Bacteria. Medical search

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.

Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.

A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.

Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.

Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.

A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.

A natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorganism that is harmful to another.

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced. The genus Eubacterium should not be confused with EUBACTERIA, one of the three domains of life.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)

The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

A group of PROTEOBACTERIA represented by morphologically diverse, anaerobic sulfidogens. Some members of this group are considered bacterial predators, having bacteriolytic properties.

A group of gram-negative bacteria consisting of rod- and coccus-shaped cells. They are both aerobic (able to grow under an air atmosphere) and microaerophilic (grow better in low concentrations of oxygen) under nitrogen-fixing conditions but, when supplied with a source of fixed nitrogen, they grow as aerobes.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A phylum of bacteria comprised of three classes: Bacteroides, Flavobacteria, and Sphingobacteria.

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

A phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family Chlorobiaceae. They occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of humans and other animals. No endospores are formed. Some species are pathogenic and occur in various purulent or gangrenous infections.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.

A family of gram-positive bacteria found regularly in the mouth and intestinal tract of man and other animals, in food and dairy products, and in fermenting vegetable juices. A few species are highly pathogenic.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

A phenomenon where microorganisms communicate and coordinate their behavior by the accumulation of signaling molecules. A reaction occurs when a substance accumulates to a sufficient concentration. This is most commonly seen in bacteria.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.

A genus of GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA of marine origin. Many species were formerly classified under ALTEROMONAS.

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A family of gram-negative bacteria found primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Its organisms are sometimes pathogenic.

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.

A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae, order Bifidobacteriales, class ACTINOBACTERIA. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina.

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. Its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

A large group of bacteria including those which oxidize ammonia or nitrite, metabolize sulfur and sulfur compounds, or deposit iron and/or manganese oxides.

A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the PSEUDOMONAS genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Pseudomonas species, and hence, this new genus was created.

Bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS; CLOSTRIDIUM; MICROMONOSPORA; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA; and STREPTOMYCES.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

The inter- and intra-relationships between various microorganisms. This can include both positive (like SYMBIOSIS) and negative (like ANTIBIOSIS) interactions. Examples include virus - bacteria and bacteria - bacteria.

The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in the marine environment and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. Some species are bioluminescent and are found as symbionts in specialized luminous organs of fish.

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.

Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria capable of reducing sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide. Organisms are isolated from anaerobic mud of fresh and salt water, animal intestines, manure, and feces.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. It is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.

A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.

Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacteria that occur in water and soil. Some are common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of vertebrates. These bacteria occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.

Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.

Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.

A genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An order of gram-positive bacteria in the class Bacilli, that have the ability to ferment sugars to lactic acid. They are widespread in nature and commonly used to produce fermented foods.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk.

A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria utilizing only one-carbon organic compounds and isolated from in soil and water.

A genus of asporogenous bacteria isolated from soil that displays a distinctive rod-coccus growth cycle.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.

A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains.

Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Electrophoresis in which various denaturant gradients are used to induce nucleic acids to melt at various stages resulting in separation of molecules based on small sequence differences including SNPs. The denaturants used include heat, formamide, and urea.

The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. It is nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans.

Tobramycin, amikacin, sissomicin, and gentamicin resistant Gram-negative rods. (1/19400)

Sensitivities to gentamicin, sissomicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were compared in 196 gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative rods and in 212 similar organisms sensitive to gentamicin, mainly isolated from clinical specimens. Amikacin was the aminoglycoside most active against gentamicin-resistant organisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Providencia spp, and Citrobacter spp being particularly susceptible. Most of the gentamicin-resistant organisms were isolated from the urine of patients undergoing surgery. Gentamicin was the most active antibiotic against gentamicin-sensitive E coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas spp were most susceptible to tobramycin. (+info)

Automated food microbiology: potential for the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter. (2/19400)

Bacterial counts obtained on hydrophobic grid-membrane filters were comparable to conventional plate counts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in homogenates from a range of foods. The wide numerical operating range of the hydrophobic grid-membrane filters allowed sequential diluting to be reduced or even eliminated, making them attractive as components in automated systems of analysis. Food debris could be rinsed completely from the unincubated hydrophobic grid-membrane filter surface without affecting the subsequent count, thus eliminating the possibility of counting food particles, a common source of error in electronic counting systems. (+info)

Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (3/19400)

A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Ag-STAT) has been cloned from the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. Ag-STAT is most similar to Drosophila D-STAT and to vertebrate STATs 5 and 6, constituting a proposed ancient class A of the STAT family. The mRNA is expressed at all developmental stages, and the protein is present in hemocytes, pericardial cells, midgut, skeletal muscle and fat body cells. There is no evidence of transcriptional activation following bacterial challenge. However, bacterial challenge results in nuclear translocation of Ag-STAT protein in fat body cells and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site. In vitro treatment with pervanadate (vanadate and H2O2) translocates Ag-STAT to the nucleus in midgut epithelial cells. This is the first evidence of direct participation of the STAT pathway in immune responses in insects. (+info)

Desulfocella halophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, fatty-acid-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from sediments of the Great Salt Lake. (4/19400)

