Bacteriophage hk022. Medical search

A tentative species in the genus lambda-like viruses, family SIPHOVIRIDAE.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.

A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.

Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.

Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the COLIPHAGES and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.

Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.

Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.

Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.

A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.

Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The folding of an organism's DNA molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a CELL or VIRUS PARTICLE.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A family of trypsin-like SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that are expressed in a variety of cell types including human prostate epithelial cells. They are formed from tissue prokallikrein by action with TRYPSIN. They are highly similar to PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN.

Activity of coliphage HK022 excisionase (Xis) in the absence of DNA binding. (1/10)

A mutated excisionase (Xis) protein of coliphage HK022 whose single Cys residue was replaced by Ser does not bind to its two tandem binding sites (X1, X2) on the P arm of attR. Despite its DNA-binding inability the protein showed 30% excision activity of the wild type Xis both in vitro and in vivo. This partial activity is attributed to the interaction of Xis with integrase that is retained in the mutant protein. This protein-protein interaction occurs in the absence of DNA binding. (+info)

Suppression of factor-dependent transcription termination by antiterminator RNA. (2/10)

Nascent transcripts of the phage HK022 put sites modify the transcription elongation complex so that it terminates less efficiently at intrinsic transcription terminators and accelerates through pause sites. We show here that the modification also suppresses termination in vivo at two factor-dependent terminators, one that depends on the bacterial Rho protein and a second that depends on the HK022-encoded Nun protein. Suppression was efficient when the termination factors were present at physiological levels, but an increase in the intracellular concentration of Nun increased termination both in the presence and absence of put. put-mediated antitermination thus shows no apparent terminator specificity, suggesting that put inhibits a step that is common to termination at the different types of terminator. (+info)

Solution structure and stability of the full-length excisionase from bacteriophage HK022. (3/10)

Heteronuclear high-resolution NMR spectroscopy was employed to determine the solution structure of the excisionase protein (Xis) from the lambda-like bacteriophage HK022 and to study its sequence-specific DNA interaction. As wild-type Xis was previously characterized as a generally unstable protein, a biologically active HK022 Xis mutant with a single amino acid substitution Cys28-->Ser was used in this work. This substitution has been shown to diminish the irreversibility of Xis denaturation and subsequent degradation, but does not affect the structural or thermodynamic properties of the protein, as evidenced by NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. The solution structure of HK022 Xis forms a compact, highly ordered protein core with two well-defined alpha-helices (residues 5-11 and 18-27) and five beta-strands (residues 2-4, 30-31, 35-36, 41-44 and 48-49). These data correlate well with 1H2O-2H2O exchange experiments and imply a different organization of the HK022 Xis secondary structure elements in comparison with the previously determined structure of the bacteriophage lambda excisionase. Superposition of both Xis structures indicates a better correspondence of the full-length HK022 Xis to the typical 'winged-helix' DNA-binding motif, as found, for example, in the DNA-binding domain of the Mu-phage repressor. Residues 51-72, which were not resolved in the lambda Xis, do not show any regular structure in HK022 Xis and thus appear to be completely disordered in solution. The resonance assignments have shown, however, that an unusual connectivity exists between residues Asn66 and Gly67 owing to asparagine-isoaspartyl isomerization. Such an isomerization has been previously observed and characterized only in eukaryotic proteins. (+info)

Transcription termination by phage HK022 Nun is facilitated by COOH-terminal lysine residues. (4/10)

The 109-amino acid Nun protein of prophage HK022 excludes superinfecting bacteriophage lambda by blocking transcription elongation on the lambda chromosome. Multiple interactions between Nun and the transcription elongation complex are involved in this reaction. The Nun NH(2)-terminal arginine-rich motif binds BOXB sequence in nascent lambda transcripts, whereas the COOH terminus binds RNA polymerase and contacts DNA template. Nun Trp(108) is required for interaction with DNA and transcription arrest. We analyzed the role of the adjacent Lys(106) and Lys(107) residues in the Nun reaction. Substitution of the lysine residues with arginine (K106R/K107R) had no effect on transcription arrest in vitro or in vivo. Nun K106A/K107A was partially active, whereas Nun K106D/K107D was defective in vitro and failed to exclude lambda. All mutants bound RNA polymerase and BOXB. In contrast to Nun K106R/K107R and K106A/K107A, Nun K106D/K107D did not cross-link DNA template. These results suggest that transcription arrest is facilitated by electrostatic interactions between positively charged Nun residues Lys(106) and Lys(107) and negatively charged DNA phosphate groups. These may assist intercalation of Trp(108) into template. (+info)

