Bacteriophage lambda
Lysogeny
The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Bacteriophage T4
Base Sequence
Bacteriophage T7
T-Phages
A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.
Recombination, Genetic
Mutation
Plasmids
Bacteriophage mu
A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Attachment Sites, Microbiological
Genes
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Cloning, Molecular
Bacteriophage phi 6
Bacteriolysis
Bacteriophage phi X 174
Integrases
Viral Tail Proteins
Bacteriophage P2
Amino Acid Sequence
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
DNA, Recombinant
Bacteriophage M13
Operon
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Bacteriophage T3
Transcription, Genetic
Chromosome Mapping
Transduction, Genetic
Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains
Bacteriophage P1
Bacteriophage Typing
Integration Host Factors
Endodeoxyribonucleases
Salmonella Phages
Prophages
Siphoviridae
DNA Packaging
Genes, Regulator
Virus Replication
Nucleic Acid Conformation
RNA Phages
Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
Viral Plaque Assay
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Bacteriophage PRD1
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Pseudomonas Phages
Restriction Mapping
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Adsorption
Bacillus Phages
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Binding Sites
Genetics, Microbial
Genetic Complementation Test
Operator Regions, Genetic
Suppression, Genetic
Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
DNA, Single-Stranded
Exonucleases
Rho Factor
Temperature
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Repressor Proteins
DNA, Circular
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Endonucleases
DNA-Binding Proteins
Levivirus
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Rec A Recombinases
A family of recombinases initially identified in BACTERIA. They catalyze the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in GENETIC RECOMBINATION. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop, which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure.
Ultraviolet Rays
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Polynucleotide Ligases
DNA, Superhelical
Receptors, Virus
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Templates, Genetic
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Genetic Code
Inovirus
Protein Biosynthesis
Genetic Vectors
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Protein Binding
Exodeoxyribonuclease V
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Models, Molecular
Transcription Factors
Virus Assembly
DNA Helicases
Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.
Viral Structural Proteins
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Bacteriophage P22
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Viral Interference
Crosses, Genetic
Models, Genetic
Virus Activation
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
Immunoglobulin Light Chains
Blotting, Southern
Genetic Engineering
Porins
Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.
Maltose
ATP-Dependent Proteases
Mutagenesis
Substrate Specificity
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Phenotype
Phosphorus Isotopes
RNA, Bacterial
Cystoviridae
Galactokinase
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Oligonucleotides
Virus Integration
Exodeoxyribonucleases
Lac Operon
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Bacteriophage Pf1
Caudovirales
R Factors
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Conjugation, Genetic
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
SOS Response (Genetics)
An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a concept reputedly derived from the SOS of the international distress signal) are involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis, in cell division inhibition, in recovery of normal physiological conditions after DNA repair, and possibly in cell death when DNA damage is extensive.
Peptide Elongation Factors
beta-Galactosidase
Gene Expression Regulation
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Peptide Library
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Macromolecular Substances
Genotype
Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains
Crossing Over, Genetic
The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous CHROMOSOMES by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites (HOLLIDAY JUNCTIONS) that are resolved during CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. Crossing-over typically occurs during MEIOSIS but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes.
DNA Primase
DNA Repair
The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
Transformation, Bacterial
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Cryoelectron Microscopy
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Heat-Shock Proteins
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Gene Library
Galactosidases
Mitomycins
Structure-Activity Relationship
Open Reading Frames
Biological Therapy
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins
A family of heat-shock proteins that contain a 70 amino-acid consensus sequence known as the J domain. The J domain of HSP40 heat shock proteins interacts with HSP70 HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS. HSP40 heat-shock proteins play a role in regulating the ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASES activity of HSP70 heat-shock proteins.
Host Specificity
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Genes, Lethal
Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.
Oligonucleotide Probes
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Deoxyribonuclease I
An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.
Transplacement mutagenesis: a novel in situ mutagenesis system using phage-plasmid recombination. (1/2257)
Site-specific mutagenesis provides the ability to alter DNA with precision so that the function of any given gene can be more fully understood. Several methods of in vitro mutagenesis are time-consuming and imprecise, requiring the subcloning and sequencing of products. Here we describe a rapid, high fidelity method of in situ mutagenesis in bacteriophage lambda using transplacement. Using this method, mutations are transferred from oligonucleotides to target phages using a plasmid interface. A small (50 bp) homology region bearing a centred point mutation is generated from oligonucleotides and subcloned into a transplacement plasmid bearing positive and negative phage selectable markers. Following a positive/negative selection cycle of integrative recombination and excision, the point mutation is transferred precisely from plasmid to phage in a subset ( approximately 25-50%) of recombinants. As the fidelity of both oligonucleotide synthesis and phage-plasmid recombination is great, this approach is extremely reliable. Using transplacement, point mutations can be accurately deposited within large phage clones and we demonstrate the utility of this technique in the construction of gene targeting vectors in bacteriophages. (+info)Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (2/2257)
Synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes were compared. Two indexes, G + C base composition of a gene (fgc) and fraction of translationally optimal codons of the gene (fop), were used in the comparison. Synonymous codon usage data of all the coding sequences on a genome are represented as a cloud of points in the plane of fop vs. fgc. The Escherichia coli coding sequences appear to exhibit two phases, "rising" and "flat" phases. Genes that are essential for survival and are thought to be native are located in the flat phase, while foreign-type genes from prophages and transposons are found in the rising phase with a slope of nearly unity in the fgc vs. fop plot. Synonymous codon distribution patterns of genes from temperate phages P4, P2, N15 and lambda are similar to the pattern of E. coli rising phase genes. In contrast, genes from the virulent phage T7 or T4, for which a phage-encoded DNA polymerase is identified, fall in a linear curve with a slope of nearly zero in the fop vs. fgc plane. These results may suggest that the G + C contents for T7, T4 and E. coli flat phase genes are subject to the directional mutation pressure and are determined by the DNA polymerase used in the replication. There is significant variation in the fop values of the phage genes, suggesting an adjustment to gene expression level. Similar analyses of codon distribution patterns were carried out for Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their phages with complete genomic sequences available. (+info)General method of analysis of kinetic equations for multistep reversible mechanisms in the single-exponential regime: application to kinetics of open complex formation between Esigma70 RNA polymerase and lambdaP(R) promoter DNA. (3/2257)
A novel analytical method based on the exact solution of equations of kinetics of unbranched first- and pseudofirst-order mechanisms is developed for application to the process of Esigma70 RNA polymerase (R)-lambdaPR promoter (P) open complex formation, which is described by the minimal three-step mechanism with two kinetically significant intermediates (I1, I2), [equation: see text], where the final product is an open complex RPo. The kinetics of reversible and irreversible association (pseudofirst order, [R] >> [P]) to form long-lived complexes (RPo and I2) and the kinetics of dissociation of long-lived complexes both exhibit single exponential behavior. In this situation, the analytical method provides explicit expressions relating observed rate constants to the microscopic rate constants of mechanism steps without use of rapid equilibrium or steady-state approximations, and thereby provides a basis for interpreting the composite rate constants of association (ka), isomerization (ki), and dissociation (kd) obtained from experiment for this or any other sequential mechanism of any number of steps. In subsequent papers, we apply this formalism to analyze kinetic data obtained in the reversible and irreversible binding regimes of Esigma70 RNA polymerase (R)-lambdaP(R) promoter (P) open complex formation. (+info)Single-polymer dynamics in steady shear flow. (4/2257)
The conformational dynamics of individual, flexible polymers in steady shear flow were directly observed by the use of video fluorescence microscopy. The probability distribution for the molecular extension was determined as a function of shear rate, gamma;, for two different polymer relaxation times, tau. In contrast to the behavior in pure elongational flow, the average polymer extension in shear flow does not display a sharp coil-stretch transition. Large, aperiodic temporal fluctuations were observed, consistent with end-over-end tumbling of the molecule. The rate of these fluctuations (relative to the relaxation rate) increased as the Weissenberg number, gamma;tau, was increased. (+info)Cloning of mnuA, a membrane nuclease gene of Mycoplasma pulmonis, and analysis of its expression in Escherichia coli. (5/2257)
