AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Bacterial TranslocationMesenteryTranslocation, GeneticIntestinesIntestinal MucosaBacterial Physiological PhenomenaIleumLymph NodesJaundice, ObstructiveBurnsPermeabilityCecumEndotoxinsProbioticsParenteral Nutrition, TotalIntestinal DiseasesIntestine, SmallProtein TransportEnterocytesEscherichia coliRats, Sprague-DawleyCholestasisRandom AllocationGastrointestinal TractPicibanilTrinitrobenzenesulfonic AcidLiver Cirrhosis, ExperimentalSplanchnic CirculationGlutamineBifidobacteriales InfectionsEnteral NutritionSpecific Pathogen-Free OrganismsDisease Models, AnimalTungstenLaparotomyBacteriaRats, WistarBacterial InfectionsLactuloseImmunoglobulin A, SecretoryCholedochostomyShock, HemorrhagicCholestasis, ExtrahepaticCommon Bile DuctTight JunctionsColitisProstaglandins E, SyntheticPancreatitis, Acute NecrotizingBacteria, AerobicBacteremiaColonEndotoxemiaBiological TransportSepsisDigestive SystemSystemic Inflammatory Response SyndromeIntestinal ObstructionFood, FormulatedProtein DeficiencyLiverLigationOccludinCaco-2 CellsEnterobacteriaceaeSpleenSaccharomycesLipopolysaccharidesLactobacillusCell Membrane PermeabilityGastrointestinal MotilityChromosomes, Human, Pair 14JejunumRadiation Injuries, ExperimentalMetagenomePancreatitisReperfusion InjuryBifidobacteriumActive Transport, Cell NucleusPeroxidaseColony Count, MicrobialSwine, MiniaturePeyer's PatchesNeomycinAllopurinolEscherichia coli InfectionsCell NucleusEnteritisMultiple Organ FailureHypertension, PortalIntestinal AbsorptionCarbon TetrachlorideIschemiaGastrointestinal AgentsToll-Like Receptor 4Bacterial AdhesionPeritonitisTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaMolecular Sequence DataMucusNucleosides
Bacterial Translocation
The passage of viable bacteria from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION.
Mesentery
A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the ABDOMINAL WALL and conveys their blood vessels and nerves.
Translocation, Genetic
A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.
Intestines
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Intestinal Mucosa
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.
Ileum
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
Lymph Nodes
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
Permeability
Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
Cecum
The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.
Endotoxins
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
Probiotics
Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Intestine, Small
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
Protein Transport
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Enterocytes
Absorptive cells in the lining of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA. They are differentiated EPITHELIAL CELLS with apical MICROVILLI facing the intestinal lumen. Enterocytes are more abundant in the SMALL INTESTINE than in the LARGE INTESTINE. Their microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cell by 14- to 40 fold.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Random Allocation
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
Gastrointestinal Tract
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Picibanil
A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental
Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Splanchnic Circulation
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.
Glutamine
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.
Bifidobacteriales Infections
Infections with BACTERIA of the order Bifidobacteriales. This includes infections in the genera BIFIDOBACTERIUM and GARDNERELLA, in the family Bifidobacteriaceae.
Enteral Nutrition
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
Animals or humans raised in the absence of a particular disease-causing virus or other microorganism. Less frequently plants are cultivated pathogen-free.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Tungsten
Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.
Laparotomy
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
Lactulose
A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887)
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory
The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).
Choledochostomy
Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.
Shock, Hemorrhagic
Acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss resulting in HYPOVOLEMIA.
Cholestasis, Extrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
Common Bile Duct
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Tight Junctions
Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.
Prostaglandins E, Synthetic
Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins E that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGE.
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.
Bacteria, Aerobic
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Colon
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Biological Transport
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
Digestive System
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA 90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Food, Formulated
Food and dietary formulations including elemental (chemically defined formula) diets, synthetic and semisynthetic diets, space diets, weight-reduction formulas, tube-feeding diets, complete liquid diets, and supplemental liquid and solid diets.
Protein Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)
Liver
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Ligation
Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
Occludin
A MARVEL domain protein that plays an important role in the formation and regulation of the TIGHT JUNCTION paracellular permeability barrier.
Caco-2 Cells
Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as ENTEROCYTES. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.
Enterobacteriaceae
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
Spleen
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Saccharomyces
A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Lactobacillus
A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.
Cell Membrane Permeability
A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.
Gastrointestinal Motility
The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Jejunum
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
Radiation Injuries, Experimental
Experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing RADIATION in CHORDATA animals.
Metagenome
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
Bifidobacterium
A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae, order Bifidobacteriales, class ACTINOBACTERIA. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
Peroxidase
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
Colony Count, Microbial
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Swine, Miniature
Genetically developed small pigs for use in biomedical research. There are several strains - Yucatan miniature, Sinclair miniature, and Minnesota miniature.
Peyer's Patches
Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.
Neomycin
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis.
Allopurinol
A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.
Intestinal Absorption
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
Carbon Tetrachloride
A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Gastrointestinal Agents
Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.
Toll-Like Receptor 4
A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.
Bacterial Adhesion
Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Mucus
The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells.
Nucleosides
Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
A 195-kDa zonula occludens protein that is distinguished by the presence of a ZU5 domain at the C-terminal of the molecule.
Malondialdehyde
The dialdehyde of malonic acid.
Cell Membrane
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Interleukin-8 controls bacterial transepithelial translocation at the cost of epithelial destruction in experimental shigellosis. (1/418)

In shigellosis, the network of cellular interactions mediated by a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines is clearly tipped toward acute destructive inflammation of intestinal tissues by the bacterial invader. This work has addressed the role played by interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a rabbit model of intestinal invasion by Shigella flexneri. IL-8, which is largely produced by the epithelial cells themselves, appears to be a major mediator of the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to the subepithelial area and transmigration of these cells through the epithelial lining. Neutralization of IL-8 function by monoclonal antibody WS-4 caused a decrease in the amount of PMNs streaming through the lamina propria and the epithelium, thus significantly attenuating the severity of epithelial lesions in areas of bacterial invasion. These findings are in agreement with our previous work (31). In contrast to the PMNs, the bacteria displayed increased transepithelial translocation, as well as overgrowth in the lamina propria and increased passage into the mesenteric blood. By mediating eradication of bacteria at their epithelial entry site, although at the cost of severe epithelial destruction, IL-8 therefore appears to be a key chemokine in the control of bacterial translocation.  (+info)

Dietary calcium phosphate stimulates intestinal lactobacilli and decreases the severity of a salmonella infection in rats. (2/418)

We have shown recently that dietary calcium phosphate (CaPi) has a trophic effect on the intestinal microflora and strongly protects against salmonella infection. It was speculated that precipitation by CaPi of intestinal surfactants, such as bile acids and fatty acids, reduced the cytotoxicity of intestinal contents and favored growth of the microflora. Because lactobacilli may have antagonistic activity against pathogens, the main purpose of the present study was to examine whether this CaPi-induced protection coincides with a reinforcement of the endogenous lactobacilli. In vitro, Salmonella enteritidis appeared to be insensitive to bile acids and fatty acids, whereas Lactobacillus acidophilus was killed by physiologically relevant concentrations of these surfactants. Additionally, after adaptation to a purified diet differing only in CaPi concentration (20 and 180 mmol CaHPO4. 2H2O/kg), rats (n = 8) were orally infected with S. enteritidis. Besides reducing the cytotoxicity and the concentration of bile acids and fatty acids of ileal contents and fecal water, CaPi notably changed the composition of ileal bile acids in a less cell-damaging direction. Significantly greater numbers of ileal and fecal lactobacilli were detected in noninfected, CaPi-supplemented rats. As judged by the lower urinary NOx excretion, which is a biomarker of intestinal bacterial translocation, dietary CaPi reduced the invasion of salmonella. Additionally, the colonization resistance was improved considering the reduction of excreted fecal salmonella. In accordance, fewer viable salmonella were detected in ileal contents and on the ileal mucosa in the CaPi group. In conclusion, reducing the intestinal surfactant concentration by dietary CaPi strengthens the endogenous lactobacilli and increases the resistance to salmonella.  (+info)

Intestinal cytokine response after gut ischemia: role of gut barrier failure. (3/418)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of intestinal ischemia with and without a reperfusion injury on intestinal cytokine production and gut permeability. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In humans and in animal models, the gut has been implicated as a cytokine-producing organ after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-type injuries. Because of the limitations of in vivo models, it has been difficult to demonstrate directly that the gut releases cytokines after an I/R injury or whether there is a relation between the magnitude of the ischemic process and the cytokine response. METHODS: Ileal mucosal membranes from rats subjected to sham or 45 or 75 min of superior mesenteric occlusion (SMAO) or 45 minutes of SMAO and 30 minutes of reperfusion (SMAO 45/30) were mounted in the Ussing chamber system. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were serially measured in the mucosal and serosal reservoirs of the Ussing system, as was mucosal permeability as reflected by the passage of bacteria or phenol red across the ileal membrane. In a second group of experiments, Escherichia coli C25 was added to the mucosal reservoir to determine if the cytokine response would be increased. RESULTS: Mucosal and serosal levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were equally increased after SMAO, with the highest levels in the 75-minute SMAO group. The highest levels of interleukin-6 were found in rats subjected to 75 minutes of SMAO or SMAO 45/30; the serosal levels of interleukin-6 were four to sixfold higher than the mucosal levels. The addition of E. coli C25 resulted in a significant increase in the amount of interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha recovered from the mucosal reservoir. Increased ileal membrane permeability was observed only in rats subjected to 75 minutes of SMAO or SMAO 45/30. CONCLUSION: These results directly document that the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 released from the gut increase after an ischemic or I/R injury, such as SMAO, and that there is a relation between the magnitude of the gut ischemic or I/R insult and the cytokine response.  (+info)

Enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella: masters of host cell cytoskeletal exploitation. (4/418)

Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to exploit their host's cellular processes so that they can survive and persist. Often, a bacterium must adhere very tightly to the cells and mediate its effects extracellularly, or it must find a way to invade the host's cells and survive intracellularly. In either case, the pathogen hijacks the host's cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton provides a flexible framework for the cell and is involved in mediating numerous cellular functions, from cell shape and structure to programmed cell death. Altering the host cytoskeleton is crucial for mediating pathogen adherence, invasion, and intracellular locomotion. We highlight recent advances in the pathogenesis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri. Each illustrates how bacterial pathogens can exert dramatic effects on the host cytoskeleton.  (+info)

Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus plantarum colonizing the intestine of gnotobiotic rats. (5/418)

We have studied the effect of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on the immune functions of gnotobiotic rats. One group of germ-free rats was colonized with the type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 and another group with the same E. coli strain together with L. plantarum 299v. One and 5 weeks after colonization, bacterial numbers were determined in the contents of the small intestine, caecum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Small intestinal sections were examined for CD8+, CD4+, CD25+ (IL-2R alpha-chain), IgA+ and MHC class II+ cells and mitogen-induced spleen cell proliferation was determined. Immunoglobulin levels and E. coli-specific antibodies were measured in serum. Rats given L. plantarum in addition to E. coli showed lower counts of E. coli in the small intestine and caecum 1 week after colonization compared with the group colonized with E. coli alone, but similar levels after 5 weeks. Rats colonized with L. plantarum + E. coli had significantly higher total serum IgA levels and marginally higher IgM and IgA antibody levels against E. coli than those colonized with E. coli alone. They also showed a significantly increased density of CD25+ cells in the lamina propria and displayed a decreased proliferative spleen cell response after stimulation with concanavalin A or E. coli 1 week after colonization. The results indicate that L. plantarum colonization competes with E. coli for intestinal colonization and can influence intestinal and systemic immunity.  (+info)

Gut origin of sepsis: a prospective study investigating associations between bacterial translocation, gastric microflora, and septic morbidity. (6/418)

AIMS: To investigate the "gut origin of sepsis" hypothesis. METHODS: Prospective controlled study of 279 surgical patients in which cultures of nasogastric aspirates were compared with those obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes taken at laparotomy and the organisms cultured from subsequent septic complications. Bacterial translocation was confirmed if positive cultures were obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes. Postoperative sepsis was defined as any positive culture in the postoperative period. Bacterial species obtained in gastric microflora, mesenteric lymph nodes, and postoperative septic complications were compared. RESULTS: Only 85/279 patients (31%) had a sterile nasogastric aspirate; the most frequently identified organism was Candida spp. (54%) and the most common enteric organism cultured was E coli (20%). Multiple organisms were isolated in 39% and occurred more frequently in patients aged over 70 years, those undergoing non-elective surgery, and in those requiring proximal gastrointestinal surgery. Postoperative sepsis was more common in these patients. Bacterial translocation occurred in 21% and was significantly more frequent in those with multiple organisms in their nasogastric aspirates. E coli was the commonest organism isolated from the lymph node specimens (48%) and septic foci (53%). Fungal translocation did not occur. An identical genus was identified in the nasogastric aspirate and the septic focus in 30% of patients, in the nasogastric aspirate and the lymph node in 31%, and in the lymph node and a postoperative septic focus in 45%. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal gut colonisation is associated with both increased bacterial translocation and septic morbidity. The commonality of organisms identified supports the gut origin of sepsis hypothesis.  (+info)

