Bacterial proton translocating atpases. Medical search

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. What is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE.

Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Cation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transport of CALCIUM. They differ from CALCIUM CHANNELS which allow calcium to pass through a membrane without the use of energy.

Proton-translocating ATPases that are involved in acidification of a variety of intracellular compartments.

Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Calcium-transporting ATPases found on the PLASMA MEMBRANE that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM from the CYTOPLASM into the extracellular space. They play a role in maintaining a CALCIUM gradient across plasma membrane.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Rhodopsins found in the PURPLE MEMBRANE of halophilic archaea such as HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM. Bacteriorhodopsins function as an energy transducers, converting light energy into electrochemical energy via PROTON PUMPS.

A species of extremely thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea. It grows at a maximum temperature of 95 degrees C. in marine or deep-sea geothermal areas.

Calcium-transporting ATPases that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM into the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM vesicles from the CYTOPLASM. They are primarily found in MUSCLE CELLS and play a role in the relaxation of MUSCLES.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Proton-translocating ATPases which produce ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE in plants. They derive energy from light-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the membranous cisternae (THYLAKOIDS) of the CHLOROPLASTS.

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.

A family of soluble metal binding proteins that are involved in the intracellular transport of specific metal ions and their transfer to the appropriate metalloprotein precursor.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A large group of bacteria including those which oxidize ammonia or nitrite, metabolize sulfur and sulfur compounds, or deposit iron and/or manganese oxides.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins found in any species of archaeon.

A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A species of halophilic archaea found in salt lakes. Some strains form a PURPLE MEMBRANE under anaerobic conditions.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An ATP-dependent protease found in prokaryotes, CHLOROPLASTS, and MITOCHONDRIA. It is a soluble multisubunit complex that plays a role in the degradation of many abnormal proteins.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A genus of HALOBACTERIACEAE whose growth requires a high concentration of salt. Binary fission is by constriction.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.

Organic sulfonic acid esters or salts which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Elements with partially filled d orbitals. They constitute groups 3-12 of the periodic table of elements.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium ions across the cellular membrane. The action of these antiporters influences intracellular pH and potassium ion homeostasis.

A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A genus of facultatively anaerobic heterotrophic archaea, in the order THERMOPLASMALES, isolated from self-heating coal refuse piles and acid hot springs. They are thermophilic and can grow both with and without sulfur.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

Rhodopsin molecules found in microorganisms such as ARCHAEA and PROTEOBACTERIA.

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline pH, as well as in hot-water heaters.

A species of ascomycetous fungi of the family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

Proteases that contain proteolytic core domains and ATPase-containing regulatory domains. They are usually comprised of large multi-subunit assemblies. The domains can occur within a single peptide chain or on distinct subunits.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSINS. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)

A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

The theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (E) which vary in size and are defined by the equation E=hv in which h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to PROTONS.

Proteins that are involved in or cause CELL MOVEMENT such as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (MYOSIN; KINESIN; and DYNEIN motor families).

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

An autosomal dominantly inherited skin disorder characterized by recurrent eruptions of vesicles and BULLAE mainly on the neck, axillae, and groin. Mutations in the ATP2C1 gene (encoding the secretory pathway Ca2++/Mn2++ ATPase 1 (SPCA1)) cause this disease. It is clinically and histologically similar to DARIER DISEASE - both have abnormal, unstable DESMOSOMES between KERATINOCYTES and defective CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is unrelated to PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS though it closely resembles that disease.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

A general class of integral membrane proteins that transport ions across a membrane against an electrochemical gradient.

Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.

Computer-assisted mathematical calculations of beam angles, intensities of radiation, and duration of irradiation in radiotherapy.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.

A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. Deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase II produce a syndrome characterized by OSTEOPETROSIS, renal tubular acidosis (ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR) and cerebral calcification. EC 4.2.1.-

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay.

Mutation of the mitochrondrially encoded ATPase 6 gene modeled in the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. (1/110)

Defects of respiratory chain protein complexes and the ATP synthase are becoming increasingly implicated in human disease. Recently, mutations in the ATPase 6 gene have been shown to cause several different neurological disorders. The product of this gene is homologous to the a subunit of the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. Here, mutations equivalent to those described in humans have been introduced into the a subunit of E. coli by site-directed mutagenesis, and the effects of these mutations on the ATPase activity, ATP synthesis and ability of the enzyme to pump protons studied in detail. The effects of the mutations varied considerably. The mutation L262P (9185 T-C equivalent) caused a 70% loss of ATP synthesis activity, reduced DCCD sensitivity, and lowered proton pumping activity. The L207P (8993 T-C equivalent) reduced ATP synthesis by 50%, affected DCCD sensitivity, while proton pumping was only marginally affected when measured by the standard AMCA quenching assay. The other mutations studied affected the functioning of the ATP synthase much less. The results confirm that modeling of these point mutations in the E. coli enzyme is a useful approach to determining how alterations in the ATPase 6 gene affect enzyme function and, therefore, how a pathogenic effect can be exerted. (+info)

Redox regulation of the rotation of F(1)-ATP synthase. (2/110)

