Bacillus megaterium
Spores, Bacterial
Spores
Bacillus cereus
Megacins
Glucose Dehydrogenases
Picolinic Acids
Pimelic Acids
Protoplasts
Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase
Barbiturates
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase
Bacillus thuringiensis
Diaminopimelic Acid
Bacillus
Sporosarcina
Culture Media
Peptidoglycan
Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases
Cell Wall
Molecular Sequence Data
RNA, Bacterial
Indophenol
Hexachlorophene
Chromatography, Paper
Bacteriolysis
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Amino Acid Sequence
Sigma Factor
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
Cloning, Molecular
Escherichia coli
Base Sequence
Microbial catabolism of vanillate: decarboxylation to guaiacol. (1/655)
A novel catabolic transformation of vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) by microorganisms is reported. Several strains of Bacillus megaterium and a strain of Streptomyces are shown to convert vanillate to guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) and CO2 by nonoxidative decarboxylation. Use of a modified most-probable-number procedure shows that numerous soils contain countable numbers (10(1) to 10(2) organisms per g of dry soil) of aerobic sporeformers able to convert vanillate to guaiacol. Conversion of vanillate to guaiacol by the microfloras of most-probable-number replicates was used as the criterion for scoring replicates positive or negative. Guaiacol was detected by thin-layer chromatography. These results indicate that the classic separations of catabolic pathways leading to specific ring-fashion substrates such as protocatechuate and catechol are often interconnectable by single enzymatic transformations, usually a decarboxylation. (+info)Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides during germination. (2/655)
A considerable amount of evidence suggests that metabolism of germinants or metabolism stimulated by them is involved in triggering bacterial-spore germination. On the assumption that such a metabolic trigger might lead to relatively small biochemical changes in the first few minutes of germination, sensitive analytical techniques were used to detect any changes in spore components during the L-alanine-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium KM spores. These experiments showed that no changes in spore free amino acids or ATP occurred until 2-3 min after L-alanine addition. Spores contained almost no oxo acids (pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate), malate or reduced NAD. These compounds were again not detectable until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is suggested, therefore, that metabolism associated with these intermediates is not involved in the triggering of germination of this organism. (+info)Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Use of L-[3H]alanine and tritiated water to detect metabolism. (3/655)
L-[2,3-3H]Alanine was used to probe for metabolism of alanine during triggering of germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium KM. No detectable incorporation of label into any compound, including water, was found, indicating that any metabolism involving the alanine germinant must be at a very low rate and also that alanine racemase is absent from spores of this strain. Spores were germinated in 3H2O to find if any of the many metabolic reactions causing irreversible incorporation of 3H into reaction products took place during triggering of germination. No incorporation was detected until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is therefore concluded that a wide variety of metabolic routes, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism are either not involved in the reactions causing the triggering of germination or operate at an extremely low rate during this process. (+info)Adjuvant effect of a peptidoglycan attached covalently to a synthetic antigen provoking anti-phage antibodies. (4/655)
The synthetic antigen denoted P2-A--L, comprising the fragment P2 of the coat protein of MS-2 coliphage attached to multichain poly-DL-alanine, served for the immunization of guinea-pigs. Immunization was carried out either in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in the presence or absence of a small molecular weight peptidoglycan prepared from Bacillus megaterium, which was checked for its adjuvant effect. The various antisera were assessed by their capacity to neutralize MS-2 bacteriophage viability. When injected in PBS or FIA, P2-A--L did not elicit any measurable anti-phage activity. Addition of the peptidoglycan by simple mixing did not bring about a significant increase in antibody production. However, when the peptidoglycan was chemically linked to the P2-A--L conjugate, it had a marked adjuvant effect when the material was administered in FIA, almost identical to the extent of the effect of Freund's complete adjuvant. (+info)Purification and characterization of additional low-molecular-weight basic proteins degraded during germination of Bacillus megaterium spores. (5/655)