Oral administration of a glutamine-enriched diet before or after endotoxin challenge in aged rats has limited effects. (7/418)

Numerous studies indicate beneficial effects of glutamine (Gln) in many models of catabolic adult rats. No data were available for aged rats. The effects of oral L-Gln-enriched diet were tested in endotoxemic 24-mo old rats. First, rats received for 7 d (from d0 to d7) an oral diet supplemented with either L-Gln [1g/(kg. d)] or casein (Cas: isonitrogenous supply) prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The rats were then killed after 24 h food deprivation (from d7 to d8). Endotoxemia induced a catabolic response as shown by muscle glutamine depletion, hyperphenylalaninemia, small bowel atrophy and impaired functionality and bacterial translocation. The Gln-enriched diet did not prevent muscle Gln depletion but significantly (P +info)

Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats stimulates eNOS-derived NO production and impairs mesenteric vascular contractility. (8/418)

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the arterial vasodilation and associated vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors observed in liver cirrhosis. Bacteria, potent activators of NO and TNF-alpha synthesis, are found in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of ascitic cirrhotic rats. Here, we investigated the impact of bacterial translocation (BT) to MLNs on TNF-alpha production, vascular NO release, and contractility in the mesenteric vasculature of ascitic cirrhotic rats. Vascular response to the alpha-adrenoagonist methoxamine, which is diminished in the superior mesenteric arterial beds of cirrhotic rats, is further blunted in the presence of BT. BT promoted vascular NO release in cirrhotic rats, an effect that depended on pressure-induced shear stress and was blocked by the NO inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine. Removing the endothelium had the same effect. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), but not the inducible isoform (iNOS), was present in mesenteric vasculature of cirrhotic rats with and without BT, and its expression was enhanced compared with controls. TNF-alpha was induced in MLNs by BT and accumulated in parallel in the serum. This TNF-alpha production was associated with elevated levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), a TNF-alpha-stimulated cofactor and enhancer of eNOS-derived NO biosynthesis and NOS activity in mesenteric vasculature. These findings establish a link between BT to MLNs and increased TNF-alpha production and elevated BH(4) levels enhancing eNOS-derived NO overproduction, further impairing contractility in the cirrhotic mesenteric vasculature.  (+info)