In F(1)-ATPase, the smallest known motor enzyme, unidirectional rotation of the central axis subunit gamma is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. In the present study, we report the redox switching of the rotation of this enzyme. For this purpose, the switch region from the gamma subunit of the redox-sensitive chloroplast F(1)-ATPase was introduced into the bacterial F(1)-ATPase. The ATPase activity of the obtained complex was increased up to 3-fold upon reduction (Bald, D., Noji, H., Stumpp, M. T., Yoshida, M. & Hisabori, T. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12757-12762). Here, we successfully observed the modulation of rotation of gamma in this chimeric complex by changes in the redox conditions. In addition we revealed that the suppressed enzymatic activity of the oxidized F(1)-ATPase complex was characterized by more frequent long pauses in the rotation of the gamma subunit. These findings obtained by the single molecule analysis therefore provide new insights into the mechanisms of enzyme regulation. (+info)

Functions and ATP-binding responses of the twelve histidine residues in the TF1-ATPase beta subunit. (3/110)

The C2 proton signals of all (twelve) histidine residues of the TF1 beta subunit in the 1H-NMR spectrum have been identified and assigned by means of pH change experiments and site-directed substitution of histidines by glutamines. pH and ligand titration experiments were carried out for these signals. Furthermore, the ATPase activity of the reconstituted alpha3beta3gamma complex was examined for the twelve mutant beta subunits. Two of three conserved histidines, namely, His-119 and 324, were found to be important for expression of the ATPase activity. The former fixes the N-terminal domain to the central domain. His-324 is involved in the formation of the interface essential for the alpha3beta3gamma complex assembly. The other conserved residue, His-363, showed a very low pK(a), suggesting that it is involved in the tertiary structure formation. On the binding of a nucleotide, only the signals of His-173, 179, 200, and 324 shifted. These histidines are located in the hinge region, and its proximity, of the beta subunit. This observation provided further support for the conformational change of the beta monomer from the open to the closed form on the binding of a nucleotide proposed by us [Yagi et al. (1999) Biophys. J. 77, 2175-2183]. This conformational change should be one of the essential driving forces in the rotation of the alpha3beta3gamma complex. (+info)

Genetic diversity of Pasteurella multocida fowl cholera isolates as demonstrated by ribotyping and 16S rRNA and partial atpD sequence comparisons. (4/110)

The genetic diversity of Pasteurella multocida, the aetiological agent of fowl cholera, was investigated. The strain collection comprised 69 clinical isolates representing a wide spectrum of hosts and geographic origin. The three type strains for the subspecies of P. multocida were also included. Avian isolates of P. multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica did not represent separate lines by HpaII ribotyping and the two type strains of mammalian origin (porcine and cat bite) seemed to be representative of avian strains of P. multocida subspp. multocida and septica. By ribotyping, all P. multocida subsp. gallicida strains, except one chicken isolate and the type strain, clustered together. This indicated that the bovine type strain was not representative of this subspecies and that most strains of P. multocida subsp. gallicida are genetically related and may be distantly related to other P. multocida isolates, including those of avian origin. By 16S rRNA and atpD sequence comparisons of selected strains, including both P. multocida isolated from birds and mammals and selected distantly related Pasteurella species associated with birds and mammals, it was found that P. multocida is monophyletic. Extended DNA-DNA hybridizations are highly indicated since strains may exist which would connect the existing subspecies at species level. The considerable genetic diversity of P. multocida fowl cholera isolates is probably related to the clonal nature of this organism, resulting in many divergent lines. (+info)

Phylogenies of atpD and recA support the small subunit rRNA-based classification of rhizobia. (5/110)

The current classification of the rhizobia (root-nodule symbionts) assigns them to six genera. It is strongly influenced by the small subunit (16S, SSU) rRNA molecular phylogeny, but such single-gene phylogenies may not reflect the evolution of the genome as a whole. To test this, parts of the atpD and recA genes have been sequenced for 25 type strains within the alpha-Proteobacteria, representing species in Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium, Agrobacterium, Phyllobacterium, Mycoplana and Brevundimonas. The current genera Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium are well supported by these genes, each forming a distinct phylogenetic clade with unequivocal bootstrap support. There is good support for a Rhizobium clade that includes Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the very close relationship between Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Rhizobium tropici is confirmed. There is evidence for recombination within the genera Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium, but the congruence of the phylogenies at higher levels indicates that the genera are genetically isolated. rRNA provides a reliable distinction between genera, but genetic relationships within a genus may be disturbed by recombination. (+info)

Coupling of proton flow to ATP synthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus: F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase is absent from about half of chromatophores. (6/110)

