Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.Biological Warfare Agents: Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.Nosema: A genus of parasitic FUNGI in the family Nosematidae. Some species are pathogenic for invertebrates of economic importance while others are being researched for possible roles in controlling pest INSECTS. They are also pathogenic in humans.Smallpox: An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304)Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.Smallpox Vaccine: A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)Introduced Species: Non-native organisms brought into a region, habitat, or ECOSYSTEM by human activity.Beetles: INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.Bacillus anthracis: A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.Francisella tularensis: The etiologic agent of TULAREMIA in man and other warm-blooded animals.Weapons of Mass Destruction: Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used to destroy large numbers of people. It includes NUCLEAR WEAPONS, and biological, chemical, and radiation weapons.Nuclear Weapons: A weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission and/or fusion.Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc.Nuclear Warfare: Warfare involving the use of NUCLEAR WEAPONS.Radioactive Fallout: The material that descends to the earth or water well beyond the site of a surface or subsurface nuclear explosion. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Wounds, Gunshot: Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.HornsWar: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people.Micronesia: The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)Conducted Energy Weapon Injuries: The injuries caused by conducted energy weapons such as stun guns, shock batons, and cattle prods.Manufactured Materials: Substances and materials manufactured for use in various technologies and industries and for domestic use.Violence: Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.Terrorism: The use or threatened use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom, in support of political or social objectives.Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.Security Measures: Regulations to assure protection of property and equipment.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.United States Government Agencies: Agencies of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT of the United States.Civil Disorders: Deliberate and planned acts of unlawful behavior engaged in by aggrieved segments of the population in seeking social change.Military ScienceWeapons: Devices or tools used in combat or fighting in order to kill or incapacitate.Blast Injuries: Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Chemical Terrorism: The use of chemical agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of nerve agents, blood agents, blister agents, and choking agents (NOXAE).Trinidad and Tobago: An independent state in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, north of Venezuela, comprising the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Its capital is Port of Spain. Both islands were discovered by Columbus in 1498. The Spanish, English, Dutch, and French figure in their history over four centuries. Trinidad and Tobago united in 1898 and were made part of the British colony of Trinidad and Tobago in 1899. The colony became an independent state in 1962. Trinidad was so named by Columbus either because he arrived on Trinity Sunday or because three mountain peaks suggested the Holy Trinity. Tobago was given the name by Columbus from the Haitian tambaku, pipe, from the natives' habit of smoking tobacco leaves. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1228, 1216 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p555, 547)Government: The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit.Politics: Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.European Union: The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)Legislation, Medical: Laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of medicine, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body.Drug and Narcotic Control: Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.Capital Punishment: The use of the death penalty for certain crimes.Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.HumanitiesNational Socialism: The doctrines and policies of the Nazis or the National Social German Workers party, which ruled Germany under Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945. These doctrines and policies included racist nationalism, expansionism, and state control of the economy. (from Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. and American Heritage College Dictionary, 3d ed.)Crime: A violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. The concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished.Holocaust: A massive slaughter, especially the systematic mass extermination of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps prior to and during World War II.China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.World War I: Global conflict primarily fought on European continent, that occurred between 1914 and 1918.World War II: Global conflict involving countries of Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America that occurred between 1939 and 1945.Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).
"2603 (XXIV). Question of chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. 16 December ... Later treaties did cover these aspects - the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention ... "bacteriological methods of warfare". This is now understood to be a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological ... The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. It was signed on 17 June. Several countries have ...
On February 14, 1970, a presidential order was given to outlaw all stockpiles of bacteriological weapons and nonliving toxins. ... On November 25, 1969, President Richard Nixon abolished any military practice involving biological weapons and Project MKNAOMI ... It is generally reported to be a successor to the MKULTRA project and to have focused on biological projects including ... During the first twenty years of its establishment, the CIA engaged in various projects designed to increase U.S. biological ...
"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... "A History of the American Biological Safety Association". American Biological Safety Association. Archived from the original on ... The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) was officially established in 1984 and a constitution and bylaws were drafted ... "Biological Defence Department at Techonin". Ministry of Defense & Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 9 April 2016. " ...
"Japan's Biological Weapons, 1930-1945," was published in the October 1981 edition of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. It ... Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II"]. Even in the 21st Century, 60 years after the Japanese bacteriological ... some contend that there is overwhelming indirect and unofficial evidence that the US used biological weapons during this war . ... Also published in the United States in 1989 as: Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II. "The American ...
PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION" (PDF). Biological and ... Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and their Destruction. We are looking at various ... Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC). Yorkshire, U.K.: University of Bradford. p. 38. Gaudiano, Nicole (23 September 2013). "Harris ...
The biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk was built after World War II, using documentation captured in Manchuria from the ... A leak from a bacteriological facility contaminated the city sewer system. In 1956, biologist Vladimir Sizov found a more ... Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man ... If accidental, there was discussion of whether it represented violation of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. Various ...
... this included the use of biological and chemical weapons authorized by Emperor Shōwa himself. According to the 2002 ... International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare, the number of people killed in Far East Asia by Japanese germ ... The Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons. Because of fear of retaliation, however, those weapons were never ... In mid-August 1945, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These atomic ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological [Biological] and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction) (BWC) Bonn Agreement ... 1991 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nairobi, 1992 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Convention on Civil ... 1989 Biological Weapons Convention (Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, ... and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), Rio de ...
Brucella and all other remaining biological weapons in the U.S. arsenal were destroyed in 1971-72 when the American offensive ... biological warfare program was discontinued by order of President Richard Nixon. The experimental American bacteriological ... and the USAAF designed it as an interim capability until it could eventually be replaced by a more effective biological weapon ... When the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) wanted a biological warfare capability, the Chemical Corps offered Agent US in the M114 ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Public copies are ... Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs serves as the depositary for multilateral treaties such as the Biological Weapons ... including the Chemical Weapons Convention, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Rome Statute of the International Criminal ... and the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Generally, the United States executes its responsibilities in ...
... initiated the adoption of the first international instrument addressing Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction. For unknown ... The Creator of the First International Prohibition of Bacteriological Weapon Usage" (PDF). FEMS Circular. Federation of ... General Sosnkowski initiated the adoption of the first international instrument addressing Biological weapons of Mass ... Weapons of Mass Destruction, An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology and History. Mierzejewski, Jerzy (July 2003). " ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction in Geneva the sanitary ... consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well as the threat of alleged use of biological weapons ... indicating and identifying pathogenic biological agents in the environmental sites, conducting laboratory analysis of ... biological materials, suppressing hotbeds of infectious diseases, providing advisory and practical assistance to local health ...
... "under all circumstances the use of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons is effectively prohibited by the Convention ... and seismic weapons genetic weapons non-lethal arms radiological weapons New types of "weapons of mass destruction and new ... and genetic weapons. This definition is similar to "new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons" ... directed energy weapons, like infrasound, laser, and super-high frequency weapons electromagnetic weapons, such as some lasers ...
"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (biological) and Toxin Weapons ... As with chemical and biological weapons, Australia does not possess nuclear weapons and is not at all known to be seeking to ... All states participating in the Australia Group are parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons ... Australia has weapons systems which could be used to deliver nuclear weapons to its neighbours, if nuclear weapons were ...
"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... A biological agent-also called bio-agent, biological threat agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon, or bioweapon-is ... The Biological Weapons Convention (1972) is an international treaty banning the use or stockpiling of bio-agents; as of ... Biological hazard Biological contamination Laboratory Response Network Pulsed ultraviolet light Toxin "Biological Agents". ...