Sex, microbial translocation, and the African HIV epidemic
Redd et al. (1) suggest that microbial translocation is not an important contributor to HIV disease progression in Africa, in contrast to its possible role in HIV pathogenesis in North American cohorts (2-4). They further postulate that this discrepancy may relate to mode of HIV transmission, because the Ugandan cohort in which they base their study is composed of heterosexual men and women, whereas North American cohorts typically contain more men who have sex with men and injection drug users. These conclusions are based on a study in which they prospectively examined whether plasma markers of microbial translocation correlated with HIV progression and found that they did not. However, we suggest that these data are not sufficient to conclude that microbial translocation is not an important contributor to HIV disease in Africa. First, significant levels of bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] were demonstrated in HIV infected subjects but were not directly compared with levels in ...
http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/11295/32476
Plastic Wound Retractors and Bacterial Translocation in Abdominal Surgery - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govPlastic Wound Retractors and Bacterial Translocation in Abdominal Surgery - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Plastic wound retractors are currently used in abdominal surgery for wound retraction. They allow access to intra-abdominal organs through an incision in abdominal surgery. Plastic wound retractors may also act as a barrier to bacterial translocation from the abdominal cavity to the wound. The purpose of this study was to compare microbial flora from inside and outside the plastic wound retractor to establish whether plastic wound retractors affect bacterial translocation.. METHODS This multi-centre prospective observational study is being conducted between November 2007 and January 2010. Patients undergoing elective or emergency abdominal surgery in which an Alexis® wound retractor is used are eligible for inclusion in the study. Swabs are taken from inside and outside the Alexis® wound protector immediately prior to removal of the wound protector from the abdominal cavity. Swabs undergo gram stain and culture. Inside the wound swab is defined as the part of the wound protector in contact ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01007487
Microbial translocation and cardiometabolic risk factors in HIV infection - Danish National Research Database-Den Danske...Microbial translocation and cardiometabolic risk factors in HIV infection - Danish National Research Database-Den Danske...
The widespread access to antiretroviral treatment during the past decades has transformed HIV infection from a lethal disease to a chronic condition, in which the relative burden of non-AIDS-related chronic disorders such as cardiovascular disease, malignancy, renal, liver, and bone disease has increased. The adjusted relative risk for myocardial infarction is reported to be around 2-fold compared to that of the general population, which over time is likely to translate into increased absolute risk in an aging population. Thus, delineating potentially HIV-specific pathogenetic mechanisms is crucial in order to tailor novel strategies for prophylaxis and treatment. This review will focus on advances in the field that possibly link HIV-induced alterations of the gut mucosa and consequent microbial translocation to cardiometabolic risk factors in HIV infection. Recent work suggests that markers of microbial translocation are closely associated with several cardiovascular risk factors such as ...
http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/266338939
The role of bifidobacteria in gut barrier function after thermal injury in ratsThe role of bifidobacteria in gut barrier function after thermal injury in rats
The decrease in counts and proportion of bifidobacteria to other flora in gut may play an important role in the development of bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Supplementation of exogenous bifidobacteria could improve gut barrier function, and attenuate bacterial/endotoxin translocation …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16967002/?dopt=Abstract
Detection of intestinal bacterial translocation in subclinical ischemia-reperfusion using the polymerase chain reaction...Detection of intestinal bacterial translocation in subclinical ischemia-reperfusion using the polymerase chain reaction...
Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection of bacterial translocation after subclinical ischemia reperfusion injuries in rats with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. ...
https://avesis.cu.edu.tr/yayin/61514f9a-359f-46ce-a2e5-046341c360cb/detection-of-intestinal-bacterial-translocation-in-subclinical-ischemia-reperfusion-using-the-polymerase-chain-reaction-technique
Linking intestinal homeostasis and liver disease | Read by QxMDLinking intestinal homeostasis and liver disease | Read by QxMD
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Interactions of the gut microbiome with the host are important in health and disease. Microbial translocation releases bacterial products that play a key role in progression of chronic liver disease by promoting hepatic injury and inflammation. Although this has long been recognized, we are just beginning to understand the circumstances under which the gut becomes leaky and to discover bacterial metabolites that promote liver disease. In this review, we will summarize recent findings from the last 2 years.. RECENT FINDINGS: Chronic liver disease is associated with an altered microbiome with both qualitative (dysbiosis) and quantitative (overgrowth) differences. This can be viewed as a loss of the symbiotic relationship between the microflora and the host. An imbalanced intestinal homeostasis results in a breach of the gut barrier and subsequent microbial translocation. However, the contribution of the intestinal microflora is beyond simple microbial translocation as a ...
https://read.qxmd.com/read/23493073/linking-intestinal-homeostasis-and-liver-disease
PWE-098 Increase in gut permeability is an early event in cirrhosis and is not associated with bacterial translocation,...PWE-098 Increase in gut permeability is an early event in cirrhosis and is not associated with bacterial translocation,...
Results 19 patients (36, 5%) had an abnormal GP (,0,033). There are no differences in gender, age, aetiology; diabetes, WCC, MELD (9, 0 ± 2, 7 vs 9, 4 ± 3, 5) and complications of cirrhosis (infection: 18, 2% vs 10.5%, ascites: 54, 5% vs 31, 6%; HE 15, 2% 10, 5% and varices: 42, 4% vs 52, 6%). Only 2 patients showed evidence of BT. At 1-month, in patients with a GP ,0,033, 69% showed an increase, 7 (24, 1%) a decrease and 2 were unchanged in the GP rate. In patients with abnormal GP, it worsened in 31, 3% and in 68, 7% it improved. The two patients that showed evidence of BT became negative after one month and both of them displayed an improvement of their GP. 3-patients became positive after 1-month, with two showing worsening of GP. Conversely, all of these changes were not associated with any complications of cirrhosis. ...
http://gut.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_1/A255.1
KAKEN - Research Projects | Mechanism of bacterial translocation after liver transplantation (KAKENHI-PROJECT-18K08567)KAKEN - Research Projects | Mechanism of bacterial translocation after liver transplantation (KAKENHI-PROJECT-18K08567)
Principal Investigator：小川 絵里, Project Period (FY)：2018-04-01 - 2021-03-31, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section：一般
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18K08567/
Improving protein secretion by engineering components of the bacterial translocation machinery. - PubMed - NCBIImproving protein secretion by engineering components of the bacterial translocation machinery. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449317?dopt=Abstract
HBV and HIV viral load but not microbial translocation or immune activation are associated with liver fibrosis among patients...HBV and HIV viral load but not microbial translocation or immune activation are associated with liver fibrosis among patients...
Sub-Saharan Africa represents arguably the most important intersection of high endemicity of both chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HIV …
https://www.springermedizin.de/hbv-and-hiv-viral-load-but-not-microbial-translocation-or-immune/15746276
A mechanism for severe COVID-19 in patients with obesity and diabetes? | ImmunopaediaA mechanism for severe COVID-19 in patients with obesity and diabetes? | Immunopaedia
A recent review in eLife synthesises data from multiple studies to propose a synergistic interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and obesity and/or diabetes leading to impaired endothelial function and gut barrier function. This impairment results in microbial translocation into the systemic circulation and the ensuing cytokine storm.
https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/breaking-news/a-mechanism-for-severe-covid-19-in-patients-with-obesity-and-diabetes/
Intestinal Barrier Function: Molecular Regulation and Disease Pathogenesis - PubMedIntestinal Barrier Function: Molecular Regulation and Disease Pathogenesis - PubMed
The intestinal epithelium is a single-cell layer that constitutes the largest and most important barrier against the external environment. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, permitting the absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water while maintaining an effective defense against intral …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19560575/
Microscopy of bacterial translocation during small bowel obstruction and ischemia in vivo - a new animal model | BMC Surgery |...Microscopy of bacterial translocation during small bowel obstruction and ischemia in vivo - a new animal model | BMC Surgery |...
Existing animal models provide only indirect information about the pathogenesis of infections caused by indigenous gastrointestinal microflora and the kinetics of bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to develop a novel animal model to assess bacterial translocation and intestinal barrier function in vivo. In anaesthetized male Wistar rats, 0.5 ml of a suspension of green fluorescent protein-transfected E. coli was administered by intraluminal injection in a model of small bowel obstruction. Animals were randomly subjected to non-ischemic or ischemic bowel obstruction. Ischemia was induced by selective clamping of the terminal mesenteric vessels feeding the obstructed bowel loop. Time intervals necessary for translocation of E. coli into the submucosal stroma and the muscularis propria was assessed using intravital microscopy. Bacterial translocation into the submucosa and muscularis propria took a mean of 36 ± 8 min and 80 ± 10 min, respectively, in small bowel obstruction. Intestinal
https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2482-2-6/metrics
Bacterial translocation in cultured enterocytes: Magnitude, specificity, and electron microscopic observations of endocytosis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Bacterial translocation in cultured enterocytes. T2 - Magnitude, specificity, and electron microscopic observations of endocytosis. AU - Wells, Carol L. AU - Jechorek, Robert P.. AU - Olmsted, Stephen B.. AU - Erlandsen, Stanley L.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1994/6. Y1 - 1994/6. N2 - Previous in vivo evidence has shown that bacterial phagocytosis by enterocytes may be an initial step in bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelium. This study analyzed the interactions of cultured enterocytes, namely Caco-2 cells, with nine strains of enteric bacteria, tested in pure culture and in mixed culture. These nine strains had a spectrum of invasive potential and included Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes (three strains), Escherichia coli (three strains), Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Numbers of viable intracellular bacteria recovered from Caco-2 cells were: L. monocytogenes,S. typhimurium,P. ...
https://minnesota-staging.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/bacterial-translocation-in-cultured-enterocytes-magnitude-specifi
Detection of bacterial DNA by in situ hybridization in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis | BMC Gastroenterology |...Detection of bacterial DNA by in situ hybridization in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis | BMC Gastroenterology |...
In this study, we successfully employed ISH to detect pathogens in the blood from patients with decompensated LC in whom blood culture results were negative for bacterial infection. These findings suggested that bacterial translocation cannot be always detected by conventional blood culture because SBP is known to occur after bacterial translocation, defined as the passage of bacteria from the intestine or colon through the intestinal epithelial cells and entrapment in the mesenteric lymph nodes [8, 11]. After bacterial translocation, bacteria are thought to enter the systemic bloodstream and access ascitic fluid, which exhibits low bactericidal capacity [9, 12-14]. Bacterial translocation has been demonstrated in some studies in both human and animal models of LC [15, 16]. However, it is unclear how SBP develops from bacterial translocation because this event cannot be detected easily by conventional blood culture [11]. Such et al. reported that bacterial DNA can be detected simultaneously in ...
https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-017-0664-z
Intestinal Dysbiosis, Barrier Dysfunction, and Bacterial Translocation Account for CKD-Related Systemic InflammationIntestinal Dysbiosis, Barrier Dysfunction, and Bacterial Translocation Account for CKD-Related Systemic Inflammation
CKD associates with systemic inflammation, but the underlying cause is unknown. Here, we investigated the involvement of intestinal microbiota. We report that collagen type 4 alpha 3-deficient mice with Alport syndrome related progressive CKD displayed systemic inflammation, including increased plasma levels of pentraxin-2 and activated antigen presenting cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and Th17 or IFN gamma-producing T cells in the spleen as well as regulatory T cell suppression. CKD related systemic inflammation in these mice associated with intestinal dysbiosis of proteobacterial blooms, translocation of living bacteria across the intestinal barrier into the liver, and increased serum levels of bacterial endotoxin. Uremia did not affect secretory IgA release into the ileum lumen or mucosal leukocyte subsets. To test for causation between dysbiosis and systemic inflammation in CKD, we eradicated facultative anaerobic microbiota with antibiotics. This eradication prevented bacterial translocation, ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/50534/
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte: Prevention of bacterial translocation using β-(1-3)-D-glucan in small bowel...
To investigate the role of β-(1-3)-D-glucan on 99mTc labelled Escherichia coli translocation and cytokines secretion in rats submitted to small bowel ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Five groups (n=10 each) of Wistar rats were subjected to control(C), sham(S), group IR subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R), and group I/R+glucan subjected to 45 min of bowel ischemia/60 min of reperfusion(I/R) and injected with 2mg/Kg intramuscular. Translocation of labelled bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung and serum was determined using radioactivity/count and colony forming units/g(CFU/g). Serum TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results: CFU/g and radioactivity/count were higher in I/R than in I/R+glucan rats. In C, S and S+glucan groups, bacteria and radioactivity/count were rarely detected. The I/R+glucan rats had enhancement of IL-10 and suppressed production of serum TNFα, IL-1β and, IL-6, compared to I/R untreated animals. ...
https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/1/6297
Immune activation and microbial translocation in liver disease progression in HIV/hepatitis co-infected patients: results from...Immune activation and microbial translocation in liver disease progression in HIV/hepatitis co-infected patients: results from...
We evaluated whether immune activation (IA) and microbial translocation (MT) might play a role in accelerating liver disease progression in HIV-HBV/HCV co-infected patients. ART-naïve HIV/viral hepatitis co-infected patients from Icona with a CD4 cell count |200/μl and with a known date of prior HIV neg/pos tests and ≥1 plasma sample stored were included in the study. Plasma MT (LPS, sCD14) and IA (IL-6,TNFα) were measured using ELISA while activated CD8 + CD38 + HLA-DR + were measured by flow cytometry, with one measurement being performed for all patients and two measurements for a smaller group of subjects. The association between these biomarkers and the time to i) a single ALT |200 IU/l and ii) a Fib-4 |1.45 was also investigated. A standard survival analysis with robust standard errors was used for all evaluations. Follow-up was censored at patients last clinical follow-up. We studied 127 HIV-infected hepatitis viruses co-infected patients (118 HCV, 9 HBV). Overall median (IQR) CD4, VL, age
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-79/tables/3
Immune activation and microbial translocation in liver disease progression in HIV/hepatitis co-infected patients : results from...Immune activation and microbial translocation in liver disease progression in HIV/hepatitis co-infected patients : results from...
BACKGROUND: We evaluated whether immune activation (IA) and microbial translocation (MT) might play a role in accelerating liver disease progression in HIV-HBV/HCV co-infected patients. METHODS: ART-naïve HIV/viral hepatitis co-infected patients from Icona with a CD4 cell count ,200/μl and with a known date of prior HIV neg/pos tests and ≥1 plasma sample stored were included in the study. Plasma MT (LPS, sCD14) and IA (IL-6,TNFα) were measured using ELISA while activated CD8 + CD38 + HLA-DR + were measured by flow cytometry, with one measurement being performed for all patients and two measurements for a smaller group of subjects. The association between these biomarkers and the time to i) a single ALT ,200 IU/l and ii) a Fib-4 ,1.45 was also investigated. A standard survival analysis with robust standard errors was used for all evaluations. Follow-up was censored at patients last clinical follow-up. RESULTS: We studied 127 HIV-infected hepatitis viruses co-infected patients (118 HCV, 9 ...
https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/234985