F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase (H(+)-ATP synthase, F(0)F(1)) utilizes the transmembrane protonmotive force to catalyze the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (P(i)). Structurally the enzyme consists of a membrane-embedded proton-translocating F(0) portion and a protruding hydrophilic F(1) part that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP. In photosynthetic purple bacteria a single turnover of the photosynthetic reaction centers (driven by a short saturating flash of light) generates protonmotive force that is sufficiently large to drive ATP synthesis. Using isolated chromatophore vesicles of Rhodobacter capsulatus, we monitored the flash induced ATP synthesis (by chemoluminescence of luciferin/luciferase) in parallel to the transmembrane charge transfer through F(0)F(1) (by following the decay of electrochromic bandshifts of intrinsic carotenoids). With the help of specific inhibitors of F(1) (efrapeptin) and of F(0) (venturicidin), we decomposed the kinetics of the total proton flow through F(0)F(1) into (i) those coupled to the ATP synthesis and (ii) the de-coupled proton escape through F(0). Taking the coupled proton flow, we calculated the H(+)/ATP ratio; it was found to be 3.3+/-0.6 at a large driving force (after one saturating flash of light) but to increase up to 5.1+/-0.9 at a smaller driving force (after a half-saturating flash). From the results obtained, we conclude that our routine chromatophore preparations contained three subsets of chromatophore vesicles. Chromatophores with coupled F(0)F(1) dominated in fresh material. Freezing/thawing or pre-illumination in the absence of ADP and P(i) led to an increase in the fraction of chromatophores with at least one de-coupled F(0)(F(1)). The disclosed fraction of chromatophores that lacked proton-conducting F(0)(F(1)) (approx. 40% of the total amount) remained constant upon these treatments. (+info)

The topology of the proton translocating F0 component of the ATP synthase from E. coli K12: studies with proteases. (7/110)

The accessibility of the three F0 subunits a, b and c from the Escherichia coli K12 ATP synthase to various proteases was studied in F1-depleted inverted membrane vesicles. Subunit b was very sensitive to all applied proteases. Chymotrypsin produced a defined fragment of mol. wt. 15,000 which remained tightly bound to the membrane. The cleavage site was located at the C-terminal region of subunit b. Larger amounts of proteases were necessary to attack subunit a (mol. wt. 30,000). There was no detectable cleavage of subunit c. It is suggested that the major hydrophilic part of subunit b extends from the membrane into the cytoplasm and is in contact with the F1 sector. The F1 sector was found to afford some protection against proteolysis of the b subunit in vitro and in vivo. Protease digestion had no influence on the electro-impelled H+ conduction via F0 but ATP-dependent H+ translocation could not be reconstituted upon binding of F1. A possible role for subunit b as a linker between catalytic events on the F1 component and the proton pathway across the membrane is discussed. (+info)

Membrane integration and function of the three F0 subunits of the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli K12. (8/110)

Integration into the cytoplasmic membrane and function of the three F0 subunits, a, b and c, of the membrane-bound ATP synthase of Escherichia coli K12 were analysed in situations where synthesis of only one or two types of subunits was possible. This was achieved by combined use of atp mutations and plasmids carrying and expressing one or two of the atp genes coding for ATP synthase subunits. AU three F0 subunits were found to be required for the establishment of efficient H+ conduction. Subunits a and b individually as well as together were found to bind F1 ATPase to the membrane while subunit c did not. The ATPase activity bound to either of these single subunits, or in pairwise combinations, was not inhibited by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Also ATP-dependent H+ translocation was not catalysed unless all three F0 subunits were present in the membrane. The integration into the membrane of the subunits a and b was independent of the presence of other ATP synthase subunits. (+info)

The hepatolenticular tract is a complex system of nerve fibers that connect the liver and other organs in the body, allowing for the exchange of information and coordination of bodily functions. HLD occurs when these nerve fibers are damaged or destroyed, leading to problems with brain function and communication.

The symptoms of HLD can vary depending on the severity of the damage and the specific areas of the brain affected. Common symptoms include difficulty with memory and cognitive function, poor coordination and balance, and changes in behavior and personality. In severe cases, HLD can lead to coma or even death.

There is currently no cure for HLD, but there are several treatments available that can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as physical therapy and rehabilitation to improve cognitive and motor function. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary to treat underlying liver disease.

Overall, hepatobilayer degeneration is a serious condition that can have significant effects on brain function and quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms of HLD, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The main symptoms of Menkes syndrome are:

1. Steel-gray or kinky hair, which starts to appear within the first few months of life.
2. Failure to thrive, poor muscle tone, and low birth weight.
3. Developmental delays and intellectual disability.
4. Seizures and poor coordination.
5. Poor immune function and recurrent infections.
6. Gradual loss of vision and hearing.
7. Osteoporosis and fragile bones.
8. Increased risk of liver disease, including cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

The diagnosis of Menkes syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications, and may include copper supplements, anticonvulsants, and other medications.

The prognosis for Menkes syndrome is poor, with most individuals dying in childhood or adolescence due to complications such as liver disease, infections, or seizures. However, some individuals may live into their 20s or 30s with appropriate management and care.

The symptoms of BFP typically appear in early adulthood and can include:

* Blisters and sores on the skin and mucous membranes
* Pain and discomfort
* Scarring and disfigurement
* Difficulty swallowing (in severe cases)

BFP is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, family history, and genetic testing. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

* Topical medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing
* Oral medications to suppress the immune system and prevent further blistering
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and reduce pain

While there is no cure for BFP, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help to manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. The condition is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. However, some cases may be caused by spontaneous mutations rather than inheritance.

GER can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which allows stomach acid to flow back up into the esophagus.
* Delayed gastric emptying, which can cause food and stomach acid to remain in the stomach for longer periods of time and increase the risk of reflux.
* Obesity, which can put pressure on the stomach and cause the LES to weaken.