November 1969). "Draft NSDM re United States Policy on Warfare Program and Bacteriological/Biological Research Program" (PDF). ... nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The U.S. is the only country to have used nuclear weapons in combat ... List of U.S. biological weapons topics Nuclear weapons and the United States Operation Paperclip - the codename under which the ... produces small quantities of biological agents, for use in biological weapons defense research. According to the U.S. ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (commonly called the ... "Ensuring Compliance with the Biological Weapons Convention (2008)" (PDF). a Meeting Report sponsored by the Center for Arms ... Rosenberg, Dorothy Goldin (1990). "Biological and Chemical Weapons: Poisonous Cauldrons". Peace Magazine (Dec/Jan): 14. ... "National Measures Relating to the Biological Weapons Convention". Retrieved 14 December 2012. Meselson, Matthew; Robinson, ...
Blome brought his biological cultures with him from Poland, and was still promising Hitler a Wunderwaffe or 'miracle weapon' ... "Japanese-German Collaboration in the Development of Bacteriological and Chemical Weapons and the War in China" in Christian W. ... Hojo Enryo, a Japanese Army physician and expert in biological weapons "frequently visited the Robert Koch Institute as well as ... Otto Muntsch to study Japan's use of chemical and biological weapons against China. These programs of scientific cooperation ...
"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... On 10 April 1972, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), also known as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was ... "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ...
Japan will earn the derision of the world." A final planned use of the biological weapons came just after the surrender of ... Umezu later explained his decision as such: "If bacteriological warfare is conducted, it will grow from the dimension of war ... Operation PX was the codename for the Japanese plan for a biological terror attack on the U.S. west coast in World War II. The ... The airplanes would spread weaponized bubonic plague, cholera, typhus, dengue fever, and other pathogens in a biological terror ...
There, twelve members of the Japanese Kwantung Army were tried as war criminals for manufacturing and using biological weapons ... the trial established beyond reasonable doubt that the Japanese army had prepared and deployed bacteriological weapons and that ... G. Cameron Hurst III, "Biological Weapons: The United States and the Korean War," in "Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical ... on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. It ...
... deployed chemical and biological weapons by Colonel Frank H. Schwable or the U.S. chemical and biological weapons caches at ... On the Korean battlefield, four anti-bacteriological warfare research centers were soon set up, while about 5.8 million doses ... a biological weapons research facility. He also pointed out that, as the deployment of nuclear and chemical weapons was ... Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism, (Google Books), Columbia ...
Biological and toxin weapons: research, development and use from the Middle Ages to 1945, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.113 ... fear that Germany would use bacillus botulinus for bacteriological warfare. According to Donald Avery, Simons claimed that I. G ... who encouraged the belief that Germany was developing biological weapons before and during World War II. Simons worked at I. G ...
... and bacteriological and chemical weapons. Its combat tires are capable of enduring anti-personnel mine explosions and small ... Collective NBC (Nuclear, Biological and Chemical) protection is available which can protect the occupants from shock waves and ... All the weapons are mounted on the turret and are assisted by a fire control system. The fire control system allows the weapons ... In addition to the vehicle's weapons, its occupants have the ability to fire their weapons through available firing ports and ...
As Hitler's top biological weapons expert, Blome was seen as the most important Nazi scientist for the Chemical Warfare Service ... "It may well be that defendant Blome was preparing to experiment on human beings in connection with bacteriological warfare, but ... Kurt Blome was the deputy surgeon general of the Third Reich and was in charge of Germany's biological weapons programme. He ... The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service, the agency in charge of the U.S. biological weapons programme, saw great value in ...
Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World-Told from Inside by the Man ... Ishii gave a lecture on bacteriological warfare in the War Ministry Grand Conference Hall in Tokyo where one of those attending ... Biological warfare project[edit]. By 1927, Ishii was advocating for the creation of a Japanese bio-weapons program, and in 1928 ... Ishii led the development and application of biological weapons at Unit 731 in Manchukuo during the Second Sino-Japanese War ...
What are bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons?. Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin weapons deliver toxins and ... Biological) and Toxin Weapons Act. The House of Representatives will soon begin debate on The Bacteriological (Biological) and ... The Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons Act. 17 Nov 2011. The Bacteriological ( ... or acquiring and retaining biological agents, weapons, and equipment outside of peaceful purposes. It also bans weapons, ...
"2603 (XXIV). Question of chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. 16 December ... Later treaties did cover these aspects - the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention ... "bacteriological methods of warfare". This is now understood to be a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological ... The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. It was signed on 17 June. Several countries have ...
Chemical and bacteriological (biological) Weapons. Dec. 12, 1985. (May 4, 2008) http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/40/a40r092. ... The protocol banned the use of poisonous gas and biological weapons in war, but it didnt say anything about making or ... In addition, the U.N. adopted the Chemical Weapons Convention, a global treaty that prohibits the use of chemical weapons. The ... Iranian chemical weapon victim exposed to Iraqi mustard gas during the Iran-Iraq war, breathes through a respirator. Tens of ...
n another term for germ warfare Noun 1. bacteriological warfare - the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon germ warfare ... bacteriological warfare synonyms, bacteriological warfare pronunciation, bacteriological warfare translation, English ... A Chinese admission of false Korean War allegations of biological weapon use by the United States ... bacteriological warfare - the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon. germ warfare ...
On February 14, 1970, a presidential order was given to outlaw all stockpiles of bacteriological weapons and nonliving toxins. ... On November 25, 1969, President Richard Nixon abolished any military practice involving biological weapons and Project MKNAOMI ... It is generally reported to be a successor to the MKULTRA project and to have focused on biological projects including ... During the first twenty years of its establishment, the CIA engaged in various projects designed to increase U.S. biological ...
The documentary "Bacteriological Weapons at our Borders", features an exclusive interview with Jeffrey Silverman, Bureau Chief ... journal-neo.org/2018/06/19/biological-and-chemical-weapons-labs-on-russia-s-doorstep-biological-and-chemical-weapons-labs-on- ... especially as the purpose of development of biological weapons is strictly prohibited under the Biological Weapons Convention. ... Biological and Chemical Weapons Labs on Russias Doorstep ? By Henry Kamens. Jun 19, 2018 - 5:05:10 AM. Email this article. ...
Blome was an expert on bacteriological warfare and biological weapons. He had a longstanding interest in the "military use of ... Traub provided Hitler with advanced chemical and biological weapon capability and was responsible for the deaths of thousands ... He worked directly under Heinrich Himmler and held the position of lab chief at the Nazis leading bio-weapons facility on ... He was asked to discuss the Nazi animal disease program from a biological warfare perspective. The information was enough for ...
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... Biological Weapons Convention. The BWC is critical to international efforts to address the threat posed by biological weapons ... United States Applauds Central African Republics Ratification of the Biological Weapons Convention. Read more ... To destroy or divert to peaceful purposes all agents, toxins, weapons, equipment, and means of delivery specified in Article I ...
Viruses as weapons of mass destruction have been in the forefront of the news following the use of chemical weapons in the ... A forgotten episode of bacteriological warfare. JAMA, 196(1), 59-62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Mass Destruction Chemical Weapon Yersinia Pestis Biological Weapon Francisella Tularensis These keywords were added by machine ... "Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention," in which countries agreed to stop the development of offensive biological and ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction." The 1989 Biological ... Although international law prohibits the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons, America has had an active biological ... and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction…." ... and the 1928 Geneval Protocol prohibited gas and bacteriological warfare. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) " ...
As for weapons of mass destruction, bacteriological, biological, chemical, we dont know. And that is precisely what the ... "AMANPOUR: Do you believe that Saddam Hussein has weapons of mass destruction; for instance, chemical or biological weapons? ... I have no evidence to support that… It seems that there are no nuclear weapons - no nuclear weapons program. That is something ... If I had known that Iraq hadnt had a nuclear weapons program, I hope I wouldnt have still supported the war. If I had read ...
Biological warfare (BW), commonly called germ warfare is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, ... fully accounted for their stocks of CBW weapons. Russian President Boris Yeltsin admitted that the weapons still existed (early ... And unlike World War I, chemical weapons had not been widely used. Largely unknown to the public was the huge advances thathe ... The Japanese also had an active program and actually used both biological and chemical agents in china, primarily in China. BW ...
