Background radiation. Medical search

Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment.

Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.

Thorium. A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.

The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).

A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of radium.

April 25th -26th, 1986 nuclear power accident that occurred at Chernobyl in the former USSR (Ukraine) located 80 miles north of Kiev.

Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.

Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

The deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause.

Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.

Study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.

A viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), a FLAVIVIRUS. It is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus CULEX. The primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern United States. Infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an ASEPTIC MENINGITIS or ENCEPHALITIS. Clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include SEIZURES, lethargy, MYOCLONUS, focal neurologic signs, COMA, and DEATH. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p750)

Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.

Radiation exposure to sonographers from fluorine-18-FDG PET patients. (1/58)

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the amount of radiation exposure to sonographers from patients who were injected with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) at 2 and 3 h postinjection. METHODS: We studied 8 patients who were given between 380-420 MBq 18F-FDG. The patients were measured with a RADOS RDS-120 dosimeter between 2 and 3 h after FDG injection. The dosimetry measurement was taken at a distance of 0.5 m from the injected patient, a distance used by a sonographer to perform an abdominal ultrasound. Measurements were taken at the levels of the sonographer's shoulder, abdomen, and gonads. RESULTS: At the first measurement at 2 h, the mean exposures to the shoulder, abdomen, and gonads of the sonographer in pSv/h were 31.9+/-11.3, 37.1+/-9.5, and 32.8+/-11.8, respectively. At 3 h, the mean exposures to the shoulder, abdomen, and gonads were 21.5+/-4.2, 20.2+/-5.8, and 19.6+/-4.9, respectively. CONCLUSION: The amount of radiation exposure to a sonographer is minimal. Radiation exposure risks should be considered, however, if the sonographer comes into daily, repeated contact with patients who have been given 18F-FDG. (+info)

An introductory overview of the epidemiological study on the population at the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. (2/58)

The epidemiological study on the residents of the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China was started by Chinese scientists in 1972 and continued until 1986. In 1991, Japanese scientists recognized the importance of the work and a joint feasibility study was conducted with revised protocols. The feasibility study matured to a cooperative project involving both Chinese and Japanese scientists in 1992, which currently is still in progress. The project was divided into three phases; the first being from 1992 to 1995, the second from 1995-1998 and the third from 1998 to 2001. The results of the first phase were reported previously in 1996. The present paper is a historical overview of the studies before the cooperation and the first two phases. Remarks are made on the detailed data on dosimetry, cytogenetic studies and cancer epidemiology of a series of the papers in this supplemental issue. Some problems such as paradoxical observations between cytogenetic results and cancer mortality, and the importance of the high background study in risk assessment are discussed. (+info)

Measurements of Rn-222, Rn-220 and their decay products in the environmental air of the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. (3/58)

For the renewal of dose estimation from internal irradiation in the high background radiation areas (HBRA) of Yangjiang, the measurements of radon, thoron and their decay products in the environmental air were conducted, including: (1) integrating measurements of Rn-222 and Rn-220 concentrations; (2) eqilibrium factor F for Rn-222 and alpha-potential energy value of Rn-220; (3) external gamma radiation in places where radon measurements were undertaken; (4) cumulative exposure to indoor radon for each family in a case-control study on lung cancer. The Rn-Tn cup monitor method was used for the integrating measurement of Rn-222 and Rn-220 concentration. An alpha track detector was used for the integration measurement of Rn-222 concentration in the case-control study on lung cancer. The results of measurements show that although the investigated areas are located between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer, and that people live in well-ventilated dwellings, the concentrations of radon, especially of Rn-220 are significantly higher in the indoor air of HBRA than those in the control area. The value of equilibrium factors for Rn-222, the alpha potential energy of decay products from Rn-222 and Rn-220 are determined. (+info)

Cancer mortality in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China during the period between 1979 and 1995. (4/58)

The objective of the present study was to estimate cancer risk associated with the low-level radiation exposure of an average annual effective dose of 6.4 mSv (including internal exposure) in the high background-radiation areas (HBRA) in Yangjiang, China. The mortality survey consisted of two steps, i.e., the follow-up of cohort members and the ascertainment of causes of death. The cohort members in HBRA were divided into three dose-groups on the basis of environmental dose-rates per year. The mortality experiences of those three dose groups were compared with those in the residents of control areas by means of relative risk (RR). During the period 1987-1995, we observed 926,226 person-years by following up 106,517 subjects in the cohort study, and accumulated 5,161 deaths, among which 557 were from cancers. We did not observe an increase in cancer mortality in HBRA (RR = 0.96, 96% CI, 0.80 to 1.15). The combined data for the period 1979-95 included 125,079 subjects and accumulated 1,698,316 person-years, observed 10,415 total deaths and 1,003 cancer deaths. The relative risk of all cancers for whole HBRA as compared with the control area was estimated to be 0.99 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.14). The relative risks of cancers of the stomach, colon, liver, lung, bone, female breast and thyroid within whole HBRA were less than one, while the risks for leukemia, cancers of the nasopharynx, esophagus, rectum, pancreas, skin, cervix uteri, brain and central nervous system, and malignant lymphoma were larger than one. None of them were significantly different from RR = 1. Neither homogeneity tests nor trend tests revealed any statistically significant relationship between cancer risk and radiation dose. We did not find any increased cancer risk associated with the high levels of natural radiation in HBRA. On the contrary, the mortality of all cancers in HBRA was generally lower than that in the control area, but not statistically significant. (+info)

Excess relative risk of solid cancer mortality after prolonged exposure to naturally occurring high background radiation in Yangjiang, China. (5/58)

A study was made on cancer mortality in the high-background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China. Based on hamlet-specific environmental doses and sex- and age-specific occupancy factors, cumulative doses were calculated for each subject. In this article, we describe how the indirect estimation was made on individual dose and the methodology used to estimate radiation risk. Then, assuming a linear dose response relationship and using cancer mortality data for the period 1979-1995, we estimate the excess relative risk per Sievert for solid cancer to be -0.11 (95% CI, -0.67, 0.69). Also, we estimate the excess relative risks of four leading cancers in the study areas, i.e., cancers of the liver, nasopharynx, lung and stomach. In addition, we evaluate the effects of possible bias on our risk estimation. (+info)

A case-control study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China. (6/58)

The main purposes of this study were to identify the major determinants of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the high-background radiation areas (HBRA) in Yangjiang, China and to evaluate their potential confounding effects on the NPC risk associated with exposure to high background radiation. A matched case-control study was conducted using those who died of NPC during the period 1987-1995. Two controls were randomly selected for each case from those who died from causes other than malignancies and external causes. Cases and their controls were matched with respect to sex and the years of birth and death (+/- 5 years). Study subjects' next-of-kin were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire to collect information on socioeconomic status, dietary habits, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, disease history, pesticide use, medical X-ray exposure, the family history of NPC and so on. We succeeded in interviewing 97 cases and 192 controls. Univariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that NPC risk was associated with the consumption of salted fish, homemade pickles, and fermented soy beans, education levels, the history of chronic rhinitis, and the family history of NPC. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that education levels (Odds ratio (OR) for middle school or higher levels vs. no school education = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.2 to 11.8), salted fish intake (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.7 to 6.1), the history of chronic rhinitis (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.3 to 10.1), and the family history of NPC (OR = 14.2, 95% CI = 2.7 to 73.4) were independent risk factors of NPC. Tobacco smoking (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.7 to 2.1), and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.5 to 1.9) were not significantly related to NPC risk. The ORs of NPC risk comparing HBRA and a nearby control area before and after adjustment for the major risk determinants identified in the present study were 0.86 (95% CI = 0.50 to 1.50) and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.45 to 1.67), respectively. Salted fish intake was a strong risk factor of NPC. Education, the history of chronic rhinitis and the family history of NPC were also related to NPC risk. The exposure to high background radiation in HBRA of Yangjiang was not related to NPC risk with or without the adjustment for those major risk determinants of NPC. (+info)