Phosphorylation of the integrase protein of coliphage HK022. (5/10)

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In vitro reconstitution and substrate specificity of a lantibiotic protease. (6/10)

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Overexpression of phage HK022 Nun protein is toxic for Escherichia coli. (7/10)

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Inhibition of a transcriptional pause by RNA anchoring to RNA polymerase. (8/10)

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Bacteriophage HK022 is a type of virus that infects bacteria. It is a member of the family Siphoviridae and was first isolated from the bacterium Escherichia coli in 1970. Bacteriophage HK022 has a long, non-contractile tail and a head that contains its genetic material. It is a lytic phage, meaning that it injects its genetic material into the bacterium and uses the bacterium's machinery to replicate itself, eventually causing the bacterium to burst and release new phage particles. Bacteriophage HK022 has been studied as a potential tool for controlling bacterial infections and as a model system for understanding the biology of viruses.

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are viruses that specifically infect and replicate within bacteria. They are one of the most abundant biological entities on the planet and are found in virtually every environment where bacteria exist. In the medical field, bacteriophages have been studied for their potential use as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. Unlike antibiotics, which target all types of bacteria, bacteriophages are highly specific and only infect and kill the bacteria they are designed to target. This makes them a promising option for treating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, which are becoming increasingly common. Bacteriophages have also been used in research to study bacterial genetics and to develop new vaccines. In addition, they have been proposed as a way to control bacterial populations in industrial settings, such as food processing plants and water treatment facilities. Overall, bacteriophages have the potential to play an important role in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections, and ongoing research is exploring their potential applications in medicine and other fields.

Bacteriophage lambda is a type of virus that infects bacteria. It is a member of the family of lambdaviruses and is one of the most well-studied bacteriophages. Lambda phage is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects a wide range of bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella. In the medical field, bacteriophage lambda has been studied for its potential as a therapeutic agent against bacterial infections. It has been shown to be effective in treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and it has also been used as a tool for genetic research and as a vector for delivering foreign DNA into bacteria. Lambda phage is also used in molecular biology research as a model system for studying the life cycle of viruses and the mechanisms by which they interact with their hosts. It has been used to study the process of lysogeny, in which the phage integrates its DNA into the host genome and remains dormant until it is activated to produce new phage particles.

Coliphages are viruses that infect bacteria of the genus Escherichia, including the common pathogen E. coli. They are commonly found in water and soil, and are often used as indicators of water quality. In the medical field, coliphages are studied as potential therapeutic agents for bacterial infections, as well as for their use in environmental monitoring and water treatment. They have also been used in research to study bacterial genetics and evolution.

Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a technique used in the medical field to study the structure of biological molecules and cells at the atomic level. It involves using a beam of electrons to image frozen-hydrated samples, which are typically biological molecules or cells that have been frozen and then rapidly plunged into a liquid nitrogen bath to preserve their structure. Cryo-EM is particularly useful for studying large or complex biological structures that are difficult to study using other techniques, such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It can also be used to study dynamic processes, such as the movement of molecules or the interactions between different components of a biological system. Cryo-EM has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of many important biological processes, including the functioning of enzymes, the structure of viruses, and the mechanisms of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It has also been used to develop new drugs and therapies for a variety of medical conditions.

In the medical field, a capsid refers to the protein shell that surrounds and encloses the genetic material (either DNA or RNA) of a virus. The capsid is responsible for protecting the viral genome and facilitating its entry into host cells. Viruses can have different types of capsids, which can be classified based on their shape and structure. For example, some viruses have simple spherical capsids, while others have more complex shapes such as helical or polyhedral capsids. The capsid can also play a role in viral pathogenesis, as it can interact with host cell receptors and trigger immune responses. In some cases, the capsid can be modified or altered by the virus to evade the host immune system and enhance its ability to infect cells.

Bacteriophage T4 is a virus that specifically infects and replicates within bacteria. It is a member of the family Myoviridae and is known for its ability to cause lysis (rupture) of bacterial cells, leading to the release of new phage particles. In the medical field, bacteriophage T4 has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for bacterial infections. Because it is specific to certain bacterial strains, it has the potential to target and eliminate harmful bacteria without harming beneficial bacteria in the body. Additionally, bacteriophage T4 has been used as a tool for studying bacterial genetics and molecular biology, as well as for developing new vaccines and treatments for bacterial infections.