In the 1970-1980s, the center was developing biological and bacteriological weapons, as well as means of protection against ... and also assured that there was no biological hazard. State Scientific Center Vector was founded in 1974. It is one of the ...
Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons ... The main source of international law on biological weapons, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, prohibits the development, ... and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons (38). Negotiations are under way to strengthen the Biological Weapons ... Biological Weapons. While most of the pathogenic agents considered to be the most likely candidates for use as biological ...
In the 1970-1980s, the center was developing biological and bacteriological weapons, as well as means of protection against ... and also assured that there was no biological hazard.. He could be a lying SOS too. How do we know for sure? ... Hopefully No Biological Hazard turns out better than the no radiation released turned out from the missile. ... and also assured that there was no biological hazard. State Scientific Center Vector was founded in 1974. It is one of the ...
Since 1972, all biological weapons research and development in the U.S. has proceeded under the guise of cancer research. ... Nixon also ordered the disposal of existing stockpiles of bacteriological weapons. On February 14, 1970, Nixon clarified the ... Merck has remained a major biological weapons contractor for CIAs top secret project NKNaomi, and Kissinger has remained all ... Litton Bionetics supplied the monkeys to Americas leading biological weapons developers as well as the worlds leading vaccine ...
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction-more commonly known as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC ... Engineering DNA-based biological circuits (i.e., biological parts, or bioparts). Instead of one gene, a whole system of several ... and the existence and operation of the Biological Weapons Convention22-should be systematically included in undergraduate and ...
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons ... The UN Biological Weapons Convention defines areas of concern in broad terms with the intention of providing latitude to adapt ... We recommend adopting a function-based approach that defines risk in terms of the ability to influence any key biological ... Australia Group, Guidelines for Transfers of Sensitive Chemical and Biological Materials (2012); www.australiagroup.net/en/ ...
Article I of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) specifically allows for microbiological research for prophylactic, ... Article X of the BWC provides that the BWC should not hamper technological development in the field of peaceful bacteriological ... The biological properties that confer virulence to pandemic influenza viruses were poorly understood. Research to better ... pandemic virus containing the complete coding sequence of the eight viral gene segments violate the Biological Weapons ...
... and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons (1). Caches of biological weapons still exist, however, and their illegal ... Iraqs biological weapons: the past as future? JAMA. 1997;278:418-24. DOIPubMed ... The use of biological weapons was banned in 1972 by the Convention on the Prohibition of the Deployment, Production, ... In contrast, the threat of bioterrorism, in which biological agents are used by extremists as weapons against civilian ...
Naturally occurring infectious diseases such as avian flu Biological weapons that are in the hands of states and terrorist ... The two major biological threats that are faced in biosecurity include: ... In 1915, the League of Nations negotiated the Geneva Protocol that banned the use of both chemical and bacteriological weapons ... Emergence of biological weapons. Terrorist organizations and the military have used infectious diseases as weapons throughout ...
Biological Weapons Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance Burma Chemical Weapons Chemical Weapons Convention China ... The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin ... Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC). The BWC entered into force on March 26, 1975. All U.S. activities during the ... Nuclear Weapons Russia Syria Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Weapons Conventions Weapons of Mass Destruction ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, 4-8 December 2017, ... Statement by the ICRCEfforts to prohibit biological weapons through the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons ... Efforts to prohibit biological weapons through the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) have been ... Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, 4-8 December 2017, ...
Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, also called the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in ... for biological weapons. Diplomacy and biological warfare. The first diplomatic effort to limit biological warfare was the ... use of biological weapons on an opposing military force or civilian population. Biological weapons include pathogenic viruses, ... Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Bioterrorism Chemical Warfare Infectious Disease, Threats to Security Viral Biology ...
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BTWC). ... "1 Non-proliferation applies to both weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons) and ... The Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty: reasons for skepticism 19 May. 2017 Current efforts to ban nuclear weapons will be ineffective ... Chemical weapons. Since its entry into force in 1997, the Chemical Weapons Convention has become one of the pillars of the ...
Convention1972ToxinsToxinAnthraxMass DestructionTreatyThreat1925Soviet UnionProhibitProhibition of Chemical WeaponsAttacksProliferationBacteriaIncluding biological warfareExplosivesNuclear weaponsTerroristStockpilingCamp DetrickRadiologicalLaboratoryCivilian populationsEbolaWarfare agentsThreats1975GermWorld Health OrganFort Detrick in MarylandIntroduction to Biological WeaponsAllegations1969Entomological weapons1993StockpileBioterrorismPresident RichaKorean WarEarly-1990sConcerning biological and chemical weaponsSmallpoxCropsBioweaponsOrganismsTreatiesInfectious1945ProhibitionsBacteriumProgramPopulationsDisarmamentResearchDevelopmentCausing casualtiesBotulismPathogensDevelop biological weaponsSignatory countriesBlamed on biological warfareConventionalProtocol
- The 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their destruction restricts countries from developing, producing, stockpiling, or acquiring and retaining biological agents, weapons, and equipment outside of peaceful purposes. (ttparliament.org)
- Later treaties did cover these aspects - the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). (wikipedia.org)
- Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, done at London, Moscow, and Washington, April 10, 1972. (state.gov)
- In 1972 and entered into force in 1975, 158 countries, including the U.S. and the Soviet Union, signed an agreement known as the "Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention," in which countries agreed to stop the development of offensive biological and chemical weapons. (springer.com)
- The Hague Convention of 1907 banned chemical weapons usage, and the 1928 Geneval Protocol prohibited gas and bacteriological warfare. (globalresearch.ca)
- The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) "Prohibit(ed) the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction. (globalresearch.ca)
- The use of biological weapons was banned in 1972 by the Convention on the Prohibition of the Deployment, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons (1) . (cdc.gov)
- In 1975, the first multilateral disarmament treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), was entered into force and banned the development, possession, stockpiling, and transfer of biological weapons. (news-medical.net)
- Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, 4-8 December 2017, Geneva. (icrc.org)
- Efforts to prohibit biological weapons through the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) have been very successful. (icrc.org)
- NATO Allies are parties to the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty, the Ottawa Convention on mine action, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention and other related treaties and agreements. (nato.int)
- And tear gas qualifies under the convention as a chemical weapon. (politifact.com)
- Anthony Clark Arend, a Georgetown University professor of government and foreign service, said he believes that this limited exception would also hold water under the Chemical Weapons Convention. (politifact.com)
- According to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , the international group that helps enforce the Chemical Weapons Convention, riot control agents were 'the topic of long and heated debates' during negotiations of the convention. (politifact.com)
- Such comprehensive arms control and disarmament became one of the principal pillars for international peace and security under the United Nations system which ultimately led to the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972 and the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Mr. Güven stressed that the Biological Weapons Convention & Chemical Weapons Convention govern not only weapons and warfare, but also govern civilian life and the protection of the civilian population. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Joseph Stalin ordered a biological war laboratory to be built at the Leningrad Military Academy even though the Soviet Union had signed the 1925 Geneva Convention which outlawed the use of chemical and biological weapons during war. (eaec.org)
- Notwithstanding the above mentioned, it should be noted that Article 163 of the Croatian Criminal Law defines the illegal sale or possession of both biological or chemical weapons, as well as any other weaponry banned by international treaty or convention, to be a criminal offence punishable by imprisonment. (mvep.hr)
- Protocol III to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) has failed adequately to address the serious and ongoing harm of incendiary weapons. (hrw.org)