Membrane nucleases of mycoplasmas are believed to play important roles in growth and pathogenesis, although no clear evidence for their importance has yet been obtained. As a first step in defining the function of this unusual membrane activity, studies were undertaken to clone and analyze one of the membrane nuclease genes from Mycoplasma pulmonis. A novel screening strategy was used to identify a recombinant lambda phage expressing nuclease activity, and its cloned fragment was analyzed. Transposon mutagenesis was used to identify an open reading frame of 1,410 bp, which coded for nuclease activity in Escherichia coli. This gene coded for a 470-amino-acid polypeptide of 53,739 Da and was designated mnuA (for "membrane nuclease"). The MnuA protein contained a prolipoprotein signal peptidase II recognition sequence along with an extensive hydrophobic region near the amino terminus, suggesting that the protein may be lipid modified or that it is anchored in the membrane by this membrane-spanning region. Antisera raised against two MnuA peptide sequences identified an M. pulmonis membrane protein of approximately 42 kDa by immunoblotting, which corresponded to a trypsin-sensitive nucleolytic band of the same size. Maxicell experiments with E. coli confirmed that mnuA coded for a nuclease of unknown specificity. Hybridization studies showed that mnuA sequences are found in few Mycoplasma species, suggesting that mycoplasma membrane nucleases display significant sequence variation within the genus Mycoplasma. (+info)Construction and analysis of hybrid Escherichia coli-Bacillus subtilis dnaK genes. (6/2257)
The highly conserved DnaK chaperones consist of an N-terminal ATPase domain, a central substrate-binding domain, and a C-terminal domain whose function is not known. Since Bacillus subtilis dnaK was not able to complement an Escherichia coli dnaK null mutant, we performed domain element swap experiments to identify the regions responsible for this finding. It turned out that the B. subtilis DnaK protein needed approximately normal amounts of the cochaperone DnaJ to be functional in E. coli. The ATPase domain and the substrate-binding domain form a species-specific functional unit, while the C-terminal domains, although less conserved, are exchangeable. Deletion of the C-terminal domain in E. coli DnaK affected neither complementation of growth at high temperatures nor propagation of phage lambda but abolished degradation of sigma32. (+info)X-ray structure of T4 endonuclease VII: a DNA junction resolvase with a novel fold and unusual domain-swapped dimer architecture. (7/2257)
Phage T4 endonuclease VII (Endo VII), the first enzyme shown to resolve Holliday junctions, recognizes a broad spectrum of DNA substrates ranging from branched DNAs to single base mismatches. We have determined the crystal structures of the Ca2+-bound wild-type and the inactive N62D mutant enzymes at 2.4 and 2.1 A, respectively. The Endo VII monomers form an elongated, highly intertwined molecular dimer exhibiting extreme domain swapping. The major dimerization elements are two pairs of antiparallel helices forming a novel 'four-helix cross' motif. The unique monomer fold, almost completely lacking beta-sheet structure and containing a zinc ion tetrahedrally coordinated to four cysteines, does not resemble any of the known junction-resolving enzymes, including the Escherichia coli RuvC and lambda integrase-type recombinases. The S-shaped dimer has two 'binding bays' separated by approximately 25 A which are lined by positively charged residues and contain near their base residues known to be essential for activity. These include Asp40 and Asn62, which function as ligands for the bound calcium ions. A pronounced bipolar charge distribution suggests that branched DNA substrates bind to the positively charged face with the scissile phosphates located near the divalent cations. A model for the complex with a four-way DNA junction is presented. (+info)A RAPID algorithm for sequence database comparisons: application to the identification of vector contamination in the EMBL databases. (8/2257)
MOTIVATION: Word-matching algorithms such as BLAST are routinely used for sequence comparison. These algorithms typically use areas of matching words to seed alignments which are then used to assess the degree of sequence similarity. In this paper, we show that by formally separating the word-matching and sequence-alignment process, and using information about word frequencies to generate alignments and similarity scores, we can create a new sequence-comparison algorithm which is both fast and sensitive. The formal split between word searching and alignment allows users to select an appropriate alignment method without affecting the underlying similarity search. The algorithm has been used to develop software for identifying entries in DNA sequence databases which are contaminated with vector sequence. RESULTS: We present three algorithms, RAPID, PHAT and SPLAT, which together allow vector contaminations to be found and assessed extremely rapidly. RAPID is a word search algorithm which uses probabilities to modify the significance attached to different words; PHAT and SPLAT are alignment algorithms. An initial implementation has been shown to be approximately an order of magnitude faster than BLAST. The formal split between word searching and alignment not only offers considerable gains in performance, but also allows alignment generation to be viewed as a user interface problem, allowing the most useful output method to be selected without affecting the underlying similarity search. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis of an artificial test set allows the optimal score threshold for identifying vector contamination to be determined. ROC curves were also used to determine the optimum word size (nine) for finding vector contamination. An analysis of the entire expressed sequence tag (EST) subset of EMBL found a contamination rate of 0.27%. A more detailed analysis of the 50 000 ESTs in est10.dat (an EST subset of EMBL) finds an error rate of 0.86%, principally due to two large-scale projects. AVAILABILITY: A Web page for the software exists at http://bioinf.man.ac.uk/rapid, or it can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.bioinf.man.ac.uk/RAPID CONTACT: [email protected] (+info)
High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen<...
Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging. | Genetics
Safety of natural peptide bioregulators | Peptides
Genome size - Bacteriophage Lambda - BNID 105770
Transcription termination/antitermination protein elisa and antibody
Prophage antitermination protein elisa and antibody
The impact of phage lambda: from restriction to recombineering | Biochemical Society Transactions
Bacteriophage lambda-based expression vectors<...
Interactions between Integrase and Excisionase in the Phage Lambda Excisive Nucleoprotein Complex | Journal of Bacteriology
Escherichia phage lambda (Bacteriophage lambda)
Rx Biosciences » Lambda Phage
Lambda phage - Biology-Online Dictionary
NIH Lambda Lunch Meetings
NIH Lambda Lunch Meetings
Donald L. Court, Ph.D. | Center for Cancer Research
Calculating probability for exponentials - Mathematics Stack Exchange
E. coli phage vector lambda MGU2 - incomplete, cloning sites/loxP sit.
Indian Patents. 193087:A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A CAROTENOID
1001. Anatomy and Evolution of the Genome (EXP-1001) | Modern Biology Inc. Creative Experiments used in teaching labs of...
probability - Problem with Convolution of two rv with different distribution - Mathematics Stack Exchange
7th workshop on lambda calculus and formal grammars
Existence of solutions for a sequential fractional differential system with coupled boundary conditions | Boundary Value...
XGCa: /u/gitlab-xgc/builds/YGMz2TJ8/0/xgc/XGC-Devel/XGCa/diffusion.F90 File Reference
NUTR 203 : Introduction to Principles of Human Nutrition
NUTR 306 - UT - Page 1 - Course Hero
Gentaur Molecular :SibEm \ Lambda DNA HindIII \ M01
pr.probability - What is the role of Gibbs states with free boundary conditions in the theory of Gibbs measure? - MathOverflow
Injekční pumpa | LAMBDA
1302.1487v1] Super-Dilatation Symmetry of the Top-Higgs System
1302.1487v2] Super-Dilatation Symmetry of the Top-Higgs System
Geodesic calculations - PROJ 8.1.1 documentation
LAMBDA - Laboratory Instruments - Integrator
LAMBDA 25 Ultra-Micro Cell Premium Kit with Sipper | PerkinElmer
The New C++ - lambdas - There is no escape from the Washu - GameDev.net
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase - Escherichia phage lambda
Gentaur Molecular :Gene Link \ Lambda gt10 reverse primer 24mer \ 26-3000-11
Jobs At CoSN | CoSN
Generalized eigenvalue problem
Difference between revisions of Probability Seminar - UW-Math Wiki
Difference between revisions of Probability Seminar - UW-Math Wiki
Fuel Injection Corp Lambda Control Unit and Accessories at Partstrain.com
LAMBDA XLS+ Spectrometer | PerkinElmer
Titration
R] Interpreting the eigen value of a population matrix (2nd try)
التلقائي جزء جامع ل الكروماتوغرافيا | LAMBDA
Further work on expansion-passing style? | Lambda the Ultimate
WTF: A DSL for hand-written 4-function calculators | Lambda the Ultimate
Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA<...
Generation of a large combinatorial library of the immunoglobulin repertoire in phage lambda | Science
Lambda Phage Integrase, Int [EG-40] - $298.00 : Excellgen, Recombinant Enzymes
Noreen Elizabeth Murray CBE. 26 February 1935 - 12 May 2011 | Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
In vitro packaging of a λ Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1<...
PHA10.SEQ
CS200: Exam 2 Sample Problems
RCSB PDB
- 2M7B: ORF PP 3909 from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 encoding a protein similar to bacteriophage lambda ea8.5...
Reef Octopus Classic 150INT Protein Skimmer - AquaCave.com
vector/plasmid selection for insert
Research | Stavans Lab
Lambda DNA resists digestion
Publikationen der Professur für Pflanzenernährung (1950-2006) - Professur für Pflanzenernährung
HEADS-UP: RAIDframe parity map project to be committed
Re: break semantics from lambdas and methods
1x NGK Lambda NTK Oxygen 02 Lambda Sensor OZA689-EE1 (97479) (NGK OZA689-EE1) from The Green Spark Plug Company
SimTK: Competing metabolic pathways control viral frameshifting and host resistance: Project Home
r - Using strata instead of stratifying groups separately? - Cross Validated
Applying the Twelve-Factor App Methodology to Serverless Applications | AWS Compute Blog
Publications | ROSTLAB.ORG
Publications | ROSTLAB.ORG
Convert kg, kilogram of INF FORM,AB NUTR,SIMILAC,W/ IRON,LIQ CONC,NOT RECON to other
PPT - Nutrition for Children with Special Health Care Needs Nutr 530 PowerPoint Presentation - ID:3990161
About One Lambda
Team:Chiba/System 1/Testing components - 2010.igem.org
EX 28.G Q9 Find the value of m for which the line vector {r} = ( {i}+2 hat{k} ) + lambda
RE: [Histonet] Kappa, Lambda staining???
Star Trek: Lambda Paz-- Inquisitions | The Trek BBS
Rev. chil. nutr. -
vol.35 issue4
CoSN2020: Conference Schedule
Research on the parallel-batch scheduling with linearly lookahead model
ASCI 896 Statistical Genomics
News about Lambda Research Corporation and their products.
Serology
Browsing Lambda Alpha Journal, v.49, 2019 by Title
DSpace Home
科邁基因科技股份有限公司最新消息-產品與服務
BIOnSYSTEMS
Harvey Bialy
Nature Biotechnology 2, p. 109 (01 Feb 1984). Lindahl G, Sironi G, Bialy H, Calendar R (1970). "Bacteriophage Lambda; Abortive ... Sironi G, Bialy H, Lorenzon HA, Calendar R (1971). "Bacteriophage P2:interaction with phage lambda and with recombination- ...