A new halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain GSL-But2T, was isolated from surface sediment of the Southern arm of the Great Salt Lake, UT, USA. The organism grew with a number of straight-chain fatty acids (C4-C16), 2-methylbutyrate, L-alanine and pyruvate as electron donors. Butyrate was oxidized incompletely to acetate. Sulfate, but not sulfite or thiosulfate, served as an electron acceptor. Growth was observed between 2 and 19% (w/v) NaCl with an optimum at 4-5% (w/v) NaCl. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were around 34 degrees C and pH 6.5-7.3, respectively. The generation time under optimal conditions in defined medium was around 28 h, compared to 20 h in complex medium containing yeast extract. The G+C content was 35.0 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GSL-But2T belongs to the family Desulfobacteriaceae within the delta-subclass of the Proteobacteria and suggested that strain GSL-But2T represents a member of a new genus. The name Desulfocella halophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for this organism. The type strain of D. halophila is strain GSL-But2T (= DSM 11763T = ATCC 700426T). (+info)

The influence of a diet rich in wheat fibre on the human faecal flora. (5/19400)

The effect on the faecal flora of adding wheat fibre to a controlled diet in four healthy volunteers for a 3-week period has been observed. No change in the concentration of the bacteria in the bacterial groups counted was found, although there was a slight increase in total output associated with increased faecal weight. The predominant organisms in all subjects were non-sporing anaerobes, but the dominant species in each subject was different and was unaffected by changing the diet. Similarly, the concentration of faecal beta-glucuronidase detected in two subjects was unaltered and the concentration of clostridia able to dehydrogenate the steroid nucleus found in one subject was unaltered. It is suggested that the faecal microflora is not primarily controlled by the presence of undigested food residues in the large bowel. (+info)

In vitro activities of aminomethyl-substituted analogs of novel tetrahydrofuranyl carbapenems. (6/19400)

CL 188,624, CL 190,294, and CL 191,121 are novel aminomethyl tetrahydrofuranyl (THF)-1 beta-methylcarbapenems. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these THF carbapenems were evaluated and compared with those of biapenem, imipenem, and meropenem against 554 recent clinical isolates obtained from geographically distinct medical centers across North America. The antibacterial activities of the THF carbapenems were equivalent to that of biapenem, and the THF carbapenems were slightly more active than imipenem and less active than meropenem against most of the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae but lacked significant activity against Pseudomonas isolates. In general, CL 191,121 was two- to fourfold more active than CL 188,624 and CL 190,294 against the staphylococcal and enterococcal isolates tested. CL 191,121 was twofold less active than imipenem against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and was as activity as imipenem against Enterococcus faecalis isolates. Biapenem and meropenem were two- and fourfold less active than CL 191,121, respectively, against the methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and E. faecalis. All the carbapenems displayed equivalent good activities against the streptococci. Biapenem was slightly more active than the other carbapenems against Bacteroides fragilis isolates. Time-kill curve studies demonstrated that the THF carbapenems were bactericidal in 6 h against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The postantibiotic effect exerted by CL 191,121 was comparable to or slightly longer than that of imipenem against isolates of S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. (+info)

Antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against Clostridium difficile. (7/19400)

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for pseudomembranous colitis and many cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Because of potential relapse of disease with current antimicrobial therapy protocols, there is a need for additional and/or alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of disease caused by C. difficile. We have synthesized a systematic series of 14 structurally simple bismuth compounds and assessed their biological activities against C. difficile and four other gastrointestinal species, including Helicobacter pylori. Here, we report on the activities of six compounds that exhibit antibacterial activities against C. difficile, and some of the compounds have MICs of less than 1 microgram/ml. Also tested, for comparison, were the activities of bismuth subcitrate and ranitidine bismuth citrate obtained from commercial sources. C. difficile and H. pylori were more sensitive both to the synthetic bismuth compounds and to the commercial products than were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis, and the last three species were markedly resistant to the commercial bismuth salts. Testing with human foreskin fibroblast cells revealed that some of the synthetic compounds were more cytotoxic than others. Killing curves for C. difficile treated with the more active compounds revealed rapid death, and electron microscopy showed that the bismuth of these compounds was rapidly incorporated by C. difficile. Energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray microanalysis of C. difficile cells containing electron-dense material confirmed the presence of internalized bismuth. Internalized bismuth was not observed in C. difficile treated with synthetic bismuth compounds that lacked antimicrobial activity, which suggests that the uptake of the metal is required for killing activity. The nature of the carrier would seem to determine whether bismuth is transported into susceptible bacteria like C. difficile. (+info)

3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 catalyzes a Bamberger rearrangement. (8/19400)

3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 is involved in the degradative pathway of 3-nitrophenol, in which it catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxylaminophenol to aminohydroquinone. To show that the reaction was really catalyzed by a single enzyme without the release of intermediates, the corresponding protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from an extract of cells grown on 3-nitrophenol as the nitrogen source and succinate as the carbon and energy source. 3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase appears to be a relatively hydrophobic but soluble and colorless protein consisting of a single 62-kDa polypeptide. The pI was determined to be at pH 4.5. In a database search, the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the undigested protein and of two internal sequences of 3-hydroxylaminophenol mutase were found to be most similar to those of glutamine synthetases from different species. Hydroxylaminobenzene, 4-hydroxylaminotoluene, and 2-chloro-5-hydroxylaminophenol, but not 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate, can also serve as substrates for the enzyme. The enzyme requires no oxygen or added cofactors for its reaction, which suggests an enzymatic mechanism analogous to the acid-catalyzed Bamberger rearrangement. (+info)