Symptoms of GER can include:

* Heartburn: a burning sensation in the chest that can radiate to the throat and neck.
* Regurgitation: the sensation of food coming back up into the mouth.
* Difficulty swallowing.
* Chest pain or tightness.
* Hoarseness or laryngitis.

If left untreated, GER can lead to complications such as esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), strictures (narrowing of the esophagus), and barrett's esophagus (precancerous changes in the esophageal lining).

Treatment options for GER include:

* Lifestyle modifications, such as losing weight, avoiding trigger foods, and elevating the head of the bed.
* Medications, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors, to reduce acid production and relax the LES.
* Surgical procedures, such as fundoplication (a procedure that strengthens the LES) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (a procedure that reduces the size of the stomach).

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as GER can have serious complications if left untreated.

... proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.500.249 - bacterial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776. ... mitochondrial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.500.875 - vacuolar proton-translocating atpases ... chloroplast proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.500.625 - h(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase MeSH D12.776. ... transporting atpase MeSH D12.776.157.530.450.250.750 - na(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase MeSH D12.776.157.530.450.250.812 - organic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.157)

... proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.277.040.025.325.249 - bacterial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.277.040. ... proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.249 - bacterial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696 ... mitochondrial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.875 - vacuolar proton-translocating atpases MeSH ... mitochondrial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.277.040.025.325.875 - vacuolar proton-translocating atpases MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

... proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.500.249 - bacterial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776. ... mitochondrial proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.500.875 - vacuolar proton-translocating atpases ... chloroplast proton-translocating atpases MeSH D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.500.625 - h(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase MeSH D12.776. ... transporting atpase MeSH D12.776.543.585.450.250.750 - na(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase MeSH D12.776.543.585.450.250.812 - organic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.543)

Cytochrome c oxidases from bacteria and mitochondria Proton or sodium translocating F-type and V-type ATPases P-type calcium ... Alpha-helical proteins are present in the inner membranes of bacterial cells or the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, and ... proton glutamate symporter) Monovalent cation/proton antiporter (Sodium/proton antiporter 1 NhaA) Neurotransmitter sodium ... Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins including rhodopsin (see also opsin) Bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres and photosystems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein

Together with SecY and SecG, SecE forms a multimeric channel through which preproteins are translocated, using both proton ... Breyton C, Haase W, Rapoport TA, Kühlbrandt W, Collinson I (August 2002). "Three-dimensional structure of the bacterial protein ... The translocase itself comprises 7 proteins, including a chaperone protein (SecB), an ATPase (SecA), an integral membrane ... SecD and SecF are required to maintain a proton motive force. Secretion across the inner membrane in some Gram-negative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecDF_protein-export_membrane_protein

The presence of a Na+ translocating NADH dehydrogenase suggests that instead of a proton-motive force, the bacteria uses a ... A bacterial culture was obtained by inoculating fertilized chicken eggs with C. felis. After the strain had gone through ... and a V-type ATPase. C. felis uses oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor, in which the cytochrome bd oxidase is necessary. ... felis) is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that infects cats. It is endemic among domestic cats ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_felis

The ATPase of P. modestum acts about 6 times higher than bacterial membranes, at 6.6 units/mg of protein. The ATPase is ... Mitchell, Peter D. (1974). "A chemiosmotic molecular mechanism for proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatases". FEBS Lett. ... F-type ATPases (Adenylpyrophosphatase ) typically use protons as the sole coupling ion, but the F1F0 ATPase of Propionigenium ... "The sodium ion translocating adenosine triphosphatase of Propionigenium modestum pumps protons at low sodium ion concentrations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionigenium_modestum

The SMF is generated by primary sodium pumps (e.g. sodium/potassium ATPases, sodium translocating respiratory chain complexes) ... Some bacterial sensor kinases (e.g., 2.A.21.9.1) have N-terminal, 12 TMS, sensor domains that regulate the C-terminal kinase ... or via the action of sodium/proton antiporters. Sodium/substrate transporters are grouped in different families based on ... February 1995). "Response regulators of bacterial signal transduction systems: selective domain shuffling during evolution". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-solute_symporter

EC 7.1.1.1: proton-translocating NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase * EC 7.1.1.2: NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) * EC 7.1. ... mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase * EC 7.4.2.4: chloroplast protein-transporting ATPase * EC 7.4.2.5: bacterial ABC- ... H+/K+-exchanging ATPase * EC 7.2.2.20: ABC-type Zn2+ transporter * EC 7.2.2.21: Cd2+-exporting ATPase * EC 7.2.2.22: P-type ... Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase * EC 7.2.2.14: P-type Mg2+ transporter * EC 7.2.2.15: P-type Ag+ transporter * EC 7.2.2.16: ABC-type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)

... relationship with the proton-translocating two-sector ATPase (EC 7.1.2.2, FoF1-ATPase), and its role in particular molecular ... Proton conductance of bacterial membrane and its role in cell functional activity, 2009, Chapter of book , In Bacterial ... 2002 Apr 10;516(1-3):172-8. Trchounian A. Escherichia coli proton-translocating F0F1-ATP synthase and its association with ... 37-63 Trchounian A, Surface charge and other physical properties of bacterial membranes, 2009, Chapter of book , In Bacterial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Trchounian