Dose-effect relationship of dicentric and ring chromosomes in lymphocytes of individuals living in the high background radiation areas in China. (7/58)

Chromosomes of 39 healthy family members (3 generations from 13 families) living both in the high-level background radiation areas (HBRA) and the control areas (CA) were studied. Cumulative dose from birth to the time of blood sampling was estimated by calculating measured exposure rate in each individual. The cumulative doses ranged 30.9-358.9 and 6.0-59.2 mGy for HBRA and CA, respectively. Peripheral lymphocyte chromosome preparations were made according to our improved method. Dicentric and ring chromosomes (Dic + Rc) were scored in average 2,527 cells per individual in HBRA and 2,694 cells in CA under a microscope equipped with an automated stage. A positive correlation between Dic + Rc and age was found in HBRA, while no such dose relationship was clear in CA. The frequency of Dic + Rc linearly increases over lifetime due to chronic low dose exposure and it is likely that the activation of repair enzymes is not triggered in the present HBRA. Threshold dose (rate) of the induction of chromosome aberrations, if any, is below the present dose (rate) level. (+info)

Chromosome translocation in residents of the high background radiation areas in southern China. (8/58)

We performed a cytogenetical study using chromosome painting analysis on 9 residents of the naturally high background radiation areas (HBRA) and 8 residents of the control areas in southern China. The estimated dose (air kerma) of each resident measured by an electric pocket dosimeter showed 2.20-4.23 mGy/year in HBRA and 0.56-0.70 mGy/year in the control areas. A total of 14,096 cells (1,566 cells/case) in the former and 17,522 cells (2,190 cells/case) in the latter were analyzed. Children, both in HBRA and in the control areas, had translocations at low frequencies. The frequency of translocations among elder individuals varied widely and it was not possible to detect dose effect although it was detected in dicentrics. The effect of radiation on the induction of chromosome aberrations, which have a statistically potential risk of causing malignant or congenital diseases, seems to be less significant than those of metabolic factors and/or mutagenic agents (excluding radiation) even in HBRA in China. (+info)

Background radiation refers to the natural radiation that is present in the environment and is constantly bombarding the human body. This radiation comes from a variety of sources, including cosmic rays, naturally occurring radioactive elements in the earth, and radioactive decay products in the air and water. In the medical field, background radiation is an important consideration when performing diagnostic imaging procedures such as X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans. These procedures involve exposing the patient to ionizing radiation, which can potentially increase the patient's risk of developing cancer or other radiation-related health problems. To minimize the risk of radiation exposure, medical professionals use techniques such as dose optimization, image quality control, and patient shielding to reduce the amount of radiation used during imaging procedures. They also monitor the patient's radiation exposure and provide counseling to help patients understand the risks and benefits of radiation exposure.

Potassium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element potassium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. Potassium is a naturally occurring element that is essential for many bodily functions, including the regulation of fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. There are several different potassium radioisotopes that are used in medical applications, including potassium-40, potassium-39, and potassium-42. These isotopes are typically produced in a nuclear reactor or cyclotron and then purified and concentrated for use in medical procedures. Potassium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Cardiac imaging: Potassium-40 is used to image the heart and assess its function. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the heart muscle, where it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. 2. Kidney imaging: Potassium-42 is used to image the kidneys and assess their function. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the kidneys, where it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. 3. Cancer treatment: Potassium-40 and potassium-39 are used in cancer treatment as part of a process called targeted radionuclide therapy. These isotopes are attached to molecules that are specific to cancer cells, and then delivered directly to the tumor. The radiation emitted by the isotopes damages the cancer cells, leading to their destruction. Overall, potassium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and effectiveness.

Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive element that is not commonly used in the medical field. However, there have been some studies and experiments that have explored the potential uses of thorium in medicine. One potential use of thorium in medicine is as a radiation source for cancer treatment. Thorium-232 is a radioactive isotope that decays by emitting alpha particles, which can be used to destroy cancer cells. However, the use of thorium in cancer treatment is still in the experimental stage and has not yet been widely adopted. Another potential use of thorium in medicine is as a contrast agent for medical imaging. Thorium-227 is a radioactive isotope that can be used to label molecules and track their movement in the body. This could be useful for imaging the distribution of drugs or other molecules in the body, or for studying the function of specific organs or tissues. It's worth noting that thorium is also a highly toxic element and can cause serious health problems if not handled properly. As such, any potential medical uses of thorium would need to be carefully evaluated and regulated to ensure the safety of patients and medical personnel.

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is found in the earth's crust. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, which makes it difficult to detect. Radon is a type of alpha particle radiation, which means that it consists of two protons and two neutrons. In the medical field, radon is primarily associated with its potential health effects. Long-term exposure to high levels of radon can increase the risk of developing lung cancer, particularly in smokers. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, after smoking. Because radon is found in the air, it can enter buildings through cracks in the foundation or other openings. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends testing homes for radon levels and taking steps to reduce levels if they are above the recommended level of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). This can be done through the use of radon mitigation systems, which remove the radon from the home and vent it to the outside.

The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident refers to a catastrophic event that occurred on April 26, 1986, at the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. The accident was caused by a combination of human error, design flaws, and a lack of safety measures, which led to a nuclear explosion and a release of radioactive material into the environment. In the medical field, the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident is significant because it had a significant impact on human health. The release of radioactive material, primarily iodine-131 and cesium-137, contaminated the air, water, and food in the surrounding area, leading to widespread exposure to radiation. The immediate effects of the accident included acute radiation sickness, which affected the emergency workers who were sent to the site to contain the damage. The long-term effects of the accident are still being studied, but it is believed that exposure to radiation may have increased the risk of cancer and other health problems in the affected population. In addition to the health effects on humans, the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident also had a significant impact on the environment and wildlife in the surrounding area. The accident is considered one of the worst nuclear disasters in history and serves as a reminder of the importance of safety measures in the operation of nuclear power plants.

In the medical field, "China" typically refers to the People's Republic of China, which is a country located in East Asia. China has a large and diverse population, and its healthcare system is one of the largest in the world. The country has made significant progress in improving access to healthcare and reducing mortality rates in recent years. In terms of medical research and development, China has become an important player in the global biomedical community. The country has a growing number of research institutions and has made significant investments in medical research and development. China is also home to a large and diverse population, which provides a rich source of data for medical research. Overall, "China" in the medical field typically refers to the country's healthcare system, medical research and development, and its role in the global biomedical community.

Plutonium is a radioactive element that is not naturally occurring in the environment. It is a synthetic element that is produced in nuclear reactors and is used as a fuel in nuclear weapons and as a component in nuclear power plants. In the medical field, plutonium has been studied for its potential use in cancer treatment. It has been shown to be effective in killing cancer cells, but it is also highly toxic and can cause serious health problems if not handled properly. As a result, the use of plutonium in medicine is limited and is only done in specialized research settings under strict safety protocols.

Encephalitis, St. Louis is a type of viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). It is primarily found in the United States, particularly in the central and southern regions. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly the Culex species. Symptoms of St. Louis encephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and a stiff neck. In severe cases, the virus can cause inflammation of the brain, leading to confusion, seizures, and even coma. The disease is usually self-limiting, and most people recover fully within a few weeks. However, in some cases, there can be long-term neurological effects. There is no specific treatment for St. Louis encephalitis, but supportive care such as hydration, pain management, and anticonvulsants can be provided to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Vaccines are also available to prevent the disease in certain high-risk groups.

Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium that are used in medical applications. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected and measured, and they are used in a variety of medical procedures, including: 1. Bone scanning: Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are used in bone scanning to detect bone metastases (cancer that has spread to the bones) and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. 2. Cardiac imaging: Strontium-82 is used in cardiac imaging to assess blood flow to the heart and to diagnose and monitor heart disease. 3. Cancer treatment: Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are also used in cancer treatment, particularly for bone metastases, by delivering targeted radiation to the affected area. Strontium radioisotopes are typically produced in nuclear reactors and are then purified and formulated for medical use. They are administered to patients through intravenous injection or inhalation, and the radiation they emit is detected using specialized imaging equipment.

... description from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation Environmental and Background Radiation FAQ from ... However, background radiation for occupational doses includes radiation that is not measured by radiation dose instruments in ... Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which ... In a radiation metrology laboratory, background radiation refers to the measured value from any incidental sources that affect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation

... is electromagnetic radiation that fills all space. The origin of this radiation depends on the ... See cosmic infrared background and X-ray background. See also cosmic neutrino background and extragalactic background light. ... of the cosmic background radiation suggests that the early universe was dominated by a radiation field, a field of extremely ... clouds distorting the spectrum of the radiation. There is also background radiation in the infrared, x-rays, etc., with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation

"Galactic Radiation And Background"), sometimes called GREB ("Galactic Radiation Experiment Background"), and referred to in its ... though they had been completely saturated by the background radiation of the Van Allen radiation belt.: 63 Development of the ... Galactic Radiation and Background (GRAB) was the first successful United States orbital surveillance program, comprising a ... 300 and the level of hazard to satellites and astronauts posed by ultraviolet and X-ray radiation.: 76 Such a study had not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Radiation_and_Background

... (BRET) or background equivalent radiation time (BERT) is a unit of measurement of ionizing ... Background radiation Banana equivalent dose Flight-time equivalent dose Radiology "Radiation Dose Descriptors: BERT, COD, DAP, ... Background radiation level is widely used in radiological health fields as a standard for setting exposure limits. Presumably, ... The BRET value corresponding to a dose of radiation is the number of days of average natural background dose it is equivalent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation_equivalent_time

Cosmic microwave background Cosmic radio background Hauser M. G.; Dwek E. (September 2001). "THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND: ... also known as cosmic gamma-ray background) Cosmic X-ray background Extragalactic background light (which includes the cosmic ... The diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA) refers to the photon field of extragalactic origin that fills our ... Caltech papers v t e (Extragalactic astronomy, Cosmic rays, Cosmic background radiation, Unsolved problems in astronomy, All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_extragalactic_background_radiation

There had been a prior measurement of the cosmic background radiation (CMB) by Andrew McKellar in 1941 at an effective ... In the first, Dicke and his associates outlined the importance of cosmic background radiation as substantiation of the Big Bang ... The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology. In 1964, ... The characteristics of the radiation detected by Penzias and Wilson fit exactly the radiation predicted by Robert H. Dicke and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation

It monitors background radiation in the UK. Workers exposed to radiation include workers in dental radiography and nuclear ... It produces reports on environmental background radiation in England. It works with the ICRP, the United Nations Scientific ... PHE was the UK's first Radiation Protection Adviser Body, under the Ionising Radiations Regulations (IRR) 17 (which came from ... Oxfordshire that monitors levels of toxic chemicals and background radiation in the British environment; it is largely a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Radiation,_Chemical_and_Environmental_Hazards

These internal radiation sources contribute to an individual's total radiation dose from natural background radiation. An ... radiation) Radiation hormesis Radiation physics Radiation protection Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 Radiation protection ... Natural background radiation comes from five primary sources: cosmic radiation, solar radiation, external terrestrial sources, ... Radiation danger from background radiation may be a serious threat but is more likely a small overall risk compared to all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

Cosmic background radiation. Search for CO in galaxies with high redshift. Molecular abundance. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). ... Continuum radiation from extragalactic cold dust. Molecular material in the direction of different stellar objects. ... University of Maryland and University of Chicago Cosmic Background Imager a 13 element interferometer operating in Llano de ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Latin_American_Millimeter_Array

This is comparable to the amount of background radiation a person is exposed to in 1 year. Background radiation is from ... Background radiation is from naturally radioactive materials and cosmic radiation from space. People are exposed to this ... Ionizing radiation is further categorized into electromagnetic radiation (without matter) and particulate radiation (with ... Radon gas is a radioactive chemical element that is the largest source of background radiation, about 2mSv per year. This is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_exposure

... proposes that radiation exposure comparable to and just above the natural background level of radiation is ... "The Effect of Dose Rate on Radiation-Induced Neoplastic TransformationIn Vitroby Low Doses of Low-LET Radiation". Radiation ... 2009). "Background Radiation and Cancer Incidence in Kerala, India - Karanagappally Cohort Study". Health Physics. 96 (1): 55- ... Assessing the risk of radiation at low doses (. 1000 times background (average 47.7 mSv, maximum 2360 mSv excess cumulative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hormesis

Orvieto town, Italy Tao Z, Cha Y, Sun Q (July 1999). "[Cancer mortality in high background radiation area of Yangjiang, China, ... Recognized effects of higher acute radiation doses are described in more detail in the article on radiation poisoning. Although ... The concept of radiation hormesis is relevant to this table - radiation hormesis is a hypothesis stating that the effects of a ... Exposures from natural radiation sources" (PDF). UNSCEAR 2000 Report: Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Vol. 1 Sources ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(radiation)

Lachièze-Rey, M.; Gunzig, E. (1999). The Cosmological Background Radiation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 168-9. ... Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies. UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy# ... A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background. Ultraviolet telescopes make ... They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes

An almost perfect blackbody spectrum is exhibited by the cosmic microwave background radiation. Hawking radiation is the ... Blackbody radiation is also called thermal radiation, cavity radiation, complete radiation or temperature radiation. Black-body ... The cosmic microwave background radiation observed today is the most perfect blackbody radiation ever observed in nature, with ... blackbody radiation may be viewed as the radiation from a black body at thermal equilibrium. Blackbody radiation becomes a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation

... (IBN, also known as Internet background radiation) consists of data packets on the Internet which are ... "Internet Background Radiation Revisited" (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference. November 2010. Ward, Mark (30 November 2010 ... Orlowski, Andrew (27 November 2003). "Watching the Net's background radiation". The Register. Aben, Emile. "Unsolicited ... Internet background noise has been used to detect significant changes in Internet traffic and connectivity during the 2011 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_background_noise

Wustrow, Eric; Karir, Manish; Bailey, Michael; Jahanian, Farnam; Houston, Geoff (2010-06-09). Internet Background Radiation ... O'Hara, Joseph (April 2019). "Cloud-based network telescope for Internet background radiation collection" (PDF). Trinity ... Leveraging Internet Background Radiation for Opportunistic Network Analysis (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference '15. Tokyo, ... Honeypot (computing) Internet background noise Cheswick, Bill (August 2013). "Bill Cheswick on Firewalls" (PDF). Security. ; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_telescope

In comparison, typical exposure from naturally occurring background radiation is about 3mSv per year, or 57μSv per week. Lake ... "Naturally-occurring "background" radiation exposure". radiologyinfo.org. Retrieved 28 July 2016. (Articles with short ... A 2009 radiation survey of the lake and surrounding areas was conducted to determine the relative danger of the area, finding " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechora–Kama_Canal

R. Weiss & D. Muehlner (1970). "A Measurement of the Isotropic Background Radiation in the Far Infrared". Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 ( ... In 1973 he made pioneering measurements of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation, taken from a weather ... R. Weiss & D. Muehlner (1973). "Balloon Measurements of the Far Infrared Background Radiation". Phys. Rev. D. 7 (2): 326. ... R. Weiss (1980). "Measurements of the Cosmic Background Radiation". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 18: 489-535. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Weiss