- Against this background the Fifth Review Conference of the States Parties to the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BTWC) convened in Geneva on 19 November 2001. (sipri.org)
- While the Chemical Weapons Convention bans the use and transfer of chemical weapons, but has little effect on groups and countries that do not publicly announce their acquisition or intent to acquire such weapons. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction is signed by more than 100 countries, going into effect in 1975. (whyfiles.org)
- High level officials of Russia's MFA have accused the U.S. of violating the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, whereas the country's former Chief Sanitary Physician, Gennady Onishchenko, claimed that U.S. military microbiologists in Georgia can purposely infect mosquitoes with the Zika virus. (cacianalyst.org)
- Geneva, 15 November - The Fifth Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction concluded today with the adoption of a final report setting out a fresh approach to combat the deliberate use of disease as a weapon. (goodnewsagency.org)
- Under the agreement, reached late on Thursday evening, States parties to the Biological Weapons Convention are to meet annually in the lead-up to the next Review Conference in 2006. (goodnewsagency.org)
- These international measures must be comprised in a formal and legally binding treaty regime -- hence the significance of considering relevant measures in connection with the Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons Convention (commonly known as the Biological Weapons Convention or the BWC). (thefreedictionary.com)
- President Gerald Ford signed the Biological Weapons Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological and toxin weapons on Jan. 22, 1975. (gcn.com)
- The Soviet Union signed the Biological Weapons Convention as well, but it continued its biological warfare research program, according to reports by scientists with first hand knowledge of the program. (gcn.com)
- The 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention restricts countries from developing, producing, stockpiling, or acquiring biological agents, weapons, and equipment outside of peaceful purposes. (fas.org)
- Meeting of the State Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpilling of bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction" Experts Group, Delegate of State Parties (Turkey). (ege.edu.tr)
- Dr. Meselson was a key force behind the U.S. ratification of the Geneva Protocol, a 1925 treaty banning biological warfare, as well as the conception and implementation of the Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that bans biological and toxin weapons. (futureoflife.org)
- Matthew not only helped prove Watson and Crick's hypothesis about the structure of DNA in the 1950s, but he was also instrumental in getting the U.S. to ratify the Geneva Protocol, in getting the U.S. to halt its Agent Orange Program, and in the creation of the Biological Weapons Convention. (futureoflife.org)
- these weapons were also banned by a 100-nation treaty in 1972, called the Biological Weapons Convention . (blogspot.com)
- Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention by confidence-building measures / edited by Erhard Geissler. (who.int)
- Legal prohibitions on biological and toxin weapons derive from two international instruments, the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC). (nti.org)
- Forty years ago today, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, better known as the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), entered into force. (biodefnews.org)
- By the 1990s, there was recognition of the potential role of the Non-Proliferation Treaty , Biological Weapons Convention and Chemical Weapons Convention and related agreements in making it more difficult for terrorist groups to acquire WMD or obtain the raw materials, production equipment and technology for the production of WMD. (edu.au)
- The discovery of attempts by the Aum Shinrikyo to release anthrax and botulinum toxin in the early 1990s led to the Fourth Biological Weapons Convention Review Conference in 1996, reiterating that the prohibitions contained in the Biological Weapons Convention also apply to acts by terrorist groups. (edu.au)
- In 2001, the Bush administration rejected the 1972 BWC, took advantage of a loophole allowing "prophylactic, protective or other peaceful uses," continued a secret Clinton administration bioweapons initiative, and asserted its right to spend multi-billions illegally to develop, test and stockpile "first-strike" chemical and biological weapons that potentially can kill millions. (globalresearch.ca)
- Bio-weapons were banned by treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union (1972). (histclo.com)
- Since 1972, all biological weapons research and development in the U.S. has proceeded under the guise of cancer research. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Agreed in April 1972 and entering into force in March 1975, the BTWC is a treaty banning the development and stockpiling of biological weapons. (nti.org)
- Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin weapons deliver toxins and microorganisms, such as viruses, fungi and bacteria, so as to deliberately inflict disease among people, animals, and agriculture. (ttparliament.org)
- It also bans weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict. (ttparliament.org)
- On February 14, 1970, a presidential order was given to outlaw all stockpiles of bacteriological weapons and nonliving toxins. (wikipedia.org)
- and 2) weapons, equipment, or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes (Article I). (state.gov)
- To destroy or divert to peaceful purposes all agents, toxins, weapons, equipment, and means of delivery specified in Article I in their possession, or under their jurisdiction or control (Article II). (state.gov)
- Not to transfer or in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any entity to manufacture or otherwise acquire any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in Article I (Article III). (state.gov)
- To take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition, or retention of any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment, and means of delivery specified in Article I under its jurisdiction or control (Article IV). (state.gov)
- Biological warfare (BW), commonly called germ warfare is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) to ill or incapacitate people directky or the animals and plants on which people depend. (histclo.com)
- Biological weapons include pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and biological toxins. (faqs.org)
- If they are utilized for warfare purpose, the synthetically manufactured counterparts of these toxins are biological weapons. (sipri.org)
- Toxins, while not classified by NATO as chemical weapons, can pose similar problems. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- By the late 1960s, according to George Christopher and co-authors at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, the "U.S. military had developed a biological arsenal that included numerous bacterial pathogens, toxins, and fungal plant pathogens that could be directed against crops to induce crop failure and famine. (whyfiles.org)
- Although developing and using biological weapons once required support by nations, recent advances in biotechnology have made it easier to develop dangerous viruses, bacteria, and toxins with fewer resources. (fas.org)
- 1. INTRODUCTION DaSilva, in his work published in 1999, defines the Biological warfare as the intentional use of microorganisms, and toxins, generally of microbial, plant or animal origin to produce disease and death in humans, livestock and crops (DaSilva, 1999). (torvergata.it)
- A biological event provides for the presence of at least two actors: one or more pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or toxins) and a vehicle for their dissemination. (torvergata.it)
- In fact, most of biological weapons (unless of toxins) have a peculiar quality that other non-conventional weapons (chemical and radiological ones) do not show: biological agents are able to multiply in the host organism and be transmitted in turn to new hosts, generating in this way not predictable effects on the population, both in terms of number of victims and in terms of spread geography. (torvergata.it)
- The House of Representatives will soon begin debate on The Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons (No 2) Bill, 2011. (ttparliament.org)
- What are bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons? (ttparliament.org)
- Among those intended to affect vegetation are the causative agents of wheat stem rust, phytophthora of potatoes, and rice blast are all biological and toxin in nature. (ttparliament.org)
- Before the Persian Gulf War of 1990 to 1991, Saddam Hussein's Iraq weaponized large quantities of biological warfare agents that included anthrax bacteria, botulinum toxin and aflatoxin. (news-medical.net)
- Biological warfare, as defined by the United Nations, is the use of any living organism (e.g. bacterium, virus) or an infective component (e.g., toxin), to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. (faqs.org)
- The United States accuses the Soviet Union of using a biological toxin against enemies in Laos, Cambodia and Afghanistan. (whyfiles.org)
- Investigators learn the cult is also working with several biological warfare agents, including anthrax and botulism toxin. (whyfiles.org)
- A biological pathogen or toxin, such as the anthrax bacterium or the smallpox virus, that has been prepared for release on the battlefield or within a civilian population in sufficient concentration to cause widespread illness or death. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Any pathogen-virus, bacteria, other disease-causing biological agent, or toxin produced by them-intended for use as a biological weapon. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Biological and toxin weapons today / edited by Erhard Geissler. (who.int)
- 1. What are the international legal prohibitions on biological and toxin weapons? (nti.org)
- It prohibits only the use of biological and toxin weapons in war. (nti.org)
- Britain produced five million anthrax cakes at the UK Chemical and Biological Defense Establishment at Porton Down with the intent of dropping them on Germany to infect the food chain. (faqs.org)