Jean Weigle
Hershey, Alfred Day (1971). The Bacteriophage Lambda. Cold Spring Harbor. "Teacher weds wealthy widow". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ... He is known for his major contributions on field of bacteriophage λ research, focused on the interactions between those viruses ... "So Weigle was the pioneer of the whole lambda genetics business, which is now a real industrial operation". "The interest of ...
Helios Murialdo
Murialdo, H (1991). "Bacteriophage Lambda DNA Maturation and Packaging". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60: 125-153. doi:10.1146/annurev. ... Murialdo, H; Becker, A (1977). "Assembly in Vitro of Biologically Active Proheads of Bacteriophage Lambda". Proc. Natl. Acad. ... Murialdo, H; Siminovitch, L (1972). "The Morphogenesis of Bacteriophage Lambda. IV. Identification of Gene Products and Control ... Kochan, J; Carrascosa, J L; Murialdo, H (1984). "Bacteriophage Lambda Preconnectors: Purification and Structure". J. Mol. Biol ...
Coliphage
Examples include Bacteriophage lambda and Leviviridae. Coliphages at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... A coliphage is a type of bacteriophage that infects coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli. ...
Genome
Court DL, Oppenheim AB, Adhya SL (January 2007). "A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks". Journal of Bacteriology ... Sanger F, Coulson AR, Hong GF, Hill DF, Petersen GB (December 1982). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA". Journal ... Bacteriophage MS2). The next year, Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687-95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/ ...
Daisy Roulland-Dussoix
Roulland-Dussoix, D (1967). "Degradation by the host cell of DNA of bacteriophage lambda irradiated by ultraviolet rays". ... Host specificity of infectious DNA from bacteriophage lambda". J. Mol. Biol. 11 (2): 238-246. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80054-7 ... I. Host controlled modification of bacteriophage lambda". J. Mol. Biol. 5: 18-36. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(62)80058-8. PMID ... I. Host controlled modification of bacteriophage lambda". J. Mol. Biol. 5: 18-36. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(62)80058-8. PMID ...
Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA
In the third step, he fastened DNA from the SV40 to DNA from the bacteriophage lambda. The final step involved placing the ... He then cleaved the double helix of another virus; an antibacterial agent known as bacteriophage lambda. ... bacteriophages and other plasmids, animal viruses and eukaryotes. For prokaryotes, bacteriophages and other plasmids, ... Other barriers were nontransmissible and equally fastidious vectors (plasmids, bacteriophages, or other viruses) that were able ...
Interactome
Some published virus interactomes include Bacteriophage Escherichia coli bacteriophage lambda Escherichia coli bacteriophage T7 ... 2011). "The protein interaction map of bacteriophage lambda". BMC Microbiol. 11: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-213. PMC 3224144 ... Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteriophage Dp-1 Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteriophage Cp-1 The lambda and VZV interactomes are not ... Bartel PL, Roecklein JA, SenGupta D, Fields S (1996). "A protein linkage map of Escherichia coli bacteriophage T7". Nat. Genet ...
DNA binding site
Maniatis T, Ptashne M, Barrell BG, Donelson J (1974). "Sequence of a repressor-binding site in the DNA of bacteriophage lambda ... Nash H. A. (1975). "Integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... existence of something akin to DNA binding sites was suspected from the experiments on the biology of the bacteriophage lambda ... Birge, E.A. (2006). "15: Site Specific Recombination". Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics (5th ed.). Springer. pp. 463-478. ...
Genetically modified virus
Thomas M, Cameron JR, Davis RW (November 1974). "Viable molecular hybrids of bacteriophage lambda and eukaryotic DNA". ... the E4 bacteriophage and the M13 bacteriophage, to be used as a cathode. This was done by editing the genes of the virus that ... This was achieved by joining DNA from the monkey SV40 virus with that of the lambda virus. However, it was not established that ... Murray NE, Murray K (October 1974). "Manipulation of restriction targets in phage lambda to form receptor chromosomes for DNA ...
Richard Lenski
"Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry". Science. 354 (6317): 1301-1304. Bibcode:2016Sci... ...
Zdeněk Neubauer
A model concerning the early functions in lambda bacteriophage, 1968. Physics and Human Thought, 1995, in Zwilling (ed.): ...
Shiga toxin
2011 German E. coli outbreak Cholera toxin Enterotoxin Pertussis toxin Friedman D; Court D (2001). "Bacteriophage lambda: alive ... suggested by some researchers that the gene coding for Shiga-like toxin comes from a toxin-converting lambdoid bacteriophage, ...
Inclusion bodies
Polissi, A.; Goffin, L.; Georgopoulos, C. (August 1995). "The Escherichia coli heat shock response and bacteriophage lambda ...
Prohead
"Assembly of Biologically Active Proheads of Bacteriophage Lambda in vitro". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 ... A prohead or procapsid is an immature viral capsid structure formed in the early stages of self-assembly of some bacteriophages ... 2004). "Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Production and assembly of stable proheads is an essential precursor to bacteriophage genome packaging; this packaging activity ...
CII protein
"Control of bacteriophage lambda CII activity by bacteriophage and host functions". Journal of Bacteriology. 159 (1): 238-42. ... Court DL, Oppenheim AB, Adhya SL (January 2007). "A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks". Journal of Bacteriology ... Krinke L, Wulff DL (December 1990). "RNase III-dependent hydrolysis of lambda cII-O gene mRNA mediated by lambda OOP antisense ... "Toxicity of the bacteriophage lambda cII gene product to Escherichia coli arises from inhibition of host cell DNA replication ...
Phage monographs
The Bacteriophage Lambda. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, OCLC 220264 Snustad, D. P., and D. S. Dean. 1971. Genetics Experiments ... Bacteriophages. Interscience, New York. OCLC 326505 Ho, N. B., Z. T. Si, and M. X. Yu. 1959. Bacteriophages from China. An ... French; The Bacteriophage and its Behavior] OCLC 11981307 d'Hérelle, F., and G. H. Smith. 1926. The Bacteriophage and Its ... The Bacteriophages. Volume I Plenum Press, New York. OCLC 18686137 Calendar, R. 1988. The Bacteriophages. Volume II Plenum ...
PstI
Thomas, M (1975). "Studies on the cleavage of bacteriophage lambda DNA with EcoRI Restriction endonuclease". Journal of ...
Maltoporin
... 's original name was LamB because it is a bacteriophage lambda receptor. This channel is specific for ...
GrpE
Saito H, Uchida H (June 1977). "Initiation of the DNA replication of bacteriophage lambda in Escherichia coli K12". Journal of ... Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (2000). "Lambda phage: a complex of operons". An Introduction to ... "Function of the GrpE heat shock protein in bidirectional unwinding and replication from the origin of phage lambda". The ... a nucleotide exchange factor that was first discovered by researchers in 1977 as a protein necessary to propagate bacteriophage ...
RNA thermometer
Altuvia S, Oppenheim AB (July 1986). "Translational regulatory signals within the coding region of the bacteriophage lambda ... "Functional and structural elements of the mRNA of the cIII gene of bacteriophage lambda". Journal of Molecular Biology. 218 (4 ... "Alternative mRNA structures of the cIII gene of bacteriophage lambda determine the rate of its translation initiation". Journal ... This RNA thermometer is now thought to encourage entry to a lytic cycle under heat stress in order for the bacteriophage to ...
Helix-turn-helix
Anderson WF, Ohlendorf DH, Takeda Y, Matthews BW (April 1981). "Structure of the cro repressor from bacteriophage lambda and ... Helix-turn-helix motif, lambda-like repressor, from EMBL Full PDB entry for PDB ID 1LMB Cro/C1-type HTH domain, more HTHs in ... Pabo CO, Lewis M (July 1982). "The operator-binding domain of lambda repressor: structure and DNA recognition". Nature. 298 ( ... motif was based on similarities between several genes encoding transcription regulatory proteins from bacteriophage lambda and ...
Biomolecular engineering
Specifically, use of the genes from the bacteriophage lambda are used in recombination. This mechanism, known as recombineering ...
Grete Kellenberger-Gujer
Kellenberger, G.; Zichichi, M. L.; Weigle, J. (1961-08-01). "A mutation affecting the DNA content of bacteriophage lambda and ... "N protein causes the lambda dv plasmid to inhibit heteroimmune phage lambda imm434 growth and stimulates lambda dv replication ... with whom she shared an interest in genetic analysis of bacteriophages and plasmid lambda dv. She published three articles with ... Kellenberger-Gujer, G.; Boy de la Tour, E.; Berg, D. E. (1974-04-01). "Transfer of the lambda dv plasmid to new bacterial hosts ...
Excisionase
"Regulation of directionality in bacteriophage lambda site-specific recombination: structure of the Xis protein". J. Mol. Biol. ... In molecular biology, excisionase is a bacteriophage protein encoded by the Xis gene. It is involved in excisive recombination ...
EMX1
2000). "Bacteriophage lambda display of complex cDNA libraries: a new approach to functional genomics". J. Mol. Biol. 296 (2): ...
William C. Earnshaw
Earnshaw, W. C.; Hendrix, R. W.; King, J (1979). "Structural studies of bacteriophage lambda heads and proheads by small angle ... Earnshaw, W. C.; King, J; Eiserling, F. A. (1978). "The size of the bacteriophage T4 head in solution with comments about the ... The Structure of Bacteriophage p22 and its Assembly Intermediates (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Earnshaw ... isometric and giant bacteriophages". Cell. 14 (3): 559-68. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90242-8. PMID 688382. S2CID 9738540. ...