Mvp1 resembles bacterial PPases while Mvp2 resembles plant PPases. Mvp2 was shown to translocate 1 H+ per pyrophosphate ... They establish a pmf of similar magnitude to that generated by the H+-translocating ATPases in the same vacuolar membrane. The ... Bäumer S, Lentes S, Gottschalk G, Deppenmeier U (March 2002). "Identification and analysis of proton-translocating ... A previously undescribed proton translocation pathway is formed by six core transmembrane helices. Proton pumping can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H ,_Na -translocating_pyrophosphatase_family

... laterally transferred Na+-translocating form of the bacterial F-type membrane ATPase". Bioinformatics. 26 (12): 1473-6. doi: ... That is to say, it usually makes ATP from the proton gradient instead of working in the other direction like V-ATPases ... Together with V-ATPases and A-ATPases, F-ATPases belong to superfamily of related rotary ATPases. F-ATPase consists of two ... F-ATPase, also known as F-Type ATPase, is an ATPase/synthase found in bacterial plasma membranes, in mitochondrial inner ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ATPase

... or Na+-translocating F-type ATPase, V-type ATPase and A-type ATPase superfamily 3.A.3 The P-type ATPase Superfamily 3.A.4 The ... family 3.D.2 The Proton-translocating Transhydrogenase (PTH) Family 3.D.3 The Proton-translocating Quinol:Cytochrome c ... or Na+-translocating bacterial MotAB flagellar motor/ExbBD outer-membrane transport energizer superfamily 1.A.31 Annexin family ... Superfamily 3.D.4 Proton-translocating Cytochrome Oxidase (COX) Superfamily 3.D.5 The Na+-translocating NADH:Quinone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database

F1FO-ATPases) in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial plasma membranes are the prime producers of ATP, using the proton ... laterally transferred Na+-translocating form of the bacterial F-type membrane ATPase". Bioinformatics. 26 (12): 1473-1476. doi: ... The number of peripheral stalks is dependent on the type of ATPase: F-ATPases have one, A-ATPases have two, and V-ATPases have ... Another example is the hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ATPase or gastric proton pump) that acidifies the contents of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase

Na+/K+-ATPase), the proton-potassium pump (H+/K+-ATPase), the calcium pump (Ca2+-ATPase) and the plasma membrane proton pump ( ... In some bacterial phyla (e.g. Bacteroidota and Fusobacteriota), ATPase gene gain and loss as well as horizontal transfer ... that harbors the binding sites for the translocated ligand(s). The ligand(s) enter through a half-channel to the binding site ... P1 ATPases (or Type I ATPases) consists of the transition/heavy metal ATPases. Topological type I (heavy metal) P-type ATPases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_ATPase

... translocate bacterial signal molecules to host or target cells to carry out multiple processes in favour of the secreting ... It is through the action of ion pumps that cells are able to regulate pH via the pumping of protons. In contrast to ion pumps, ... The energy source can be ATP, as is the case for the Na+-K+ ATPase. Alternatively, the energy source can be another chemical ... Paula S, Volkov AG, Van Hoek AN, Haines TH, Deamer DW (January 1996). "Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer

P-type ATPase ; ( "P" related to phosphorylation), such as : Na+/K+-ATPase Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase Proton pump F-type ... meaning they do not internally translocate, nor require ATP to function. The substrate is taken in one side of the gated ... which function in export of enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls in an early step of cell lysis. Facilitated diffusion ... CFTR V-type ATPase ; ( "V" related to vacuolar ). ... ATPase; ("F" related to factor), including: mitochondrial ATP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein

"The cellular biology of proton-motive force generation by V-ATPases". J. Exp. Biol. 203 (Pt 1): 89-95. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.1.89 ... ubiquinone will couple these reactions and shuttle protons across the membrane. Some bacterial electron transport chains use ... Becher B, Müller V (1994). "Delta mu Na+ drives the synthesis of ATP via an delta mu Na(+)-translocating F1F0-ATP synthase in ... Both the direct pumping of protons and the consumption of matrix protons in the reduction of oxygen contribute to the proton ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

Electron and proton cycling are very complex but as a net result only one proton is translocated across the membrane per ... In all cases, however, a proton motive force is generated and used to drive ATP production via an ATPase. Most photosynthetic ... Although most bacterial species are anaerobic, many are facultative or obligate aerobes. The majority of archaeal species live ... allowing for a greater number of protons to be translocated across the membrane. Sulfur-oxidizing organisms generate reducing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_metabolism

"Chromatographic resolution of H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase from H+-translocating ATPase of higher plant tonoplast ... Rea, P.A.; Poole, R.J. (1985). "Proton-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase in red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) tonoplast ... as a potent type-specific inhibitor of the pump from both plant and photosynthetic bacterial sources (Baykov et al 1993; Zhen ... dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding subunits of higher plant H+-translocating tonoplast ATPase". J. Biol. Chem. 260: 12273-12279. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_A._Rea