Dormant spores Bacillus megaterium contained a group of low-molecular-weight (5,000 to 11,000) basic (pI greater than 9.4) proteins (termed D, E, F, and G proteins) which could be extracted from disrupted spores with strong acids. These proteins were distinct from the previously described A, B, and C proteins which are degraded during spore germination. However, the D, E, F, and G proteins were also rapidly degraded during spore germination, accounting for 10 to 15% of the protein degraded. Proteins similar to the D, E, F, and G species were also present in spores of other bacterial species. In B. megaterium, the D, E, F, and G proteins were low or absent (less than 15% of the spore level) in vegetative and young sporulating cells and appeared only late in sporulation. The D, E, F, and G proteins were purified to homogeneity, and all contained a high percentage of hydrophilic amino acids; one protein (G) contained 31% basic amino acids and also contained tryptophan. All four proteins were rapidly degraded in vitro by dormant spore extracts. Two proteins (D and F) were degraded in vitro by the previously described spore protease which initiates degradation of the A, B, and C proteins in vivo; the spore enzyme (s) degrading proteins E and G have not been identified. (+info)Membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase activities from Bacillus megaterium KM at pH 7. General properties, substrate specificity and inhibition by beta-lactam antibiotics. (6/655)
1. The membranes from Bacillus megaterium KM contained a DD-carboxypeptidase with optimum activity under the following conditions: pH 7; ionic strength, 1.3 M; temperature, 40 degrees C and below 20 degrees C. It did not require any divalent cation, but was inactivated by Cu2+ and Hg2+. It was stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanol and low concentrations of p-chloromercuribenzoate. 2. The membrane preparation also catalyzed a simple transpeptidation reaction using as carboxyl acceptors D-alanine or glycine. 3. The conditions for optimum activity, temperature-inactivation, temperature-dependence of the activity, carboxyl donor specificity, sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics, and insensitivity to potential peptide inhibitors of both enzyme activities, was identical. The DD-carboxypeptidase showed inhibition by D-alanine and Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala. 4. The inhibition by beta-lactam antibiotic was reversible for both enzymic activities and the time-dependence for their recovery was identical. 5. The DD-carboxypeptidase was very sensitive to changes in the configuration and size of the side-chains of the C-terminal dipeptide of the substrate. Amino acid residues at the C-terminus that precluded the peptide from being a DD-carboxypeptidase substrate were not acceptors in the transpeptidation reaction. Dipeptides were not acceptors for the 'model transpeptidase'. 6. It is suggested that both activities are catalysed by the same enzyme molecule, whose physiological role is not the formation of peptide crosslinks during peptidoglycan biosynthesis. (+info)Effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on in vitro peptidoglycan cross-linking by a particulate fraction from Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus megaterium KM. (7/655)
The binding constants of several beta-lactam antibiotics towards penicillin-binding components in Escherichia coli K-12 (Spratt, Eur. J. Biochem. 72:341-352, 1977) and the antibiotic concentrations required to inhibit the peptidoglycan transpeptidase of E. coli 50% were compared. Penicillin-binding component 1B may have been the transpeptidase working in vitro. The structure-activity relationships of beta-lactam antibiotics and the mechanisms of action in E. coli and Bacillus megaterium are discussed. (+info)Cloning of oxetanocin A biosynthetic and resistance genes that reside on a plasmid of Bacillus megaterium strain NK84-0128. (8/655)
Bacillus megaterium strain NK84-0218 produces a potent antiviral antibiotic, oxetanocin A, which has an oxetanosyl-N-glycoside linkage to an adenine moiety. However, the oxetanocin A productivity of the original strain was unstable and low. In this study, oxetanocin A productivity and resistance was shown to be lost simultaneously when a 51.5-kb plasmid, pOXT1, was cured during cultivation. The deficiency of oxetanocin A productivity and resistance was restored by re-introduction of the pOXT1 plasmid into the cured strain. By a cloning experiment it was shown that a 6.8-kb BglI-D fragment of the pOXT1 plasmid was responsible for oxetanocin A productivity and resistance. (+info)Bacillus megaterium is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and decaying plant material. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. In the medical field, Bacillus megaterium is not typically associated with human disease. However, it has been studied for its potential use in biotechnology and as a model organism for studying bacterial genetics and metabolism. One of the most notable features of Bacillus megaterium is its ability to produce large amounts of vitamin B12, which is important for human health. It has also been used as a host for the production of recombinant proteins, such as insulin and human growth hormone, in biotechnology applications.
Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. It is a member of the Bacillus genus and is known for its ability to form endospores, which are highly resistant to environmental stressors such as heat, radiation, and chemicals. In the medical field, B. subtilis is used in a variety of applications, including as a probiotic to promote gut health, as a source of enzymes for industrial processes, and as a model organism for studying bacterial genetics and metabolism. It has also been studied for its potential use in the treatment of certain infections, such as those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, it is important to note that B. subtilis can also cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from mild skin infections to more serious bloodstream infections. As such, it is important to use caution when working with this bacterium and to follow proper safety protocols to prevent the spread of infection.
Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil, food, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. It is a member of the Bacillus genus, which includes several other species of bacteria that are important in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and food science. Bacillus cereus can cause a variety of illnesses in humans, including food poisoning, emetic (vomiting) syndrome, and diarrhea. Food poisoning caused by B. cereus is typically associated with the consumption of improperly cooked or stored food, particularly rice, pasta, and other carbohydrate-rich dishes. The symptoms of food poisoning caused by B. cereus can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, and can be severe in some cases. In addition to causing illness in humans, B. cereus can also cause infections in animals, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. It has also been implicated in cases of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems. Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of food and is often difficult to detect and eliminate. However, proper food handling and cooking practices can help to reduce the risk of illness caused by this bacterium.
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Glucose dehydrogenases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone, with the concomitant reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. There are several types of glucose dehydrogenases, including glucose dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, glucose dehydrogenase from Aspergillus niger, and glucose dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These enzymes are used in various medical applications, such as the diagnosis of diabetes, the determination of blood glucose levels, and the production of antibiotics.
Picolinic acids are a group of organic compounds that are naturally occurring in certain foods, such as tea, coffee, and certain types of nuts. They are also found in some bacteria and fungi. In the medical field, picolinic acids are sometimes used as a dietary supplement or as a treatment for certain conditions. They are believed to have a number of potential health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving liver function, and supporting the immune system. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of picolinic acids, and they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment without consulting a healthcare professional.
Bacterial proteins are proteins that are synthesized by bacteria. They are essential for the survival and function of bacteria, and play a variety of roles in bacterial metabolism, growth, and pathogenicity. Bacterial proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, metabolic enzymes, regulatory proteins, and toxins. Structural proteins provide support and shape to the bacterial cell, while metabolic enzymes are involved in the breakdown of nutrients and the synthesis of new molecules. Regulatory proteins control the expression of other genes, and toxins can cause damage to host cells and tissues. Bacterial proteins are of interest in the medical field because they can be used as targets for the development of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. They can also be used as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections, and as vaccines to prevent bacterial diseases. Additionally, some bacterial proteins have been shown to have therapeutic potential, such as enzymes that can break down harmful substances in the body or proteins that can stimulate the immune system.
Pimelic acids are a type of saturated fatty acid that are found in the cell walls of certain bacteria and archaea. They are also found in small amounts in some plants and animals. Pimelic acids are typically composed of 16 carbon atoms and have a distinctive chemical structure that makes them unique among fatty acids. In the medical field, pimelic acids have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, including their ability to modulate the immune system and to have anti-inflammatory properties. They have also been shown to have antimicrobial activity against certain types of bacteria and fungi. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical applications of pimelic acids.
Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is the causative agent of anthrax, a serious infectious disease that can affect humans and animals. Anthrax can present in several forms, including cutaneous (skin), inhalation (lung), and gastrointestinal anthrax. In humans, cutaneous anthrax is the most common form and typically occurs after exposure to contaminated soil or animal products. Inhalation anthrax is the most severe form and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Gastrointestinal anthrax is rare and typically occurs after consuming contaminated meat or milk. B. anthracis is a highly infectious organism that can be spread through the air, contact with contaminated materials, or ingestion of contaminated food or water. The bacteria produce a potent toxin that can cause severe inflammation and damage to tissues, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for anthrax typically involves antibiotics, such as penicillin or ciprofloxacin, and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary. Vaccines are also available to prevent anthrax, and post-exposure prophylaxis can be given to individuals who have been exposed to the bacteria.