The Galactic and Extragalactic Background Radiation. 139: 7. Bibcode:1990IAUS..139..357B. Retrieved 12 March 2023. Lewis, Aaron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC_1101

Gush, H.P.; Halpern, M.; Wishnow, E.H. (July 1990). "Rocket measurement of the cosmic-background-radiation mm-wave spectrum". ... "A Brief History of Background Radiation". WMAP image gallery. Nasa GSFC. Retrieved 26 July 2015. Galli, Silvia; Melchiorri, ... This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and ... "Cosmic background radiation anisotropy at degree angular scales - Further results from the South Pole". The Astrophysical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmic_microwave_background_experiments

Gibson, J. A. B. (1962). Measurement of the Gamma Radiation Background (No. AERE-R-4137). United Kingdom Atomic Energy ... Gibson, J. A. B. (1962). Gamma radiation background measurements - instrument selection. 1962. Gibson, Jane Blankenship. (1962 ... Gibson, J. B., Goland, A. N., & Milgram, M. (1960). The Nature of Radiation Damage in FCC Metals 265 GH Vineyard. Phys. Rev. O ... Gibson, J. B., Goland, A. N., Milgram, M., & Vineyard, G. (1960). Dynamics of radiation damage. Physical Review, 120(4), 1229. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Blankenship

ISBN 978-3-540-22712-0. Sunyaev, R. A.; Y. B. Zel'dovich (Sep 1980). "Microwave background radiation as a probe of the ... ISBN 978-0-412-62300-4. Partridge, R. B. (1995-09-29). 3K: The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Cambridge University ... making the universe itself and the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) more uniform. Around 300,000 years after the Big ... when factored into the Boltzmann equation for the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), reduces the amplitude of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_damping

A comoving observer is the only observer who will perceive the universe, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, ... Thus isotropy, particularly isotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation, defines a special local frame of reference ... ISBN 978-1-85233-106-1. Extract of page 263 Lachièze-Rey, Marc; Gunzig, Edgard (1999). The Cosmological Background Radiation ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoving_and_proper_distances

The isotropy of the cosmic background radiation is another indicator that the universe does not rotate. Bucket argument ... R. B. Partridge (1995). 3 K: The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279-280. ISBN 0-521- ... ISBN 0-521-62113-5., and Ralph A. Alpher and Robert Herman (1975). Big bang cosmology and the cosmic black-body radiation (in ... the sense of the rotation can be determined by measuring the apparent motion of the globes with respect to a background system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_spheres

"Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexopathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 14 June 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal ... in conditions known as Radiation-induced Brachial Plexopathy (RIBP) and Radiation-induced Lumbosacral Plexopathy (RILP). The ... For radiation-induced plexopathies, treatment options are often limited to pain/symptom management and provision of assistive ... Both brachial and lumbosacral plexopathy can also occur as a consequence of radiation therapy, sometimes after 30 or more years ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexopathy

doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06563.x. Study of the background cosmic microwave radiation ; read at the reception Dr. D. Rafael ... He has been a pioneer in Spain in the experimental research of the cosmic microwave background. Rebolo has developed ... Rebolo leads the QUIJOTE consortium for measuring the polarization of the cosmic microwave background with telescopes in ... Papadopoulos, D. (December 2002). "Acceleration and cyclotron radiation induced by gravitational waves". Astronomy & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Rebolo_López

... local background radiation was 0.2 mR/hour. A 1995 assessment by the EPA recommended that a cap be placed over the burial ... This prompted a retreat for a second radiation detector. The second radiation detector also maxed out at its 200 röntgens per ... They entered the reactor control room and noticed a radiation warning light. Their handheld radiation detector jumped sharply ... Radiation exposure limits before the accident were 100 röntgens to save a life and 25 to save valuable property. During the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SL-1

Shielding reduces the cosmic and radiation background. Neon has been studied as a clear, dense, low-background scintillator. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_Low-Energy_Astrophysics_with_Neon

He used this to set a limit on the temperature of the microwave background radiation, from the roof of the Radiation Laboratory ... R. B. Partridge (1995). 3 K: The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35808-6. Penzias ... During the Second World War he worked in the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he worked ... Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.; Roll, P. G.; Wilkinson, D. T. (1965). "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation". Astrophysical Journal. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke

"Testing Isotropy of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 385 (4): 1718- ... and black hole radiation: Do black holes produce thermal radiation, as expected on theoretical grounds? Does this radiation ... The cosmic-microwave-background data shows several features of anisotropy, which are not consistent with the Big Bang model. ... Quasars produce jets within the core, expel them at the opposite poles, and then the jets are collimated by radiation from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics

Edema and the presence of tumor render the CNS parenchyma in the tumor bed more susceptible to radiation necrosis. ... Radiation necrosis, a focal structural lesion that usually occurs at the original tumor site, is a potential long-term central ... Background. Radiation necrosis, a focal structural lesion that usually occurs at the original tumor site, is a potential long- ... While the term radiation necrosis is used to refer to radiation injury, pathology is not limited to necrosis and a spectrum of ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157533-overview

Background radiation description from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation Environmental and Background Radiation FAQ from ... However, background radiation for occupational doses includes radiation that is not measured by radiation dose instruments in ... Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which ... In a radiation metrology laboratory, background radiation refers to the measured value from any incidental sources that affect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation

... How Do the Properties of Light Help Us to Study Supernovae and Their Remnants?. There ... What Units are Used to Characterize EM Radiation?. Light can be described not only in terms of its energy, but also its ... Thats why we often talk about X-ray radiation - its the same thing as saying X-ray light. When we refer to the whole spectrum ... What is Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation?. Although it would seem that the human eye gives us a pretty accurate view of the world ...

https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lessons/xray_spectra/background-em.html

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Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response ... Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response ... Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response ... Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response ...

https://www.ncbs.res.in/content/chronic-exposure-humans-high-level-natural-background-radiation-leads-robust-expression

ALERT- Saint Louis 4:30pm 1017/11 radioactive rainfall at 270+ times greater than background radiation- 2.7 mR/hr. The highest ... ALERT! - Saint Louis, MO: Radioactive Rain At 2.76 mR/Hr, 270 Times Over Background Radiation, Highest Reading So Far (Oct. 17 ... Radiation Cover-up in Japan: Prof. Frank Daulton: Radiation 500 Km From Fukushima Is Ten Times Higher Than What The Japanese ... Radiation Cover-up in Japan: Prof. Frank Daulton: Radiation 500 Km From Fukushima Is Ten Times Higher Than What The Japanese ...

https://infiniteunknown.net/2011/10/19/alert-saint-louis-mo-radioactive-rain-at-2-76-mrhr-270-times-over-background-radiation-highest-reading-so-far-oct-17-2011/

The Physical Origin of the Universe viewed through the Cosmic Background Radiation - from Cosmological Inflation to Dark Ages - ... The Physical Origin of the Universe viewed through the Cosmic Background Radiation - from Cosmological Inflation to Dark Ages - ... Development of high accuracy component separation scheme between cosmic microwave background radiation and foreground emissions ... to developing high accuracy component separation scheme which is able to separate cosmic microwave background radiation signal ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PLANNED-21111005/

Patients undergo radiation therapy either before or after surgery for various malignancies, including colorectal, urologic, and ... Radiation therapy is an established part of treatment of both primary and recurrent pelvic and abdominal malignancies. ... The direct effects of radiation on the bowel mucosa lead to acute radiation enteritis. Acute radiation enteritis is exceedingly ... Background. Radiation therapy is a mainstay in the treatment of both primary and recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) and pelvic ...