Instead, rhodopsin-equipped bacteria function like hybrid cars, powered by organic matter when available - as most bacteria are ... These bacteria function like algae in that they can process nitrogen from the atmosphere when none is in the ocean. The first ... Bacteria with Batteries, Popular Science, January 2001, Page 55. Béja, O.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E.V.; Suzuki, M.T.; Hadd, A.; ... The archaeal-like rhodopsins have subsequently been found among different taxa, protists as well as in bacteria and archaea, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_primary_production

The bacteria may also enter a symbiotic relationship with certain plants. In such a relationship, the bacteria do not respond ... Certain heterocyst-forming bacteria can differentiate into spore-like cells called akinetes or motile cells called hormogonia, ... For the symbiotic association with the plant, ntcA is needed as the bacteria with mutated ntcA can't infect plants. A notable ... Basic Biology (18 March 2016). "Bacteria". Wolk, C.P.; Ernst, A.; Elhai, J. (1994). Heterocyst metabolism and development. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyst

Every year, 616 million cases of pharyngitis are caused by the bacteria streptococcus pyogenes. The bacterium can cause a range ... Her research considers how Gram-positive bacteria cause disease, with a particular focus on the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes ... The dosing and analysis of the model were analysed using a novel imaging technique; bioluminescent bacteria. She has ... and bioluminescence imaging data can be used to quantify the dosage of a particular bacteria. Alongside her fundamental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiranee_Sriskandan

Goldacre, Ben (29 January 2004). "Friendly bacteria?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Poppy, Carrie (1 February 2016). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Louise_Gittleman

SbtB, which stands for sodium-bicarbonate-transporter B, is a protein found in bacteria. This small soluble protein has been ... "Transcript: sbtB-1 CAN02617". Ensembl Bacteria. Du J, Förster B, Rourke L, Howitt SM, Price GD (December 2014). " ... michiganensis NCPPB 382". Ensembl Genomes Bacteria. Retrieved 2018-10-19. "SSDB Motif Search Result: cmi:CMM_2535". KEGG GENES ... michiganensis NCPPB 382". Ensembl Genomes Bacteria. "Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis". KEGG Genome. Eichenlaub R ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SbtB_protein

Plants, coral, bacteria, and algae do this. Bacteria is a more recent find in the process of photosynthesis with primary ... Photoautotrophs evolved from heterotrophic bacteria by developing photosynthesis. The earliest photosynthetic bacteria used ... "Bacteria Knowledge". eni school energy & environment. Retrieved 3 May 2019. Townsend, Rich (13 October 2019). "The Evolution of ... There are of course H2O primary producers, including a form of bacteria, and phytoplankton. As there are many examples of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph

Deeply Rooting Bacteria. Vol. 7. Springer, 2006. Butzin, N. C.; Secinaro, M. A.; Swithers, K. S.; Gogarten, J. P.; Noll, K. M ... Thermotoga lettingae is a thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and Gram-negative bacterium, with type strain TMOT ... nov., a novel thermophilic, methanol-degrading bacterium isolated from a thermophilic anaerobic reactor". International Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga_lettingae

Chemotaxis in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44:341-356. Macnab, R. M. 1978. Motility and chemotaxis. In Escherichia coli and ... Roland Thar and Michael Kühl (2003). Bacteria are not too small for spatial sensing of chemical gradients: An experimental ... Dusenbery, D.B. (1998). Fitness landscapes for effects of shape on chemotaxis and other behaviors of bacteria. J. Bacteriol. ... Natural assemblages of marine bacteria exhibiting high-speed motility and large accelerations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Dusenbery

... s are bacteria and archaea that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into a more usable form such as ammonia. A diazotroph is ... The bacteria also infect the roots leading to the formation of nodules. Actinorhizal nodules consist of several lobes, each ... Bacteria have different ways of dealing with the debilitating effects of oxygen on nitrogenases, listed below. Anaerobes-these ... Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) generate oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, yet some are able to fix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazotroph

Drake, Harold L. (2014-01-01). "The genus Lactovum". In Holzapfel, Wilhelm H.; Wood, Brian J. B. (eds.). Lactic Acid Bacteria. ... Lactovum is a genus of bacteria within the family Streptococcaceae. The genus contains a single species, Lactovum miscens, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactovum

Just over 7,000 species of bacteria have been cultured and identified to date. Many of the estimated 1.2 million bacteria ... each bacterium can produce metabolites that will be utilized by the enzyme system of the next bacterium". As an answer to the ... However, when the strains were combined with each other as well as some other less-efficient yet native bacteria, pesticide ... Through consortia, synthetic biologists have been able to design an enhanced efficiency in bacteria that can excrete bio- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_microbial_consortia

Some bacteria can change the pH such as by excreting acid resulting in sub-optimal conditions. Bacteria can be aerobes or ... Depending on temperature, bacteria can be classified as: Psychrophiles Psychrophiles are extremophilic cold-loving bacteria or ... In comparison to batch culture, bacteria are maintained in exponential growth phase, and the growth rate of the bacteria is ... Conditions tend to be relatively consistent between bacteria with the exception of extremophiles. Bacterium have optimal growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growth