Proton and Sodium translocating F-type, V-type and A-type ATPases in OPM database The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 to Paul D. ... Bacterial F-ATPases can occasionally operate in reverse, turning them into an ATPase. Some bacteria have no F-ATPase, using an ... However, whereas the F-ATP synthase generates ATP by utilising a proton gradient, the V-ATPase generates a proton gradient at ... Like the bacteria F-ATPase, it is believed to also function as an ATPase. F-ATPase gene linkage and gene order are widely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_synthase

This process is known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling and is due to the facilitated diffusion of protons into the ... It is formed as a beta barrel that spans the outer membrane, similar to that in the gram-negative bacterial membrane. Larger ... The proteins employed in mtDNA repair are encoded by nuclear genes, and are translocated to the mitochondria. The DNA repair ... ATPases in rat submandibular acinar cells". Cell Calcium. 43 (5): 469-481. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2007.08.001. PMID 17889347. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

G1.750.750.115 Bacterial Load E1.370.225.875.150.115 E1.370.225.875.220.115 Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases D12.776. ... D1.632.750.740.225 Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases D12.776.183.750.500 D12.776.543.983.249 D12.776.765.199.750.374 ... D12.776.543.585.475.500 Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases D12.776.543.585.475.625 D12.776.575.750.625 Mitotic Index ... Bacterial D8.811.682.517.500 Luciferases, Firefly D8.811.682.517.750 D12.776.92.500.577 Luciferases, Renilla D8.811.682.517.875 ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2012.txt

Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases - Concept préféré Concept UI. M0374012. Terme préféré. Bacterial Proton-Translocating ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases Descripteur en espagnol: ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Bacterianas Espagnol ... Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases Descripteur en anglais: ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [D08.811.277.040.025.325 ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/fr/ths/resource/?id=36065

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

... brucei possesses a P-type proton ATPase with homology to fungal and plant H+-ATPases but absent in mammalian cells; this proton ... and bacterial virulence in the mouse model. The requirement for nonsterol precursors in protecting infected cells from death by ... and Peter Rohloff showed that this protein is translocated to the contractile vacuole upon hypo-osmotic stress. Joanna Cox and ... typhimurium virulence determinants required for lipid-linked intracellular bacterial replication. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/8/03-0324

The bacterial membrane protein SecDF enhances protein translocation across the membrane driven by the complex of SecA ATPase ... Structure-based working model of SecDF, a proton-driven bacterial protein translocation factor. ... Many newly synthesized proteins in the cytoplasm are programmed to be translocated to the periplasm via the narrow channel that ... The bacterial protein YidC accelerates MPIase-dependent integration of membrane proteins. Sasaki, Masaru; Nishikawa, Hanako; ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Tsukazaki,+Tomoya

Fluoride inhibition of proton-translocating ATPases of oral bacteria. Infect Immun. 1987 Nov;55(11):2597-2603. ... Effects of fluoride on enzymatic regulation of bacterial carbohydrate metabolism. Caries Res. 1977;11 Suppl 1:262-291. doi: ...

https://www.dentalcare.ca/en-ca/ce-courses/ce94/references

Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases D12.776.183.750.500 Chloroplast Thioredoxins D12.776.183.186 Cholecystokinin D12.644. ... Bacterial Secretion Systems G6.99.112.104 D5.500.890.500 G6.590.110.104 Bacterial Transferrin Receptor Complex D12.776.97.141 ... Bacterial G7.690.320.269.347 G7.690.773.984.269.347 Drug Resistance, Fungal G7.690.320.269.383 G7.690.773.984.269.383 Drug ... Bacterial G7.690.320.269.347.812 G7.690.773.984.269.347.812 G7.690.320.300.500 G7.690.773.984.300.500 Drug Resistance, Multiple ...

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

","arsenical pump-driving ATPase (arsenite-translocating ATPase) [Ensembl]. Anion-transporting ATPase-like domain [InterProScan ... Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "AAC76499","yhhT","Escherichia coli","UPF0118 ... ","putative transport protein [Ensembl]. POT family, Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter family [InterProScan].","protein ... ","ATPase family protein [Ensembl]. AAA C-terminal domain, MgsA AAA+ ATPase C-terminal, RuvB-like P-loop domain [Interproscan ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/sequences/table/24159

... we have shown that rho translocates processively at 37 degrees C in buffer containing 50 mM KCl. Helicase reactions and ATPase ... The appearance of side-chain NH proton resonances of arginine residues of loop 3 and imino proton resonances of RNA bases upon ... The family of bacterial major cold shock proteins is characterized by a conserved sequence of 65-75 amino acid residues long ... A poly(dC) enhancement procedure was used to permit the measurement of steady state ATPase parameters. We show that (i) ATPase ...

https://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/smart/show_secondary.cgi?domain=CSP

Such cytoplasmic acidification is further strengthened by compromised proton pumping in the complex I mutants. While RpoS ... Antibiotic persisters are phenotypic variants within an isogenic bacterial population that are transiently tolerant to ... Antibiotic persistence describes the presence of phenotypic variants within an isogenic bacterial population that are ... proton motive force (PMF)51,52 (Fig. 2a). The mutations we found are primarily in the proton translocating units of the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28141-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=eb889c39-7d54-4355-beb1-2a17c7daccf3