https://emedicine.dev01.medscape.com/article/197483-overview

Background radiation: ionizing radiation from natural sources, such as terrestrial radiation due to radionuclides in the soil ... Ionizing radiation is a very high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation.. Radiation sickness: See also acute radiation ... See also background radiation, terrestrial radiation.. Criticality: a fission process where the neutron production rate equals ... Non-ionizing radiation: radiation that has lower energy levels and longer wavelengths than ionizing radiation. It is not strong ...

https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/glossary.htm

Radiation gastritis. Radiation gastritis usually occurs 2-9 mo after the initial radiotherapy. The dose at which 5% of patients ... Background. The term "gastritis" was first used in 1728 by the German Physician, Georg Ernst Stahl to describe the inflammation ... Small doses of radiation (up to 15 Gy) cause reversible mucosal damage, whereas higher doses cause irreversible damage with ... Higher amounts of radiation cause permanent mucosal damage, with atrophy of the fundic glands, mucosal erosions, and capillary ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/176156-95084/how-does-the-eradication-of-h-pylori-affect-the-prognosis-of-chronic-gastritis

... Text: The Big Bang Theory is absurd. Why should I take it seriously? - `Cause of cosmic background ... radiation, for example! #mostlyok. Image credits: The COBE datasets were developed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ...

https://kindnessthroughknowledge.com/2021/08/25/cosmic-background-radiation/

Natural background radiation *Medical and dental exposures *Other man- made activities such as nuclear power plants and air ... Radiation Studies Branch National Center for Environmental Health Dr. Miller pointed out that while he now works at CDC, he ... Radiation was used for nasal and acne treatments, for instance. These doses were not large, but affected individuals thyroids ... What doses should be added? There are many ways in which an individuals thyroid can be exposed to radiation. When the doses ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/oakridge/orr/m9_01p2.html

Functional analysis of polymorphism haplotypes of MGMT in residents of high background radiation area. ... of polymorphisms and their frequent haplotypes in the regulatory region of MGMT in residents of high background radiation area ... Functional analysis of polymorphism haplotypes of MGMT in residents of high background rad ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/resource/pt/mdl-36852768

The World Premiere of Background Radiation. We have been so lucky to be featured on Crookit Dreams episode 63. It was an honour ... Background Radiation". Thanks most of all to Richard Sylvarnes. ... produkt/enkidu-rankx-sulamith-sallmann-background-radiation- ...

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30- Do not these disbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were an integrated mass, which We then split, and from water We …. ...

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If the background radiation rises above acceptable levels, the affected area experiences higher incidents of certain diseases. ... Most of the radiation people get exposed to does not occur in high enough concentrations to cause any ill effects. ... Building Materials and Background Radiation. Buildings made from brick and stone give off more background radiation than ... Humans encounter background radiation every day. Most of the radiation people get exposed to does not occur in high enough ...

https://sciencing.com/effects-background-radiation-5257125.html

CNSC experts are explaining the basics of radiation in simple terms. Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the ... The cosmic microwave background radiation .... 02:13 , 5162 views Watch VIDEO. 6161 views ... What is Radiation? What Is Radiation? CNSC experts are explaining the basics of radiation in simple terms. Radiation is the ...

https://www.dnatube.com/video/32405/What-is-Radiation

A lot over a short time, causes burns or radiation sickness. ... Radiation exposure to even small amounts over a long time, ... Background radiation can also come from outer space and the sun. Other sources are man-made, such as x-rays, radiation therapy ... What are the sources of radiation exposure?. Background radiation is all around us all the time. Most of it forms naturally ... What is radiation?. Radiation is energy. It travels in the form of energy waves or high-speed particles. Radiation can occur ...

https://medlineplus.gov/radiationexposure.html

Except its neither cosmic, nor is it radiation.. A lots been happening with the comic in the background (and thats the part ... Its Like Cosmic Background Radiation. Posted on 2023-02-15 by Ike Adibe ...

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According to the big bangers, any matter present would destroy the background radiation by causing hot spots leading to thermal ... Taking all other contributions into account that left nothing for the microwave background radiation which they were supposed ... Anisotropies in the radiation field smaller than that, although extremely difficult to measure, must be found for without them ... That left a whopping 3.5 degrees to some unknown radiation. Just a few miles from where they made their discovery at Holmdel NJ ...

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... a very intense one could be associated with the gravitational radiation produced by what are known as topological defects, i.e ... The Cosmological Background of Gravitational Radiation (Part 1). The Cosmological Background of Gravitational Radiation (Part 2 ... The Cosmological Background of Gravitational Radiation (P3). Amongst all those alternative backgrounds, a very intense one ... The Cosmological Background of Gravitational Radiation (Part 3). November 18, 2022. November 18, 2022. by admin ...

https://discoveryking.com/the-cosmological-background-of-gravitational-radiation-part-3/

Then, we will explain where radiation comes from. Finally, we will describe the more important types of radiation to which you ... Of the different types and sources of ionizing radiation, this profile will discuss the three main types: alpha, beta, and ... To explain what ionizing radiation is, we will start with a discussion of atoms, how they come to be radioactive, and how they ... Approximate doses of ionizing radiation above background radiation and some activities. Anyone near a patient released after a ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/PHS/PHS.aspx?phsid=482&toxid=86

His catch is only slightly more radioactive than regular background radiation. The readings under the bridge were 35 times ... "Now the contamination level has decreased several times, but its still higher than background radiation." ... The radiation is relatively low, however: standing next to it is no worse than traveling on an airplane. Thousands of people ... "Radiation is not the worst carcinogenic factor. Smoking and alcohol pose a significantly higher risk," he told RT. ...

https://www.rt.com/russia/465243-kyshtym-nuclear-disaster-mayak/

... ...

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Measurements show safe levels of scattered radiation in selected areas. Adequate shielding ensures safety for patients, staff, ... Study on X-ray machine radiation exposure in Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana. ... The results indicated very small variations in the radiation doses as compared to the background radiation doses at the various ... All measurements were with background radiation of 0.10 μSv/h. It can be shown that as the X-rays parameters keV and m As were ...

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A total of 58 LFA CRAG-negative specimens established background levels of heat radiation. ...

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The total activity of the background radiation of B380 is determined to be 1.523 (34) Bq/cm3. The main sources include 138La at ... However, it has a relatively high intrinsic background radiation because of the naturally occurring radioisotopes in lanthanum ... we carried out a Geant4 simulation of the experimental spectra to evaluate the activities of the main internal radiation ... Saint-Gobain B380 detector by a coincidence measurement using a Clover detector in a low-background shielding system. Moreover ...