Deeply Rooting Bacteria. Vol. 7. Springer, 2006. Andrews, K.T.; Patel, B.K.C.; Clarke, F.M. (October 1998). "FgoI, a type II ... "L-Alanine production from glucose fermentation by hyperthermophilic members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea: a remnant of ... Fervidobacterium gondwanense is a species of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. It is non-sporulating, motile, gram-negative, and ... nov., a New Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacterium Isolated from Nonvolcanically Heated Geothermal Waters of the Great Artesian Basin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fervidobacterium_gondwanense

nov., two hyperthermophilic bacteria from the Kubiki oil reservoir in Niigata, Japan". International Journal of Systematic and ... Deeply Rooting Bacteria. Vol. 7. Springer, 2006. Priest, Fergus G., and Michael Goodfellow, eds. Applied microbial systematics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga_petrophila

Yokota, Akira (2015). "Propioniferax". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1-4. doi ... Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387254937. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propioniferax

Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes. Vol. 3. Springer Verlag, 2006. LPSN "Friedmanniella antarctica" at the Encyclopedia of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmanniella_antarctica

... is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Propioniferax which has ... Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387254937. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propioniferax_innocua

... is a Gram-positive genus of bacteria from the family of Aerococcaceae. Facklamia bacteria are pathogens in humans. ... Hoyles, Lesley (2014). "The genus Facklamia". Lactic Acid Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 91-98. doi:10.1002/9781118655252. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facklamia

"On Luminous Bacteria". Report of the 72nd meeting of the British Institution for the Advancement of Science, held in Belfast in ... Macfadyen and Joseph Edwin Barnard did research on bioluminescence in bacteria. After he resigned his position at the Royal ... To obtain these endotoxins Macfadyen ground up bacteria, rendered brittle by freezing with liquid nitrogen to -190 °C. Sir ... Macfadyen and Dewar proved that some bacteria retain their bioactivity after freezing to -250 °C. Macfadyen showed that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Macfadyen

... of the bacteria within two hours; Kill more than 99.9% of the bacteria within two hours, and continue to kill 99% of the ... "TouchSurfaces Clinical Trials: Bacteria". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. The Institute of Environmental Sciences and ... HEPA filtration systems used in the medical sector incorporate high-energy ultraviolet light units to kill the live bacteria ... bacteria even after repeated contamination; Help inhibit the buildup and growth of bacteria within two hours of exposure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamination_control

Bacteria is ever changing; ever evolving...This music was insipred by the little creatures humans infect each other with when ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Honoshowsky

Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms. New York: Oxford University Press; 1997:394-416. Wheeler, W. M. (1911) The Ant-Colony as ... In the late 1980s, Eshel Ben-Jacob began to study bacterial self-organization, believing that bacteria hold the key to ... He developed new pattern-forming bacteria species, Paenibacillus vortex and Paenibacillus dendritiformis, and became a pioneer ... in the study of social behaviors of bacteria. P. dendritiformis manifests a collective faculty, which could be viewed as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_intelligence

To prepare giant spheroplasts, bacteria are treated with a septation inhibitor (eg. cephalexin). This causes the bacteria to ... After a period of time, the cell walls of the filaments are digested, and the bacteria collapse into very large spheres ... According to some definitions, the term is used to describe Gram-negative bacteria. According to other definitions, the term ... When used to describe Gram-negative bacteria, the term spheroplast refers to cells from which the peptidoglycan component but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroplast

One species of bacterium can have many different types or strains. One strain of a bacterium species can be nonpathogenic and ... Most bacteria are nonpathogenic. It can describe the presence of non-disease causing bacteria that normally reside on the ... harm or death to another organism and is usually used to describe bacteria. It describes a property of a bacterium - its ... Genes have been identified that predispose disease and infection with nonpathogenic bacteria by a small number of persons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpathogenic_organisms

It is produced and recognized by many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. AI-2 is synthesized by the reaction of 1-deoxy- ... Miller, M. B.; Bassler, B. L. (2001). "Quorum sensing in bacteria". Annual Review of Microbiology. 55: 165-199. doi:10.1146/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione

Chemical communication among bacteria. Washington, DC: ASM Press. pp. 75-90. ISBN 978-1-55581-404-5. Walsby, Anthony E. (1994 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaena_circinalis

ISBN 0-471-39223-5 Feirer, Nathan; Fuqua, Clay (2017-01-01). "Pterin function in bacteria". Pteridines. 28 (1): 23-36. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterin

Amábile-Cuevas, Carlos F. (2007). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria. Horizon Scientific Press. ISBN 9781904933243. Courvalin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus

Actively growing bacteria and thousands of unique DNA sequences from bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes have been found in Lake ... Bacteria have also been discovered within the ice sheet itself, but they are unlikely to be active within the ice. Subglacial ... Bacteria under Taylor Glacier appear to have a novel metabolic strategy that uses sulfate and ferric ions to decompose organic ... Active psychrophilic, autotrophic bacteria have been discovered in the lake below the Grímsvötn volcanic caldera. A low- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_lake

"Getting bucks from bacteria". New Zealand Herald. 5 October 2000. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 5 January 2016. "21 years for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Light_(boxer)

Multiple types of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in the human mouth and their intra-family transmission. Arch Oral Biol. ... Berkowitz RJ, Jones P. Mouth-to-mouth transmission of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans between mother and child. Arch Oral ... The infectious and transmissible nature of bacteria that cause early childhood caries and methods of oral health risk ... The overall strategy is to lower the numbers of cariogenic bacteria in the mothers mouth and delay colonization as long as ...