Glucose 1-dehydrogenase (G1DH) is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of glucose in the body. It is involved in the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important step in the process of glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to produce energy. G1DH is found in a variety of tissues in the body, including the liver, muscle, and pancreas. In the liver, G1DH is involved in the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and fatty acids. In the pancreas, G1DH is involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels by converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, which can then be stored as glycogen or used for energy. G1DH is also involved in the metabolism of other sugars, such as galactose and fructose.
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that are used as sedatives, hypnotics, and anesthetics. They work by slowing down the activity of the central nervous system, which can help to reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and induce sleep. Barbiturates are also used to treat certain types of seizures and to control agitation in people with mental illnesses. Barbiturates are available in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. They are typically prescribed for short-term use, as they can be habit-forming and can cause dependence if used for extended periods of time. Barbiturates can also be dangerous when combined with other drugs, including alcohol, and can cause respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. In the medical field, barbiturates are used to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety, insomnia, and pain. They are also used as anesthetic agents in surgery and for the treatment of certain types of seizures. However, due to their potential for abuse and dependence, barbiturates are now only available by prescription and are typically reserved for use in severe cases where other treatments have been ineffective.
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase, also known as NR5A1, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of iron in the body. It is responsible for reducing ferrihemoprotein (Fe3+) to ferrous hemoprotein (Fe2+), which is an essential step in the absorption and transport of iron in the body. NR5A1 is primarily expressed in the liver, small intestine, and bone marrow, where it is involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis. It is also involved in the metabolism of other metals, such as copper and zinc. Deficiency or dysfunction of NR5A1 can lead to iron deficiency anemia, a condition characterized by low levels of iron in the body, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. It can also lead to other metabolic disorders, such as copper deficiency and zinc deficiency. In the medical field, NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase is an important target for the development of new treatments for iron deficiency anemia and other metabolic disorders.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium that is commonly used in the medical field as a biological control agent against various insect pests. The bacterium produces a protein called delta-endotoxin, which is toxic to certain insects but harmless to humans and other animals. In the medical field, Bt is used to develop insecticidal biopesticides that are applied to crops to control insect pests such as caterpillars, beetles, and flies. These biopesticides are considered to be safer and more environmentally friendly than chemical insecticides, as they target specific pests and do not harm non-target organisms. Bt has also been used in medical research to study the mechanisms of insecticide resistance and to develop new insecticides. Additionally, Bt has been genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins for medical use, such as vaccines and cancer treatments.
Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is a chemical compound that is a component of bacterial cell walls. It is a diaminocycloalkane that is synthesized by bacteria as a precursor to the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is the main structural component of bacterial cell walls. DAP is not found in the cell walls of eukaryotic cells, which is one way that bacteria can be distinguished from other types of cells. In the medical field, DAP is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to identify bacterial infections, as the presence of DAP in a sample of cells or tissue can indicate the presence of bacteria. It is also used as a component of some antibiotics, such as vancomycin, which target the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.
DNA, Bacterial refers to the genetic material of bacteria, which is a type of single-celled microorganism that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body. Bacterial DNA is typically circular in shape and contains genes that encode for the proteins necessary for the bacteria to survive and reproduce. In the medical field, bacterial DNA is often studied as a means of identifying and diagnosing bacterial infections. Bacterial DNA can be extracted from samples such as blood, urine, or sputum and analyzed using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA sequencing. This information can be used to identify the specific type of bacteria causing an infection and to determine the most effective treatment. Bacterial DNA can also be used in research to study the evolution and diversity of bacteria, as well as their interactions with other organisms and the environment. Additionally, bacterial DNA can be modified or manipulated to create genetically engineered bacteria with specific properties, such as the ability to produce certain drugs or to degrade pollutants.
Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that are commonly found in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. Some species of Bacillus are pathogenic and can cause infections in humans and other animals, while others are used as probiotics or in the production of various industrial products. In the medical field, Bacillus species are often studied for their potential as therapeutic agents. For example, some species of Bacillus produce antibiotics that can be used to treat bacterial infections. Bacillus subtilis, a common soil bacterium, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, and is being investigated as a potential treatment for various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Bacillus also plays a role in the development of vaccines. The Bacillus anthracis bacterium, which causes anthrax, has been used as a model organism for studying the immune response to bacterial infections. Vaccines against anthrax have been developed using live attenuated strains of B. anthracis, as well as subunit vaccines that contain purified antigens from the bacterium. Overall, Bacillus is an important genus of bacteria that has both beneficial and pathogenic properties, and is the subject of ongoing research in the medical field.
In the medical field, culture media refers to a nutrient-rich substance used to support the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Culture media is typically used in diagnostic laboratories to isolate and identify microorganisms from clinical samples, such as blood, urine, or sputum. Culture media can be classified into two main types: solid and liquid. Solid media is usually a gel-like substance that allows microorganisms to grow in a three-dimensional matrix, while liquid media is a broth or solution that provides nutrients for microorganisms to grow in suspension. The composition of culture media varies depending on the type of microorganism being cultured and the specific needs of that organism. Culture media may contain a variety of nutrients, including amino acids, sugars, vitamins, and minerals, as well as antibiotics or other agents to inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms. Overall, culture media is an essential tool in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, as it allows healthcare professionals to identify the specific microorganisms causing an infection and select the most appropriate treatment.
Peptidoglycan is a complex carbohydrate and protein molecule that forms the cell wall of most bacteria. It is composed of alternating units of sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) and peptides (short chains of amino acids) that are cross-linked together to form a strong, rigid structure. The peptidoglycan layer provides bacteria with structural support and protection against external stresses such as osmotic pressure and mechanical forces. It is also an important target for antibiotics, as many antibiotics work by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of the peptidoglycan layer, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.
Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, to produce aldehydes or ketones. These enzymes play important roles in various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. There are several types of carbohydrate dehydrogenases, including glucose dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase. These enzymes are found in a variety of tissues, including the liver, muscle, and brain, and are involved in a range of physiological processes, such as energy metabolism, detoxification, and the synthesis of important molecules like nucleotides and amino acids. In the medical field, carbohydrate dehydrogenases are often used as diagnostic markers for various diseases and conditions. For example, elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood can be an indicator of liver or muscle damage, while elevated levels of glucose dehydrogenase can be a sign of certain types of cancer or genetic disorders. Additionally, some carbohydrate dehydrogenases are used as targets for the development of new drugs and therapies.
In the medical field, the cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of certain types of cells, such as plant cells and some bacteria. The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the cell, and helps to maintain its shape and integrity. It is composed of various polysaccharides, proteins, and other molecules, and is essential for the survival and function of these types of cells. In some cases, the cell wall may also play a role in cell division and communication with other cells.
RNA, Bacterial refers to the ribonucleic acid molecules that are produced by bacteria. These molecules play a crucial role in the functioning of bacterial cells, including the synthesis of proteins, the regulation of gene expression, and the metabolism of nutrients. Bacterial RNA can be classified into several types, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which all have specific functions within the bacterial cell. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is important for the development of new antibiotics and other treatments for bacterial infections.
Indophenol is a chemical compound that is used as a reagent in various medical tests. It is a blue dye that is used to detect the presence of certain enzymes and other substances in biological samples. In the medical field, indophenol is often used in tests for urinary tract infections, where it is used to detect the presence of the enzyme nitrite, which is produced by certain bacteria in the urinary tract. It is also used in tests for the presence of certain types of bacteria and fungi in blood cultures, and in tests for the presence of certain enzymes in the blood.
