.com)

This suggests that phage therapy can also be used to reduce infections caused by biofilm-coated pathogens on the surface of medical devices (Lin … A specific humoral response to bacteriophages may follow phage application for medical purposes, and it may further determine the success or failure of the approach itself. (teachnunite.com)

Rev. 67 (1), 86-156 (2003) PUBMED 12626685 REFERENCE 2 (bases 108636 to 109640) AUTHORS Ho,C.K. and Shuman,S. TITLE Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase 2 (gp24.1) exemplifies a family of RNA ligases found in all phylogenetic domains JOURNAL Proc. (genome.jp)
5 (3), 199-201 (1995) PUBMED 7612935 REFERENCE 22 (bases 42446 to 42916) AUTHORS Young,P., Ohman,M. and Sjoberg,B.M. TITLE Bacteriophage T4 gene 55.9 encodes an activity required for anaerobic ribonucleotide reduction JOURNAL J. Biol. (genome.jp)

Based on acquired data, Φ115E-p2 is a potential candidate for use as a biocontrol method to prevent bloater defect during cucumber fermentations. (kennesaw.edu)

Structure of the lipid-containing bacteriophage ϕ 6: disruption by Triton X-100 treatment. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The fine structure of bacteriophages. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The structure of bacteriophage ØR. (microbiologyresearch.org)
10430876 10.1073/pnas.96.16.8949 1 'Structure of Bacteriophage T4 Lysozyme Refined at 1.7 A Resolution' J.Mol.Biol. (rcsb.org)

Negative staining of bacteriophage ØR at various pH values. (microbiologyresearch.org)

space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 and 4 molecules per unit cell. (uthscsa.edu)

You guessed right: The bacteriophage Phi-6, which serves as a model system for rotavirus, the most common cause of diarrheal disease among infants and young children. (nih.gov)