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Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is not due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources. (wikipedia.org)
Understanding exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation are relevant since most environmental, diagnostic radiology and occupational exposures lie in this region. (ncbs.res.in)
the amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation in a unit mass of tissue. (cdc.gov)
ionizing radiation from natural sources, such as terrestrial radiation due to radionuclides in the soil or cosmic radiation originating in outer space. (cdc.gov)
reports of the National Research Council's committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. (cdc.gov)
Ionizing radiation causes many forms of cancer. (sciencing.com)
A link may also exist between ionizing radiation and cancers of the pancreas, sinuses and larynx. (sciencing.com)
This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for ionizing radiation . (cdc.gov)
This public health statement tells you about ionizing radiation and the effects of exposure. (cdc.gov)
It does not tell you about non-ionizing radiation, such as microwaves, ultrasound, or ultraviolet radiation. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from many sources. (cdc.gov)
You can learn when and where you may be exposed to sources of ionizing radiation in the exposure section below. (cdc.gov)
However, it's unknown how many of the 1,467 current or former NPL sites have been evaluated for the presence of ionizing radiation sources. (cdc.gov)
As more sites are evaluated, the sites with ionizing radiation may increase. (cdc.gov)
This information is important because exposure to ionizing radiation may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Even in the event that you are exposed, it does not necessarily mean you will be harmed or suffer longterm health effects from exposure to ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
If you are exposed to ionizing radiation, many factors determine whether you'll be harmed. (cdc.gov)
What is ionizing radiation? (cdc.gov)
To explain what ionizing radiation is, we will start with a discussion of atoms, how they come to be radioactive, and how they give off ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
Of the different types and sources of ionizing radiation, this profile will discuss the three main types: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. (cdc.gov)
Before defining ionizing radiation, it is useful to first describe an atom. (cdc.gov)
Ionizing radiation is energy that is carried by several types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material, x ray machines, and fuel elements in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
Radiation injury is damage to tissues caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
Large doses of ionizing radiation can cause acute illness by reducing the production of blood cells and damaging the digestive tract. (msdmanuals.com)
A very large dose of ionizing radiation can also damage the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system), brain, and skin. (msdmanuals.com)
Ionizing radiation can increase the risk of cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
In general, ionizing radiation refers to high-energy electromagnetic waves (x-rays and gamma rays) and particles (alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons) that are capable of stripping electrons from atoms (ionization). (msdmanuals.com)
By changing molecules in the highly ordered environment of the cell, ionizing radiation can disrupt and damage cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Depending on the magnitude of the dose, organs exposed, and types of radiation cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation can cause acute illness, increase the risk of developing cancer, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
Ionizing radiation is emitted by radioactive substances (radionuclides), such as uranium, radon, and plutonium. (msdmanuals.com)
In this discussion, "radiation" refers exclusively to ionizing radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
Some of these tests involve exposure to ionizing radiation, which can present risks to patients. (cdc.gov)
As in many areas of medicine, there are risks associated with the use of medical imaging which uses ionizing radiation to create images of the body. (cdc.gov)
Health effects that could occur after a large acute exposure to ionizing radiation such as skin reddening and hair loss. (cdc.gov)
How can you reduce your exposure to diagnostic ionizing radiation? (cdc.gov)
Checking to see if a test that does not use ionizing radiation can provide similar information. (cdc.gov)

The International Atomic Energy Agency states: "Exposure to radiation from natural sources is an inescapable feature of everyday life in both working and public environments. (wikipedia.org)
an exposure to radiation that occurred in a matter of minutes rather than in longer, continuing exposure over a period of time. (cdc.gov)
The roentgen (R) is a measure of the ionizing ability of radiation in air and is commonly used to express the intensity of exposure to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
The gray (Gy) and sievert (Sv) are measures of the dose of radiation, which is the amount of radiation deposited in matter, and are the units used to measure dose in humans after exposure to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)

For more information, see CDC's fact sheet "Acute Radiation Syndrome" at emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ars.htm . (cdc.gov)
Twenty-eight firefighters died within three days after the disaster due to acute radiation syndrome. (sciencing.com)

Background radiation is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency as "Dose or the dose rate (or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate) attributable to all sources other than the one(s) specified. (wikipedia.org)
So a distinction is made between the dose which is already in a location, which is defined here as being "background", and the dose due to a deliberately introduced and specified source. (wikipedia.org)
However, if no radiation source is specified as being of concern, then the total radiation dose measurement at a location is generally called the background radiation, and this is usually the case where an ambient dose rate is measured for environmental purposes. (wikipedia.org)
A local monazite-rich high level natural radiation area (HLNRA) in the state of Kerala on the south-west coast of Indian subcontinent show radiation doses extending from ≤ 1 to ≥ 45 mGy/y and thus, serve as a model resource to understand low dose mechanisms directly on healthy humans. (ncbs.res.in)
Several proteins involved in diverse biological processes such as DNA repair, RNA processing, chromatin modifications and cytoskeletal organization showed distinct expression in HLNRA individuals, suggestive of both recovery and adaptation to low dose radiation. (ncbs.res.in)
a serious illness caused by receiving a dose greater than 75 rads of penetrating radiation to the body in a short time (usually minutes). (cdc.gov)
These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and the type of radiation. (cdc.gov)
An individual's radiation dose can be increased in two ways, contamination and irradiation. (msdmanuals.com)
The study supports the extrapolation of high-dose rate risk models to protracted exposures at natural background exposure levels. (csrp.jp)

This is important where radiation measurements are taken of a specified radiation source, where the existing background may affect this measurement. (wikipedia.org)
An example would be measurement of radioactive contamination in a gamma radiation background, which could increase the total reading above that expected from the contamination alone. (wikipedia.org)
For more information, see " Primer on Radiation Measurement " at the end of this document. (cdc.gov)
These values were all within the background measurement of 0.10 μ Sv/hr. (scirp.org)
In this study, we identified the radioactive isotopes in the ϕ 3" × 3" Saint-Gobain B380 detector by a coincidence measurement using a Clover detector in a low-background shielding system. (sinap.ac.cn)
LaBr 3 (Ce) detector Coincidence measurement technique Intrinsic radiation GEANT4 simulation 1 Introduction 1 As a new type of inorganic scintillator, the LaBr 3 (Ce) crystal has a high density of 5.08 g/cm 3 , a high light output of approximately 63 photons/keV γ , a fast decay time of approximately 16 ns [ 1 1 ], and a good temperature response. (sinap.ac.cn)

The direct effects of radiation on the bowel mucosa lead to acute radiation enteritis. (medscape.com)

They also try get more information about the exposure, such as what type of radiation it was, how far away you were from the source of the radiation, and how long you were exposed. (medlineplus.gov)

If you were exposed to certain types of radiation, your provider may give you a treatment that limits or removes the contamination that is inside your body. (medlineplus.gov)
Finally, we will describe the more important types of radiation to which you may be exposed. (cdc.gov)
The Gy and Sv are similar, except the Sv takes into account the effectiveness of different types of radiation to cause damage and the sensitivity of different tissues in the body to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)

These include both cosmic radiation and environmental radioactivity from naturally occurring radioactive materials (such as radon and radium), as well as man-made medical X-rays, fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents. (wikipedia.org)
Radiation exposures were estimated for mother's residence at the child's birth from national databases, using the County District mean for gamma rays, and a predictive map based on domestic measurements grouped by geological boundaries for radon. (csrp.jp)

The radiation doses rates measured in the various locations in the Radiology Department of Cape Coast Teaching Hospital of Ghana were in the range of 0.10 μ Sv/hr to 0.12 μ Sv/hr. (scirp.org)
Moreover, there were no risks of high radiation doses to patients, staffs and people visiting the X-ray department. (scirp.org)
Radiation injury due to large and very large doses is referred to as a tissue reaction. (msdmanuals.com)

Edema and the presence of tumor render the CNS parenchyma in the tumor bed more susceptible to radiation necrosis. (medscape.com)
Postoperative adhesions that fix small bowel loops within the pelvis make these loops susceptible to radiation injury. (medscape.com)

Even exposure to safe levels of radiation may increase a person's risk of developing cancer. (sciencing.com)

Because radiation is increasingly used to treat pelvic malignancies, the surgical prevention and treatment of the complications of radiation enteritis and proctitis continues to evolve. (medscape.com)
Doctors remove as much external and internal (that which is inhaled or ingested) radioactive material as possible and treat symptoms and complications of radiation injury. (msdmanuals.com)

Exposure to high levels of radiation causes a condition known as radiation sickness. (sciencing.com)
What are the treatments for acute radiation sickness? (medlineplus.gov)

But during the time that humans have existed the amount of radiation has decreased very little. (wikipedia.org)

In addition to this internal exposure, humans also receive external exposure from radioactive materials that remain outside the body and from cosmic radiation from space. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response proteins. (ncbs.res.in)
Humans encounter background radiation every day. (sciencing.com)
Humans suffer few ill effects when the background radiation remains within these levels. (sciencing.com)