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/111/5/1113.full

Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ (. listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a ... Further information: Economic importance of bacteria. Bacteria, often lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and ... There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, that classify bacteria into Gram-positive bacteria and ... The word bacteria is the plural of the New Latin bacterium, which is the latinisation of the Greek βακτήριον (bakterion),[17] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

Could cyborg bacteria generate clean power in the future? Researchers at UC Berkeley covered bacteria with small... ... Cases of infections from a flesh-eating bacteria seem to be increasing in Australia. The bacteria Mycobacterium... ... Antarctic sea-ice bacteria could be contaminating seafood with a dangerous form of mercury. *by Katie Medlock ... Geologists discover bacteria that turns small bits of gold into solid nuggets. *by Greg Beach ...

https://inhabitat.com/tag/bacteria/

Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are proteobacteria that are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing their ... Then a dish of the bacteria was taken, and a light was focused on one part of the dish, leaving the rest dark. As the bacteria ... One type of purple bacteria, called purple sulfur bacteria (PSB), use sulfide or sulfur as electron donors.[10] Another type, ... They may be divided into two groups - purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiales, in part) and purple non-sulfur bacteria ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_bacteria

Putrefying/decay bacteria are bacteria involved in putrefaction of living matter. Along with other decomposers, they play a ... Putrefying bacteria use amino acids or urea as an energy source to decompose dead organisms. In the process, they produce ... Nitrifying bacteria then convert this ammonium into nitrate, which can then be used by plants to create more proteins thus ... Decomposition Anaerobic organism "4.10 Bacteria of the Nitrogen Cycle: Understanding for GCSE Biology". PMG Biology. 12 April ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrefying_bacteria

Luminescent bacteria emit light as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy ... Luminescent bacteria exist as symbiotic organisms carried within a larger organism, such as many deep sea organisms, including ... Some species of luminescent bacteria possess quorum sensing, the ability to determine local population by the concentration of ... Bioluminescence Lecture Notes Bioluminescence Webpage Isolation of Vibrio phosphoreum Luminescent Bacteria Scripps Institution ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescent_bacteria

... its probably because nasty bacteria or some other germs have gotten into your body and made you sick. ... but lots of bacteria actually help our bodies. The good bacteria are good for us, and the bad bacteria can make us sick. They ... Bacteria are so tiny that you cant see them with just your eyes, but there are thousands, millions, even billions of them all ... If youre feeling crummy, its probably because nasty bacteria or some other germs have gotten into your body and made you sick ...

http://kidshealth.org/CookChildrens/en/kids/word-bacteria.html?WT.ac=ctg

Bacteria Testing Bacteria Testing. Introduction to Unit on Water Testing - Fecal coliform and E. coli Bacteria are found ... Bacteria are also used in environmental recycling and clean-up. Our world would not be able to survive without bacteria. ... When we think about bacteria polluting our rivers and lakes, it is usually fecal coliform bacteria. Fecal coliform is a group ... Even though bacteria have a bad reputation in our society, most types are completely harmless to humans, or even helpful! ...

https://sites.google.com/site/fokhighschoolcurriculum/whats-water/bacteria/bacteria-test

... are monerans, the simplest single-celled organisms. They are the smallest of all cells, visible only through powerful ... Without bacteria, other life on Earth could not survive. Bacteria in the soil release nitrates, a usable form of the element ... Some bacteria cause diseases, but others are useful. Bacteria recycle nutrients in the soil and aid the human digestive system. ... BACTERIA. RELEASING NITRATES. BIOGRAPHY: LOUIS PASTEUR French, 1822-1895. FIND OUT MORE. ...

https://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/science/bacteria

Today, true bacteria form the domain Bacteria. Bacteria are genetically and morphologically distinct from organisms classified ... term formerly used to describe and differentiate any of a group of prokaryotic true bacteria from the archaebacteria. ... Today, true bacteria form the domain Bacteria. Bacteria are genetically and morphologically distinct from organisms classified ... Bacteria and Archaea are thought to have evolved separately from a common ancestor early in Earths history. Bacteria and ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/eubacterium

... any of a group of comma-shaped bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae. Vibrios are aquatic microorganisms, some species of which ... Vibrio, (genus Vibrio), any of a group of comma-shaped bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae. Vibrios are aquatic microorganisms ... an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. and characterized by extreme diarrhea with ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/vibrio

We use cookies and similar technologies to optimise your experience when using this site and to help tailor our digital advertising on third party sites. View our Cookie Policy and our new Privacy notice.. ...