Cre recombinase
EcoRI fragments of the P1 bacteriophage genome were generated and cloned into lambda vectors. A 6.5kb EcoRI fragment (Fragment ... Cre recombinase plays important roles in the life cycle of the P1 bacteriophage. Upon infection of a cell the Cre-loxP system ... The enzyme plays important roles in the life cycle of the P1 bacteriophage, such as cyclization of the linear genome and ... Cre recombinase is a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from the P1 bacteriophage. The enzyme uses a topoisomerase I-like ...
Cro repressor family
Bacteriophage lambda encodes two repressors: the Cro repressor that acts to turn off early gene transcription during the lytic ... In molecular biology, the Cro repressor family is a family of repressor proteins in bacteriophage lambda that includes the Cro ... The lambda Cro repressor binds to DNA as a highly flexible dimer. The crystal structure of the lambda Cro repressor reveals a ... Ohlendorf DH, Tronrud DE, Matthews BW (July 1998). "Refined structure of Cro repressor protein from bacteriophage lambda ...
Bioinformática, a enciclopedia libre
... fago lambda) utilizando unha nova técnica, a secuenciación shotgun (secuenciación de escopeta), desenvolvida por el mesmo;[37] ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage λ DNA". Journal of Molecular Biology 162 (4). Arquivado dende o orixinal o 02 de decembro ... Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli" (PDF). Proceedings of ... "The nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage φX174". Journal of Molecular Biology 125 (2). Arquivado dende o orixinal o 02 de ...
Evelyn Fox Keller
"Photoinactivation and the Expression of Genetic Information in Bacteriophage-Lambda"[2] (1963). ...
Rekayasa genetika bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Paul Berg menciptakan molekul DNA rekombinan pertama dengan menggabungkan DNA dari virus monyet SV40 dengan virus lambda.[22] ... "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal of General Physiology. 36 (1 ... circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the ... DNA rekombinan pertama dibuat oleh Paul Berg pada tahun 1972 dengan menggabungkan DNA virus monyet SV40 dengan virus lambda. ...
DNA sequencing
... chemical synthesis and sequence analysis of a dodecadeoxynucleotide which binds to the endolysin gene of bacteriophage lambda ... The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977.[25] Medical Research Council scientists ... The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, ... Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat ...
Genomic library
Bacteriophage P1 vectors can hold inserts 70 - 100kb in size. They begin as linear DNA molecules packaged into bacteriophage P1 ... After a genomic library is constructed with a viral vector, such as lambda phage, the titer of the library can be determined. ... Sanger and his team of scientists created a library of the bacteriophage, phi X 174, for use in DNA sequencing. The importance ... Cosmid vectors are plasmids that contain a small region of bacteriophage λ DNA called the cos sequence. This sequence allows ...
CEACAM5
... expression in a mouse L-cell transfectant and characterization of a partial cDNA in bacteriophage lambda gt11". Proc. Natl. ...
यंग मापांक - विकिपीडिया
displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}}. λ. (. 1. +. ν. ). (. 1. −. 2. ν. ). ν. {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda ( ... "Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties". Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 101 (20): 7600-5. PMC 419652 ... displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}}. ν. {\displaystyle \nu }. ν. {\displaystyle \nu }. M. −. 2. G. 2. M. −. 2. G. ... displaystyle \lambda }. λ. {\displaystyle \lambda }. 2. G. ν. 1. −. 2. ν. {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}}. M. −. 2. ...
مدول یانگ - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
... lambda )}{M+\lambda }}}. λ. {\displaystyle \lambda }. M. −. λ. 2. {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-\lambda }{2}}}. λ. M. +. λ. {\ ... "Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (20): 7600-5. Bibcode ... displaystyle \lambda }. G. {\displaystyle G}. λ. 2. (. λ. +. G. ). {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}}. λ. +. 2 ... lambda }}}. λ. {\displaystyle \lambda }. 3. (. K. −. λ. ). 2. {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}}. λ. 3. K. −. λ. {\ ...
Genetic recombination
This process, referred to as multiplicity reactivation, has been studied in lambda and T4 bacteriophages,[12] as well as in ... "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in bacteriophage". Microbiol. Rev. 45 (1): 72-98. doi:10.1128/MMBR.45.1.72-98.1981. PMC 281499 ... I. The rII region of bacteriophage T4. (1962) Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1962; 3, 335-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022- ...
Wolbachia, a enciclopedia libre
"Phage WO of Wolbachia: lambda of the endosymbiont world". Trends in Micro 8 (10): 173-181. PMC 2862486. PMID 20083406. doi ... "Complete Bacteriophage Transfer in a Bacterial Endosymbiont (Wolbachia) Determined by Targeted Genome Capture". Genome in ...
Sekvenciranje DNK - Wikipedija
Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (svibnja 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 ... Kataliza DNK polimeraze i označavanje specifičnih nukleotida primjenjivali su se radi sekvenciranja kohezivnih krajeva lambda ... "Chemical Synthesis of a Primer and Its Use in the Sequence Analysis of the Lysozyme Gene of Bacteriophage T4". Proceedings of ... "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". Nature 260 (5551 ...
Genetické inženýrství - Wikipedie
V roce 1972 Paul Berg vytvořil první molekuly rekombinantní DNA spojením DNA opičího viru SV40 a lambda viru.[5] V roce 1973 ... Hershey, A., Chase, M. Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. The Journal of ... Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the ...
Pathogen
Common bacteriophage include T7 and Lamda phage.[17] There are bacteriophages that infect every kind of bacteria including both ... Bacteriophages are viruses, also known as phage, that infect bacteria often leading to the death of the bacteria that was ... "Bacteriophages", in Brenner, Sydney; Miller, Jefferey H. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Genetics, Academic Press, pp. 179-186, doi ...
半乳糖血症 - 维基百科,自由的百科全
"TRANSDUCTION BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGE", by Morse, M. L., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA", 45(5): ... "SPONTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF LAMBDA PARTICLES WITH TRANSDUCING ACTIVITY", by Morse, M. L., Genetics, 47(2): 255-260, February, ... "Galactose Mutations of Escherichia Coli K-12 Not Amenable to Lambda Transduction", by Morse, M. L. and J. W. Labelle, Genetics ... "Galactose Mutants of E. coli not Serving as Recipients in Lambda Transduction", by Morse, M. L., Biophysical Society Sixth ...
Heliks-zavoj-heliks
Anderson WF, Ohlendorf DH, Takeda Y, Matthews BW (1981). "Structure of the cro repressor from bacteriophage lambda and its ... λ represor bakteriofaga lambda koristi heliks-zavoj-heliks (levo; zeleno) da se veže za DNK (desno; plavo i crveno). ... Pabo CO, Lewis M (1982). "The operator-binding domain of lambda repressor: structure and DNA recognition.". Nature 298 (5873): ... je bilo bazirano na sličnostima između nekoliko gena koji koriraju transkripcione regulatorne proteine iz bakteriofaga lambda i ...
Bacterial artificial chromosome
A similar cloning vector called a PAC has also been produced from the DNA of P1 bacteriophage. ...
Xenoma, a enciclopedia libre
Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D.F.; Petersen, G.B. (1982). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA". ... "A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks". Journal of Bacteriology 189 (2): 298-304. PMC 1797383. PMID 17085553. doi ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature 265 (5596): 687-695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. PMID 870828. doi ... "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature 260 (5551 ...
NAS Award in Molecular Biology
For his discovery that pure phage lambda DNA can infect susceptible bacterial cells and produce progeny, and for the effect of ... For his discovery of RNA bacteriophages, a new class of bacteria-attacking viruses, which have provided researchers with a ... For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of gene regulation through the studies of the virus Lambda. ...
Milislav Demerec
Later on, Esther M. Zimmer (now Esther Lederberg) became one of the most influential founders of bacterial and bacteriophage ( ... Lambda) genetics. In the 1940s the direction of Demerec's research changed to the genetics of bacteria and their viruses after ...
Mudelorganism - Vikipeedia
Lambda faag. *Phi X 174 on esimene DNA-l baseeruv genoom, mis sekveneeriti. Rõngasgenoom koosneb 11 geenist ja selles on 5386 ... Bacteriophage phiX174 *↑ Kenneth Todar. All About E. coli *↑ Genome sequence of the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus ...
Plasmid
A plasmid cloning vector is typically used to clone DNA fragments of up to 15 kbp.[18] To clone longer lengths of DNA, lambda ... "Chapter 2 - Vectors for Gene Cloning: Plasmids and Bacteriophages". Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction (6th ed.). ...
DNA
The lambda repressor helix-turn-helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target[114] ... bacteriophages) is to avoid the restriction enzymes present in bacteria. This enzyme system acts at least in part as a ... Goff SP, Berg P (December 1976). "Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their ... "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal of General Physiology. 36 (1 ...
Genetic engineering
The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda ... "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal of General Physiology. 36 (1 ... Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus ... circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the ...
Bacteriophage
An example of a bacteriophage known to follow the lysogenic cycle and the lytic cycle is the phage lambda of E. coli.[34] ... For instance, bacteriophage lambda was found to interact with its host E. coli by 31 interactions. However, a large-scale study ... Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.[1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found ... A bacteriophage (/bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ/), also known informally as a phage (/feɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within ...