- British open-air testing of anthrax weapons in 1941 on Gruinard Island in Scotland rendered the island inhabitable for five decades. (faqs.org)
- The microbial or biological agents or viral agents shall include, but not be limited to, any of the following: Anthrax or any variation thereof, smallpox or any variation thereof. (al.us)
- The scare over anthrax infection in the US has drawn attention to the vulnerability of homes and businesses to chemical and bacteriological attack. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The U.S. begins an offensive biological weapons program at Camp Detrick, Md. Tests with anthrax and other pathogens are hampered by a lack of safe enclosures. (whyfiles.org)
- About 150,000 U.S. troops in the Persian Gulf area are vaccinated against anthrax, a biological weapon in Iraq's arsenal. (whyfiles.org)
- United States Biodefense Strategy was never the program of defense, but the offence program, starting with the vast use of biological weapons in the Korean War, which resulted in 1953 in the murder by the CIA itself of its own major bioweapons scientist Frank Olson, who was working with biological weapons, including Anthrax, at the Camp Detrick (now Fort Detrick) in Maryland. (wordpress.com)
- Following the threat of bio-terrorism in recent times, supposedly resulting in a number of victims being infected with anthrax, there was a flurry of newspaper magazine articles at the turn of the millennium focusing on biological warfare. (ouzelgalley.net)
- He claimed the army was experimenting with a variety of dangerous bacteriological agents including yellow fever, anthrax, plague and botulism and that the threat of terrorists with these weapons was ever-present. (blogspot.com)
- However, since September 11 and the anthrax letter incidents of late 2001, the attempts of terrorist groups to acquire non-conventional weapons have become a focus of particular attention. (edu.au)
- Viruses as weapons of mass destruction have been in the forefront of the news following the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian conflict. (springer.com)
- Biological and chemical weapons, often refrred to as Weaons of Mass Destruction (WMD). (histclo.com)
- In the field of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), NATO cooperates with the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), other regional organisations and multilateral initiatives to address proliferation issues. (nato.int)
- Arms control is the broadest of the three terms and generally refers to mutually agreed upon restraints or controls (usually between states) on the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, deployment and use of troops, small arms, conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. (nato.int)
- 1 Non-proliferation applies to both weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons) and conventional capabilities such as missiles and small arms. (nato.int)
- According to NATO's Comprehensive, Strategic-Level Policy for Preventing the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and Defending Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Threats. (nato.int)
- A weapon of mass destruction. (al.us)
- The Republic of Croatia is a state party to and active participant in all the major international treaties and conventions relating to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, as well as conventional weapons. (mvep.hr)
- Category C agents are pathogens that can be engineered as weapons of mass destruction because they are easily available, easy to produce and disseminate, and potentially have high mortality morbidity rates. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- Several differences set BWs apart from other weapons of mass destruction like nuclear and chemical weapons. (fas.org)
- One of the most serious current international security concerns is that of a non-state actor or terrorist group acquiring weapons of mass destruction ('WMD'), which are usually understood to refer to nuclear, biological and chemical ('NBC') weapons, and their means of delivery. (edu.au)
- The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. (wikipedia.org)
- The Treaty of Versailles included some provisions that banned Germany from either manufacturing or importing chemical weapons. (wikipedia.org)
- Several countries have deployed or prepared chemical weapons in spite of the treaty. (wikipedia.org)
- Spain and France did so in the Rif War before the treaty came into effect in 1928, Japan used chemical weapons against Taiwan in 1930 during the Wushe Massacre, Italy used mustard gas against Abyssinia in 1935 and Japan used chemical weapons against China from 1938 to 1941. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the U.S. had a biological warfare program, following the treaty, it shut down facilities for the production of such weapons. (springer.com)
- Today, despite the treaty, it is known that many countries are still working on and stockpiling biological weapons. (springer.com)
- The treaty prohibits the use of such weapons, but not their development or storage, and provides for no inspection. (whyfiles.org)
- The United States is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , which the U.S. ratified in 1968. (hitchhikersgui.de)
- The 1925 Geneva Protocol, which bans the wartime use of chemical and also biological weapons, was an emphatic reaction to the use of chemical weapons in World War I, but legal institutions that would sanction violations of the treaty have evolved only with difficulty. (springer.com)
- It was the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the development and production of an entire category of weapons. (nti.org)
- In addition to banning biological weapons, the BTWC obligates its members to assist other State Parties that have been victimized by a violation of the treaty, and to "undertake to facilitate" the exchange of bioscience knowledge for peaceful purposes. (nti.org)
- For example, the Soviet Union expanded its biological weapons program shortly after ratifying the BTWC, and for two decades maintained numerous covert facilities despite being party to the treaty. (nti.org)
- It was the first multilateral treaty to ban an entire category of weapons. (biodefnews.org)
- The BWC continues to be an essential element in the international community's efforts to prohibit and eliminate these weapons, the use of which the treaty declares "would be repugnant to the conscience of mankind. (biodefnews.org)
- Universal membership in the treaty would demonstrate humanity's consensus that biological weapons are illegitimate and that all states have a responsibility to prevent anyone from obtaining them. (biodefnews.org)
- The BWC is critical to international efforts to address the threat posed by biological weapons - whether in the hands of governments or non-state actors. (state.gov)
- Surveillance is also useful in addressing the threat of biological weapons and protecting the community from highly contagious infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
- The threat of biological warfare seems remote to industrialized nations, which have enjoyed decades of peace and prosperity. (cdc.gov)
- In contrast, the threat of bioterrorism, in which biological agents are used by extremists as weapons against civilian populations, generates considerable anxiety. (cdc.gov)
- The biological warfare threat became more realistic after the terrorist attacks against New York and Washington on 11 September 2001. (sipri.org)
- Secondary infection, caused by infected victims leaving the area and spreading contagious pathogens, is a particularly dangerous threat from certain biological agents such as smallpox or plague. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- Since the U.S. established partnerships in biological studies with several post-Soviet republics in the late 1990s, Moscow has considered such cooperation as a threat. (cacianalyst.org)
- The main targets of Russia's accusations have been the so-called "Lugar laboratories" established in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and more recently in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan as part of the Nunn-Lugar Biological Threat Reduction Program. (cacianalyst.org)
- He has also petitioned to President Vladimir Putin to initiate "an investigation into the activities of the Lugar laboratory in connection with the threat to biological safety of Russian citizens," and to impose sanctions against individuals and legal entities related to this laboratory. (cacianalyst.org)
- Upon completion in 2008, the NBACC will offer a safe and secure bio-containment laboratory space for biological threat characterizations and bio-forensics analyses,' DHS said. (gcn.com)
- What makes biological threat so troubling? (torvergata.it)
- The virus is "a disease of explosive potential as either a biological warfare agent or a natural disease threat," according to a Pentagon document unearthed under Freedom of Information laws in 1986 by the Foundation on Economic Trends, whose president was Jeremy Rifkin. (blogspot.com)
- Rifkin said that the proposed laboratory would have "marked the beginning of a new and dangerous arms race… These toxic biological agents pose a threat that rivals nuclear weaponry. (blogspot.com)
- The threat is continues today, as the technology to develop biological weapons is widespread and disguising such efforts is surprisingly easy. (biodefnews.org)
- When President Gerald Ford signed an earlier, decades-old agreement covering chemical weapons, the Geneva Gas Protocol of 1925, the United States reserved the right to use tear gas in a limited number of contexts, such as for controlling a riot at a prisoner-of-war detention area -- just not against troops engaged in battle. (politifact.com)
- The 1925 agreement banning the use of chemical and biological weapons in war prohibits the killing of persons by asphyxiating gases, other poisonous gases and bacterial methods of warfare. (impunitywatch.com)
- The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons in warfare. (fas.org)
- Agreed in June 1925 and entering into force in February 1928, the Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare was the first international effort to control biological weapons. (nti.org)