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/uk-species/species/bacteria.html

Did you know that bacteria talked with each other by using small molecules to coordinate their behavior and decide when its ... signals to interfere with this signal process and that this could lead to new treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ... Conversations between bacteria. Did you know that bacteria talked with each other by using small molecules to coordinate ... The figure above shows "the quorum sensing systems of several bacteria, V. fischeri, A. tumefaciens, and P. aeruginosa, ...

https://www.zdnet.com/article/conversations-between-bacteria/

First evidence that bacteria can acquire human genes has come to light in a new study by US researchers who found a fragment of ... What are bacteria and what do they do?. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that exist in their millions, in every environment ... Common skin bacteria may prevent skin cancer. A new study finds that a friendly bacterium, commonly found on healthy human ... Soil-based bacteria discovered in humans may trigger MS. Researchers have discovered a type B Clostrodium bacteria for the ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216442.php

living inside of your gut are 300 to 500 different kinds of bacteria containing nearly 2 million genes. paired with other tiny ... What are gut bacteria?. ANSWER Your body is loaded with trillions of bacteria. Paired with other tiny organisms like viruses ... The mix of bacteria in your body is unique to you. Its determined partly by your mothers microbiota and partly by your diet ... How is gut bacteria linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease? ...

https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/qa/what-are-gut-bacteria

"It depends entirely on the persons foot, the type of bacteria and the mosquito." No harm done: "It didnt really smell too bad ...

http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/25/magazine/tm-59271

Source for information on Autotrophic Bacteria: World of Microbiology and Immunology dictionary. ... Autotrophic bacteria An autotroph is an organism able to make its own food. Autotrophic organisms take inorganic substances ... Some of these bacteria were found living near vents and active volcanoes on the lightless ocean floor. The bacteria create ... These bacteria take in carbon dioxide and water and convert the chemical energy in sulfur compounds to run metabolic processes ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/autotrophic-bacteria

A single apple could harbour as much as 100 million bacteria, but its probably a good thing ... Watch: Scientists discover new plastic-eating bacteria and tested it to see how fast it would... ... We had our earbuds tested for bacteria to find out if its gross to share headphones ... Gauteng mother nearly loses her life to flesh-eating bacteria: I was being eaten alive ...

https://www.news24.com/Tags/Topics/bacteria

of bacterium], microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organisms characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane ... Once considered a part of the plant kingdom, bacteria were eventually placed in a separate kingdom, ... There are more bacteria, as separate individuals, than any other type of organism; there can be as many as 2.5 billion bacteria ... Bacteria fall into one of two groups, Archaebacteria (ancient forms thought to have evolved separately from other bacteria) and ...

https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/ecology/microbes/moneran-protistan/bacteria

... which had been caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, referred to by the acronym MRSA. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/photos/photo-mrsa-4.html

These S. aureus bacteria are methicillin-resistant, and are from one of the first isolates in the U.S. that showed increased ... bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/photos/photo-mrsa-1.html

Rename your images sequentially, such as bacteria-1.jpg, bacteria-2.jpg, etc. ... NB: Nutrient Broth or Nutrient Agar is a rich agar usually used to cultivate bacteria that do not form their own vitamins. ( ) ... EMB: Eosin Methylene Blue agar is a selective agar for gram negative bacteria with lactose sugars it differentiates between ...

https://sites.google.com/site/apbiowiki/lab-notes/growth-of-bacteria-and-fungi

Cranberries fight bacteria. British Dental Journal volume 199, page698(2005)Cite this article ... Perhaps the same is true in the mouth, where bacteria use adhesion molecules to hold onto teeth, Koo said. Koos team also ... Koo found that cranberry juice makes it difficult for the bacteria Streptococcus mutans to cling to tooth surfaces. Scientists ... Koos team found that cranberry juice prevents bacteria from forming plaque by inhibiting the enzyme. In spite of these ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/4813052?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d7995ddc-6c15-4e0b-873f-57f2be1b13a8

The bacteria battle. One of the most remarkable advances against disease and death was the invention of antibiotics, which led ... Some of these bacteria, like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, are lethal. ... said the destruction of the bacteria renders it unable to develop resistance to the nanoparticles. The paper says the ...

https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/04/04/the-bacteria-battle/

In the July 6 SN: Celebrating the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, stone tool dates face scrutiny, ocean plastic goes deep, records of Inca taxation, erosion spurred plate tectonics and more. ...

https://www.sciencenews.org/archive/ticker-tape-bacteria

However, many bacteria have two or more quorum-sensing systems. Use of multiple quorum-sensing systems allows bacteria to ... This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor their environment for the presence of other bacteria and to ... In a process called quorum sensing, bacteria monitor the presence of other bacteria in their surroundings by producing and ... Because most bacteria reside in mixed-species environments, other examples of bacteria "conspiring" to carry out different ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/100/suppl_2/14549

Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes. Malaria kills 1.24 million people a year. Mostly ... Gut bacteria do a number of things - out-compete potentially harmful bacteria, help digest stuff, release vitamins we cannot ... In zebra fish, exposure to bacteria is essential. If you try to raise zebra fish bacteria-free you get 100% mortality by ~24 ... Mosquitoes have a symbiotic relationship with their bacteria the same way we do- they need their good bacteria to get all the ...

https://scienceblogs.com/erv/2012/07/18/gmo-bacteria-vs-malaria

Seeing bacteria on your food is a different story. All foodborne bacteria are microscopic and cant be seen with the naked eye ... How 26 Percent of Participants Transferred Bacteria from Raw Chicken to Their Salads The debate on whether or not to wash raw ... Millions of Americans with Dirty Hands Are Spreading Dangerous Bacteria Have you ever seen someone handling food in a way that ... Share the Love, not the Bacteria At this time of year, many community groups, volunteer organizations, work places and other ...