In the medical field, capsid proteins refer to the proteins that make up the outer shell of a virus. The capsid is the protective layer that surrounds the viral genome and is responsible for protecting the virus from the host's immune system and other environmental factors. There are two main types of capsid proteins: structural and non-structural. Structural capsid proteins are the proteins that make up the visible part of the virus, while non-structural capsid proteins are involved in the assembly and maturation of the virus. The specific function of capsid proteins can vary depending on the type of virus. For example, some capsid proteins are involved in attaching the virus to host cells, while others are involved in protecting the viral genome from degradation. Understanding the structure and function of capsid proteins is important for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, as well as for understanding the pathogenesis of viral infections.

Bacteriophage T7 is a virus that specifically infects and replicates within bacteria of the genus Escherichia, including the common laboratory strain E. coli. It is a member of the family Myoviridae and has a double-stranded DNA genome. In the medical field, bacteriophage T7 has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for bacterial infections. Because it is specific to certain bacterial strains, it has the potential to be used as a targeted treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections. Additionally, bacteriophage T7 has been used as a tool in molecular biology research to study gene expression and regulation in bacteria.

Bacteriophage mu is a type of bacteriophage, which is a virus that infects bacteria. It is a temperate phage, meaning that it can integrate its genetic material into the host bacterium's genome and become a part of the bacterial chromosome, where it can persist for long periods of time without causing harm to the bacterium. When conditions are favorable, the phage can be induced to produce new phage particles and lyse the host bacterium, releasing new phage particles into the environment. Bacteriophage mu is of interest in the medical field because it has been used as a tool for genetic manipulation of bacteria, and it has also been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for treating bacterial infections.

Bacteriophage phi 6 is a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. It is a member of the family Leviviridae and has a unique morphology, with a spherical head and a long, contractile tail. Bacteriophage phi 6 is of interest in the medical field because it has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogen that can cause a variety of infections in humans, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections. Additionally, bacteriophage phi 6 has been used as a model system for studying the biology of viruses and the interactions between viruses and their hosts.

In the medical field, "DNA, Viral" refers to the genetic material of viruses, which is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Viruses are infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells of organisms, including humans. The genetic material of viruses is different from that of cells, as viruses do not have a cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own. Instead, they rely on the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce new viral particles. Understanding the genetic material of viruses is important for developing treatments and vaccines against viral infections. By studying the DNA or RNA (ribonucleic acid) of viruses, researchers can identify potential targets for antiviral drugs and design vaccines that stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight off viral infections.

Bacteriophage phi X 174 is a small, double-stranded DNA virus that infects bacteria. It is a member of the family of T7 bacteriophages and is often used as a model organism in molecular biology research due to its simplicity and ease of manipulation. In the medical field, bacteriophage phi X 174 has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for bacterial infections, as well as a tool for genetic engineering and gene therapy. It has also been used as a vector for delivering foreign DNA into bacterial cells, allowing researchers to study the function of specific genes and their effects on bacterial physiology.

Viral proteins are proteins that are synthesized by viruses during their replication cycle within a host cell. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including attachment to host cells, entry into the cell, replication of the viral genome, assembly of new viral particles, and release of the virus from the host cell. Viral proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, non-structural proteins, and regulatory proteins. Structural proteins are the building blocks of the viral particle, such as capsid proteins that form the viral coat. Non-structural proteins are proteins that are not part of the viral particle but are essential for viral replication, such as proteases that cleave viral polyproteins into individual proteins. Regulatory proteins are proteins that control the expression of viral genes or the activity of viral enzymes. Viral proteins are important targets for antiviral drugs and vaccines, as they are essential for viral replication and survival. Understanding the structure and function of viral proteins is crucial for the development of effective antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Bacteriophage P2 is a type of bacteriophage, which is a virus that specifically infects bacteria. It was first isolated in 1952 by American microbiologist René Dubos and his colleagues. Bacteriophage P2 is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli. It has a head and tail structure, similar to many other bacteriophages. The head contains the viral genome, while the tail is used to attach to the bacterial cell and inject the viral genome. Bacteriophage P2 has been studied extensively in the field of virology and microbiology, as it has unique properties that make it a useful tool for research. For example, it has been used to study the mechanisms of viral infection and to develop new methods for treating bacterial infections. Additionally, bacteriophage P2 has been used as a model system for studying the evolution of viruses and the interactions between viruses and their hosts.