The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is an enzymatic complex that functions in an ATP-dependent manner to pump protons across ... Dietary Utilization Drives the Differentiation of Gut Bacterial Communities between Specialist and Generalist Drosophilid Flies ... and expansion microscopy demonstrates that the nucleoporins are translocated into the cytoplasm before undergoing proteasome- ... ATP6V0C variants impair vacuolar V-ATPase causing a neurodevelopmental disorder often associated with epilepsy. Brain. PubMed ...

https://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/aimain/model-organisms-october2022.htm

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded at 500 MHz on a Varian 500 spectrometer (at 30°C), using residual ... Are the helicase or ATPase activities inhibited by compound 2 for the WHD deletion construct? If so, is the inhibitor more or ... 2015) Structural mechanisms of DNA binding and unwinding in bacterial RecQ helicases PNAS 112:4292-4297. ... translocating it one base at a time. The WHD and HRDC domains of the RecQ helicase-family appear to contribute to the binding, ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/65339

... the mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibitor protein (IF1), which specifically inhibits the ATPase activity of ATP synthase under ... During electron transfer, some of these redox proteins shuttle protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intramembrane space ... bacterial dilution in liquid culture, axenic liquid culture and the use of Eat mutants. eat mutations produce defects in ... pyruvate is translocated to the mitochondria, decarboxylated and converted into acetyl-CoA. In this process the first ...

http://dev.wormbook.org/chapters/www_intermetabolism/intermetabolism.html

ktrb, the k(+)-translocating subunit of the na(+)-dependent bacterial k(+) uptake system ktrab, consists of four m(1)pm(2) ... at the base of each flagellum, a reversible rotary motor, which is powered by the proton- or the sodium-motive force, is ... the putative atpase flhg interacts with flhf to prevent flhf from localizing to the pole, and thus flhg negatively regulates ... transmembrane stretch m(2c) from the bacterial k(+)-translocating protein ktrb is unusually long. in its middle part, termed m( ...

https://eid2.liverpool.ac.uk/Statements/Publications?StatementId=3419173&Grid-page=15&Grid-orderBy=PMID-asc

... an substrate-assisted proton transfer mechanism has been proposed [11, 13, 30] in which the thiol proton is transfered to ... The bacterial pH BMS-509744 and counts of medium were evaluated at different time intervals. 2.4. -Glucosidase Inhibitory Assay ... where it really is acknowledged by receptors that mediate endocytosis from the holotoxin.4 Once translocated in to the cytosol ... The energetic probiotic strains had been used in MRS broth and incubated at 37 C for 24 h. Bacterial cells had been gathered by ...

http://www.molecularcircuit.com/2021/12/

Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases / genetics Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31138569

Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases / ultrastructure* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... Figure 6.. The E. coli F-ATPase subunit a and the suggested path of proton translocation. (A) Density map of subunit a, shown ... Lane 2: E. coli F-ATPase. (B) Inhibition of ATP-hydrolysis-driven proton pumping by F1Fo in the presence of and without 50 µM ... Figure 6.. The E. coli F-ATPase subunit a and the suggested path of proton translocation. ...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28001127

ATPases, Bacterial Proton-Translocating Bacterial F(1)F(0) ATPases Bacterial Proton Translocating ATPases Proton-Translocating ... ATPases, Bacterial Proton-Translocating. Bacterial F(1)F(0) ATPases. Bacterial Proton Translocating ATPases. Proton- ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases - Preferred Concept UI. M0374012. Scope note. Membrane-bound proton-translocating ... Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36065

Proton-Translocating ATPases [D08.811.277.040.025.325] * Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [D08.811.277.040.025.325.249] ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.249] * Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases [D08.811. ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.500.249] * Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases [ ... Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.500.249] * Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases [ ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D025243

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D025243

Bacterial Proteins N0000169697 Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases N0000011475 Bacterial Toxins N0000169556 Bacterial ... Coupled Folate Transporter N0000169712 Proton-Phosphate Symporters N0000169695 Proton-Translocating ATPases N0000166194 Protons ... Virus-Like Particle N0000169696 Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases N0000182113 Vacuolar Sorting Protein VPS15 N0000006858 ... Proteins N0000007735 Chlorophyllides N0000183526 Chloroplast Proteins N0000169698 Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases ...

https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/FDA/ndfrt/Archive/StructuralClass%202015-10-05.txt

... be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES. AN - GEN: prefer ... AN - infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) + ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL if pertinent HN - 2004 MH - ... A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein ... The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane. HN - 2004; use CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX (NM ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/1999-2010/newterms/mshnew2004.txt

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2012.txt

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins [D12.776.097.120] * Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [D12.776.097.130] ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000071336

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/8/03-0324_article

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/8/03-0324

Adenosine Triphosphatase Complex See Proton-Translocating ATPases Adenosine Triphosphatase, Calcium See Calcium-Transporting ...

https://classification.nlm.nih.gov/class_index/index/A?page=15&

What are the effects of the interactions between bacterial toxins and the gastrointestinal mucosa? ... leading to an enhancement of vacuolar ATPase proton pump activity. VacA internalization is not yet fully understood, and ... Then, A1 translocates into the cytosol by the Sec61 secretion channel in the ER membrane. The Sec61 complex usually transports ... Intestinal lumen subsequent to bacterial growth without bacterial adherence to epithelial cells. Botulinum neurotoxins (toxic ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/747838_4