Tectivirus
Caldentey J, Hänninen AL, Bamford DH (1994). "Gene XV of bacteriophage PRD1 encodes a lytic enzyme with muramidase activity". ... homologues of the Rz/Rz1 proteins of phage lambda). Tectiviruses have been classified into two major groups: (1) phage that ... Rydman PS, Bamford DH (2003). "Identification and mutational analysis of bacteriophage PRD1 holin protein P35". J Bacteriol. ... "Identification and functional analysis of the Rz/Rz1-like accessory lysis genes in the membrane-containing bacteriophage PRD1 ...
Геном - Вікіпедія
Court, D. L.; Oppenheim, A. B.; Adhya, S. L. (2007). A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks. Journal of ... Sanger, F.; Coulson, A.R.; Hong, G.F.; Hill, D.F.; Petersen, G.B. (1982). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA. ... 1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265 (5596): 687-695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. PMID 870828 ... Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene. Nature 260 (5551): ...
Richard Feynman
Kleinert, Hagen (1999). "Specific heat of liquid helium in zero gravity very near the lambda point". Physical Review D. 60 (8 ... "Mapping experiments with r mutants of bacteriophage T4D". Genetics (published February 1962). 47 (2): 179-86. PMC 1210321 ... "Specific heat of liquid helium in zero gravity very near the lambda point". Physical Review B. 68 (17): 174518. arXiv:cond-mat/ ... where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.[31] Although he originally majored in mathematics, he later switched to ...
Protein production
... artificial chromosomes and bacteriophage (such as lambda). The best expression system depends on the gene involved, for example ...
POLD1
Tyrosine Y701 functions similarly to tyrosine Y567 in the RB69 bacteriophage orthologue as the sugar steric gate that prevents ... Some recent studies suggest that a switch from Polδ to Pol lambda (λ) also supports the TLS and repair of oxidative DNA damage ...
Escherichia phage lambda (Bacteriophage lambda)
This proteome is part of the Escherichia phage lambda Bacteriophage lambda pan proteome (fasta) ... "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA.". Sanger F., Coulson A.R., Hong G.F., Hill D.F., Petersen G.B.. J. Mol. Biol. ... "Regulation of the integration-excision reaction by bacteriophage lambda.". Miller H.I., Abraham J., Benedik M., Campbell A., ... "Functional analysis of the replicator structure of lambdoid bacteriophage DNAs.". Hobom G., Grosschedl R., Lusky M., Scherer G. ...
Bacteriophage lambda - Factbites
Bacteriophage lambda has a dsDNA genome of 48,502 bp. Late replication of bacteriophage lambda is designed to produce many ... Recombination of bacteriophage lambda in recD mutants of Escherichia coli. Recombination of bacteriophage lambda in recD ... Bacteriophage Lambda - Infection & Immunity. In the case of bacteriophage lambda, however, the appearance of the plaques is ... Immunity in bacteriophage lambda (and related bacteriophages) is conferred by a short and specific region of the bacteriophage ...
Escherichia coli bacteriophage lambda ATCC ® 77359™
... Designation: pLDR10 TypeStrain=False Application: contains sequence ... Vector containing the attP sequence for integrating DNA into the lambda attachment site attB. Requires the lambda integrase ( ... Expression of int in pLDR8 is regulated by lambda PR, by the temperature sensitive cI857 repressor. Replication of pLDR8 is ... New cloning vectors for integration in the lambda attachment site attB of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Plasmid 28: 14-24, ...
Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging. | Genetics
Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging.. R K Pearson and M S Fox ... Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging.. R K Pearson and M S Fox ... Effects of DNA heterologies on bacteriophage lambda packaging.. R K Pearson and M S Fox ...
Structure of the cro repressor from bacteriophage lambda and its interaction with DNA
The three-dimensional structure of the 66-amino acid cro repressor protein of bacteriophage lambda suggests how it binds to its ... Structure of the cro repressor from bacteriophage lambda and its interaction with DNA Nature. 1981 Apr 30;290(5809):754-8. doi ... The three-dimensional structure of the 66-amino acid cro repressor protein of bacteriophage lambda suggests how it binds to its ...
Mutations in bacteriophage lambda repressor that prevent RecA-mediated cleavage. | Journal of Bacteriology
Mutations in bacteriophage lambda repressor that prevent RecA-mediated cleavage.. F S Gimble, R T Sauer ... Mutations in bacteriophage lambda repressor that prevent RecA-mediated cleavage. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a ... we report on the isolation and sequence analysis of mutations that confer an induction-deficient phenotype to lambda repressor ...
Isolation and characterization of mutations in the bacteriophage lambda terminase genes. | Journal of Bacteriology
Isolation and characterization of mutations in the bacteriophage lambda terminase genes.. A Davidson, P Yau, H Murialdo, M Gold ... Isolation and characterization of mutations in the bacteriophage lambda terminase genes.. A Davidson, P Yau, H Murialdo, M Gold ... Isolation and characterization of mutations in the bacteriophage lambda terminase genes.. A Davidson, P Yau, H Murialdo, M Gold ... Isolation and characterization of mutations in the bacteriophage lambda terminase genes. Message Subject (Your Name) has ...
APS -APS March Meeting 2010
- Event - Complex kinetics of the $\lambda $ Bacteriophage genetic switch
Abstract: A10.00007 : Complex kinetics of the $\lambda $ Bacteriophage genetic switch*. 9:36 AM-9:48 AM. ... The kinetics of the $\lambda $ bacteriophage repressor-mediated DNA loop formation and breakdown were characterized by Tethered ... A mechanism is proposed to explain this kinetic behavior, where $\lambda $ repressor non-specific binding to DNA may play an ...
Mapping of Deletions and Substitutions in Heteroduplex DNA Molecules of Bacteriophage Lambda by Electron Microscopy | Science
Mapping of Deletions and Substitutions in Heteroduplex DNA Molecules of Bacteriophage Lambda by Electron Microscopy ... Mapping of Deletions and Substitutions in Heteroduplex DNA Molecules of Bacteriophage Lambda by Electron Microscopy ... Mapping of Deletions and Substitutions in Heteroduplex DNA Molecules of Bacteriophage Lambda by Electron Microscopy ... Mapping of Deletions and Substitutions in Heteroduplex DNA Molecules of Bacteriophage Lambda by Electron Microscopy ...
The solution structure of bacteriophage lambda protein W, a small morphogenetic protein possessing a novel fold
... from bacteriophage lambda is required for the stabilization of DNA within the phage head and for attachment of tails onto the ... The solution structure of bacteriophage lambda protein W, a small morphogenetic protein possessing a novel fold J Mol Biol. ... Protein W (gpW) from bacteriophage lambda is required for the stabilization of DNA within the phage head and for attachment of ...
Genome size - Bacteriophage Lambda - BNID 105770
Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA. J Mol Biol. 1982 Dec 25 162(4):729-73. abstract & p.730 2nd paragraph ... The DNA in its circular form contains 48,502 base-pairs...Bacteriophage lambda DNA in its circular form contains 48,502 base- ... The nucleotide sequence of the DNA of bacteriophage ? has been determined using the dideoxy chain termination method in ... pairs and codes for about 60 proteins. According to abstract phage Lambda has 46 clearly defined ORFs and another ~20 putative ...
RCSB PDB
- 2M7B: ORF PP 3909 from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 encoding a protein similar to bacteriophage lambda ea8.5...
DNA ejection speed - Bacteriophage Lambda - BNID 111741
View source for Lambda bacteriophage - Biology-Online Dictionary | Biology-Online Dictionary
Lambda bacteriophage]] (Science: virology) [[bacterial]] [[dna virus]], first [[isolated]] from E. Coli. Its [[structure]] is ... similar]] to that of the [[t even phages]]. [[lambda]] [[genetic material]] consists of a double-stranded [[dna]] [[molecule]] ... View source for Lambda bacteriophage ← Lambda bacteriophage. Jump to: navigation, search You do not have permission to edit ...
Specificity of the bacteriophage lambda N gene product (pN): nut sequences are necessary and sufficient for antitermination by...
Specificity of the bacteriophage lambda N gene product (pN): nut sequences are necessary and sufficient for antitermination by ... Exclusion of bacteriophage T1 by bacteriophage lambda. I. Early exclusion requires lambda N gene product and host factors ... The product of the N gene of bacteriophage lambda prevents the termination of lambda early transcription. Here we describe the ... The N-gene protein of bacteriophage lambda recognizes sequences called nut in the lambda early operons and acts to prevent ...
Bacteriophage Lambda, DNA (25 µg) 0810051 | Microorganisms,Microorganisms,Microorganisms,Purified DNA for Assay Developers...
Permalien vers Adsorption of bacteriophage lambda on the LamB protein of Escherichia coli K-12: point mutations in gene J of...
Adsorption of bacteriophage lambda on the LamB protein of Escherichia coli K-12: point mutations in gene J of lambda ... LamB is the cell surface receptor for bacteriophage lambda. LamB missense mutations yielding resistance to lambda group in two ... lambda h+) but support the growth of one-step host range mutants (lambda h). Class II mutants block lambda h but support the ... lambda h+), we selected a series of one-step (lambda h) and two-step (lambda hh*) host range mutants and analyzed their ...
High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen<...
High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen. / ... High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen. ... T1 - High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen ... High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen. ...
Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda<...
Tn402 : a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda. / Shapiro, J. A.; ... Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda. Journal of ... title = "Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda", ... Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda. ...
Cloning of sucrase genes from Streptococcus mutans in bacteriophage lambda<...