Bacteriophage M13 is a type of virus that infects bacteria. It is a member of the family of filamentous bacteriophages, which are characterized by their long, helical shape. Bacteriophage M13 is commonly used in research as a vector for gene expression and as a tool for studying bacterial genetics and molecular biology. It has also been used in various biotechnology applications, such as the production of recombinant proteins and the development of diagnostic tests. In the medical field, bacteriophage M13 has been studied as a potential treatment for bacterial infections, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Bacteriophage T3 is a type of virus that specifically infects and replicates within bacteria. It is a member of the family Myoviridae and was one of the first bacteriophages to be studied in detail. Bacteriophage T3 has a double-stranded DNA genome and a head and tail structure, similar to many other bacteriophages. It is commonly used as a model system in virology research and has been studied for its potential as a therapeutic agent against bacterial infections.

Bacteriophage typing is a method used to identify and classify bacterial strains based on their sensitivity to specific bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. This method involves exposing a bacterial culture to a panel of bacteriophages and observing which phages are able to lyse (rupture) the bacterial cells. The pattern of lysis produced by each phage is unique to that phage and can be used to identify the bacterial strain. Bacteriophage typing is often used in the medical field to identify and track the spread of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. It is also used in research to study the biology of bacteria and bacteriophages.

Bacteriophage P1 is a type of bacteriophage, which is a virus that specifically infects bacteria. P1 is a temperate phage, meaning that it can integrate its genetic material into the host bacterial genome and become a part of the bacterial chromosome, where it can persist for long periods of time without causing harm to the host. P1 is a member of the family Myoviridae and has a long, contractile tail that it uses to inject its genetic material into the host bacterium. It infects a wide range of gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella. In the medical field, bacteriophage P1 has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for treating bacterial infections. Because it is specific to certain bacterial species, it has the potential to be used as a targeted treatment without harming the beneficial bacteria in the body. Additionally, because it can integrate into the bacterial genome, it may be able to provide long-term protection against infection. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of bacteriophage P1 as a therapeutic agent.

Bacteriolysis is the process by which bacteria are destroyed or lysed, typically by the action of enzymes produced by other bacteria or by the host immune system. This process is an important mechanism for controlling bacterial infections in the body. Bacteriolysis can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that degrade the bacterial cell wall, the production of toxins that damage the bacterial cell membrane, or the activation of the host immune system to attack and destroy the bacteria. Bacteriolysis can be induced by a variety of factors, including antibiotics, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents. It can also be induced by the host immune system in response to an infection. In the medical field, bacteriolysis is an important tool for treating bacterial infections. Antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents can be used to induce bacteriolysis and help eliminate the bacteria from the body. In some cases, bacteriolysis may also be induced by the host immune system as part of the body's natural defense against infection.

Bacteriophage PRD1 is a virus that infects and lyses (destroys) certain types of bacteria. It was first discovered in 1958 and is classified as a member of the Podoviridae family of bacteriophages. PRD1 has a simple, linear double-stranded DNA genome and a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material. It is known for its ability to infect a wide range of bacterial species, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the medical field, PRD1 has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for bacterial infections, as well as for its use in basic research on bacteriophage biology and host-pathogen interactions.

Bacillus phages are viruses that specifically infect and replicate within bacteria of the genus Bacillus. These viruses are also known as bacteriophages or phages for short. Bacillus phages are of interest in the medical field because they have the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent to treat bacterial infections caused by Bacillus species. They can also be used as a tool for research and biotechnology applications, such as the production of enzymes and other useful proteins.

In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.

Viral tail proteins are a type of protein found on the surface of certain viruses. These proteins are involved in the attachment and entry of the virus into host cells. They are often referred to as "tail fibers" because of their shape and function. Viral tail proteins are typically long, thin structures that extend from the viral envelope or capsid. They are composed of a protein core and a carbohydrate coat, which allows them to recognize and bind to specific receptors on the surface of host cells. Once bound, the viral tail proteins help to facilitate the fusion of the viral envelope or capsid with the host cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter the cell. Viral tail proteins are important for the pathogenesis of many viruses, including HIV, hepatitis B virus, and herpes simplex virus. They are also the target of many antiviral drugs and vaccines.