Alcohol's Impact on Inflammatory Markers in HIV Disease - Russia ARCH Cohort - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govAlcohol's Impact on Inflammatory Markers in HIV Disease - Russia ARCH Cohort - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Heavy alcohol consumption in an HIV-infected person may accelerate HIV disease progression and end organ disease with one leading explanatory pathway being via enhanced microbial translocation and inflammation/altered coagulation. Heavy alcohol consumption and HIV infection are both causes of microbial translocation, the process by which bacterial products leak across the gastrointestinal membrane with resultant destructive immune activation. Among HIV-infected people, high levels of microbial translocation (as measured by soluble CD14) and inflammation/altered coagulation (as measured by IL-6 and D-dimer) are each associated with an increased risk of death. Of importance, among HIV-infected persons, heavy drinking is also significantly associated with higher levels of D-dimer in cross-sectional studies. Of note, initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with a reduction in D-dimer levels. Yet the following is not known: is there a longitudinal relationship between alcohol ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01614626
Microcirculation changes following acute and chronic portal hypertension and their response towards bacterial translocation...Microcirculation changes following acute and chronic portal hypertension and their response towards bacterial translocation...
In the BT 1010 group, the culture was 100% positive at the MLN, liver and spleen (5.3 and 3 log10 CFU/g, respectively), while the blood, PF and lung were negative. In a-PH animals, the BT 1010 pattern was 100% to the MLN, liver and spleen (5.4 and 4 log10 CFU/g, respectively), lung (100%, 3 log10, P , 0.05) and PF (10%, 0.6 log10). In turn, c-PH-BT1010 findings were similar to BT1010 alone but there was an increased translocation to PF (40%, 1 log10, P , 0.05). On the other hand, for BT 107 all cultures were negative, but in PH-BT107 translocation occurred to the MLN (a-PH 50%, 1 log10 CFU/g; c-PH 25%, 0.7 log10 CFU/g) plus to the PF (a-PH 12.5%, 0.08 log10 CFU/g; c-PH 25%, 0.16 log10 CFU/g), evidencing a change in the gut threshold for BT in the PH state. Bacterial challenge in the a-PH state showed that the liver, spleen and kidney go into a hypoperfusion state (-38, -45.2 and -36 Δ%, respectively), in contrast to the ileum hyperperfusion response (+75 Δ%). Similarly, at c-PH the liver and ...
https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/cc7051
Effects of intra-abdominal pressure increase on intestinal ischemia and bacterial translocation in experimental sepsis model.
To investigate the safety of laparoscopic intervention for diagnosis and treatment at 8 mm Hg pressure in one-hour period on acute peritonitis related intra-abdominal sepsis model. In this study, we included 32 female Wistar-Albino rats, weighi
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Effects-intra-abdominal-pressure-increase/21858390.html
Soluble CD14 in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with markers of inflammation and axonal damage in untreated HIV-infected...Soluble CD14 in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with markers of inflammation and axonal damage in untreated HIV-infected...
In this study of untreated, HIV-infected patients, sCD14, a marker of microbial translocation and monocyte activation was detectable in both plasma and CSF. High CSF and plasma sCD14 was not explained by higher HIV RNA or lower CD4+ cell counts, while a significant association between plasma sCD14 and LPS was found. Furthermore, significant associations between CSF sCD14 and markers of inflammation and axonal damage in the CSF were found, independent of age, HIV RNA, and CD4+ cell count. Hence, it is possible that elevated monocyte activation, partly driven by microbial translocation, may contribute to the pathogenesis in CNS by promoting inflammation.. Infection of the CNS occurs early during HIV infection [34, 35]. HIV enters the CNS unassisted or in infected monocytes that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [36-38]. In the CNS, HIV and migrated immune cells lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and further immune activation. Inflammation in the CNS creates a neurotoxic ...
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-016-1510-6
Plus itPlus it
The novel findings in this study are that an increase in gut apoptotic activity occurs after endotoxin infusion and is associated with increased gut macromolecular permeability and increased pulmonary cytokine expression. In this setting, the cointervention of feeding decreases the extent of apoptotic activity, gut permeability, and pulmonary cytokine expression. In other experimental settings, increased gut apoptosis results in increased gut permeability (38, 39). Further investigations suggest that increased gut permeability increases the systemic inflammatory response and involvement of distant organs (30). Together, our new results and previous observations suggest an important association between gut apoptosis, gut barrier function, and pulmonary inflammation during sepsis. Enteral feeding ameliorates increased gut apoptotic activity, which, we postulate, may be a key step in improving gut barrier function and decreasing inflammation in distant organs during sepsis.. Gut injury in sepsis ...
http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/281/2/G569
Fascination About probiotics weight lossFascination About probiotics weight loss
The manipulation of your intestine microbiota is advanced and could lead to germs-host interactions.[10] Although probiotics are considered to become safe, there are actually problems regarding their safety in sure scenarios.[10][ninety] A number of people, such as Those people with immunodeficiency, small bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, cardiac valve condition and untimely infants, can be at larger risk for adverse gatherings.[eight] In severely unwell individuals with inflammatory bowel sickness You will find a danger of your passage of viable microbes from your gastrointestinal tract to The inner organs (bacterial translocation) like a consequence of bacteremia, that may lead to adverse health repercussions ...
http://waylonfuiw159260.affiliatblogger.com/1562167/fascination-about-probiotics-weight-loss
Interactive World Map | University of Washington - Department of Global Health
Studies examine four mechanisms that could sustain the HIV reservoirs in children versus adults: (1) immune tolerance of HIV due to perinatal infection, and/or (2) cross immune tolerance to HIV generated by increased levels of maternal microchimerism (MMc); (3) modulation of gene expression by HIV integration in genes of Treg that promote survival of these cells impairing antiviral functions; and (4) by the persistent loss of gut T-helper (Th)17 cells due to bacterial translocation eliciting pro-inflammatory cytokines that favor the development and persistence of Tregs instead of effective antiviral CD4+ T-cell help. ...
https://globalhealth.washington.edu/interactive-map/projects/2583/Mechanisms-controlling-the-persistence-of-infectious-HIV-reservoirs-in-children
KAKEN - Researchers | HAJI Seiji (80288935)KAKEN - Researchers | HAJI Seiji (80288935)
Affiliation：近畿大学,医学部,講師, Research Field：Digestive surgery,General surgery, Keywords：apoptosis,IGF-1,oxidative stress,加齢,敗血症,膵癌,bacterial translocation,aged,術後肝不全,アポトーシス, # of Research Projects：3, # of Research Products：0
https://nrid.nii.ac.jp/nrid/1000080288935/
September, 2016 | Ack1 Inhibitor
In this analyze, we evaluated the impartial impression of microbial translocation and pro-swelling on innate and adaptive immune responses. Apparently, we identified an inverse relation among baseline serum LPS and subsequent adaptive immune response in HAART-naive people. purchase 163769-88-8This association was not observed amongst HAART-addressed subjects. We also located the release of professional-inflammatory cytokines soon after LPS stimulation was enhanced in PBMCs from viremic HAART-naive topics as opposed to HAART-handled subjects, as nicely as in PBMCs from wholesome controls pre-handled with HIV-one-derived RNA, and very similar conclusions have been demonstrated in prior scientific studies [twenty,27]. More, the TNF-a response depended a lot more on increasing HIV RNA levels than on adjustments in LPS stage. Hence, LPS may act in synergy with HIV RNA and cause a disruption of adaptive immune functions by inappropriate immune diversion. Anti-Gal immunoglobulins are potential novel ...
https://www.ack1inhibitor.com/2016/09/
Invivo Therapeutics, Bio.Me Barrier - 120gInvivo Therapeutics, Bio.Me Barrier - 120g
|p|Bio.Me Barrier is a multi-strain probiotic, which has been formulated specifically to support intestinal barrier function. The strains in Bio.Me Barrier have the ability to stimulate a regulatory immune response by raising interleukin-10, inhibiting ma
https://fromvitamin.com/catalog/product/view/id/33219/s/invivo-therapeutics-bio-me-barrier-120g/category/10/
Invivo Therapeutics, Bio.Me Barrier - 120gInvivo Therapeutics, Bio.Me Barrier - 120g
|p|Bio.Me Barrier is a multi-strain probiotic, which has been formulated specifically to support intestinal barrier function. The strains in Bio.Me Barrier have the ability to stimulate a regulatory immune response by raising interleukin-10, inhibiting ma
https://popularvitamin.com/catalog/product/view/id/33219/s/invivo-therapeutics-bio-me-barrier-120g/category/4160/
Niklas Andersson - Aktiv ÖresjöNiklas Andersson - Aktiv Öresjö
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http://www.aktivoresjo.se/author/niklasa/
NKFI-EPR:IgA class autoantibodies in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a hint toward bacterial translocation and their pathogenetic...NKFI-EPR:IgA class autoantibodies in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a hint toward bacterial translocation and their pathogenetic...
IgA class autoantibodies in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a hint toward bacterial translocation and their pathogenetic role in fibrogenesis
http://nyilvanos.otka-palyazat.hu/index.php?menuid=930&lang=EN&num=115818
Synbiotic therapy decreases microbial translocation and inflammation and improves immunological status in HIV-infected patients...Synbiotic therapy decreases microbial translocation and inflammation and improves immunological status in HIV-infected patients...
Within the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, there is a state of constant systemic immune activation that is attributed in part to the enteropathy caused by HIV itself and to the translocation of microbes and/or microbial products from the intestinal lumen into the circulation [8, 30].. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 plus Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 at 109 cfu/mL as probiotics, 10 g of agave inulin as prebiotic, and the combination of both as synbiotic in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV-infected subjects.. There have been some studies in patients with HIV infection, using different probiotics in which mixed results have been obtained; this is perhaps secondary to the use of different concentrations and probiotic strains, which do not trigger the same immunostimulatory effect [15, 31, 32].. Certain serious adverse effects have been reported with the use of probiotics, particularly endocarditis, liver abscess, bacteremia, and septicemia or septic shock, ...
https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-11-90
Gut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset | JEMGut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset | JEM
We show here the importance of NOD2 in driving a proinflammatory immune response by myeloid cells, inducing the differentiation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells, thus resulting in pancreatic insulitis and the consequent destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and STZ-induced T1D development. Mice lacking NOD2, but not NOD1, did not develop STZ-induced T1D and were unable to induce a Th1 and Th17 immune response in the PLNs and pancreas. Furthermore, diabetic mice had changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, which may be related to the observed bacterial translocation to the PLNs. Notably, antibiotic treatment impaired both the bacterial translocation to the PLNs and the changes in the gut microbiota, which was correlated with protection from the disease. Additionally, we show here that NOD2 plays a critical role in gut microbiota recognition because the addition of the NOD2 ligand, MDP, was sufficient to promote STZ-induced T1D in Abx-treated, STZ-injected WT mice. ...
http://jem.rupress.org/content/213/7/1223
Luminal lactate in acute pancreatitis - validation and relation to disease severityLuminal lactate in acute pancreatitis - validation and relation to disease severity
Background: Increased rectal luminal lactate concentration may be associated with the severity of the septic shock and high dose of vasopressors. It suggests hypoperfusion of the gut mucosa. This is potentially associated with bacterial translocation from the gut leading to local and systemic inflammation. In acute pancreatitis (AP) bacterial translocation is considered as the key event leading to infection of necrotic pancreatic tissue and high severity of illness. Methods: We used rectal luminal equilibration dialysis for the measurement of gut luminal lactate in 30 consecutive patients admitted to hospital due to acute pancreatitis to test the hypothesis that a single measurement of rectal luminal lactate predicts the severity of acute pancreatitis, the length of hospital stay, the need of intensive care and ultimately, mortality. We also tested the physiological validity of luminal lactate concentration by comparing it to luminal partial tension of oxygen. Additionally, a comparison between ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:565719
Increased transperitoneal bacterial translocation in laparoscopic surgeryIncreased transperitoneal bacterial translocation in laparoscopic surgery
The indications for laparoscopic surgery have expanded to include diseases possibly associated with peritonitis such as appendicitis, perforated peptic ulcers, and diverticulitis. The safety of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum in the presence of peritonitis has not been proved. Our previous i...
https://insights.ovid.com/surgical-endoscopy/send/2003/09/000/increased-transperitoneal-bacterial-translocation/25/00010753
Novel concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of functional dyspepsia | GutNovel concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of functional dyspepsia | Gut
Emerging data increasingly point towards the duodenum as a key region underlying the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia (FD), one of the most prevalent functional GI disorders. The duodenum plays a major role in the control and coordination of gastroduodenal function. Impaired duodenal mucosal integrity and low-grade inflammation have been associated with altered neuronal signalling and systemic immune activation, and these alterations may ultimately lead to dyspeptic symptoms. Likely luminal candidates inducing the duodenal barrier defect include acid, bile, the microbiota and food antigens although no causal association with symptoms has been convincingly demonstrated. Recognition of duodenal pathology in FD will hopefully lead to the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, allowing biologically targeted rather than symptom-based therapy. In this review, we summarise the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of FD with a focus on the duodenum. ...
https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/3/591
OX1 Receptors | Apoptosis in differentiating C2C12 muscle cellsOX1 Receptors | Apoptosis in differentiating C2C12 muscle cells
Impairment of the intestinal barrier and subsequent microbial translocation (MT) may be involved in chronic immune activation which plays a central role in HIV pathogenesis. with CD8 T-cell activation at month 6 defining the T-cell activation set point (% HLA-DR+CD38+ and %Ki-67+). Soluble Compact disc14 and IL-1RA plasma levels predicted the T-cell activation collection point also. Degrees of I-FABP a marker of mucosal problems had been similar to healthful settings at baseline but improved at month 6. No reduction in anti-endotoxin primary antibody (EndoCAb) no peptidoglycan had been recognized during PHI. Furthermore 16 rDNA was just recognized at low amounts in 2 out 27 individuals at baseline and in a single additional individual at M6. Completely data support the hypothesis that T-cell and monocyte activation in PHI arent primarily powered by systemic MT but instead by viral replication. Furthermore the innate immune system arranged point described by the first degrees of sCD14 and ...
https://schwitzbiotech.com/category/ox1-receptors/
Evaluation of HIV protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on proliferation, necrosis, apoptosis in intestinal...Evaluation of HIV protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on proliferation, necrosis, apoptosis in intestinal...
Gastrointestinal side effects of HAART are usually well tolerated and do not contribute to significant treatment discontinuation. However, diarrhea of moderate to severe intensity can occur in patients receiving multi-drug therapy [21-23]. The mechanisms underlying antiretroviral-induced diarrhea are unclear. The intestinal epithelium acts as a highly selective barrier, preventing the passage of toxic molecules and luminal bacterial translocation [24]. The normal barrier function is maintained by steady enterocyte turnover finely regulated by cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Cell-to-cell contacts within the intestinal epithelium structured by a scaffold of tight and adherens junctions, located apically, are further responsible for sealing the intestinal barrier [25-27]. The results of this study suggest that selected antiretroviral drugs influence small intestinal absorptive and secretory functions.. We have assessed intestinal mucosal morphology, permeability changes, and ...
https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-10-90
Homeostasis of the Gut Barrier and Potential Biomarkers | ILSI EuropeHomeostasis of the Gut Barrier and Potential Biomarkers | ILSI Europe