446030 16.72 V-type proton ATPase subunit e 1 Atp6v0e1 Rattus norvegicus Vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a ... Plays a central role in the response to DNA damage by translocating to the nucleus and inducing apoptosis. May act by ... Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. The expression of MIF at sites of inflammation suggests a role ... 113973 11.09 V-type proton ATPase subunit S1 precursor Atp6ap1 Rattus norvegicus Vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying ...

https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/helixweb/Database/Transcriptomic/images/IMCDData.txt

ATPase. The results indicate that phosphorylation of (Na,K)-ATPase is not required for Mg.ATP.Na-stimulated ouabain binding, ... a secreted bacterial protein. We suggest that the apparent differences between bacterial and eukaryotic protein transport may ... Proton magnetic resonance experiments show that the protein has a well folded, compact tertiary structure. The DNA binding ... AB - Transposon Tn551 was translocated into the chromosome of a methicillin-resistant (mec) strain of Staphylococcus aureus by ...

https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/ii/information/MBR/Download/MetaMapped_Medline/2019/MEDLINE/pubmed19n0210.txt

Photochemistry of the ATPase System The irradiation of the intact red blood cell ghosts with 366 m^ has shown that the free ... CH 3 B 12 is an absolute requirement in the bacterial system, not being replaced by vita- min B 12 or Bi 2 coenzyme. The CH 3 ... It can, there- fore, measure total flow in an appendage or total number of protons in the sensitive region and can measure the ... The other class was found to have a duplicate histidine cluster translocated out of the chromosome : the duplicate piece is ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ocr/nlm:nlmuid-0141176X4-mvpart

... agreed lonchocarpus tahyna nma prd rbp1 amphipathic dsba topa cpp1 haemagogus neuronitis isobutoxycarbonyl bedwetting protons ... glycoprotein coronary fluoro place consciousness major ability percutaneous public ulcer plastic degree resection bacterial ... detector bleo quinol pleurodesis nasi monostearate tca cooperative privation entertainment galf missing isoptin translocating ... methylethyl publication radiology hydrazide pathway staphylococcus engineer cheek pork embolization backing nasopharynx atpase ...

https://lexsrv3.nlm.nih.gov/LexSysGroup/Projects/tc/2007/docs/data/Jdi/restrictWords.txt

... tubulin-translocating),Dynein ATP phosphohydrolase (tubulin-translocating) Dynein ATPase,Dynein ATPase Dynein Adenosine ... Bacterial infection in conditions classified elsewhere and of unspecified site,Bacterial infection conditions classified ... Insulin Degrading Enzyme Insulin Granule Proton Translocase,Insulin Granule Proton Translocase Insulin Infusion System,Insulin ... actin-translocating),Myosin ATP phosphohydrolase (actin-translocating) Myosin ATPase,Myosin ATPase Myosin Adenosine ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/lvg/current/docs/designDoc/LifeCycle/test/ft.html

Anatomy14

Organisms20

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care1

Mutation of the mitochrondrially encoded ATPase 6 gene modeled in the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. (1/110)

Redox regulation of the rotation of F(1)-ATP synthase. (2/110)

Functions and ATP-binding responses of the twelve histidine residues in the TF1-ATPase beta subunit. (3/110)

Genetic diversity of Pasteurella multocida fowl cholera isolates as demonstrated by ribotyping and 16S rRNA and partial atpD sequence comparisons. (4/110)

Phylogenies of atpD and recA support the small subunit rRNA-based classification of rhizobia. (5/110)

Coupling of proton flow to ATP synthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus: F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase is absent from about half of chromatophores. (6/110)

The topology of the proton translocating F0 component of the ATP synthase from E. coli K12: studies with proteases. (7/110)

Membrane integration and function of the three F0 subunits of the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli K12. (8/110)

No FAQ available that match "bacterial proton translocating atpases"

Protons

Proton Pumps

Proton-Translocating ATPases

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Calcium-Transporting ATPases

Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Adenosine Triphosphate

Proton-Motive Force

Kinetics

Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Models, Molecular

H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase

Cation Transport Proteins

Vacuoles

Cell Membrane

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Protein Conformation

Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

Hydrolysis

Aspartic Acid

Binding Sites

Biological Transport

Bacteriorhodopsins

Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase

Archaeoglobus fulgidus

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases

Ion Transport

Vanadates

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Macrolides

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Copper

Hydrogen

Water

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Valinomycin

Creatine

Protein Subunits

Bacterial Proteins

Electron Transport Complex IV

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases

Calcium

Biological Transport, Active

Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases

Nigericin

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Catalysis

Proteolipids

Metallochaperones

Models, Chemical

Hydrogen Bonding

Electron Transport

Oxidation-Reduction

Histidine

Base Sequence

Models, Biological

Adenosine Diphosphate

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles

Choline

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Ions

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Magnesium

Schiff Bases

Gram-Negative Chemolithotrophic Bacteria

Sodium

Sequence Alignment

Thermodynamics

Crystallography, X-Ray

Carrier Proteins

Membrane Potentials

Potassium