In the medical field, adsorption refers to the process by which a substance adheres or sticks to the surface of another substance. This can occur when a drug or other therapeutic agent is adsorbed onto a surface, such as a medical device or a patient's skin. Adsorption can also occur when a substance is adsorbed onto the surface of a cell or tissue, which can affect its ability to interact with the body's immune system or other cells. Adsorption can be an important factor in the development and delivery of medical treatments, as it can affect the effectiveness and safety of a drug or other therapeutic agent.

DNA-directed RNA polymerases are a group of enzymes that synthesize RNA molecules from a DNA template. These enzymes are responsible for the transcription process, which is the first step in gene expression. During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence, which can then be translated into a protein. There are several different types of DNA-directed RNA polymerases, each with its own specific function and characteristics. For example, RNA polymerase I is primarily responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a key component of ribosomes. RNA polymerase II is responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. RNA polymerase III is responsible for synthesizing small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and small Cajal body RNA (scaRNA), which play important roles in gene regulation and splicing. DNA-directed RNA polymerases are essential for the proper functioning of cells and are involved in many different biological processes, including growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Mutations in the genes that encode these enzymes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders and diseases.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

In the medical field, "Attachment Sites, Microbiological" refers to the specific locations on the surface of microorganisms where they adhere to host cells or surfaces. These attachment sites play a crucial role in the colonization and pathogenesis of microorganisms, as they allow them to establish a foothold in the host and resist clearance by the immune system. The attachment sites of microorganisms can vary depending on the type of microorganism and the host tissue it is infecting. For example, some bacteria have fimbriae or pili that allow them to attach to host cells, while others have lectins or adhesins that bind to specific receptors on the host surface. Understanding the attachment sites of microorganisms is important for the development of new treatments for infectious diseases, as it can help identify potential targets for antimicrobial drugs or vaccines. It can also inform the design of medical devices and surfaces that are less susceptible to microbial colonization and infection.

DNA restriction enzymes are a class of enzymes that are naturally produced by bacteria and archaea to protect their DNA from foreign invaders. These enzymes recognize specific sequences of DNA and cut the strands at specific points, creating a double-stranded break. This allows the bacteria or archaea to destroy the foreign DNA and prevent it from replicating within their cells. In the medical field, DNA restriction enzymes are commonly used in molecular biology techniques such as DNA cloning, genetic engineering, and DNA fingerprinting. They are also used in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases, as well as in the study of viral infections and cancer. By cutting DNA at specific sites, researchers can manipulate and analyze the genetic material to gain insights into the function and regulation of genes, and to develop new therapies for genetic diseases.

Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. It is a member of the Bacillus genus and is known for its ability to form endospores, which are highly resistant to environmental stressors such as heat, radiation, and chemicals. In the medical field, B. subtilis is used in a variety of applications, including as a probiotic to promote gut health, as a source of enzymes for industrial processes, and as a model organism for studying bacterial genetics and metabolism. It has also been studied for its potential use in the treatment of certain infections, such as those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, it is important to note that B. subtilis can also cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from mild skin infections to more serious bloodstream infections. As such, it is important to use caution when working with this bacterium and to follow proper safety protocols to prevent the spread of infection.

Cloning, molecular, in the medical field refers to the process of creating identical copies of a specific DNA sequence or gene. This is achieved through a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies a specific DNA sequence to produce multiple copies of it. Molecular cloning is commonly used in medical research to study the function of specific genes, to create genetically modified organisms for therapeutic purposes, and to develop new drugs and treatments. It is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their DNA. In the context of human cloning, molecular cloning is used to create identical copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence from one individual and insert it into the genome of another individual. This technique has been used to create transgenic animals, but human cloning is currently illegal in many countries due to ethical concerns.

DNA, single-stranded refers to a molecule of DNA that is not paired with its complementary strand. In contrast, double-stranded DNA is composed of two complementary strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs. Single-stranded DNA can exist in cells under certain conditions, such as during DNA replication or repair, or in certain viruses. It can also be artificially produced in the laboratory for various purposes, such as in the process of DNA sequencing. In the medical field, single-stranded DNA is often used in diagnostic tests and as a tool for genetic research.