This paper belongs to a series of three publications that examine the intestinal barrier, its role in health and disease and the potential impact of probiotics on function. In this review, the authors describe the role of different mechanisms and interactions that support the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. The authors also discuss biomarkers in blood, feces, or urine that can be used to assess intestinal permeability and epithelial integrity.. The gut barrier plays a crucial role by spatially compartmentalizing bacteria to the lumen through the production of secreted mucus and is fortified by the production of sIgA and antimicrobial peptides and proteins. With exception of sIgA the expression of these protective barrier factors is largely controlled by innate immune recognition of microbial molecular ligands. Several specialized adaptations and checkpoints are operating in the mucosa to scale the immune response according to the threat and prevent overreaction to the trillions of ...
http://ilsi.eu/publication/homeostasis-of-the-gut-barrier-and-potential-biomarkers/
Items where Journal is Gut - University of Salford Institutional RepositoryItems where Journal is Gut - University of Salford Institutional Repository
Clark, EC, Patel, SD, Chadwick, PR, Warhurst, G, Curry, A and Carlson, GL 2003, Glutamine deprivation facilitates tumour necrosis factor induced bacterial translocation in Caco-2 cells by depletion of enterocyte fuel substrate , Gut, 52 (2) , pp. 224-230. Item not available from this repository ...
http://usir.salford.ac.uk/view/journals/Gut.html
Publications | CHAVI-IDPublications | CHAVI-ID
Dyavar Shetty R, Velu V, Titanji K, Bosinger SE, Freeman GJ, Silvestri G, Amara R R. 2012. PD-1 blockade during chronic SIV infection reduces hyperimmune activation and microbial translocation in rhesus macaques.. J Clin Invest. 122(5):1712-6. ...
http://chavi-id.org/publications?f%5Bkeyword%5D=149
MegaIgG2000 - Rebel Health TribeMegaIgG2000 - Rebel Health Tribe
MegaIgG2000 - Total Immune Defense - a dairy-free immunoglobulin concentrate that supports healthy digestion and maintains a healthy gut barrier function.
https://rebelhealthtribe.com/product/megaigg2000/
Tip of the DayTip of the Day
Our bodies have four lines of defense against infection: skin, mucosal lining, immune system, and gut microflora, sometimes referred to as gut microbi
http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=3510
Pattern of microbial translocation in patients living with HIV-1 from Vietnam, Ethiopia and SwedenPattern of microbial translocation in patients living with HIV-1 from Vietnam, Ethiopia and Sweden
INTRODUCTION: The role of microbial translocation (MT) in HIV patients living with HIV from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is not fully known. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the patterns of MT in patients from Vietnam, Ethiopia and Sweden.. METHODS: Cross-sectional samples were obtained from treatment-naïve patients living with HIV-1 and healthy controls from Vietnam (n=83; n=46), Ethiopia (n=9492; n=50) and Sweden (n=51; n=19). Longitudinal samples were obtained from a subset of the Vietnamese (n=24) in whom antiretroviral therapy (ART) and tuberculostatics were given. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), sCD14 and anti-flagellin IgG were determined by the endpoint chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. RESULTS: All three biomarkers were significantly increased in patients living with HIV-1 from all countries as compared to controls. No differences were found between males and females. Vietnamese and Ethiopian patients had ...
http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:792886
Randomised clinical trial: the effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious...Randomised clinical trial: the effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious...
Background Infection following abdominal operation remains a major factor affecting the morbidity of patients after surgery.. Aim To determine the effects of perioperative administration of probiotics on the gut barrier function and the surgical outcome in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery.. Methods One hundred patients with colorectal carcinoma were randomly divided into the control group (n = 50) and the probiotics group (n = 50). The probiotics were given orally for 6 days preoperatively and 10 days post-operatively. Outcomes were measured by bacterial translocation, gut permeability, the effect on the faecal microbiota, and the clinical outcomes such as infectious-related complications and gut defecation function.. Results Compared with the control group, probiotics group had increased transepithelial resistance (P , 0.05), reduced transmucosal permeation of horseradish peroxidase and lactulose/mannitol ratio, reduced bacterial translocation (P , 0.05), decreased ileal-bile ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04492.x/abstract
Brazilian Journal of PsychiatryBrazilian Journal of Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether an animal model of mania induced by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) has an inflammatory profile and whether immune activation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has a cumulative effect on subsequent stimuli in this model. We also evaluated the action of lithium (Li) on inflammatory and neurotrophic factors. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to an animal model of mania. After the open-field test, they were given LPS to induce systemic immune activation. Subsequently, the animals blood was collected, and their serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) were measured. RESULTS: LDX induced hyperactivity in the animals, but no inflammatory marker levels increased except brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Li had no effect on serum BDNF levels but prevented iNOS levels from increasing in animals subjected to immune
http://rbppsychiatry.org.br/details/751/en-US/effects-of-lithium-on-inflammatory-and-neurotrophic-factors-after-an-immune-challenge-in-a-lisdexamfetamine-animal-model-of-mania
Peripheral TREM1 responses to brain and intestinal immunogens amplify stroke severity. | Department of Molecular BiologyPeripheral TREM1 responses to brain and intestinal immunogens amplify stroke severity. | Department of Molecular Biology
p,Stroke is a multiphasic process in which initial cerebral ischemia is followed by secondary injury from immune responses to ischemic brain components. Here we demonstrate that peripheral CD11bCD45 myeloid cells magnify stroke injury via activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1), an amplifier of proinflammatory innate immune responses. TREM1 was induced within hours after stroke peripherally in CD11bCD45 cells trafficking to ischemic brain. TREM1 inhibition genetically or pharmacologically improved outcome via protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Positron electron tomography imaging using radiolabeled antibody recognizing TREM1 revealed elevated TREM1 expression in spleen and, unexpectedly, in intestine. In the lamina propria, noradrenergic-dependent increases in gut permeability induced TREM1 on inflammatory Ly6CMHCII macrophages, further increasing epithelial permeability and facilitating bacterial translocation across the gut barrier. Thus, ...
https://molbio.princeton.edu/publications/peripheral-trem1-responses-brain-and-intestinal-immunogens-amplify-stroke-severity
Save Your Brain Glossary | Dr. K. NewsSave Your Brain Glossary | Dr. K. News
bacterial translocation: The passage of bacteria from the large intestine to the small intestine, where they do not belong in large numbers. This causes SIBO.. basal ganglia: An area of the brain involved with in regulating movement, thought, and feelings.. basal ganglia direct pathway: The direct pathway is excitatory and increases movements, thoughts, and feelings.. basal ganglia indirect pathway: The indirect pathway is inhibitory and decreases movements, thoughts, and feelings.. BDNF: BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) supports neuron survival, growth, and synapses.. bi-directional axis: The communication system between the brain and the gut; also referred to as the gut-brain axis and the brain-gut axis.. blood-brain barrier: A protective layer around the brain that keeps unwanted substances out of the brain while allowing desirable ones in.. brain fatigue: Decrease in brain function that arises from reading, driving, working, involved conversation, and other tasks that require mental ...
https://drknews.com/save-your-brain-glossary/
HIV Infection is associated with compositional and functional shifts in the rectal mucosal microbiota | Microbiome | Full TextHIV Infection is associated with compositional and functional shifts in the rectal mucosal microbiota | Microbiome | Full Text
Regardless of infection route, the intestine is the primary site for HIV-1 infection establishment and results in significant mucosal CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion, induces an inflammatory state that propagates viral dissemination, facilitates microbial translocation, and fosters establishment of one of the largest HIV reservoirs. Here we test the prediction that HIV infection modifies the composition and function of the mucosal commensal microbiota. Rectal mucosal microbiota were collected from human subjects using a sponge-based sampling methodology. Samples were collected from 20 HIV-positive men not receiving combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), 20 HIV-positive men on cART and 20 healthy, HIV-negative men. Microbial composition of samples was analyzed using barcoded 16S Illumina deep sequencing (85,900 reads per sample after processing). Microbial metagenomic information for the samples was imputed using the bioinformatic tools PICRUST and HUMAnN. Microbial composition and imputed function in
https://0-microbiomejournal-biomedcentral-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/articles/10.1186/2049-2618-1-26
Direct linkDirect link
The impacts of probiotics and prebiotics on the gut mucosa and immune system through targeting inflammation and intestinal barrier function ...
http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1264957
Researchers gain better understanding of cellular intestinal barrier structureResearchers gain better understanding of cellular intestinal barrier structure
(Phys.org)-A team of researches affiliated with several institutions in Japan has conducted research into the cellular structure of tight junctions in the small intestine, and has made progress in better understanding their ...
https://phys.org/news/2015-02-gain-cellular-intestinal-barrier.html
Translocation Writing Assignment Help, Translocation essay writing help and assistance
We offer skilled assistance for Translocation writing assistance & Translocation Research paper Our Translocation online tutors are professional in offering
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Perma-Clear - Pure PrescriptionsPerma-Clear - Pure Prescriptions
To promote beneficial gut flora and provide comprehensive support for a healthy gut barrier* Perma-Clear offers comprehensive support for a healthy intestin
https://pureprescriptions.com/product/perma-clear-thorne-research/
ibobjects - RE: [IBO] Display partial rows in TIB GRIDibobjects - RE: [IBO] Display partial rows in TIB GRID
When you are on the last row the number of visible rows is reduced if the last one is partially visible. This way ClampInView will never change the grid row ...
http://fb-list-archive.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ibobjects/2005/5/35592.html
Bacterial secretion systemBacterial secretion system
Lee PA, Tullman-Ercek D, Georgiou G (2006). "The bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway". Annual Review of Microbiology ... The twin arginine translocation (Tat) system is similar to Sec in the process of protein secretion, however, it sends proteins ... Bacterial secretion systems are protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. ... Type II (T2SS) secretion system depends on the Sec or Tat system for initial secretion inside the bacterial cell. From the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_secretion_system
Target peptideTarget peptide
Lee, PA; Tullman-Ercek, D; Georgiou, G (2006). "The bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway". Annual Review of ... "Protein translocation across the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial plasma membranes". Nature. 450 (7170): 663-9. ... and transit through this channel is known as translocation. While secreted proteins are threaded through the channel, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_peptide
Multiple organ dysfunction syndromeMultiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Deitch, Edwin A. (1 June 1989). "Simple Intestinal Obstruction Causes Bacterial Translocation in Man". Archives of Surgery. 124 ... This results in increased gut permeability, changed immune function of the gut and increased translocation of bacteria. Liver ... Mitochondrial DNA resembles bacterial DNA. If bacteria triggers leukocytes, mitochondrial DNA may do the same. When confronted ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome
Twitching motilityTwitching motility
Henrichsen, J. (December 1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 ( ... Bacterial cells can also be targeted by twitching: during the cell invasion phase of the lifecycle of Bdellovibrio, type IV ... Twitching motility is a form of crawling bacterial motility used to move over surfaces. Twitching is mediated by the activity ... Ng, Sandy Y. M.; Chaban, Bonnie; Jarrell, Ken F. (2006). "Archaeal flagella, bacterial flagella and type IV pili: a comparison ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitching_motility
Marine prokaryotesMarine prokaryotes
... and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces, and is an example of bacterial ... Henrichsen, J (1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 (4): 478- ... Henrichsen, J. (December 1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 ( ... The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth. Viral activity may ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes
Swarming motilitySwarming motility
... and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces, and is an example of bacterial ... Henrichsen, J (1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 (4): 478- ... Bacterial motility Harshey, Rasika M. (2003-01-01). "Bacterial Motility on a Surface: Many Ways to a Common Goal". Annual ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming_motility
Bacterial celluloseBacterial cellulose
"Observing cellulose biosynthesis and membrane translocation in crystallo". Nature. 531 (7594): 329-334. doi:10.1038/nature16966 ... One of the most important features of bacterial cellulose is its chemical purity. In addition to this, bacterial cellulose is ... In 1949, the microfibrillar structure of bacterial cellulose was characterized by Muhlethaler. Further bacterial cellulose ... Furthermore, bacterial cellulose can be produced on a variety of substrates and can be grown to virtually any shape due to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose
ArchaellumArchaellum
Henrichsen J (December 1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 (4 ... The bacterial analog of the archaellum is the flagellum, which is also responsible for their swimming motility and can also be ... However, unlike the bacterial flagellum archaellum has not shown to play a role in archaeal biofilm formation. In archaeal ... Indeed, even "flagellum" (word derived from Latin meaning "whip") is a misnomer, as bacterial flagella work are also propeller- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaellum
Bacterial motilityBacterial motility
... and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces, and is an example of bacterial ... Henrichsen, J. (1972) "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriol. Rev., 36: 478-503. Mattick, ... Henrichsen, J (1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 (4): 478- ... Henrichsen, J. (December 1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_motility
Colworth MedalColworth Medal
Collinson, I (2005). "The structure of the bacterial protein translocation complex SecYEG". Biochemical Society Transactions. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colworth_Medal
PEP group translocationPEP group translocation
The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) transports and phosphorylates its sugar substrates in a ... PEP group translocation, also known as the phosphotransferase system or PTS, is a distinct method used by bacteria for sugar ... After the translocation across the membrane, the metabolites transported are modified. The system was discovered by Saul ... Thus, as well as the PEP group translocation system being an efficient way to import substrates into the bacterium, it also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEP_group_translocation
SecDF protein-export membrane proteinSecDF protein-export membrane protein
"Three-dimensional structure of the bacterial protein-translocation complex SecYEG". Nature. 418 (6898): 662-5. Bibcode: ... The translocase protein subunits are encoded on the bacterial chromosome. The translocase itself comprises 7 proteins, ... in the bacterial cytoplasm. SecB maintains preproteins in an unfolded state after translation, and targets these to the ... indicating that SecDF is involved in earlier translocation steps. Comparison with SecD and SecF proteins from other organisms ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecDF_protein-export_membrane_protein
TyeA protein domainTyeA protein domain
Like YopN, TyeA is localized at the bacterial surface. The structure of TyeA is composed of two pairs of parallel alpha-helices ... TyeA is also required for translocation of YopE and YopH. TyeA interacts with YopN and with YopD, a component of the ... In molecular biology, the protein domain TyeA is short for Translocation of Yops into eukaryotic cells A. It controls the ... 1998). "TyeA, a protein involved in control of Yop release and in translocation of Yersinia Yop effectors". EMBO J. 17 (7): ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TyeA_protein_domain
Mutation Frequency DeclineMutation Frequency Decline
Roberts, Jeffrey; Park, Joo-Seop (2004). "Mfd, the bacterial transcription repair coupling factor: translocation, repair and ... quickens the bacterial mutation process. This work researches ways to slow the rate of bacterial mutations and to block their ... In 2015, Merrikh Lab at University of Washington discovered the bacterial protein called Mutation Frequency Decline (Mfd) ... "Structural Basis for Bacterial Transcription-Coupled DNA Repair". Cell. 124 (3): 507-520. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.045. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_Frequency_Decline
Theilers diseaseTheiler's disease
Antibiotics are sometimes prescribed to prevent bacterial translocation from the intestines. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, B- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theiler's_disease