Russell, R. R.B. ; Morrissey, P. ; Dougan, G. / Cloning of sucrase genes from Streptococcus mutans in bacteriophage lambda. In ... Russell, RRB, Morrissey, P & Dougan, G 1985, Cloning of sucrase genes from Streptococcus mutans in bacteriophage lambda, FEMS ... Cloning of sucrase genes from Streptococcus mutans in bacteriophage lambda. / Russell, R. R.B.; Morrissey, P.; Dougan, G. ... Cloning of sucrase genes from Streptococcus mutans in bacteriophage lambda. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 1985 Jan 1;30(1-2):37-41 ...
"The protein interaction map of bacteriophage lambda" by Seesandra V. Rajagopala, Sherwood Casjens et al.
Results In order to map lambdas interactions, we have cloned 68 out of 73 lambda open reading frames (the ORFeome) into ... We have manually curated the lambda literature and compiled a total of 33 interactions that have been found among lambda ... Conclusions Phage lambda serves as a benchmark for future studies of protein interactions among phage, viruses in general, or ... The lambda protein network connects 12 proteins of unknown function with well characterized proteins, which should shed light ...
Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA<...
title = "Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA",. abstract = "When coliphage Lambda replicates its DNA, it commandeers ... Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Bacteriophages Chemical Compounds ... Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA. / Enquist, L. W.; Skalka, A. M.. In: Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 4, ... Enquist, L. W. ; Skalka, A. M. / Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA. In: Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1978 ; Vol. 3, No ...
Bacteriophage lambda-based expression vectors<...
title = "Bacteriophage lambda-based expression vectors",. abstract = "Bacteriophage lambda has been in use as a cloning vector ... Bacteriophage lambda-based expression vectors. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Bacteriophages Chemical Compounds ... N2 - Bacteriophage lambda has been in use as a cloning vector for over 25 years, and has been used extensively as an expression ... AB - Bacteriophage lambda has been in use as a cloning vector for over 25 years, and has been used extensively as an expression ...
Bacteriophage Lambda as Model Organism for Research - 1Lecture
Home/Microbiology/Bacteriophage Lambda as Model Organism for Research. MicrobiologyResearch. Bacteriophage Lambda as Model ... Bacteriophage lambda (Greek letter λ) injects its genetic material into its host, which subsequently turns into a virus-making ... These studies have revealed that phage lambdas proteins fall into three general groups:. Capsid proteins. Phage lambdas ... Phage lambda is unusual because it can complete its replication cycle even if a large amount of foreign DNA is inserted into ...
Structural transitions during maturation of bacteriophage lambda capsids.
The three-dimensional structures of the procapsid and of the mature capsid of bacteriophage lambda were determined to a ... The mature lambda capsid contains two major proteins, gpE and gpD, arranged on a T = 7 lattice, with gpE arranged as hexamers ... A reconstruction of a lambda D- mutant capsid to lower resolution shows no trace of these trimers, thus revealing the ...
Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogenic Cycle Biology Essay - Summary Writing Examples
... phage lambda ) . Bacteriophage lambda infects merely the bacteria Escherichia coli strain k-12. Bacteriophage lambda is alone ... An illustration of a bacteriophage that is able to undergo both rhythms is bacteriophage lambda ( ... Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogenic Cycle Biology Essay. March 31, 2019March 31, 2019 adminadmin 0 Comments ... varicella-zoster viruses and bacteriophages T2, T4 and lambda. Bacteriophage I†X174 and adeno-associated viruses ( AAV ) are ...
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Lambda-Display: A Powerful Tool for Antigen Discovery
Bacteriophage lambda, representing a classical molecular cloning and expression system has also been exploited for generating ... More recently, lambda display has been consistently and successfully employed for domain mapping, antigen discovery and protein ... Moreover, by reviewing the experimental work performed in recent investigations we illustrate the potential of lambda display ... Keywords: bacteriophage lambda; phage display; antigen discovery; diagnostic assay; vaccine bacteriophage lambda; phage display ...
Wiley: Fundamentals of Molecular Virology, 2nd Edition - Nicholas H. Acheson
Lambdoid phages that simplify the recovery of in vitro recombinants | SpringerLink
The role of recombination in growth of bacteriophage lambda. I. The gamma gene. The bacteriophage lambda, ed. A.D. Hershey, pp ... In: The bacteriophage lambda (ed. A.D. Hershey), pp. 621-638. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories 1971Google Scholar ... In: The bacteriophage lambda (ed. A.D. Hershey), pp. 477-488. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories 1971Google Scholar ... Parkinson, J.S.: Genetics of the left arm of the chromosome of bacteriophage lambda. Genetics59, 311-325 (1968)PubMedGoogle ...
EscherichiaProteinsGenesCloning vectorsPhagesGenomeOrganismColiRecombinantBacterialReplicationRepressorMutants1971CapsidVectorGeneticLysogenicCapsidsVitroBacteria and ArchaeaPhage displayCold SpringLysogenySingle-strandedDouble-strandedCryo-electron mHersheyInfectionNanoparticlesVirusesOperonHK97TailResistanceMolecularMechanismTemperate phageMutationsORF221ProcProtein phosphataseChromosomeGene expressionSerineCasjensGenomic
Escherichia8
- Characterisation of Escherichia coli Infection with a Verocytotoxigenic Bacteriophage . (factbites.com)
- New cloning vectors for integration in the lambda attachment site attB of the Escherichia coli chromosome. (atcc.org)
- Bacteriophage lambda infects merely the bacteria Escherichia coli strain k-12. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
- Franklin, N.C.: The N operon of lambda: extent and regulation as observed in fusions to the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli . (springer.com)
- Infection of Escherichia coli with phage lambda gt10 resulted in the appearance of a protein phosphatase with activity towards 32P-labelled casein. (dundee.ac.uk)
- The nucleotide sequence of an 11,142-bp region including the stx 2 operon in the genome of the temperate bacteriophage 933W in the EDL933 strain of Escherichia coli O157 was determined and compared to the respective regions derived from other lambdoid bacteriophages. (semanticscholar.org)
- Georgopoulos CP, Herskowitz I (1971) Escherichia coli mutants blocked in lambda DNA synthesis, p. 553-564. (springer.com)
- Lambda phage is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects Escherichia coli. (sciencephoto.com)
Proteins21
- Bacteriophages attach to specific outer membrane proteins, which surround the rigid peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. (factbites.com)
- Bacteriophage lambda DNA in its circular form contains 48,502 base-pairs and codes for about 60 proteins. (harvard.edu)
- According to abstract phage Lambda has 46 clearly defined ORFs and another ~20 putative ORFs, totaling ~66ORFs (~60 proteins according to p.730 2nd paragraph). (harvard.edu)
- We have manually curated the lambda literature and compiled a total of 33 interactions that have been found among lambda proteins. (vcu.edu)
- In order to map lambda's interactions, we have cloned 68 out of 73 lambda open reading frames (the "ORFeome") into Gateway vectors and systematically tested all proteins for interactions using exhaustive array-based yeast two-hybrid screens. (vcu.edu)
- The lambda protein network connects 12 proteins of unknown function with well characterized proteins, which should shed light on the functional associations of these uncharacterized proteins. (vcu.edu)
- The mature lambda capsid contains two major proteins, gpE and gpD, arranged on a T = 7 lattice, with gpE arranged as hexamers and pentamers and gpD arranged as trimers. (uab.edu)
- The Ion gene of E. coli controls the stability of two bacteriophage lambda proteins. (elsevier.com)
- The lambda phage has been engineered to display efficiently multiple copies of peptides or even large protein domains providing a powerful tool for screening libraries of peptides, proteins and cDNA. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the present work we describe an original method for dual display of large proteins on the surface of lambda particles. (biomedcentral.com)
- An anti-CEA single-chain antibody fragment and green fluorescent protein or alkaline phosphatase were simultaneously displayed by engineering both gpD and gpV lambda proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- First developed on filamentous single-stranded DNA bacteriophages fd, M13 or related phagemids, this technology is based on the insertion of foreign nucleotide sequences into genes encoding for various coat proteins resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of phages, each displaying the different peptide encoded by the corresponding insert. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus, display of the fusion proteins on lambda phage does not depend on their ability of being translocated across the membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, lambda is a temperate phage, this means that the phage DNA can be inserted into the host genome, inducing lysogenic state of bacteria when expression of the phage proteins is completely suppressed, while the expression from a non-phage promoter controlling production of the fused proteins in the two gene-based lambda vectors remains at a very low levels, because of their low copy number in bacterial cell. (biomedcentral.com)
- For this reason, the display of some proteins interfering with bacterial vital functions and toxic for the host cell is feasible using lambda phage. (biomedcentral.com)
- Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome , and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. (wikipedia.org)
- Lambda PP can be used to release phosphate groups from phosphorylated serine, threonine and tyrosine residues in proteins. (neb.com)
- The following information can be used as suggested initial conditions for dephosphorylation of proteins with Lambda PP. (neb.com)
- Bacteriophage assembly proceeds through the formation of spherical precursor capsids (procapsids), and bacteriophages have a unique vertex, a dodecameric ring of 12 proteins, through which the DNA enters and exits the capsid ( 3 , 45 ). (asm.org)