Hexachlorophene is a chemical compound that was once commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in hospitals, schools, and households. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. In the medical field, hexachlorophene was used to disinfect surfaces, equipment, and skin. It was also used as an antiseptic in surgical procedures and as a topical treatment for skin infections. However, hexachlorophene has been linked to a number of adverse effects, including skin irritation, allergic reactions, and liver damage. As a result, its use has been restricted or banned in many countries, and alternative disinfectants have been developed.
Chromatography, Paper is a method of separating and analyzing compounds based on their ability to interact with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In this method, a small amount of a sample is applied to a piece of paper or a thin layer of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or alumina. The paper or adsorbent material is then placed in a container filled with a mobile phase, such as a solvent or a gas. As the mobile phase flows over the stationary phase, the compounds in the sample are separated based on their chemical properties, such as their polarity, size, or charge. The separated compounds are then visualized by adding a colorimetric or fluorometric reagent to the paper or adsorbent material, which allows the compounds to be seen as colored or fluorescent bands. Chromatography, Paper is a simple and inexpensive method that is commonly used in the medical field for the analysis of small samples, such as blood, urine, or tissue. It is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of drugs, hormones, and other biomolecules in biological samples.
Bacteriolysis is the process by which bacteria are destroyed or lysed, typically by the action of enzymes produced by other bacteria or by the host immune system. This process is an important mechanism for controlling bacterial infections in the body. Bacteriolysis can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that degrade the bacterial cell wall, the production of toxins that damage the bacterial cell membrane, or the activation of the host immune system to attack and destroy the bacteria. Bacteriolysis can be induced by a variety of factors, including antibiotics, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents. It can also be induced by the host immune system in response to an infection. In the medical field, bacteriolysis is an important tool for treating bacterial infections. Antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents can be used to induce bacteriolysis and help eliminate the bacteria from the body. In some cases, bacteriolysis may also be induced by the host immune system as part of the body's natural defense against infection.
Mixed-function oxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, including drugs, toxins, and endogenous compounds. These enzymes typically contain a non-heme iron or copper atom in their active site, which is coordinated by a variety of amino acid residues. Mixed-function oxygenases are involved in a variety of biological processes, including drug metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification, and the synthesis of important biological molecules such as cholesterol and bile acids. They are also involved in the metabolism of many environmental pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons. In the medical field, mixed-function oxygenases are important because they play a key role in the metabolism of many drugs, which can affect their efficacy and toxicity. For example, the cytochrome P450 family of mixed-function oxygenases is responsible for the metabolism of many commonly prescribed drugs, including anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and anticoagulants. Understanding the role of these enzymes in drug metabolism is important for optimizing drug therapy and minimizing adverse drug reactions.
In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.
In the medical field, a sigma factor is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Sigma factors are part of the RNA polymerase complex, which is responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. Specifically, sigma factors are subunits of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which is the complete enzyme complex that includes the core enzyme and the sigma factor. The sigma factor recognizes specific DNA sequences called promoters, which are located upstream of the genes that are to be transcribed. Once the sigma factor binds to the promoter, it recruits the core enzyme to the promoter, and the transcription process begins. Sigma factors can also interact with other regulatory proteins to modulate gene expression in response to various signals, such as changes in the environment or the presence of specific molecules. Overall, sigma factors play a critical role in controlling gene expression and are involved in many important biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and response to stress.
The cytochrome P-450 enzyme system is a group of enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of a wide variety of drugs, toxins, and other substances in the body. These enzymes are found in the liver, lungs, and other organs, and they play a critical role in the detoxification of harmful substances and the elimination of drugs from the body. The cytochrome P-450 enzymes are classified into several families, each of which is responsible for the metabolism of specific types of compounds. For example, the CYP3A family is responsible for the metabolism of a wide variety of drugs, including many commonly prescribed medications. The CYP2D6 family is responsible for the metabolism of some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and other drugs. The activity of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system can be affected by a variety of factors, including genetic variations, age, sex, and the presence of other medications. In some cases, these factors can lead to differences in the metabolism of drugs, which can affect their effectiveness and the risk of side effects. Overall, the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system plays a critical role in the metabolism of drugs and other substances in the body, and understanding its function is important for the safe and effective use of medications.