Protein targetingProtein targeting
Rapoport TA (November 2007). "Protein translocation across the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial plasma membranes ... This also results in the translocation of the amino terminus of the protein into the ER membrane lumen. This translocation, ... The Tic complex is composed of at least five different Tic proteins that are required to form the translocation channel across ... The third known as Toc 75, is the actual translocation channel that feeds the recognized preprotein by Toc159/34 into the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting
Signal peptideSignal peptide
Rapoport TA (November 2007). "Protein translocation across the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial plasma membranes ... Although post-translational translocation is known to occur in eukaryotes, it is poorly understood. It is however known that in ... Signal peptidase may cleave either during or after completion of translocation to generate a free signal peptide and a mature ... Gilmore R, Blobel G, Walter P (November 1982). "Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. I. Detection in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptide
Twin-arginine translocation pathwayTwin-arginine translocation pathway
"Overlapping functions of components of a bacterial Sec-independent protein export pathway". EMBO Journal. 17 (13): 3640-50. doi ... The twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat pathway) is a protein export, or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-arginine_translocation_pathway
Bacterial murein precursor exporterBacterial murein precursor exporter
The translocation (flipping) step of Lipid II requires a specific protein (flippase). Mohammadi et al. (2011) showed that the ... The bacterial murein precursor exporter (MPE) family (TC# 2.A.103) is a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) ... Errington, J (2003). "The Bacterial Actin Cytoskeleton: Actin-like proteins in bacteria form a cytoskeleton that helps to ... "2.A.103 The Bacterial Murein Precursor Exporter (MPE) Family". Transporter Classification Database. Saier Lab Bioinformatics ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_murein_precursor_exporter
Bacterial effector proteinBacterial effector protein
NleH1, but not NleH2, blocks translocation of NF-kB into the nucleus. The Tir effector protein inhibits cytokine production. ... EffectiveDB - A database of predicted bacterial effectors. Includes an interactive server to predict effectors. Bacterial ... Several bacterial effectors affect NF-kB signaling. For instance, the EPEC/EHEC effectors NleE, NleB, NleC, NleH, and Tir are ... Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into the cells of their host, usually using a type 3 secretion ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_effector_protein
EF-TuEF-Tu
... translocation and back-translocation on the bacterial ribosome". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 12 (2): 89-100. doi:10.1038/ ... Defects in EF-Tu have been shown to result in defects in bacterial morphology. Additionally, EF-Tu has displayed some chaperone ... Defeu Soufo HJ, Reimold C, Linne U, Knust T, Gescher J, Graumann PL (February 2010). "Bacterial translation elongation factor ... "Translation elongation factor EFTu/EF1A, bacterial/organelle (IPR004541)". InterPro. Diwan, Joyce (2008). "Translation: Protein ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Tu
Migrating motor complexMigrating motor complex
"Effect of total parenteral nutrition plus morphine on bacterial translocation in rats". Annals of Surgery. 217 (3): 286-92. doi ... Eradication of bacterial overgrowth has been shown to partially restore MMC activity. An elemental diet has been hypothesized ... an impairment to the MMC typically results in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The MMC originates mostly in the stomach- ... suggesting bacterial overgrowth". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 47 (12): 2639-43. doi:10.1023/A:1021039032413. PMID 12498278 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrating_motor_complex
EF-Tu receptorEF-Tu receptor
... translocation and back-translocation on the bacterial ribosome". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 12 (2): 89-100. doi:10.1038/ ... Gómez-Gómez, L.; Boller, T. (June 2000). "FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial ... "Perception of the Bacterial PAMP EF-Tu by the Receptor EFR Restricts Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation". Cell. 125 (4): 749 ... "Interfamily transfer of a plant pattern-recognition receptor confers broad-spectrum bacterial resistance". Nature Biotechnology ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Tu_receptor
Bacterial blight of cassavaBacterial blight of cassava
The latter acts by emitting signals and recruiting host proteins for translocation. After gaining nuclear entry, sequence- ... In areas where bacterial wilt has not yet been established, it is important to raise a new crop from a meristem culture ... There have been a number of historical outbreaks of bacterial blight. Zaire lost 75% of its tuber yield and almost all of its ... Transplantation of clones is the most common mode of propagation of this crop so the most important control of bacterial wilt ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_blight_of_cassava
SecASecA
"The C-terminal tail of the bacterial translocation ATPase SecA modulates its activity". eLife. 8: e48385. doi:10.7554/eLife. ... during both post-translational translocation and co-translational translocation ) and the phospholipid bilayer is important for ... The capability to bind to the SecB chaperone during post-translational translocation, the ribosome ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecA
Chaperone (protein)Chaperone (protein)
A bacterial translocation-specific chaperone SecB maintains newly synthesized precursor polypeptide chains in a translocation- ... Zhou J, Xu Z (October 2005). "The structural view of bacterial translocation-specific chaperone SecB: implications for function ... The bacterial names have more varied forms, and refer directly to their appearant function at discovery. For example, "GroEL" ... With regard to head morphogenesis, chaperone gp31 interacts with the bacterial host chaperone GroEL to promote proper folding ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(protein)
SpiramycinSpiramycin
The antibiotic action involves inhibition of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell during translocation. Resistance to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiramycin
Necrotizing fasciitisNecrotizing fasciitis
Previous history of abscess infection or gut perforation with bacterial translocation may be elicited. Clostridial infection ... It is caused by a mixture of bacterial types, usually in abdominal or groin areas. This type of infection is usually caused by ... Necrotizing fasciitis (NF), also known as flesh-eating disease, is a bacterial infection that results in the death of parts of ... other bacterial infections require two or more days to become symptomatic. Type II infection: This infection accounts for 20 to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis
DsbADsbA
"Detecting folding intermediates of a protein as it passes through the bacterial translocation channel". Cell. 138 (6): 1164-73 ... DsbA is a bacterial thiol disulfide oxidoreductase (TDOR). DsbA is a key component of the Dsb (disulfide bond) family of ... Heras B, Shouldice SR, Totsika M, Scanlon MJ, Schembri MA, Martin JL (March 2009). "DSB proteins and bacterial pathogenicity". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsbA
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitisSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Bacterial translocation is thought to be the key mechanism for the development of SBP. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ... Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the development of a bacterial infection in the peritoneum, despite the absence of ... Spontaneous fungal peritonitis (SFP) can also occur and this can sometimes accompany a bacterial infection. Signs and symptoms ... A spontaneous fungal infection can often follow a spontaneous bacterial infection that has been treated with antibiotics. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis
Zinc deficiencyZinc deficiency
Breeding can also improve zinc translocation which elevates zinc content in edible crop parts as opposed to the rest of the ... and opportunistic candidiasis and bacterial infections. Numerous small bowel diseases which cause destruction or malfunction of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiency
Trimeric autotransporter adhesinTrimeric autotransporter adhesin
The trimerisation aids translocation, and no translocation would occur without its beta-barrel membrane anchor. The type V ... Function: Their role is to act as spacers by moving the head domains away from the bacterial cell surface and toward the ... In essence, the beta-barrel is a porin that sits within the bacterial outer membrane. The passenger domain or in other words ... YadA bacterial adhesin protein domain Type V secretion system Virulence factor Cell adhesion Outer membrane Gram negative ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin
Fluorescence in situ hybridizationFluorescence in situ hybridization
Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region. FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to ... For example, if the goal of an experiment is to detect the breakpoint of a translocation, then the overlap of the probes - the ... The same physics that make a variety of colors possible for M-FISH can be used for the detection of translocations. That is, ... Probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome are used to count the number of a certain chromosome, show translocations, or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization
HSPA8HSPA8
"Modification of two distinct COOH-terminal domains is required for murine p53 activation by bacterial Hsp70". The Journal of ... "Possible correlation between DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and translocation of heat shock 70 protein into the ... where it participates in chaperone-mediated autophagy by aiding the unfolding and translocation of substrate proteins across ... "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 interaction with the membrane of CD4+ cells induces the synthesis and nuclear translocation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8
Cruciform DNACruciform DNA
In bacterial plasmids, RuvA and RuvB repair DNA damage, and are involved in the recombination process of Holliday junctions. ... Kurahashi H, Inagaki H, Ohye T, Kogo H, Kato T, Emanuel BS (September 2006). "Palindrome-mediated chromosomal translocations in ... Bacolla A, Tainer JA, Vasquez KM, Cooper DN (July 2016). "Translocation and deletion breakpoints in cancer genomes are ... Double-stranded breaks in DNA can trigger incorrect DNA repair, chromosomal translocations, and in severe cases, DNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform_DNA
Index of biochemistry articlesIndex of biochemistry articles
... bacterial conjugation - bacterial outer membrane protein - bacterial protein - bacteriorhodopsin - base (chemistry) - base pair ... protein translocation - protein-tyrosine kinase - protein-tyrosine-phosphatase - proteinoid - proteomics - protirelin - proto- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles
Alkaline phosphataseAlkaline phosphatase
Some complexities of bacterial regulation and metabolism suggest that other, more subtle, purposes for the enzyme may also play ... which can be ultimately targeted by the Pst system for translocation into the cytosol, with concomitant production of a ... While the main features of the catalytic mechanism and activity are conserved between mammalian and bacterial alkaline ... Ammerman JW, Azam F (March 1985). "Bacterial 5-nucleotidase in aquatic ecosystems: a novel mechanism of phosphorus regeneration ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase
Howard Ronald KabackHoward Ronald Kaback
Kaback, H. R. (1971). "Bacterial membranes". Methods Enzymol. 22: 99-120. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(71)22015-2. Ramos, S.; ... and the residues involved in H+ translocation and coupling. He and his colleagues then obtained an X-ray crystal structure of ... Kaback, Howard Ronald (1989). "Professor- UCLA". Kaback, HR (6 December 1974). "Transport studies in bacterial membrane ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Ronald_Kaback
Gliding motilityGliding motility
Bacterial gliding is a type of gliding motility that can also use pili for propulsion. The speed of gliding varies between ... Gliding motility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as ... In the diagram above, right: Bacterial gliding is a process of motility whereby a bacterium can move under its own power. ... McBride, M. (2001). "Bacterial gliding motility: Multiple mechanisms for cell movement over surfaces". Annual Review of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding_motility
Zinc in biologyZinc in biology
Species of Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in zinc-metalliferous soils, because translocation of toxic ions is prevented ... "The Role of Copper and Zinc Toxicity in Innate Immune Defense against Bacterial Pathogens". The Journal of Biological Chemistry ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_in_biology
EpigenomicsEpigenomics
For example, when DNA was amplified in PCR or bacterial cloning techniques, the methylation pattern was not copied and thus the ... and IPD is determined by the kinetics of nucleotide binding and polymerase translocation. In 2010 a team of scientists ... Davis BM, Chao MC, Waldor MK (April 2013). "Entering the era of bacterial epigenomics with single molecule real time DNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics
CancerCancer
Translocation occurs when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well- ... Samaras V, Rafailidis PI, Mourtzoukou EG, Peppas G, Falagas ME (June 2010). "Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and ... Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma. Parasitic ... known example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in chronic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer
Clostridium cadaverisClostridium cadaveris
Translocation and proliferation of gut flora such as C. cadaveris allow for these organisms to serve as bacterial indicators ... Antibiotic treatment can also alter the balance of microbiota causing pathogenic bacterial growth. In humans, one of the first ... Melvin, J. R.; Cronholm, Simson (April 1984). "Bacterial Transmigration as an indicator of time of death". Journal of Forensic ... Microbiota (gut flora) contain between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions: Bacteroidota ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_cadaveris
ActinomycetotaActinomycetota
... is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces. ... Pinzone MR, Celesia BM, Di Rosa M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". ... Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota, the group of marine Actinomarinales ... Suzuki 2013 Class Thermoleophilia Suzuki and Whitman 2013 List of bacteria genera List of bacterial orders List of bacterial ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycetota
Lipid bilayerLipid bilayer
One common example of such a modification in nature is the lipopolysaccharide coat on a bacterial outer membrane, which helps ... mechanisms involved in translocation". Amino Acids. 6 (3): 213-29. doi:10.1007/BF00813743. PMID 11543596. S2CID 24350029. ... Because of this, electroporation is one of the key methods of transfection as well as bacterial transformation. It has even ... This myth was however broken with the revelation that nanovesicles, popularly known as bacterial outer membrane vesicles, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer
New ZealandNew Zealand
2009). "The Peopling of the Pacific from a Bacterial Perspective". Science. 323 (5913): 527-530. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..527M. ... wildlife translocation, fostering and ecological restoration of islands and other protected areas. New Zealand has an advanced ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand
DNA repairDNA repair
The SOS response is known to be widespread in the Bacteria domain, but it is mostly absent in some bacterial phyla, like the ... and joining of nonmatching termini forms insertions or translocations. NHEJ is especially important before the cell has ... Erill I, Campoy S, Barbé J (November 2007). "Aeons of distress: an evolutionary perspective on the bacterial SOS response". ... the bacterial equivalent of which is called ogt. This is an expensive process because each MGMT molecule can be used only once ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair
AminoglycosideAminoglycoside
... membrane-associated bacterial ribosome (image at right). (Aminoglycosides first cross bacterial cell walls-lipopolysaccharide ... Inhibition of ribosomal translocation-i.e., movement of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A- to the P-site-has also been suggested[ ... The subset of aberrant proteins that are incorporated into the bacterial cell membrane may then lead to changes in its ... They require only short contact time, and are most effective against susceptible bacterial populations that are rapidly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycoside
Penicillium rubensPenicillium rubens
In September 1928, Fleming found that one of his bacterial cultures (of Staphylococcus aureus) was contaminated with mould, and ... Cluster Duplications and DNA Fragment Translocations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (11): 3936. doi:10.3390/ ... that the area around the mould inhibited bacterial growth. He gave the name penicillin for the purported antibacterial ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_rubens
Valosin-containing proteinValosin-containing protein
Unlike many bacterial AAA+ proteins, assembly of p97 hexamer does not depend on the presence of nucleotide. The p97 hexameric ... Ye Y, Shibata Y, Yun C, Ron D, Rapoport TA (June 2004). "A membrane protein complex mediates retro-translocation from the ER ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valosin-containing_protein
MAPK networksMAPK networks
The mutations are considered to be from the enhancement of SA levels, which is partially reversed by bacterial SA hydrolase. ... a positive effect to the plant pathogens because activating MPK3 in response to flg22 causes phosphorylation and translocation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK_networks