- The present invention relates to vaccines comprising a bacteriophage which has been engineered to express an immunogenic protein/peptide and wherein the surface of the bacteriophage has not been modified to contain proteins/peptides designed to target the phage to receptors on the surface of specific cell types. (patentgenius.com)
- This is the first report to demonstrate that membrane-bound proteins are involved in the adsorption of a T7-related bacteriophage. (asm.org)
Genes10
- Lambda and its genes continue to be used in the development of new recombinant DNA technology. (factbites.com)
- Isolation and characterization of mutations in the bacteriophage lambda terminase genes. (asm.org)
- To identify amino acid residues in the J protein (the tail fiber of phage lambda) responsible for the extended host range phenotype of mutants of phage (lambda h+), we selected a series of one-step (lambda h) and two-step (lambda hh*) host range mutants and analyzed their corresponding J genes. (pasteur.fr)
- Some lambda vectors have been designed to be readily converted into plasmids or phagemids, and there are a variety of promoters and fusions that can be used to drive expression of foreign genes. (nebraska.edu)
- Screening lambda libraries with antibodies or ligands is a powerful way of identifying novel genes. (nebraska.edu)
- A map of lambda (λ)DNA is given in Figjire 36.2, which has early genes in the middle and late genes at both ends of linear DNA. (biocyclopedia.com)
- A map of lambda (λ) phage showing clustering of genes (A) and the circularization of DNA during infection (B) thus bringing together the genes on extreme left and extreme right. (biocyclopedia.com)
- Regulation of the activity of three classes of genes in lytic cycle and in lysogenic establishment in lambda phage (for details see text). (biocyclopedia.com)
- Three sets of genes in lambda ( λ )phage Immediate early cro and N genes and their control region ( P R /O R and P L /O L ) . As soon as the phage infects, transcription is initiated with the help of two promoters, P R on the right side and P L on the left side. (biocyclopedia.com)
- The identification of a characteristic genetic switch including two divergent promoters and two cognate repressor genes strongly indicates that φ31 was derived from a temperate bacteriophage. (asm.org)
Cloning vectors1
- Moreover, bacteriophages have been extensively used in genetic engineering and biotechnology, serving as cloning vectors and providing genetic elements used in construction of strictly regulated gene expression systems, phage display systems, and others ( Onodera, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
Phages7
- Class II mutants block lambda h but support the growth of two-step host range mutant (lambda hh*) phages. (pasteur.fr)
- Three different class I LamB missense mutants (mutations at sites 247, 245, and 148) were used to select 11 independent, new, one-step host range mutants (lambda h phages). (pasteur.fr)
- Bacteriophage lambda is a model phage for most other dsDNA phages and has been studied for over 60 years. (vcu.edu)
- Bacteriophages are the most abundant organisms on the planet and both lytic and temperate phages play key roles as shapers of ecosystems and drivers of bacterial evolution. (frontiersin.org)
- A brief mention of this phage and its mode of infection was earlier made in Sexuality and Recombination in Bacteria and Viruses , where it was also explained that the temperate phages like lambda can be classified as episomes, since these are dispensible and exist in free as well as integrated states. (biocyclopedia.com)
- However, the increasing appearance of new lytic phages belonging to the P335 species, supported by DNA homology studies showing extensive homology between lytic and temperate P335 phage species, indicates that temperate phages or a phage remnant constitutes an important source for the development of new lytic bacteriophages ( 1 , 19 , 49 , 69 ). (asm.org)
- Bacteriophages (phages) are obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria. (asm.org)
Genome5
- Phage lambda is unusual because it can complete its replication cycle even if a large amount of foreign DNA is inserted into its genome. (1lecture.com)
- Discovery of a protein phosphatase activity encoded in the genome of bacteriophage lambda. (dundee.ac.uk)
- Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Discovery of a protein phosphatase activity encoded in the genome of bacteriophage lambda. (dundee.ac.uk)
- a) The system is based on the integrase enzyme system of phage lambda that recognises specific attachment (or att ) sites and catalyse reversible integration of the phage genome into its E. coli host. (els.net)
- Johnson, John E 2004-07-09 00:00:00 Bacteriophage capsids are a striking example of a robust yet dynamic genome delivery vehicle. (deepdyve.com)
Organism1
- It is estimated there are more than 10 31 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined. (wikipedia.org)
Coli14
- Lambda is a double-stranded DNA bacteriophage of E. coli . (factbites.com)
- We have cloned the nutR site together with the tR1 site of bacteriophage lambda in the E. coli galactose operon to examine whether the lambda promoter sequences PR and PL are involved in the recognition specificity of the lambda N gene product (pN). (eurekamag.com)
- Glazer, Peter M. / High efficiency, restriction-deficient in vitro packaging extracts for bacteriophage lambda DNA using a new E.coli lysogen . (elsevier.com)
- This discovery has made phage lambda an extremely important tool for ferrying recombinant DNA into E. coli . (1lecture.com)
- When E. coli is infected with phage lambda and the cell dies due to an environmental factor, the phage will exchange from the lysogenic to the lytic reproduction rhythm.Bacteriophage lambda was discovered by Esther Lederberg in 1950 while she was working in a research lab with E. coli strain k-12. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
- The E. coli sample that Lederberg was utilizing was infected with bacteriophage lambda. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
- He is known for his major contributions on field of bacteriophage λ research, focused on the interactions between those viruses and their E. coli hosts. (wikipedia.org)
- No casein phosphatase activity was present in either uninfected cells, or in E. coli infected with phage lambda gt11. (dundee.ac.uk)
- Isolated from a strain of E. coli that carries the bacteriophage lambda ORF221 open reading frame under the control of a T7 expression system (kindly provided by Dr. D. Barford) (2). (neb.com)
- These include identification of different Burkholderia cepacia genomovars, 16 sequence-specific ligation of DNA using the E. coli RecA protein, 17 maintaining the integrity of chloroplast DNA molecules in Arabidopsis , 18 auto-cleavage of other serine proteases and repressors of the bacteriophage lytic cycle, 19 - 22 and its role in swarming motility in E. coli . (scielo.br)
- Immunolabelling of bacteriophage lambda receptor protein (LamB) on thin sections of E. coli embedded in Lowicryl. (nih.gov)
- There are many similarities in the replication mechanisms employed by bacteriophage λ and its host E. coli (for reviews, see Bramhill and Kornberg, 1988, Keppel et al. (springer.com)
- 12, Last updated, Version 1) XX DE Vertebrate/E.coli phage vector lambda ZD35 - incomplete. (stanford.edu)
- CC NM (lambda ZD35) CC CM (no) CC NA (ds-DNA) CC TP (circular) CC ST () CC TY (phage) CC SP (ATCC) CC HO (bacteria-free lysate)(vertebrate cells)(E.coli) CC HO (E.coli RR1 pRK248 [ATCC 47036])(E.coli Wgd5 [CRL 1817]) CC CP () CC FN (cloning) CC SE () CC PA () CC BR () CC OF () CC OR () XX FH Key Location/Qualifiers FH FT misc_feature 0. (stanford.edu)
Recombinant2
- Lambda is the pegylated form of interferon lambda-1a (IFN-λ), a conjugate of recombinant human interleukin 29 (rIL-29) and a linear polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain. (bioportfolio.com)
- protective Immune Responses Induced by the Immunization of Mice with a Recombinant Bacteriophage Displaying a Epitope of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus" Virology 234: 118-122 (1997). (patentgenius.com)
Bacterial4
- The first step of bacteriophage infection is adsorption, or the attachment of the virus to the bacterial surface. (factbites.com)
- These observations support the notion that the DNA insertion previously designated IS5 on the basis of a single example in lambda KH100 is a bona fide bacterial insertion sequence. (uab.edu)
- The idea of the use of bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections appeared shortly after discovery of these viruses (for a review, see Wegrzyn and Wegrzyn, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Recently, the return to the use of bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections is evident. (frontiersin.org)
Replication9
- This vector, lambda SE4, was constructed by attaching a very-low-copy-number replication system (from the plasmid NR1) and a spectinomycin resistance gene to the left arm of lambda 1059 (Karn et al. (factbites.com)
- When coliphage Lambda replicates its DNA, it commandeers portions of the host replication system for its own use. (princeton.edu)
- How phage and host functions interact and are regulated present interesting problems in the DNA replication program of phage Lambda. (princeton.edu)
- Skalka, A. M. / Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA . (princeton.edu)
- Doermann AH, Chase M and Stahl FW (1955) Genetic recombination and replication in bacteriophage. (els.net)
- The DNA sequence of the replication module, part of the lysis module, and remnants of a lysogenic module from the lytic P335 species lactococcal bacteriophage φ31 was determined, and its regulatory elements were investigated. (asm.org)
- Alfano C, McMacken R (1989a) Heat shock protein-mediated disassembly of nucleoprotein structures is required for the initiation of bacteriophage λ DNA replication. (springer.com)
- Alfano C, McMacken R (1989b) Ordered assembly of nucleoprotein structures at the bacteriophage λ replication origin during the initiation of DNA replication. (springer.com)
- Keppel F, Fayet O, Georgopoulos C (1988) Strategies of bacteriophage DNA replication. (springer.com)
Repressor6
- Expression of int in pLDR8 is regulated by lambda PR, by the temperature sensitive cI857 repressor. (atcc.org)
- The three-dimensional structure of the 66-amino acid cro repressor protein of bacteriophage lambda suggests how it binds to its operator DNA. (nih.gov)