- In 1998, Ken Alibek, a defector from the Soviet Union, published a book, Biohazard, that unmasked wide segments of the Soviet and then Russian biological war program [ 1 ], which included the growth of smallpox and other viruses as offensive agents. (springer.com)
- The Soviet Union after devloping nuclear weapons (1949) developed a two strike Cold War military plan. (histclo.com)
- 7) Non-compliance with the BWC was made evident in 1992 when, then Russian President, Boris Yeltsin admitted that the former Soviet Union had possessed an offensive biological weapons program for twenty years. (thefreedictionary.com)
- However, some signatory countries may be continuing weapons development, as the former Soviet Union did before its massive program was discontinued in 1992. (fas.org)
- It was the world's first and only nuclear power for four years (1945-1949), until the Soviet Union managed to produce its own nuclear weapon. (hitchhikersgui.de)
- Allegations that the United States military used biological weapons in the Korean War (1950-53) were raised by the governments of People's Republic of China , the Soviet Union and North Korea . (wikipedia.org)
- The Soviet Union vetoed the American resolution, and, along with its allies, continued to insist on the veracity of the biological warfare accusations. (wikipedia.org)
- It was therefore the first attempt to prohibit comprehensively an entire category of weapons. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Many states also voiced disappointment with the weakness of Protocol III, however, especially its failure to prohibit all use of incendiary weapons and its lack of adequate protections for combatants. (hrw.org)
- Alternatively, states could amend the protocol to prohibit all use of incendiary weapons in civilian areas and to require additional precautions in cases where they are used elsewhere. (hrw.org)
- Why was the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in 2013? (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Currently underway is an agreement with the OPCW (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) on putting at disposal a single platoon for radiological, biological and chemical decontamination. (mvep.hr)
- Kirillov's statement coincided with allegations from the UK and the Netherlands that Russian spies attempted to hack the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in The Hague. (cacianalyst.org)
- Suspected chemical attack in Syria - A convoy of inspectors from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons prepares to cross into Syria at the Lebanese border crossing point of Masnaa on Tuesday, October 1. (cnn.com)
- Biological attacks can result in the destruction of crops, temporary discomfort or illness, and in extreme cases, death. (ttparliament.org)
- Unlike attacks involving conventional or even chemical weapons, which could be readily detected and limited to a specific geographic area, an attack with a biological agent (and the resulting symptoms of exposed persons) could remain undetected for days, would be widely scattered, and depending on the etiologic agent, might not be identified immediately as a manmade event. (cdc.gov)
- While chemical attacks are frightening, a biological weapon poses the worst nightmare: Chemical agents are inanimate, but bacteria, viruses, and other live agents can be contagious and reproductive. (khouse.org)
- In response to biological and chemical attacks during World War I, the Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, is signed. (whyfiles.org)
- Syrian government's Armed Forces launched 13 attacks and targeted 5 Governorates, using varying poisonous gases in some of these attacks, and chemical weapons in others. (impunitywatch.com)
- A look at what has happened in the world during the last 60 years allows us to say that few nations have suffered such varied forms of biological attacks as Cuba. (walterlippmann.com)
- Syrian rebels said poisonous gas rained down from rockets, but authorities have denied the allegations that they used chemical weapons and accused the opposition of staging the attacks. (cnn.com)
- Biological attacks can result in destruction of crops, temporarily discomforting a small community, killing large numbers of people, or other outcomes. (fas.org)
- Yet, it turns out, some international agreement against gas attacks predated the war - and even full development of the weapons themselves. (politifact.com)
- Over fifty countries are involved in the development of biological weapons or developing strategies for combating attacks from them. (ouzelgalley.net)
- Field studies of biological warfare most infamously involved the secret releases of 'simulants' to mimic clandestine attacks with deadly microbes.1 In collaboration with the CIA, Camp Detrick scientists began by dispersing theoretically harmless and easily traced bacteria in the Pentagon's ventilation system, then moved on to contaminating subway systems and office buildings. (fossilhunters.xyz)
- This activity, conducted by governments and the private sector, focuses on developing systems to detect, characterize, and respond to biological attacks. (nti.org)
- The following is a list of concrete measures undertaken by the Republic of Croatia with regard to its policies in the field of non-proliferation, disarmament and arms control as well as how they may relate to international efforts to combat against illegal trade in weapons and/or terrorist activities. (mvep.hr)
- Biological weapons proliferation is increasing the likelihood of a biological weapons attack. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- Moreover, it seeks to prevent the proliferation of expertise, materials, equipment and technologies that could contribute to the development of biological weapons. (cacianalyst.org)
- The BTWC contains provisions both prohibiting the proliferation of biological weapons (Article III) as well as committing member states to "the fullest possible exchange" of peaceful biotechnologies (Article X). States Parties have varying views on how best to balance these two goals. (nti.org)
- These treaties were negotiated during the Cold War to limit the horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, and to achieve the prohibition and total elimination of biological and chemical weapons, respectively. (edu.au)
- The only reference to BW is in a report from Oct. 1943: "On the basis of recommendations made by members of the Committee and by other members of the Society, a program of activities was drawn up to cover the following fields:… 9) [of Bacteriological warfare and the effect of warfare upon essential bacterial processes (gas warfare and soil bacteria). (asm.org)
- Due to the rapid acquisition and fixation of compensatory mutations by bacteria, experiments to evaluate the biological cost of the expression of novel antibiotic resistance and viru- lence determinants are difficult to perform. (biology-online.org)
- It is generally reported to be a successor to the MKULTRA project and to have focused on biological projects including biological warfare agents-specifically, to store materials that could either incapacitate or kill a test subject and to develop devices for the diffusion of such materials. (wikipedia.org)
- 25) Attempt to commit an explosives or destructive device or bacteriological or biological weapons crime as defined in Section 13A-10-197 . (aclualabama.org)
- Explosives are perhaps the most common purely chemical weapon used in modern warfare. (xenology.info)
- The first was to devestate Anerican cities with nuclear weapons and then complete the destruction of American society with BW. (histclo.com)
- Litton Industries right outside Toronto, makers of nuclear weapons and space aerotechnology, have a medical subsidiary called Litton Bionetics . (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Nuclear weapons committed to NATO defence have been reduced by more than 90 per cent since the height of the Cold War. (nato.int)
- NATO will remain a nuclear alliance as long as there are nuclear weapons in the world, but will do so at the lowest possible level and with an appropriate mix of nuclear and conventional forces. (nato.int)
- nuclear weapons , chemical weapons , and biological weapons . (hitchhikersgui.de)
- The U.S. is the only country to have used nuclear weapons in combat , when it detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II . (hitchhikersgui.de)
- The United States has the second largest number of deployed nuclear weapons in the world, after Russia. (hitchhikersgui.de)
- Nuclear weapons have been used twice in combat: two nuclear weapons were used by the United States against Japan during World War II in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . (hitchhikersgui.de)
- In the early 1990s, the U.S. stopped developing new nuclear weapons and now devotes most of its nuclear efforts into stockpile stewardship , maintaining and dismantling its now-aging arsenal. (hitchhikersgui.de)
- The exact number of nuclear weapons possessed by the United States is difficult to determine. (hitchhikersgui.de)
- Reports that al Qaeda has been seeking to acquire or develop improvised chemical and biological weapons, as well as nuclear weapons and radioactive dispersal devices, have exacerbated these concerns. (edu.au)
- Terrorist organizations and the military have used infectious diseases as weapons throughout the history of mankind. (news-medical.net)
- Incidence of terrorist events involving biological and chemical weapons increased sharply after 1985. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- When one considers the potential of a lesser state actor or a terrorist group to develop and use biological weapons against a militarily superior force, one is forced to ask when the use of this weapon will occur, not if. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In this work, a summary of the main war and terrorist activities carried out by biological weapons over the time is presented. (torvergata.it)
- In the second decade of the 21st century, to make the situation more troubling, there is the simplicity with which it is possible to produce large quantities of biological agents with facilities and expertise available to everyone, even to terrorist and paramilitary groups. (torvergata.it)
- In 1915, the League of Nations negotiated the Geneva Protocol that banned the use of both chemical and bacteriological weapons but permitted their continued production, and stockpiling. (news-medical.net)