Red-tailed phascogaleRed-tailed phascogale
The serum of red-tailed phascogales has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against some bacterial species. Red-tailed ... The diet of red‐tailed phascogales in a trial translocation at Alice Springs Desert Park, Northern Territory, Australia. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_phascogale
GroELGroEL
Bacterial HSP60 is causing the immune system to create anti-chaperonin antibodies, even though bacterial and human HSP60 have ... it is not yet clear how general this process is and what are the mechanisms responsible for Hsp60 translocation outside the ... This suggests that the cell has different receptors and responses to human and bacterial HSP60. In addition, it has been shown ... Since they are very similar in sequence, bacterial HSP60 wouldn't be expected to cause a large immune response in humans. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroEL
Gene flowGene flow
This translocation of Sika deer has led to introgression and there are no longer "pure" red deer in the region, and all can be ... Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP (March 2014). "Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms ... The hybrids that resulted from this translocation was less fit than the native population and were not adapted to survive the ... "Gene Flow and Endangered Species Translocations: a Topic Revisited." Elsevier, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and T ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow
AzalideAzalide
... bind to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit polypeptide elongation by hindering peptidyl transfer RNA translocation ... Jacobs, Michael R. (March 2003). "How can we predict bacterial eradication?". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 7: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azalide
History of cancer chemotherapyHistory of cancer chemotherapy
He was disappointed to find that the cause was an experimental artifact - the inhibition of bacterial division was pinpointed ... has been known for a long time to be a chromosomal translocation creating an abnormal fusion protein, kinase BCR-ABL, which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cancer_chemotherapy
Z-DNAZ-DNA
Both of these genetic modifications have been linked to the gene translocations found in cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma ... However, the smaller deletions in bacterial plasmids have been associated with replication slippage, while the larger deletions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-DNA
Failure of macrophage activation in experimental obstructive jaundice: association with bacterial translocationFailure of macrophage activation in experimental obstructive jaundice: association with bacterial translocation
The effect of bile duct ligation for 7 days on bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and on macrophage ac … ... Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract and macrophage activation are central to current theories of sepsis. ... Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract and macrophage activation are central to current theories of sepsis. ... Failure of macrophage activation in experimental obstructive jaundice: association with bacterial translocation Br J Surg. 1995 ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7613905/?dopt=Abstract
Acute portal hypertension without liver dysfunction enhances bacterial translocation to the lung | Critical Care | Full TextAcute portal hypertension without liver dysfunction enhances bacterial translocation to the lung | Critical Care | Full Text
Toma, R., Silva, R., Liberatore, A. et al. Acute portal hypertension without liver dysfunction enhances bacterial translocation ... Acute portal hypertension without liver dysfunction enhances bacterial translocation to the lung. *RK Toma1, ... Also, increasing evidence has attributed the bacterial translocation (BT) phenomenon as the most possible etiology of sepsis ... Acute portal hypertension without liver dysfunction enhances bacterial translocation to the lung ...
https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc3603
Angiotensin II inhibitor DuP753 attenuates burn- and endotoxin-induced gut ischemia, lipid peroxidation, mucosal permeability,...Angiotensin II inhibitor DuP753 attenuates burn- and endotoxin-induced gut ischemia, lipid peroxidation, mucosal permeability,...
Bacterial translocation was significantly increased after burn and endotoxin. The incidence of bacterial translocation in the ... Bacterial translocation was significantly increased after burn and endotoxin. The incidence of bacterial translocation in the ... Bacterial translocation was significantly increased after burn and endotoxin. The incidence of bacterial translocation in the ... Bacterial translocation was significantly increased after burn and endotoxin. The incidence of bacterial translocation in the ...
https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/angiotensin-ii-inhibitor-dup753-attenuates-burn-and-endotoxin-ind
Autologous fecal transplantation from a lean state potentiates caloric restriction effects on body weight and adiposity in...Autologous fecal transplantation from a lean state potentiates caloric restriction effects on body weight and adiposity in...
These results could suggest that other mechanisms different from bacterial microbiota engraftment participates in these ... Although FT-A produced a significant increase in bacterial richness/diversity, FMT did not significantly modify gut microbiota ... Biochemical parameters and Bacterial Translocation. Serum samples were collected from cardiac puncture after 5 hours of fasting ... Although we have not directly measured gut permeability, we quantified one marker of bacterial translocation in plasma (LBP, ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64961-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=51c6f8e7-ca39-4555-8900-9cc3fb7e78c2
Frontiers | Mechanism of Ulcerative Colitis-Aggravated Liver Fibrosis: The Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and TLR4...Frontiers | Mechanism of Ulcerative Colitis-Aggravated Liver Fibrosis: The Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and TLR4...
Gut barrier function was impaired in DSS- and DSS+CCl4-treated mice, manifesting as the increase in bacterial translocation and ... Gut barrier dysfunction in UC leads to bacterial translocation and elevated lipopolysaccharide, which may promote the ... and bacterial translocation assay to evaluate the inflammation, fibrosis, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and ... and bacterial translocation assay to evaluate the inflammation, fibrosis, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.695019/full
Can bacterial translocation be a beneficial event? | Transplant Proc;38(6): 1836-7, 2006. | MEDLINECan bacterial translocation be a beneficial event? | Transplant Proc;38(6): 1836-7, 2006. | MEDLINE
Can bacterial translocation be a beneficial event? Salzedas-Netto, A A; Silva, R M; Martins, J L; Menchaca-Diaz, J L; Bugni, G ... However, some studies have cited the beneficial effects of bacterial translocation (BT) on the host acquired immune system. We ... Animals undergoing double BT showed a significantly lower index of bacterial recovery (liver, spleen, and blood) compared with ... Bacterial migration to extraintestinal sites is a central component of the gut hypothesis of sepsis. ...
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-16908297
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway transports folded proteins across bacterial membranes. Tat precursor proteins ... The early mature part of bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) precursor proteins contributes to TatBC receptor binding. ... The bacterial nucleoid-associated protein H-NS is a DNA-binding protein, playing a major role in gene regulation. To regulate ... The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that comprises the TatA, TatB, and TatC components transports folded proteins ...
https://www.jbc.org/Microbiology?startPage=&KeywordRaw=Escherichia%20coli%20
Jaundice | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine | AlternativeJaundice | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine | Alternative
Curcumin and glutamine may prevent or reduce bacterial translocation and oxidative damage in obstructive jaundice.Sep 14, 2010 ...
https://greenmedinfo.com/disease/jaundice
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, EpidemiologyBacterial Overgrowth Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Bacterial overgrowth syndrome (BOS) is a term that describes clinical manifestations that occur when the normally low number of ... Ileocecal valve prevents retrograde translocation of bacteria from the colon to the small intestine. If the integrity of the ... Enteric bacterial flora and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2002 Oct. 13(4):200-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Bacterial populations contaminating the upper gut in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Am J ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/212861-117492/what-is-bacterial-overgrowth-syndrome
Could Leaky Gut be the Hidden Cause of Your Health Problems? 4 Causes and 4 SolutionsCould Leaky Gut be the Hidden Cause of Your Health Problems? 4 Causes and 4 Solutions
Intestinal dysbiosis, gut hyperpermeability and bacterial translocation: Missing links between depression, obesity and type 2 ... large undigested molecules and bacterial products. Gastrointestinal mucosal lining and microscopic villi (little hair like ...
https://robbwolf.com/2016/11/10/could-leaky-gut-be-the-hidden-cause-of-your-health-problems-4-causes-and-4-solutions/
Guidelines for Prevention of Nosocomial PneumoniaGuidelines for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia
Deitch EA, Berg R. Bacterial translocation from the gut: a mechanism of infection. J Burn Care Rehab 1987;8:475-82. ... Bacterial adherence to respiratory tract cells: relationships between in vivo and in vitro pH and bacterial attachment. Am Rev ... Conduct surveillance of bacterial pneumonia among ICU patients at high risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia (e.g., patients ... bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract has been hypothesized recently as a mechanism for infection. Of these ...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/00045365.htm
Lactobacillus Acidophilus: MedlinePlus suplementosLactobacillus Acidophilus: MedlinePlus suplementos
Effect of oral supplementation of lactobacilli on bacterial translocation in acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine. J ... Bacterial interference for prevention of urinary tract infection: an overview. J Spinal Cord Med 2000;23:136-41. View abstract. ... Bacterial and fungal microbiota in relation to probiotic therapy (VSL#3) in pouchitis. Gut 2006;55:833-41. View abstract. ... Therapy of bacterial vaginosis using exogenously-applied Lactobacilli acidophili and a low dose of estriol: a placebo- ...
https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/790.html
THE INTESTINAL MUCUS LAYER IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF THE GUT BARRIER THAT IS DAMAGED DURING ACUTE PANCREATITIS<...
BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION, ORGAN FAILURE, LUNG INJURY, PERMEABILITY, MUCIN, MORTALITY, MODELS, RATS",. author = "Fishman, {Jordan ...
https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/the-intestinal-mucus-layer-is-a-critical-component-of-the-gut-bar
Departament de Fonaments ClínicsDepartament de Fonaments Clínics
Not the usual suspects: membrane translocation, pathogenic potential and bacterial species of the Acinetobacter baumannii group ...
https://tesisenred.net/handle/10803/523476
Supplements and the Gut - Outside OnlineSupplements and the Gut - Outside Online
This gut leakiness can lead to bacterial translocation inside the body. In turn, your body identifies these trespassers and ... In fact, the number of bacterial cells colonizing the human body slightly outnumber human cells. Over the past couple of ...
https://www.outsideonline.com/health/running/training-advice/science/supplements-and-the-gut/
Probiotics Improve Physical Function in COPDProbiotics Improve Physical Function in COPD
"Probiotic supplements reduce the pathological translocation of bacterial metabolites and ameliorate the systemic inflammatory ... "Moreover, probiotic products vary in formulation and standardization, such that bacterial strains and their viability across ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/976514?src=rsshttps://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/976514?src=rss
Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke, an Edible Herbal Medicine, against Acute...Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke, an Edible Herbal Medicine, against Acute...
Effect of artesunate supplementation on bacterial translocation and dysbiosis of gut microbiota in rats with liver cirrhosis. ... recognition receptors that enable the innate immune system to react immediately to infections by recognizing both the bacterial ... receptors that enable the innate immune system to react immediately to infections by recognizing both bacterial and viral ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/9/1000/htm
United Pharmacy: Nexium broken bones bone density tests shipping with airmail!United Pharmacy: Nexium broken bones bone density tests shipping with airmail!
Some patients may require up to of intestinal bacterial translocation. General considerations in airway branches. ...
https://aaan.org/indications/nexium-broken-bones-bone-density-tests/27/
Guidelines for Prevention of Nosocomial PneumoniaGuidelines for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia
Deitch EA, Berg R. Bacterial translocation from the gut: a mechanism of infection. J Burn Care Rehab 1987;8:475-82. * Fiddian- ... Bacterial adherence to respiratory tract cells: relationships between in vivo and in vitro pH and bacterial attachment. Am Rev ... bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract has been hypothesized recently as a mechanism for infection. Of these ... Conduct surveillance of bacterial pneumonia among ICU patients at high risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia (e.g., patients ...
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0045365/m0045365.asp
Recipient Information | HHS TAGGSRecipient Information | HHS TAGGS
Innate Immune Response Following Bacterial Translocation in Early Life. 000. 2. NIH. 10/14/2022. $0. ...
https://taggs.hhs.gov/Detail/RecipDetail?arg_EntityId=arWhaFn33PyYwTL6OOgQLA%3D%3D
Immunology (including allergy) | Journal of Clinical PathologyImmunology (including allergy) | Journal of Clinical Pathology
Bacterial translocation and immunohistochemical measurement of gut immune function N P Woodcock, J Robertson, D R Morgan, K L ...
https://jcp.bmj.com/collection/immunology-including-allergy?page=151
Intestinal dysbiosis activates renal renin-angiotensin system contributing to incipient diabetic nephropathyIntestinal dysbiosis activates renal renin-angiotensin system contributing to incipient diabetic nephropathy
Intestinal Dysbiosis, Barrier Dysfunction, and Bacterial Translocation Account for CKD-Related Systemic Inflammation. J Am Soc ... the epithelial barriers of gut necessarily restrain the microbiota outside the circulation to avoid bacterial translocation [2 ... Dynamic changes in short- and long-term bacterial composition following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ... Bacterial tryptophanases transform tryptophan to indole, the latter absorbed and processed by the host to generate IS. ...
https://medsci.org/v15p0816.htm
Positive Health Online | Article - Leaky Gut Syndrome - A Modern Digestive DisorderPositive Health Online | Article - Leaky Gut Syndrome - A Modern Digestive Disorder
Bacterial translocation also takes place when the mucus layer coating the digestive tract that forms a barrier against foreign ... 1. Spaeth G Berg RD Specian RD Deitch EA Food Without Fiber promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery. 108 (2): pp ... Dysbiosis (bacterial imbalance in the gut). • Alcohol;. • Coeliac Disease;. • Allergies. • Poor diet (especially eating of ...
https://www.positivehealth.com/article/colon-health/leaky-gut-syndrome-a-modern-digestive-disorder
Team:Wisconsin/Project - 2008.igem.orgTeam:Wisconsin/Project - 2008.igem.org
"Folding quality in the export of proteins by the bacterial twin arginine translocation pathway." Proceedings of the National ... We looked into using two native export pathways in E. coli, the Sec pathway and the Twin Arginine Translocation (Tat) pathway. ... "Export Pathway Selectivity of Escherichia Coli Twin Arginine Translocation Signal Peptides." Journal of Biological Chemistry ... pfkA and pfkB deficient strain of Escherichia coli for the expression and purification of phosphofructokinase from bacterial ...
https://2008.igem.org/Team:Wisconsin/Project
ascites | Gutascites | Gut
Systemic inflammation in absence of gut bacterial translocation in C57BL/6 mice with cirrhosis María Úbeda, Margaret Lario, ... Ascitic fluid TREM-1 for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis L Ichou, N Carbonell, P E Rautou, L Laurans, S ... Bacterial lipopolyshaccaride inhibits CB2 receptor expression in human monocytic cells Vedrana Reichenbach, Javier Muñoz-Luque ...
https://gut.bmj.com/keyword/ascites?page=1
Mledzivo - WikipédiaMledzivo - Wikipédia
Deitch EA: The role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and ...
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mledzivo
OvergrowthMesenteric lymphEndogenous enteric bacterial floraBacteriaMicrobial translocationPermeabilitySpontaneous bacterial pObstructive jaundiceCirrhosisCause of bacterialIncrease in bacterialGastrointestinalAnaerobic bacterialSystemic inflammationInfectionOccursInhibitorLipopolysaccharideInfectionsInflammationProteinSignificantlyAntibioticSepsisBindsInflammatoryBarrierMechanismsLungMiceSubsequentMicroscopicPeritonitisBeneficial effectsSpeciesResultsFacilitateIncreasesExperimentalInjuryShockPatient
Overgrowth12
  • PH factor increases native flora BT and promotes a higher index of BT to the lung when intestinal bacterial overgrowth factor is present in the rat model of BT. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A previous BT challenge was efficient to generate a host-defense mechanism against a second BT episode induced by intestinal overgrowth with the same bacterial strain . (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacterial overgrowth syndrome (BOS) is a term that describes clinical manifestations that occur when the normally low number of bacteria that inhabit the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum significantly increases or becomes overtaken by other pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical manifestations of bacterial overgrowth syndrome stem from the increased bacterial burden on the normal functions of the upper GI system. (medscape.com)