https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/tag/foodborne-bacteria

BACTERIA ON FRUIT. Br Med J 1932; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.3750.917 (Published 19 November 1932) Cite this as: Br ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/2/3750/917

Washing the bacteria down the drain once a week is enough to keep pipes from blocking up. The bacteria are non-pathogenic and ... INSTEAD of using bacteria to clean up ground water, one company is using them to keep dangerous chemicals from going down the ... Bio-Care, Inc., in Campbell, Calif., has developed a strain of bacteria that attacks grease, soap, and starches. ``They digest ... A new product uses the bacteria to clean septic tanks. Carpet cleaners and pet-stain removers are in the works. ...

https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0213/d1org.html

Bacterial disease is becoming a more serious medical problem, particularly in hospitals which tend to harbor a population of drug-resistant bacteria. (conservapedia.com)
Research shows that probiotic bacteria prevent the body from bacterial infection. (prezi.com)
Individual bacterial cells cannot be seen without the use of a microscope, however, large populations of bacteria become visible as aggregates in liquid, as biofilms on plants, as viscous suspensions plugging plant vessels, or colonies on petri dishes in the laboratory. (apsnet.org)
A study of soil microbes taken from 11 sites uncovered bacteria that could withstand antibiotics 50 times stronger than the standard for bacterial resistance. (theos.in)

But bacteria gain resistance to certain types of antibiotics, making their continued treatment in a recurrent infection difficult at times. (conservapedia.com)
Taking drugs called antibiotics can kill bacteria. (mansfieldct.org)
However, due to misuse and overuse of antibiotics, bacteria today are more resistant to these drugs and are harder to kill. (mansfieldct.org)
Several strains of bacteria in the soil can make a meal of the world's most potent antibiotics, researchers said on Thursday, in a startling finding that illustrates the extent to which these germ-fighting drugs are losing the war against superbugs. (theos.in)
Antibiotics are used to kill the growth of bacteria. (theos.in)
Today, people fear that bacteria do not die from antibiotics, because bacteria are too strong. (theos.in)
Many bacteria got antibiotic resistance and they love to feast on antibiotics. (theos.in)

Modern pathology and medicine are based on the findings of Louis Pasteur and later Robert Koch and Charles Laveran that bacteria cause many ailments, but most microbes, in agreement with the benevolent nature of the Creator , are actually beneficial to man and nature. (conservapedia.com)
Bacteria are very fascinating because some are beneficial to us as they prevent many symptoms but some can be very deadly that they might even cost our lives. (prezi.com)
Plant associated bacteria may be beneficial or detrimental. (apsnet.org)
For beneficial purposes or as pathogens, populations of 106 CFU (colony-forming units/milliliter) or higher are normally required for bacteria to function as biological control agents or cause infectious disease. (apsnet.org)

Bacteria are among the microbes that successively colonize plants as they mature. (apsnet.org)

Just a tiny amount of the most virulent strains of bacteria in a person's body is enough to begin the process of infestation. (ibstreatmentcenter.com)

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. (conservapedia.com)
Bacteria are microorganisms that are every where in our daily lives. (prezi.com)

Researchers reported recently that certain bacteria in the stomach gobble the chocolate and ferment it into anti-inflammatory compounds that are good for the heart. (unknowncountry.com)

The vast majority of bacteria are not harmful to human beings. (conservapedia.com)
While not all bacteria are harmful, some cause disease. (conservapedia.com)
The thing about this bacteria is that it isn't always harmful to you. (prezi.com)
It also prevents harmful bacteria from settling in the intestine. (prezi.com)
Bacteria also help us by destroying harmful organisms within our bodies. (mansfieldct.org)

Scientists estimate that bacteria produce nearly half the oxygen found in the atmosphere. (mansfieldct.org)

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium found in the intestines of warm blooded organisms. (prezi.com)
You may be surprised to learn that another bacteria considered normal flora is one strain of E. coli. (ibstreatmentcenter.com)

When TB takes over our body, the immune system forms scar tissue or fibrosis (the thickening or scarring of a connective tissue which most often results in injury) around the bacterium to fight against the infection from spreading to other parts of the body. (prezi.com)
We further hypothesized that the predominance of free-living bacteria would be associated with indices of acute infection. (biomedcentral.com)

This disease is a type of bacteria which many people in the world have. (prezi.com)
A type of bacteria known as Lactobacillus reuteri reduces 'bad' cholesterol. (prezi.com)

Dead or weakened bacteria and viruses are used for making helpful vaccines. (mansfieldct.org)

While it may seem plausible that certain bacteria can 'inhale' solids as part of the respiratory process, our preconceived notions of some solids - like iron - are rigidly robust. (hamilton.edu)

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that host inflammatory signals prompt bacteria to disperse from cell-associated biofilms and adopt a virulent free-living phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

Sour cream , buttermilk , yogurt , and some kinds of cheese contain living cultures of live bacteria when eaten. (conservapedia.com)
Probiotics are the good bacteria and can be found in many foods such as yogurt. (prezi.com)
Bacteria are used to make cheese, milk, sourdough bread and yogurt. (mansfieldct.org)