DNA, Bacterial refers to the genetic material of bacteria, which is a type of single-celled microorganism that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body. Bacterial DNA is typically circular in shape and contains genes that encode for the proteins necessary for the bacteria to survive and reproduce. In the medical field, bacterial DNA is often studied as a means of identifying and diagnosing bacterial infections. Bacterial DNA can be extracted from samples such as blood, urine, or sputum and analyzed using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA sequencing. This information can be used to identify the specific type of bacteria causing an infection and to determine the most effective treatment. Bacterial DNA can also be used in research to study the evolution and diversity of bacteria, as well as their interactions with other organisms and the environment. Additionally, bacterial DNA can be modified or manipulated to create genetically engineered bacteria with specific properties, such as the ability to produce certain drugs or to degrade pollutants.

Centrifugation, density gradient is a laboratory technique used to separate cells, particles, or molecules based on their density. The sample is placed in a centrifuge tube and spun at high speeds, causing the particles to separate into layers based on their density. The heaviest particles settle at the bottom of the tube, while the lightest particles float to the top. This technique is commonly used in medical research to isolate specific cells or particles for further analysis or study. It is also used in the diagnosis of certain diseases, such as blood disorders, and in the purification of biological samples for use in medical treatments.

Tissue kallikreins are a group of proteolytic enzymes that are found in various tissues throughout the body. They are synthesized as inactive precursors called prokallikreins, which are then converted to their active forms by proteolytic enzymes or by exposure to certain stimuli. Tissue kallikreins play a number of important roles in the body, including the regulation of blood pressure, the activation of blood clotting factors, and the modulation of inflammation. They are also involved in the production of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator that helps to regulate blood flow. Abnormalities in the production or activity of tissue kallikreins have been implicated in a number of diseases, including hypertension, heart disease, and certain types of cancer. As such, they are the subject of ongoing research in the medical field, with the goal of developing new treatments and therapies for these conditions.

... bacteriophage hk022 MeSH B04.123.150.800.230 - bacteriophage lambda MeSH B04.123.205.200 - bacteriophage hk022 MeSH B04.123. ... bacteriophage t7 MeSH B04.280.090.800 - siphoviridae MeSH B04.280.090.800.200 - bacteriophage hk022 MeSH B04.280.090.800.230 - ... bacteriophage p1 MeSH B04.123.205.305 - bacteriophage p2 MeSH B04.123.205.320 - bacteriophage phi x 174 MeSH B04.123.205.350 - ... bacteriophage n4 MeSH B04.123.150.700.070 - bacteriophage p22 MeSH B04.123.150.700.100 - bacteriophage t3 MeSH B04.123.150.700. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

Coliphage HK022, alone among the known lambdoid phages, does not encode an analog to lambda N. Instead, it promotes ... The sequences of the rrn BOXA sites are more similar to the bacteriophage consensus than is that of lambda, and they bind NusB- ... put sites act in cis to promote readthrough of downstream terminators in the absence of all HK022 proteins. The put transcripts ... Although the boxB sequence is not well conserved in other bacteriophages of the lambda family, most of these phages encode ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitermination

Bacteriophage Lambda binds to an E. coli cell by means of its J protein in the tail tip. The J protein interacts with the ... with the exception of phage HK022. The genome contains 48,502 base pairs of double-stranded, linear DNA, with 12-base single- ... Campbell, A.M. Bacteriophages. In: Neidhardt, FC et al. (1996) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and ... Burz DS, Beckett D, Benson N, Ackers GK (July 1994). "Self-assembly of bacteriophage lambda cI repressor: effects of single- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage

"בדוד ואפיון שני אתרי ATTB) ATTACHMENT ו-ATTR), המשתתפים ברקומבינציה היחודית של הבקטריופאז HK022 , WorldCat.org". www.worldcat. ... where she studied ATTB sites involved in the recombination of bacteriophages. The signalling pathways that determine cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Lev

variable Mechanisms of in concatemeric measurements resulting the Int Recombinase of sequence HK022, 1999 Mol. Kuhstoss and Rao ... Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Reactions Volume of the Integration Function of the Streptomycete Bacteriophage ...

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covariate ebook in T7 Methods providing the Int Recombinase of attB HK022, 1999 Mol. Kuhstoss and Rao, ebook of the Integration ... Ow and Ausubel, Conditionally Replicating Plasmid Vectors That Can ebook работа into the Klebsiella u∼ book via Bacteriophage ... Function of the Streptomycete Bacteriophage PhiC31, 1991 J. A use for frequency bacmid and an standard cDNA in Escherichia data ...

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