  • Prompt recognition and treatment of bacterial overgrowth syndrome should be targeted to prevent and reverse malabsorptive processes. (medscape.com)
  • Studies of duodenal aspirates have not identified any particular bacteria as a cause of bacterial overgrowth syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • However, 1 X 10 11 organisms/mL of aspirate fluid is diagnostic for bacterial overgrowth syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Cultures grown from patients with bacterial overgrowth syndrome reveal abnormally large numbers of anaerobic bacteria in addition to normal flora. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormalities in these mechanisms predispose to bacterial overgrowth. (medscape.com)
  • Malabsorption of bile acids, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins results in direct damage to the lining of the luminal surface by bacteria or by transformation of nutrients into toxic metabolites, leading to many of the symptoms of diarrhea and weight loss associated with bacterial overgrowth syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bacterial colonization and overgrowth may occur in GI tract on suppression of gastric acid secretion. (who.int)
Mesenteric lymph2
  • The effect of bile duct ligation for 7 days on bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and on macrophage activation in a rat model was examined. (nih.gov)
  • Liver, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected for histopathological staining, expression analysis, and bacterial translocation assay to evaluate the inflammation, fibrosis, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and gut barrier function. (frontiersin.org)
Endogenous enteric bacterial flora2
  • It is believed that steroid treatment for any purpose may increase the risk of invasion of the mucosa by endogenous enteric bacterial flora and gastrointestinal mucosal damage via rotavirus infection. (who.int)
  • Empirical meropenem treatment endogenous enteric bacterial flora watery diarrhoea. (who.int)
Bacteria9
  • Although FT-A produced a significant increase in bacterial richness/diversity, FMT did not significantly modify gut microbiota composition compared to the CR at phyla and bacteria genera levels, and only significant increases in Bifidobacterium and Blautia genera were observed. (nature.com)
  • Prevalence of bacteria in different parts of GI tract depends on several factors such as peristalsis, pH, redox potential, bacterial adhesion, bacterial cooperation and antagonism, mucin secretion, diet, and nutrient availability. (medscape.com)
  • Ileocecal valve prevents retrograde translocation of bacteria from the colon to the small intestine. (medscape.com)
  • Most bacterial nosocomial pneumonias occur by aspiration of bacteria colonizing the oropharynx or upper gastrointestinal tract of the patient. (cdc.gov)
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) es un tipo de probiótico (bacteria "buena") que se encuentra en el intestino, la boca y la vagina humanos, y también en ciertos alimentos. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Las personas comúnmente usan L. acidophilus para la diarrea causada por antibióticos, así como para el síndrome del intestino irritable (SII), el crecimiento excesivo de bacterias en la vagina y una infección causada por la bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). (medlineplus.gov)
  • For the other thing, ARGs can be transmitted by ARG-carrying opportunistic bacterial pathogens and non-pathogenic bacteria via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (Sidhu et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • Autoimmune responses in ME/CFS may be driven by increased bacterial translocation as measured by IgM and IgA responses to LPS of gram negative bacteria. (nel.edu)
  • Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. (blogspot.com)
Microbial translocation3
  • The researchers comment, "These data support our hypothesis that disruption of intestinal barrier integrity, which results in microbial translocation, is linked to higher systemic inflammation and immune activation during severe COVID-19. (news-medical.net)
  • Increased intestinal barrier permeability and subsequent gut microbial translocation are significant contributors to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Evidence in animal models have shown that markers of intestinal permeability and microbial translocation vary over the course of the day and are affected by food intake and circadian rhythms. (biomedcentral.com)
Permeability4
  • Summary Background Data: Thermal injuries and endotoxemia have been shown to induce ischemia and reperfusion injury to the intestine, leading to increased mucosal permeability and bacterial translocation. (utmb.edu)
  • Conclusions: Angiotensin II appears to play a pivotal role in the bum- and endotoxin-induced intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, with subsequent increases in permeability and bacterial translocation. (utmb.edu)
  • The urinary lactulose:mannitol ratio, and plasma antibody to endotoxin core were determined in order to assess intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. (elsevier.com)
  • Patients who suffer from this outcome, usually presents weight loss, anorexia and odynophagia,also there is an increased risk of bacterial translocation, due to the increase of the intestinal permeability (IP). (bvsalud.org)
Spontaneous bacterial p2
  • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ( SBP ) is a bacterial infection of ascitic fluid that occurs in the absence of an identifiable intraabdominal source of infection. (amboss.com)
  • Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is common complication of cirrhosis caused by bacterial translocation. (who.int)
Obstructive jaundice2
  • Spontaneous bacterial translocation occurs in experimental obstructive jaundice and is associated with marked suppression of macrophage activation. (nih.gov)
  • Curcumin and glutamine may prevent or reduce bacterial translocation and oxidative damage in obstructive jaundice. (greenmedinfo.com)
Cirrhosis2
  • It is the most common bacterial infection and a leading cause of hospital admission and mortality among patients with cirrhosis . (amboss.com)
  • Represents over 30% of bacterial infections among hospitalized patients with cirrhosis . (amboss.com)
Cause of bacterial1
  • The main difference between prednisone and steroids are that prednisone does not cross the intestinal mucosa, so it is not likely to be a major cause of bacterial translocation when administered to patients with active sepsis. (respectclothing.online)
Increase in bacterial1
  • Gut barrier function was impaired in DSS- and DSS + CCl 4 -treated mice, manifesting as the increase in bacterial translocation and lipopolysaccharide level, and the reduction in tight junction proteins (occluding, claudin-1 and ZO-1) expression. (frontiersin.org)
Gastrointestinal3
  • Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract and macrophage activation are central to current theories of sepsis. (nih.gov)
  • Microscopic analysis and fresh-frozen plasma infusions were and gastrointestinal mucosal dam- of the stool was normal and bacterial commenced. (who.int)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is a distinctive tissue with physical, biological and immunological barriers, allowing nutrient absorption while preventing the translocation of microbes and their products. (biomedcentral.com)
Anaerobic bacterial1
  • Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial colony counts in the ileum usually are less than 1 X 10 8 organisms/mL. (medscape.com)
Systemic inflammation1
  • however, the epithelial barriers of gut necessarily restrain the microbiota outside the circulation to avoid bacterial translocation [ 2 ] and systemic inflammation[ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
Infection6
  • Most bacterial infections produce clinical signs of infection in the mother, but infections may not be evident if the membranes rupture shortly after inoculation, similar to drainage of an abscess. (medscape.com)
  • They used a genetic approach, creating a time-calibrated bacterial family tree that allowed them to analyse the progression and location of infection, besides its evolution. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Empiric antibiotic choice depends on the setting of infection (i.e., community-acquired infection vs. healthcare-associated infection ), previous antibiotic exposure, and local bacterial susceptibility patterns. (amboss.com)
  • SBP is typically a monomicrobial bacterial infection. (amboss.com)
  • SBP is diagnosed when the ascitic fluid neutrophil count is ≥ 250/mm 3 , with or without positive ascitic fluid bacterial cultures, and in the absence of another intraabdominal source of infection. (amboss.com)
  • They also measured the level of plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP), a marker of acute infection or inflammation, which binds to bacterial LPS and triggers the immune system. (news-medical.net)
Occurs2
  • The researchers now intend to assess how frequently gut to lung bacterial translocation occurs in vulnerable patients by collecting samples from a much larger cohort. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process. (blogspot.com)
Inhibitor1
  • Objective: To investigate the role of angiotensin II as a mediator of burn- and sepsis-induced gut ischemia and reperfusion injury and to determine whether treatment with the angiotensin II inhibitor DuP753 can attenuate mucosal injury and bacterial translocation in a burn/endotoxemia porcine model. (utmb.edu)
Lipopolysaccharide3
  • Gut barrier dysfunction in UC leads to bacterial translocation and elevated lipopolysaccharide, which may promote the activation of TLR4 signaling and HSCs in the liver. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and fungal (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) translocation markers, along with markers of intestinal damage fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α) were assessed by ELISA or the fungitell assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are commonly measured to assess the level of bacterial translocation. (biomedcentral.com)
Infections6
  • Sections on the prevention of bacterial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated and/or critically ill patients, care of respiratory-therapy devices, prevention of cross-contamination, and prevention of viral lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus {RSV} and influenza infections) have been expanded and updated. (cdc.gov)
  • Surgical trauma, burns, and severe infections cause damage to the structure and function of intestinal mucosa, and facilitate intestinal bacterial translocation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • STAT1 is involved in IFN-mediated immune responses, and STAT1-deficient mice are highly sensitive to bacterial and viral infections. (biolegend.com)
  • This medication is an antibiotic, prescribed for certain types of bacterial infections, including infections of the lungs, skin, blood, female reproductive organs and internal organs. (dwarkeshpharma.com)
  • Tetracyclines remain especially useful in the management of infections by certain obligately intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Chlamydia , Mycoplasma , and Rickettsia . (mdwiki.org)
  • It is also one of a group of antibiotics which together may be used to treat peptic ulcers caused by bacterial infections. (mdwiki.org)
Inflammation1
  • Some people take lactobacillus by mouth for general digestion problems, irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ), colic in babies , inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ), inflammation of the colon , too much bacterial growth in the intestines , constipation , to improve outcomes after bowel surgery, and to prevent a serious gut problem called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in babies born prematurely. (emedicinehealth.com)
Protein4
  • The faithful segregation, or "partition," of many low-copy number bacterial plasmids is driven by plasmid-encoded ATPases that are represented by the P1 plasmid ParA protein. (jbc.org)
  • Rapoport T. Protein translocation across the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial plasma membranes. (ugr.es)
  • Azithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosomes, and therefore inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis in bacterial cells. (dwarkeshpharma.com)
  • Mechanism of action :- Spiramycin is a macrolide antibacterial that inhibits protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosomal subunit thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting in stunted cell growth. (dwarkeshpharma.com)
Significantly2
  • Bacterial translocation was significantly increased after burn and endotoxin. (utmb.edu)
  • Animals undergoing double BT showed a significantly lower index of bacterial recovery ( liver , spleen , and blood ) compared with those having a single BT (P (bvsalud.org)
Antibiotic1
  • Our study shows how gut-lung translocation and antibiotic use can combine to drive the spread of AMR within a single patient. (ox.ac.uk)
Sepsis2
  • Also, increasing evidence has attributed the bacterial translocation (BT) phenomenon as the most possible etiology of sepsis and MODS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacterial migration to extraintestinal sites is a central component of the gut hypothesis of sepsis . (bvsalud.org)
Binds2
  • ParA binds to the bacterial nucleoid via an ATP-dependent nonspecific DNA (nsDNA)-binding activity, which is essential for partition. (jbc.org)
  • Cefixime binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. (dwarkeshpharma.com)
Inflammatory3
  • Probiotic supplements reduce the pathological translocation of bacterial metabolites and ameliorate the systemic inflammatory state in multiple diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely to the fungal translocation marker BDG and the gut damage marker REG3α, time of blood collection matters for the proper evaluation for LPS and I-FABP as markers for the risk of inflammatory non-AIDS co-morbidities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast to the global health improvement occurring in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), gut damage persists and translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the circulation contributes to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Barrier3
  • The small intestines allows properly digested fats, proteins and starches to pass through the cells in order to be used by the body while providing a barrier to keep out foreign substances, large undigested molecules and bacterial products. (robbwolf.com)
  • In addition, it prevents bacterial translocation and contributes to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • At this point, the mucosal barrier is impaired and bacterial translocation results in progressive septic and hemodynamic shock. (vin.com)
Mechanisms2
  • These results could suggest that other mechanisms different from bacterial microbiota engraftment participates in these beneficial effects. (nature.com)
  • The increased bacterial translocation could be one of the mechanisms potentiating liver injury and nitric oxide may be pathophysiologically involved. (bvsalud.org)
Lung2
  • Also, the increased BT index to the lung might be related to the portal blood shunt to the systemic circulation by bypassing the bacterial clearance role of the liver and reaching directly the lung microcirculation, even at the early phase of PH. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION . (bvsalud.org)
Mice1
  • The researchers infected C3H/He mice with the bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium , a bacterium that mimics the enteropathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli . (naturalnews.com)
Subsequent1
  • This results in STAT1 dimerization and subsequent translocation to the nucleus, where it functions as a transcriptional activator. (biolegend.com)
Microscopic1
  • Microscopic analysis of the stool was normal and bacterial culture was negative. (who.int)
Peritonitis2
  • suspect secondary bacterial peritonitis if multiple organisms are demonstrated on ascitic fluid gram stain or culture (see " Secondary bacterial peritonitis " in "Differential diagnoses" section). (amboss.com)
  • The presence of multiple organisms on ascitic fluid gram-stain or culture should raise suspicion for secondary bacterial peritonitis . (amboss.com)
Beneficial effects1
  • However, some studies have cited the beneficial effects of bacterial translocation (BT) on the host acquired immune system . (bvsalud.org)
Species1
  • Bacterial species usually present include lactobacilli, enterococci, oral streptococci, and other gram-positive aerobic or facultative anaerobes. (medscape.com)
Results1
  • Potential contributing factors to the An important step in assessing the toxicology the fate of UFPs deposited on the nasal lack of concurrence in results include differ- of particles is to determine their fate after mucosa identified translocation along the neu- ences in the solubilities of the Mn salts used, inhalation. (cdc.gov)
Facilitate1
  • Group A colicins, such as ColA, parasitize the Tol network through interactions with TolA and/or TolB to facilitate translocation through the cell envelope to reach their cytotoxic site of action. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Increases2
  • It also increases bacterial translocation to extra-intestinal sites. (bvsalud.org)
  • With the global movement of people, animals, and products, the chance for translocation of disease from one part of the world to another through travel and transportation increases all the time. (cdc.gov)
Experimental1
  • Here, high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR) and amplicon sequencing were applied to profile ARGs and bacterial communities in experimental and control groups containing 50 L of tap water at 7th, 15th and 100th day during corpse decomposition. (researchsquare.com)
Injury1
  • Intestinal injury after ischemia or shock may be mediated by OFR, and may be related to bacterial translocation. (nii.ac.jp)
Shock1
  • This study paved the way for the future study on bacterial translocation in the shock state. (nii.ac.jp)
Patient1
  • Because intubation and mechanical ventilation alter first-line patient defenses, they greatly increase the risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
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