During the operation of an X-ray machine, if the radiation protection of X-ray room is insufficient, not only the patient but also clinical staffs as well as public are exposed to high X-ray exposures. (scirp.org)
The scattered radiation exposures of X-rays in some selected areas within the facility were measured. (scirp.org)

On the basis of several experiments, it was recognized that most of the properties of this radiation are similar to those of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelengths. (scirp.org)

Radiation also causes mutations to a person's genetic code. (sciencing.com)
Once in the body, radioactive material may be transported to various sites, such as the bone marrow, where it continues to emit radiation, increasing the person's radiation exposure, until it is removed or emits all its energy (decays). (msdmanuals.com)

What are the sources of radiation exposure? (medlineplus.gov)

We have devoted our research activities to developing high accuracy component separation scheme which is able to separate cosmic microwave background radiation signal and foreground emission components signals originated from interstellar matter in our Galaxy from observed polarization data in microwave bands. (nii.ac.jp)

[ 5 ] Once the risks associated with radiation therapy were recognized, attempts followed to prevent these complications. (medscape.com)
If your health care provider recommends a test that uses radiation, ask about its risks and benefits. (medlineplus.gov)

The data will allow better integration of radiation biology and epidemiology for risk assessment [Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022380]. (ncbs.res.in)

As opposed to the focal nature of radiation necrosis, diffuse cerebral atrophy is characterized by bihemispheric sulci enlargement, brain atrophy, and ventriculomegaly. (medscape.com)
Since the nature of radiation was hitherto unknown, it was called X-rays. (scirp.org)

In some cases, you may be able to have a different test that does not use radiation. (medlineplus.gov)

It may be seen in greater than 90% of patients older than 60 years who have been successfully treated with combination chemotherapy and whole-brain radiation. (medscape.com)

Other sources are man-made, such as x-rays, radiation therapy to treat cancer, and electrical power lines. (medlineplus.gov)

That left a whopping 3.5 degrees to some unknown radiation. (bernardlavenda.org)
The discovery of new and unknown radiation stimulated the imagination of many workers who made serious attempts to establish its nature. (scirp.org)

They also pose a serious internal radiation threat if beta-emitting atoms are ingested or inhaled . (cdc.gov)
Moreover, we carried out a Geant4 simulation of the experimental spectra to evaluate the activities of the main internal radiation components. (sinap.ac.cn)
The present study aims to identify the components of internal radiation in LaBr 3 (Ce) and to deduce their activities. (sinap.ac.cn)

The conclusive evidence that the universe began in a fiery ball of radiation, some 13.8 billion years ago, came from the discovery of what the Russians have called 'relic' radiation even before it was discovered! (bernardlavenda.org)
Just a few miles from where they made their discovery at Holmdel NJ, Dicke and Peebles were working on Gamow's conjecture of a hot big bang as the birth of the universe whose relic radiation would be about 5 degrees Kelvin. (bernardlavenda.org)
This type of process is also called pre-heating of the Universe , referring to the fact the resulting radiation is not yet in thermal equilibrium, and that only at later stages will it be possible to deﬁne a cosmic temperature. (discoveryking.com)
On The Uniformity of the Observed Universe and the Cosmic Background Radiation. (institutefortheoreticalphysics.org)

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission does not let its licensees expose the public to more than 100 millirems of background radiation. (sciencing.com)
The granite of the United States Capitol building gives off higher levels of background radiation than homes made of brick or stone, according to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission website. (sciencing.com)

Both radiation enteritis and proctitis have acute (early) and chronic (late) manifestations. (medscape.com)
Chronic radiation enteritis is an indolent but relentlessly progressive disease. (medscape.com)
Chronic intestinal radiation injury is a result of transmural bowel damage with associated obliterative endarteritis. (medscape.com)

But if you do need a test that uses radiation, do some research into the local imaging facilities. (medlineplus.gov)

Terrestrial radiation, for the purpose of the table above, only includes sources that remain external to the body. (wikipedia.org)
The level over the sea and other large bodies of water tends to be about a tenth of the terrestrial background. (wikipedia.org)

Radiation can occur naturally or be man-made. (medlineplus.gov)
However, it has a relatively high intrinsic background radiation because of the naturally occurring radioisotopes in lanthanum, actinium, and their daughter nuclei. (sinap.ac.cn)

In Europe, average natural background exposure by country ranges from under 2 mSv (200 mrem) annually in the United Kingdom to more than 7 mSv (700 mrem) annually for some groups of people in Finland. (wikipedia.org)

Radiation necrosis can occur when radiotherapy is used to treat primary CNS tumors, metastatic disease, or head and neck malignancies. (medscape.com)
While the term radiation necrosis is used to refer to radiation injury, pathology is not limited to necrosis and a spectrum of injury patterns may occur. (medscape.com)
Radiation necrosis and diffuse cerebral atrophy are considered long-term complications of radiotherapy that occur from months to decades after radiation treatment. (medscape.com)
Most of the radiation people get exposed to does not occur in high enough concentrations to cause any ill effects. (sciencing.com)

Background radiation can also come from outer space and the sun. (medlineplus.gov)

But too much radiation can damage tissues by changing cell structure and damaging DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

We conducted a large record-based case-control study testing associations between childhood cancer and natural background radiation. (csrp.jp)
A small increase in the likelihood that a person exposed to radiation will develop cancer later in life. (cdc.gov)

The symptoms of most patients resolve within weeks of radiation therapy cessation. (medscape.com)
Patients may present with symptoms within months or even decades after the injuring radiation therapy. (medscape.com)
How soon they get sick again, which symptoms they have, and how sick they get depends on the amount of radiation they received. (medlineplus.gov)
They will ask about your symptoms, do blood tests, and may use a device that measures radiation. (medlineplus.gov)

If the background radiation rises above acceptable levels, the affected area experiences higher incidents of certain diseases. (sciencing.com)
Certain building materials expose the residents to higher levels of background radiation than others. (sciencing.com)
People respond differently to the same levels of radiation. (sciencing.com)
Exposure to low levels of radiation in the environment does not cause immediate health effects. (medlineplus.gov)
A total of 58 LFA CRAG-negative specimens established background levels of heat radiation. (cdc.gov)
2,000 hrs at normal background radiation levels. (seintl.com)

these are not "dosimeters" but "glass badges" that passively collect radiation information. (infiniteunknown.net)

Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. (dnatube.com)
A globally ﬂat graviton spectrum may also be produced in the context of the pre-Big-Bang scenario if the metric ﬂuctuations, besides their primordial, direct ampliﬁcation due to inﬂation, are indirectly ampliﬁed even during the post-Big-Bang era thanks to the presence of a cosmic background of particles called axions. (discoveryking.com)

The body replaces dead cells killed by radiation exposure through the same biological processes that it uses to replace other cells. (sciencing.com)
How sensitive your body is to radiation. (medlineplus.gov)
Before they start treatment, health care professionals need to figure out how much radiation your body absorbed. (medlineplus.gov)
It wasn't until the launch of the COBE and Planck satellites that the unsymmetrical bell-shaped curve characteristic of black body radiation was supposedly mapped out--and at the precise temperature reported by Penzias and Wilson. (bernardlavenda.org)
We won't even question what consists the opaque enclosure necessary to obtain black body radiation. (bernardlavenda.org)
The longer a person is exposed to radiation, the more energy the body will be absorbed from the radiation. (scirp.org)
This is not to be mistaken with the idea that the radiation will somewhat stay in the body causing other health effects. (scirp.org)
Any time radiation interacts with the body, it has the potential to damage the cells in the body, possibly leading to health effects. (scirp.org)
How much radiation people are exposed to and how much is deposited in their body may be very different. (msdmanuals.com)
Providing protective lead shielding to prevent exposing other areas of the body to radiation. (cdc.gov)