- Mutations in bacteriophage lambda repressor that prevent RecA-mediated cleavage. (asm.org)
- In this paper, we report on the isolation and sequence analysis of mutations that confer an induction-deficient phenotype to lambda repressor. (asm.org)
- The kinetics of the $\lambda $ bacteriophage repressor-mediated DNA loop formation and breakdown were characterized by Tethered Particle Microscopy (TPM). (aps.org)
- A mechanism is proposed to explain this kinetic behavior, where $\lambda $ repressor non-specific binding to DNA may play an important physiological role. (aps.org)
Mutants2
- Class I mutants block the growth of lambda with the wild-type host range (lambda h+) but support the growth of one-step host range mutants (lambda h). (pasteur.fr)
- Campbell, A.: Sensitive mutants of bacteriophage λ. (springer.com)
19711
- He was one of the begetters of the marvelous 1971 Cold Spring Harbor monograph The Bacteriophage Lambda, and we can sleep later was his exhortation to lagging writers to get their manuscripts for this book in on time. (cshlpress.com)
Capsid6
- lambda procapsid reconstruction (2.6 nm resolution), showing the arrangement of 12 pentameric capsomers and 60 skewed hexamers (In the actual capsid, one pentamer would be replaced by the portal vertex). (factbites.com)
- lambda virion (3.5 nm resolution), showing the larger size (63 nm vs 54 nm) of the capsid after expansion, the symmetric hexamers, and the protruding trimers of gpD. (factbites.com)
- The three-dimensional structures of the procapsid and of the mature capsid of bacteriophage lambda were determined to a resolution of approximately 3.4 nm by cryo-electron microscopy and image processing. (uab.edu)
- A reconstruction of a lambda D- mutant capsid to lower resolution shows no trace of these trimers, thus revealing the interactions of the underlying arms. (uab.edu)
- Bacteriophage lambda, representing a classical molecular cloning and expression system has also been exploited for generating large combinatorial libraries of small peptides and protein domains exposed on its capsid. (mdpi.com)
- Indeed, the lambda capsid is assembled in the cytoplasm of bacteria and mature phage particles are released by cell lysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Vector5
- Vector containing the attP sequence for integrating DNA into the lambda attachment site attB. (atcc.org)
- Chromosomal DNA from Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt (serotype c) was cloned into the bacteriophage λ replacement vector L47.1. (monash.edu)
- Bacteriophage lambda has been in use as a cloning vector for over 25 years, and has been used extensively as an expression vector. (nebraska.edu)
- The efficiency of packaging and infection, and the simplicity of plaque screening are advantages of lambda as a cloning vector. (nebraska.edu)
- Bacteriophage Lambda Vector for Transducing a cDNA Clone Library into Mammalian Cells", Molecular and Cellular Biology 5:1136-1142 (1985). (patentgenius.com)
Genetic3
- Different bacteriophage lambda containing the immunity regions of related lambdoid phage were very useful in the genetic studies of the immunity region. (factbites.com)
- Bacteriophage lambda (Greek letter λ) injects its genetic material into its host, which subsequently turns into a virus-making factory. (1lecture.com)
- Franklin, N.C.: Altered reading of genetic signals fused to the N operon of bacteriophage λ: genetic evidence for modification of polymerase by the protein product of the N gene. (springer.com)
Lysogenic1
- Temperate bacteriophages have two alternative propagation strategies, lytic and lysogenic growth. (frontiersin.org)
Capsids1
- Structural transitions during maturation of bacteriophage lambda capsids. (uab.edu)
Vitro2
- We have examined the impact of DNA heterologies on the packaging of lambda DNA in vitro. (genetics.org)
- Grayson P, Han L, Winther T, Phillips R (2007) Real-time observations of single bacteriophage lambda DNA ejections in vitro. (harvard.edu)
Bacteria and Archaea1
- A bacteriophage ( / b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ / ), also known informally as a phage ( / f eɪ dʒ / ), is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea . (wikipedia.org)
Phage display1
- Consistent progress in the development of bacteriophage lambda display platform as an alternative to filamentous phage display system was achieved in the recent years. (biomedcentral.com)
Cold Spring1
- The Bacteriophage Lambda, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (ximicat.com)
Lysogeny1
- Lambda (λ) bacteriophage exhibits one of the most interesting, but intricate cascade circuits for the two alternative pathways (lytic cycle or lysogeny), that it can follow after infection. (biocyclopedia.com)
Single-stranded1
- A major problem in both systems is that the primase enzyme is normally unable to make RNA primers by itself (except in the case of a few single-stranded bacteriophages). (springer.com)
Double-stranded3
- Bacteriophage lambda is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phage with an isometric head about 50 nm diameter and a flexible tail about 150 nm long (3) ( micrograph). (factbites.com)
- In its dimensions and oligomeric state, the pUL6 portal resembles the connector or portal complexes employed for DNA encapsidation in double-stranded DNA bacteriophages such as φ29, T4, and P22. (asm.org)
- In its basic features, HSV-1 DNA encapsidation resembles that observed in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages, such as P22, T7, and λ. (asm.org)
Cryo-electron m1
- Analysis of bacteriophage T5 by cryo-electron microscopy and protein sequence analysis reveals analogies with HK97 and T4 that suggest a mosaic of such connections. (deepdyve.com)
Hershey1
- In Hershey AD (ed) The bacteriophage lambda. (springer.com)
Infection2
- Each bacteriophage was probably specialized to an environment, and the closer the laboratory conditions were to the environment, the more effective the infection was. (factbites.com)
- One of the predominant reasons for fermentation failures is infection of the starter culture by bacteriophages, resulting in slow acid formation and a product of inferior value. (asm.org)
Nanoparticles1
- Dual expression of functional moieties on the surface of the lambda phage might open the way to generation of a new class of diagnostic and therapeutic targeted nanoparticles. (biomedcentral.com)
Viruses3
- Phage lambda serves as a benchmark for future studies of protein interactions among phage, viruses in general, or large protein assemblies. (vcu.edu)
- Bacteriophages, first discovered by Twort and D'Herelle at the beginning of the last century, are viruses that infect bacteria [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- [1] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. (wikipedia.org)
Operon1
- Insertion of lambda placMu50 into a gene in the proper orientation created an operon fusion in which lacZ and lacY were expressed from the promoter of the target gene. (factbites.com)
HK972
- Juhala, R.J., M.E. Ford, R.L. Duda, A. Youlton, G.F. Hatfull, and R.W. Hendrix (2000) Genomic sequences of bacteriophages HK97 and HK022: pervasive geneti mosaicism in the lambdoid bacteriophages . (factbites.com)
- Bacteriophage HK97 is a lambdoid phage with a head assembled from 415 copies of a 42 kDa subunit arranged in an icosahedrally symmetrical lattice with a triangulation number of 7. (factbites.com)
Tail1
- This entry represents bacteriophage lambda, GpU, a minor tail protein. (ebi.ac.uk)
Resistance2
- LamB missense mutations yielding resistance to lambda group in two classes. (pasteur.fr)
- Shapiro, JA & Sporn, P 1977, ' Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda ', Journal of bacteriology , vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 1632-1635. (northwestern.edu)
Molecular1
- Christensen, AC 2001, ' Bacteriophage lambda-based expression vectors ', Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Part B Molecular Biotechnology , vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 219-224. (nebraska.edu)
Mechanism1
- Mechanism of length determination in bacteriophage lambda tails. (ebi.ac.uk)
Temperate phage1
- Lambda is the major prototype for temperate phage biology, for specialized transduction, and one of the historical prototypes defining the concept of episomes (2). (factbites.com)
Mutations1
- Goldberg, A.R., Howe, M.: New mutations in the S cistron of bacteriophage λ affecting host cell lysis. (springer.com)
ORF2212
- Since lambda gt11 lacks part of the open reading frame (orf) 221, previously shown to encode a protein with sequence similarity to protein phosphatase-1 and protein phosphatase-2A of mammalian cells [Cohen, Collins, Coulson, Berndt & da Cruz e Silva (1988) Gene 69, 131-134], the results indicate that ORF221 is the protein phosphatase detected in cells infected with lambda gt10. (dundee.ac.uk)
- It is the 221 amino-acid product of the ORF221 open reading frame on bacteriophage lambda (1,2). (neb.com)
Proc1
- protein of bacteriophage , Proc. (ximicat.com)
Protein phosphatase1
- Lambda Protein Phosphatase is a Mn 2+ -dependent protein phosphatase with activity towards phosphorylated serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. (neb.com)
Chromosome1
- Immunity in bacteriophage lambda (and related bacteriophages ) is conferred by a short and specific region of the bacteriophage chromosome. (factbites.com)
Gene expression2
- They are still a paradigm for many areas of biology, especially gene expression (See Bacteriophage Lambda ). (factbites.com)
- Gene Transfer to Human Cells: Transducing Phage .lamda.plac Gene Expression in GM.sub.l-gangliosidosis fibroblasts" PNAS 72(9): 3531-3535 (1975). (patentgenius.com)
Serine1
- The Protein Serine/threonine Phosphatase (PSP) activity of Lambda PP is assessed on MyBP phosphorylated exclusively on serine/threonine residues with cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase. (neb.com)
Casjens1
- The protein interaction map of bacteriophage lambda" by Seesandra V. Rajagopala, Sherwood Casjens et al. (vcu.edu)
Genomic4
- Bacteriophage lambda genomic library construction of Oryza sativa L. var. (generationcp.org)
- A genomic library of Pokkali rice variety was constructed in bacteriophage Lamda Fix II with 20 kb inserts. (generationcp.org)
- O primeiro xenoma bacteriano secuenciado foi o de Haemophilus influenzae , en 1995 polo Institute for Genomic Research . (wikipedia.org)
- Pouco despois, en 1996, rematouse a primeira secuencia xenómica dunha arquea , Methanococcus jannaschii , outrra vez polo Institute for Genomic Research . (wikipedia.org)