- During the twentieth century, modern scientific methods led to the development, refinement, and stockpiling of weapons of biological warfare by governments throughout the world. (faqs.org)
- Fort Detrick has been the home of the Pentagon's biological warfare operations since 1943, when it was called Camp Detrick. (gcn.com)
- During a press conference in Moscow on October 4, 2018, Major General Igor Kirillov, commander of Russia's radiological, chemical and biological defense troops, stated that 73 citizens of Georgia had died as a result of medical experiments conducted by a company owned by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. (cacianalyst.org)
- On 30 June 1950, soon after the outbreak of the Korean War, the US Defense Secretary George Marshall received the Report of the Committee on Chemical, Biological and Radiological Warfare and Recommendations , which advocated urgent development of a biological weapons program. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, a group of Dagestani journalists led by Mukhtar Amirov alleged that the Georgian laboratory had been involved in the use of biological weapons in Dagestan and Chechnya. (cacianalyst.org)
- Jakok Segal claimed the AIDS virus was the result of genetic experiments carried out at Fort Detrick , the West's most advanced biological warfare laboratory. (blogspot.com)
- it served as the shell housing the nation's first laboratory for offensive research on biological weapons. (fossilhunters.xyz)
- MMWR Morb Mor- biological agents towards which the various agents to civilian populations. (cdc.gov)
- NATO sources, according to data processed in 1969 by U.S. experts, reported the following costs for an attack on an area of 1 km2 to civilian populations with different weapons: a) $1/Km2 for biological weapons, b) $600/Km2 for chemical, c) $800/Km2 for nuclear, d) $2,000/Km2 for conventional armaments (NATO, 1996). (torvergata.it)
- and that some service members running testing labs that bringing them into contact with individuals who could have Ebola will wear full biological protective suits. (burbankdigest.com)
- Moreover, main biological warfare agents and related pathology are considered, according to American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) priority classification. (torvergata.it)
- Yet many apes in laboratories had been injected with blood and 'unknown cytopathic agents' for many years - the same accident-prone labs that produced vaccines and biological warfare agents. (blogspot.com)
- To remain effective, it must deal with all biological threats we face in the 21st century. (state.gov)
- These and many more topics concerning current threats and future developments of biological and chemical weapons were discussed at the third Peace Palace Library Peace & Security Salon on May 11th. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- The whole world became acutely aware of the threats posed by arsenals of new biological weapons. (ouzelgalley.net)
- Since its entry into force in 1975 there have been confirmed cases of material breaches as well as allegations of biological warfare. (sipri.org)
- The United States ratified the Protocol in 1975 after President Richard Nixon renounced the use of biological weapons in 1969. (fas.org)
- Human subjects were used as guinea pigs in various other experiments, and numerous illegal practices continued to the present, including secretly releasing toxic biological agents in US cities to test the effects of germ warfare. (globalresearch.ca)
- But we will see that the story itself is much larger, and includes a U.S. cover-up about Japan's use of biological weapons in World War II, and testimony from a Marine Corps colonel about how the U.S. conceptualized its germ warfare campaign. (medium.com)
- On March 8, Chou En-Lai, Foreign Minister for the People's Republic of China, made international headlines when he sent a telegram to the "Secretariat to the United Nations detailing claims of 448 germ warfare sorties by the US Air Force. (medium.com)
- An article published in his personal blog by Spanish journalist Patricio Montesinos deals with the theory that the coronavirus could be a germ created in U.S. laboratories, as a bacteriological weapon of the commercial war unleashed by Washington against China. (walterlippmann.com)
- also called germ or bacteriological warfare. (thefreedictionary.com)
- When the International Red Cross and the World Health Organization ruled out biological warfare, the Chinese government denounced this as Western bias and arranged an investigation by the Soviet-affiliated World Peace Council . (wikipedia.org)
- The United States government's biological warfare facility was headquartered at Fort Detrick in Maryland beginning in 1942. (faqs.org)
- The biological weapons research facility at Fort Detrick in Maryland was expanded, and a new one in Pine Bluff, Arkansas , was developed. (wikipedia.org)
- He also recounts his introduction to biological weapons, his reasons for opposing them, and the efforts he undertook to get them banned. (futureoflife.org)
- During 1951, as the war turned against the United States, the Chinese and North Koreans made vague allegations of biological warfare, but these were not pursued. (wikipedia.org)
- On November 25, 1969, President Richard Nixon abolished any military practice involving biological weapons and Project MKNAOMI was dissolved. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1969, the United States, under President Richard M. Nixon, pledged to denounce its biological weapon development program completely. (news-medical.net)
- Georgia has been receiving much coverage in the regional news of late, Renn TV and other outlets, especially Russian news outlets, over America's alleged biological and entomological weapons program. (abundanthope.net)
- After all, if entomological weapons based on bungled Japanese science had killed nearly half a million people, just think what an advanced nation might be able to do with these creatures. (fossilhunters.xyz)
- The U.S. military used a bit of discretion when it began field-testing entomological weapons. (fossilhunters.xyz)
- Police in the United States are allowed to use tear gas even though it 'has been classified as a chemical weapon and banned in international conflict since 1993. (politifact.com)
- The meme -- posted by the group OurTime.org, an advocacy group for young Americans -- said, 'Tear gas has been classified as a chemical weapon and banned in international conflict since 1993. (politifact.com)
- To accomplish these goals the OPCW worked closely, for the first time, with the United Nations to destroy not only the stockpile of chemical weapons but also the production facilities. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Suspected chemical attack in Syria - U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said the world community was imposing a binding obligation on the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to get rid of its chemical weapons stockpile. (cnn.com)
- In contrast to bioterrorism, biological warfare is defined as the 'statesanctioned' use of biological weapons on an opposing military force or civilian population. (faqs.org)
- Biological weapons cannot be considered in isolation because their technologies can be used for good or bad and because of the interrelatedness of biological weapons , bioterrorism, biosafety, global public health, emerging infectious diseases and other issues. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Biological warfare and bioterrorism are very complex subjects, mainly due to the many agents that can be used as a weapon and for the wide range ways for the dissemination in the environment and population. (torvergata.it)
- President Richard Nixon ends the U.S. biological weapons program, and pledges the nation will never use biological weapons under any circumstances. (whyfiles.org)
- He died because of concern that he would divulge information concerning a highly classified CIA interrogation program called ARTICHOKE in the early 1950 s, and concerning the use of biological weapons by the United States in the Korean War. (frankolsonproject.org)
- The commission's findings also included eyewitnesses, and testimony from doctors as well as four American Korean War prisoners who confirmed the US use of biological warfare. (wikipedia.org)
- Russian President Boris Yeltsin admitted that the weapons still existed (early-1990s). (histclo.com)
- Director of the Peace Palace Library Jeroen Vervliet opened the salon describing the background of the (legal) regime concerning biological and chemical weapons. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Historically, smallpox may have been used in the past as a weapon, both by throwing corpses into the battlefield, or supplying American Indians with contaminated blankets. (springer.com)
- Smallpox was used as a biological weapon several times during the colonization of the Americas. (faqs.org)
- In addition, the SOC was also designated to research the potentials for using biological agents against other animals and crops. (wikipedia.org)
- Included among its actions was the use of biological and chemical agents capable of destroying Cuban crops and incapacitating agricultural workers. (walterlippmann.com)
- The aim of this work is to present an overview on biological warfare and bioweapons, as well as to assess the state of the art on the actual offensive capability through this unconventional weapon. (torvergata.it)
- Scientists will design and construct completely new biological systems and organisms not found in nature. (actionbioscience.org)
- Although many postmortem bacteriological cultures in SUDI yield organisms, most seem to be unrelated to the cause of death. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Biological warfare is the intentional use of disease-causing micro-organisms or other entities that can replicate themselves (e.g., viruses, infectious nucleic acids and prions) against humans, animals or plants for hostile purposes. (sipri.org)
- The United States government classifies chemical and biological agents and biological organisms in three categories. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- Non-pathogenic test organisms escape, and a large-scale production of bio-weapons is not attempted. (whyfiles.org)