X-rays and gamma-rays are really just light ( electromagnetic radiation ) that has very high energy. (nasa.gov)
It won't help these children or their parents to avoid high-radiation areas and spots, it won't tell them how much radiation they will have been exposed unless they are sent in to a company to interpret the data. (infiniteunknown.net)
Functional analysis of polymorphism haplotypes of MGMT in residents of high background radiation area. (bvsalud.org)
To investigate the distribution of polymorphisms and their frequent haplotypes in the regulatory region of MGMT in residents of high background radiation area (HBRA) and their impacts on transcriptional activity, we collected DNA samples from 83 healthy Chinese residents in HBRA and searched for genetic polymorphisms in the regulatory region of MGMT. (bvsalud.org)
In the cosmic string case - studied in particular by Alexander Vilenkin, Bruce Allen, Richard Battye, Robert Caldwell, and Paul Shellard - the resulting background is characterized by a spectrum which is ﬂat at high frequencies, but much more intense than the de Sitter spectrum, as shown in the ﬁgure. (discoveryking.com)
These radiations are produced mainly by machines when high voltage electrons interact with matter. (scirp.org)
Conversely, the LaBr 3 (Ce) detector has a relatively high intrinsic background radiation [ 11 11 , 17 17 - 21 21 17-21 ], which is typically at least 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the NaI(Tl) detector. (sinap.ac.cn)

Background radiation varies with location and time, and the following table gives examples: Radioactive material is found throughout nature. (wikipedia.org)

Although the benefits of treatment with radiation are well established, damage to the healthy, nonneoplastic tissue may be severe. (medscape.com)

In the clinical situation of a recurrent astrocytoma (postradiation therapy), radiation necrosis presents a diagnostic dilemma. (medscape.com)

What they call monitoring means only measuring the amount of radiation in the air. (infiniteunknown.net)
They can pose a serious direct or external radiation threat and can be lethal depending on the amount received. (cdc.gov)
At the end of inﬂation this ﬁelds enters an oscillating phase, and if the oscillations become resonant it is possible to produce a huge amount of radiation of any kind, including a gravitational component, as discussed by Bruce Bassett, Sergei Khlebnikov, and Igor Tkachev. (discoveryking.com)
The amount of radiation is measured in several different units. (msdmanuals.com)
Making certain the least possible amount of radiation needed to obtain a good quality image is used for your procedure. (cdc.gov)
If you are pregnant, the doctor may decide that it would be best to cancel the medical imaging procedure, to postpone it, or to modify it to reduce the amount of radiation. (cdc.gov)

Radiation necrosis, a focal structural lesion that usually occurs at the original tumor site, is a potential long-term central nervous system (CNS) complication of radiotherapy or radiosurgery. (medscape.com)
Radiation necrosis is part of a series of clinical syndromes related to CNS complications of radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
In 1917, the first case was reported of the development of radiation enteritis following the use of radiotherapy to treat malignancy. (medscape.com)

Depleted uranium has several peaceful applications: as counterweights or ballast in aircraft, radiation shields in medical equipment used for radiation therapy and containers for the transport of radioactive materials. (who.int)

One of the major and debilitating adverse effects of radiation therapy is the development of radiation enteritis and proctitis. (medscape.com)
As the use of radiation therapy and x-rays in medicine increased, the harmful adverse effects were better recognized. (medscape.com)
Warren and Friedman described both the early and late effects of radiation therapy on the intestine. (medscape.com)
The development of improved dosimetry techniques, as well as patient selection and positioning during delivery of radiation therapy, were crucial to decrease the harmful effects of radiation on the intestines. (medscape.com)
What are the health effects of radiation exposure? (medlineplus.gov)
A fetus is most vulnerable to the effects of radiation. (medlineplus.gov)

The International Workshops on Radiation Imaging Detectors are held yearly and provide an international forum for discussing current research and developments in the area of position sensitive detectors for radiation imaging, including semiconductor, gas and scintillator-based detectors. (cern.ch)

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations1

Humanities1

Information Science1

Health Care3

Geographicals1

Radiation exposure to sonographers from fluorine-18-FDG PET patients. (1/58)

An introductory overview of the epidemiological study on the population at the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. (2/58)

Measurements of Rn-222, Rn-220 and their decay products in the environmental air of the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. (3/58)

Cancer mortality in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China during the period between 1979 and 1995. (4/58)

Excess relative risk of solid cancer mortality after prolonged exposure to naturally occurring high background radiation in Yangjiang, China. (5/58)

A case-control study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China. (6/58)

Dose-effect relationship of dicentric and ring chromosomes in lymphocytes of individuals living in the high background radiation areas in China. (7/58)

Chromosome translocation in residents of the high background radiation areas in southern China. (8/58)

Background Radiation

Potassium Radioisotopes

Thorium

Radiation Dosage

Radon

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

Spectrometry, Gamma

Radiometry

Gamma Rays

Environmental Exposure

China

Propaganda

Plutonium

Radiobiology

Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis

Encephalitis, St. Louis

Strontium Radioisotopes

Radiation exposure to sonographers from fluorine-18-FDG PET patients. (1/58)

An introductory overview of the epidemiological study on the population at the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. (2/58)

Measurements of Rn-222, Rn-220 and their decay products in the environmental air of the high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. (3/58)

Cancer mortality in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China during the period between 1979 and 1995. (4/58)

Excess relative risk of solid cancer mortality after prolonged exposure to naturally occurring high background radiation in Yangjiang, China. (5/58)

A case-control study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China. (6/58)

Dose-effect relationship of dicentric and ring chromosomes in lymphocytes of individuals living in the high background radiation areas in China. (7/58)

Chromosome translocation in residents of the high background radiation areas in southern China. (8/58)

Background radiation

Cosmic background radiation

Galactic Radiation and Background

Background radiation equivalent time

Diffuse extragalactic background radiation

Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation

Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards

Ionizing radiation

Large Latin American Millimeter Array

Radiation exposure

Radiation hormesis

Orders of magnitude (radiation)

List of space telescopes

Black-body radiation

Internet background noise

Network telescope

Pechora-Kama Canal

Rainer Weiss

IC 1101

List of cosmic microwave background experiments

Jane Blankenship

Diffusion damping

Comoving and proper distances

Rotating spheres

Plexopathy

Rafael Rebolo López

SL-1

Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon

Robert H. Dicke

List of unsolved problems in physics

Radiation Necrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

Background radiation - Wikipedia

Background - Electromagnetic Radiation

Background Radiation Calligraphies By Richard Lazzara | absolutearts.com

Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response...

ALERT! - Saint Louis, MO: Radioactive Rain At 2.76 mR/Hr, 270 Times Over Background Radiation, Highest Reading So Far (Oct. 17,...

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Radiation Enteritis and Proctitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

Glossary of Radiological Terms | CDC

Chronic Gastritis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

Cosmic background radiation

ATSDR - Oak Ridge Reservation - ORRHES Meeting Minutes

Functional analysis of polymorphism haplotypes of MGMT in residents of high background radiation area. | Mutagenesis;38(2):...

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Cosmic Background Radiation | Quran Miracles

The Effects of Background Radiation | Sciencing

What is Radiation? - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and Animation Site

Radiation Exposure: MedlinePlus

It's Like Cosmic Background Radiation » Electric Fencer Webcomic 🌩🤺

The Ludicrous Story of the Microwave Background Radiation

The Cosmological Background of Gravitational Radiation (Part 3) - DiscoveryKing

Ionizing Radiation | Public Health Statement | ATSDR

River of radiation: Life in the area of the world's 3rd-worst nuclear disaster - RT Russia & Former Soviet Union

On The Uniformity of the Observed Universe and the Cosmic Background Radiation.

Scatter Radiation Dose Assessment in the Radiology Department of Cape Coast Teaching Hospital-Ghana