The worst bacteria (the ugly) either directly destroy tissue by feeding upon it or produce a toxin that destroys tissue. (ibstreatmentcenter.com)

The functions of most genes, including those on extra-chromosomal elements, aren't known and it's estimated that each bacterium has about 40% of its genome devoted to unique genes. (apsnet.org)
If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. (theos.in)

We may not care to think about it, but we are never actually 'alone': our gut plays host to around 100 trillion bacteria, or flora, at any one time, meaning that there are ten times more bacteria than cells in the human body. (unknowncountry.com)

Students and faculty from Concordia University's science department collaborated on a campus-wide research study during the spring semester that explored the prevalence of a specific bacteria found in humans. (csp.edu)

CSP science faculty members Dr. Taylor Mach , Dr. Leanne Bakke , and Dr. Mandy Brosnahan , along with 17 research students, collected nasal swabs from students, faculty, and staff to find the percentage of adults on campus who carry a common bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus . (csp.edu)

These new and evolving techniques are enabling the study of virulence (the disease severity) and pathogenicity (the ability to cause disease), strain (descendants of a single isolation in culture) identification and typing (similarity or difference analysis relative to other strains), evolution and spread of bacteria, gene expression and gene regulation. (apsnet.org)
Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that some biofilm-associated bacteria, when stimulated by inflammation-associated host signals (fever, norepinephrine, free ATP), disperse from biofilms and adopt a planktonic phenotype with increased virulence[ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

When a person becomes infected with tuberculosis, the bacteria in the lungs multiply causing the person to have pneumonia. (prezi.com)

in fact our health depends on the activity of the 'friendly' bacteria that live in synergistic harmony with us inside our intestines. (unknowncountry.com)
And some species of yeast and bacteria are bad simply because they take up space, thereby crowding out the good bacteria and depriving your body of all the health-giving benefits that friendly bacteria provide, resulting in the poor digestion of food and the poor absorption of nutrients. (ibstreatmentcenter.com)

This bacterium is known to colonize (live on) humans without causing disease, but it also can make a variety of toxins that would allow it to cause disease if given the right circumstances," Dr. Brosnahan said. (csp.edu)

These bacteria can then reproduce and make a large colony of bacteria immune from the antibiotic. (theos.in)

Wine itself is produced, not by bacteria, but by yeast , which is also a microorganism that is classified as a fungi . (conservapedia.com)

Some bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, have tightly packed inner membrane folds, which forms a membrane across which photosynthesis can occur. (conservapedia.com)

But sometimes the bacteria goes from your intestines to your blood which leads to illness. (prezi.com)

Population development must normally occur for many bacteria to survive and infect plants. (apsnet.org)

To do this, a single bacterium will grow to twice its normal size and then split into two 'daughter' cells. (mansfieldct.org)
The two new cells are exact copies of the original bacterium. (mansfieldct.org)
We hypothesized that removal of eukaryotic cells from BAL fluid would alter the composition of the microbial communities identified by pyrosequencing, reflecting the selective removal of cell-associated bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)

Most bacteria are very good. (mansfieldct.org)

Bacteria help our bodies with digestion and produce needed vitamins. (mansfieldct.org)

At very low populations, these bacteria may be considered normal flora in the intestinal tract. (ibstreatmentcenter.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms96

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science4

Health Care18

Geographicals1

Tobramycin, amikacin, sissomicin, and gentamicin resistant Gram-negative rods. (1/19400)

Automated food microbiology: potential for the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter. (2/19400)

Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (3/19400)

Desulfocella halophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, fatty-acid-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from sediments of the Great Salt Lake. (4/19400)

The influence of a diet rich in wheat fibre on the human faecal flora. (5/19400)

In vitro activities of aminomethyl-substituted analogs of novel tetrahydrofuranyl carbapenems. (6/19400)

Antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against Clostridium difficile. (7/19400)

3-Hydroxylaminophenol mutase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 catalyzes a Bamberger rearrangement. (8/19400)

Bacteria

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria, Anaerobic

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Bacteria, Aerobic

DNA, Bacterial

Molecular Sequence Data

Bacterial Proteins

Phylogeny

Escherichia coli

DNA, Ribosomal

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Water Microbiology

Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria

Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria

Bacterial Physiological Phenomena

Soil Microbiology

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria

Genes, Bacterial

RNA, Bacterial

Seawater

Colony Count, Microbial

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Culture Media

Anaerobiosis

Genes, rRNA

Genome, Bacterial

Symbiosis

Base Composition

Biodegradation, Environmental

Bacterial Adhesion

Amino Acid Sequence

Pseudomonas

Species Specificity

Enterobacteriaceae

Base Sequence

Fresh Water

Bacteriological Techniques

Gammaproteobacteria

Biofilms

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Bacterial Infections

Fermentation

Geologic Sediments

Proteobacteria

Bacteroides

Aerobiosis

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Staphylococcus aureus

Betaproteobacteria

Microbial Viability

Vibrio

Streptococcus

Cytophaga

Virulence

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Fatty Acids

Bacillus

Temperature

Cloning, Molecular

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Plasmids

Oxidation-Reduction

Salmonella typhimurium

Archaea

Mutation

Fungi

Feces

Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

Antibiosis

Clostridium

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Eubacterium

Bacillus subtilis

Intestines

Actinobacteria

Mouth