- Modern detection techniques of DNA "finger-printing," or rapid genomic sequencing, of micro-organisms can also help to quickly identify the type of biological weapon released in an attack, as well as the specific strain from which it was derived. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The Soviet scientists were particularly successful in combining extremely deadly microbes with genetic materials from other organisms that improved their ability to function as weapons. (gcn.com)
- Similar treaties banned the First Austrian Republic, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Hungary from chemical weapons, all belonging to the losing side, the Central powers. (wikipedia.org)
- Two treaties have placed restrictions on biological weapons. (fas.org)
- We extracted some "highlights" from "Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective," (see the bibliography ), written by experts from the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. (whyfiles.org)
- In 2004, the focus of the process will shift to enhancing international capabilities for responding to, investigating and mitigating the effects of cases of alleged use of biological weapons or suspicious outbreaks of disease, and to strengthening national and international efforts against infectious diseases. (goodnewsagency.org)
- We expect our success with vaccine and therapeutic product candidates for use against serious infectious disease agents with weapon potential, such as plague bacillus, to be of interest to governments and companies engaged in supplying disease countermeasures. (biodefnews.org)
- Between 1918 and 1945, the Japanese government conducted extensive biological weapon research at Unit 731 in occupied Manchuria, China. (faqs.org)
- Nana-san-ichi Butai ) was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) of World War II . (worldlibrary.in)
- Although 109 states have joined theProtocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons, incendiary weapons have continued to be used at great human cost in conflicts from Africa to Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. (hrw.org)
- During World War I, Germany developed a biological warfare program based on the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and a strain of Pseudomonas known as Burkholderia mallei , which causes glanders disease in cattle. (faqs.org)
- It is a system of genetic engineering, where the bacterium of streptococcus is the means for the delivery of the genetic weapon. (wordpress.com)
- In the new model of the American binary biological weapons, the mutated streptococcus bacterium will be delivered massively by the influenza virus. (wordpress.com)
- Although international law prohibits the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons, America has had an active biological warfare program since at least the 1940s. (globalresearch.ca)
- The Japanese also had an active program and actually used both biological and chemical agents in china, primarily in China. (histclo.com)
- The program was established in order to dismantle the USSR's massive infrastructure for biological WMD research, development and production. (cacianalyst.org)
- Likewise, Iraq was a signatory of the BTWC but nevertheless possessed a large biological weapons program. (nti.org)
- Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program . (worldlibrary.in)
- Biological weapons take time to infect the populations they are targeted against and have the capacity to spread and affect vary large populations. (news-medical.net)
- In his article, the journalist states that although there have been attempts to hide it, the world knows well how successive U.S. administrations have resorted to biological warfare to overthrow governments considered to be adverse, and to unleash conflicts between nations and exterminate populations. (walterlippmann.com)
- Used since pre-Christian times, biological weapons have resulted in the decimation of whole populations and have changed the geopolitics of several places. (torvergata.it)
- Naturally it all boils down to the core allegation of how U.S. military is doing biological weapons research on its border under the guise of civilian (public health and animal disease prevention) on its borders. (abundanthope.net)
- Biological weapons research was also conducted. (globalresearch.ca)
- Litton Bionetics ran the entire National Cancer Institute's ( NCI ) Fort Detrick, Maryland, cancer research facilities which is America's premier biological weapons testing center. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- The mechanism should allow States Parties to keep pace with developments that may introduce new risks with regard to the hostile use of biotechnology, while at the same time ensuring that peaceful biological research can proceed unhindered. (icrc.org)
- After that date, the Pentagon dismantled the high-level biological containment facilities that it had used for the research at Fort Detrick, to the reported dismay of scientists who said that the research facilities would have been very useful for civilian health investigative work. (gcn.com)
- The budget passed by the United States Congress in 2004 eliminated funding for some of this research including the " bunker-busting or earth-penetrating " weapons. (hitchhikersgui.de)
- From 1919 to 1928 he was director and research supervisor of Odessa bacteriological station named after I.I. Mechnikov, reorganized in 1920 into Odessa state sanitation and epidemiological institute named after I.I. Mechnikov (later Odessa scientific research institute of virology and epidemiology named after I.I.Mechnikov). (cfuv.ru)
- Until the end of World War II, Japan operated a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit called Unit 731 in Harbin . (wikipedia.org)
- The study of the ethical and moral implications of biological discoveries, biomedical advances, and their applications as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research (adopted from 1 ). (who.int)
- For these purposes the U.S. Army's Special Operations Command (SOC) was assigned to assist the CIA in the development, testing, and maintenance procedures for the biological agents and delivery systems (1952). (wikipedia.org)
- He then got involved in arms control, working with the US government to renounce the development and possession of biological weapons and halt the use of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. (futureoflife.org)
- A new form of warfare : the development of non-lethal weapons / Malcolm Dando. (who.int)
- The official rationale for these studies was to prepare a civil defense plan, but of course any data concerning how the American populace might be put at risk by biological warfare were eagerly converted into the development of tactics for attacking the Soviets and their allies. (fossilhunters.xyz)
- Furthermore, incendiary weapons are prone to being indiscriminate, starting fires and causing casualties over a large area without distinguishing between soldiers and civilians. (hrw.org)
- According to a recent United Nations study of the possible effects of biological warfare: 'Botulism is. (xenology.info)
- Estimates are that over 3,000 prisoners died as a result of infection by these biological pathogens or execution following such infections. (faqs.org)
- Driven by reports of Japanese and German programs to develop biological weapons, the Allies embarked on vigorous efforts to develop their own biological weapons during World War II. (faqs.org)
- Since the BWC entered into force, the tremendous advances in science and technology that have made it easier to diagnose and treat diseases have also made it easier to develop biological weapons, including by terrorists. (biodefnews.org)
- The absence of verification measures enabled some signatory countries to develop clandestine biological weapons programs. (nti.org)
- Thus the second outbreak of "black death" in Europe may be partly blamed on biological warfare. (whyfiles.org)
- the second invasion of Iraq (2003-2011) and the war in Afghanistan (2001-present) were fought with conventional, chemical and biological weapons. (eaec.org)
- Biological weapons are cheaper to produce and weaponize than chemical, nuclear, and conventional armaments, making them a possible choice for nations with smaller military budgets that are seeking greater leverage in international affairs. (cctvcamerapros.com)
- Among the reasons which make biological weapons attractive, there is their very low cost when compared to both conventional and unconventional ones. (torvergata.it)
- Considered to be more conventional battlefield tactics, the science of weapons has produced almost clinical and remote approaches to military engagements. (ouzelgalley.net)
- A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying to other parties and that these obligations would cease to apply if the prohibited weapons were used against them. (wikipedia.org)
- The ICRC also urges States still holding reservations to the Geneva Protocol to withdraw them, since the prohibition of the use of biological weapons applies in all circumstances. (icrc.org)
- The Geneva Protocol also introduced the prohibition on bacteriological methods of warfare. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- The various reservations by states parties reduced the Protocol to a no-first-use commitment, thereby eroding the intended aim of prohibiting chemical weapons into that of restricting chemical weapons. (peacepalacelibrary.nl)
- Human Rights Watch and the Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic call upon states parties to Protocol III to revisit the text of the protocol and to amend its 30-year-old provisions to address more comprehensively the problems of incendiary weapons. (hrw.org)
- At the close of the diplomatic conference that produced the CCW in 1980, states expressed hope that the new protocol would be a step toward reducing the harm of incendiary weapons. (hrw.org)
- First, states parties should amend the overly narrow, design-based definition of "incendiary weapon" in order to ensure that the protocol covers the most problematic modern incendiary munitions, such as those using white phosphorus. (hrw.org)
- An important example of a legal failure to support the protocol occurred at the 1946-1948 International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), just when it might be expected that Imperial Japan would be charged for its chemical and biological warfare (CBW) waged against China from the late 1930s into World War II. (springer.com)