Cloning, molecular, in the medical field refers to the process of creating identical copies of a specific DNA sequence or gene. This is achieved through a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies a specific DNA sequence to produce multiple copies of it. Molecular cloning is commonly used in medical research to study the function of specific genes, to create genetically modified organisms for therapeutic purposes, and to develop new drugs and treatments. It is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their DNA. In the context of human cloning, molecular cloning is used to create identical copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence from one individual and insert it into the genome of another individual. This technique has been used to create transgenic animals, but human cloning is currently illegal in many countries due to ethical concerns.
In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.
Bacillus megaterium
Carl Woese
List of Nepenthes endophyte species
Selenate
N-acetyldiaminopimelate deacetylase
Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans
Sulfoglycolysis
Kary Mullis
Pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase
Bacillus isolates
Cobalamin biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Glucose 1-dehydrogenase
CYP109E1
Microbial electrochemical technologies
Megachile rotundata
Algaculture
Steroid 15beta-monooxygenase
Biomineralization
Cytochrome P450 engineering
GPR endopeptidase
Anonychium
Cereulide
Biodegradable plastic
Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase
Α-Galactosidase
Sporosarcina ureae
Muramoyltetrapeptide carboxypeptidase
Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450 BM3
Propagation of CymR regulog to Bacillus megaterium DSM319
Электронная библиотека Ульяновского ГАУ: Бактерии вида Bacillus megaterium - возбудители порчи продуктов питания
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Table of Contents 2014 | Enzyme Research | Hindawi
Three pairs of surrogate redox partners comparison for Class I cytochrome P450 enzyme activity reconstitution | Communications...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
RU2403719C1 - Method of cultivation of sugar beet - Google Patents
Astronauts Tracking Growth of Microbes from Philadelphia on the International Space Station This Week | Discover Magazine
Ligand view of LL-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioate (15415 - GMKMEZVLHJARHF-WHFBIAKZSA-N) - BRENDA Enzyme Database
Experimental Probiotic Could Help Reduce Mercury Absorption In Gut
SCOP 1.63: Domain d1faga : 1fag A
Nonhemolytic, Nonmotile Gram-Positive Rods Indicative of Bacillus anthracis - Volume 9, Number 8-August 2003 - Emerging...
JournalTOCs
Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
WikiGenes - gapA - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A
HUM-MOLGEN: registry of biomedical companies - MoBiTec GmbH
Chap Liquid Bio Plant Booster 1l - Agro
생물자원센터 KCTC
biogenic mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their biological application - International Journal of Biology and...
3AY6 | Genus
Enviromedica Terraflora® Daily Care | Curated Wellness
Phospho Bacteria 1 Kg
Purelight
English
Ruinex - Bacaro
Orca Liquid Mycorrhizae - Plant Revolution - Santyerbasi
Pre GI: BLASTP Hits
Biokhimii∎a (Moscow, Russia) - журнал | ИСТИНА - Интеллектуальная Система Тематического Исследования НАукометрических данныхSubtilis1
- Bacillus subtilis subsp. (lbl.gov)
Amyloliquefaciens1
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1): collected from the statue of Benjamin Franklin at the Franklin Institute. (discovermagazine.com)
Licheniformis1
- Bacillus licheniformis: collected on the practice court for the Philadelphia 76ers. (discovermagazine.com)
Cereus1
- Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus . (cdc.gov)
Bacteria1
- Bacillus represents a genus of ubiquitous gram-positive bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Pseudomonas1
- They were identified as Bacillus megaterium CM-Z19 and Pseudomonas syringae CM-Z6, respectively, based on the 16S rRNA and an analysis of their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. (mendeley.com)
Species3
- For example, Bacillus species pseudobacteremia has been traced to contaminated gloves used in collection of blood from patients ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- In immunocompromised hosts, a blood culture growing Bacillus species should be evaluated carefully. (cdc.gov)
- An outbreak of Bacillus species in a cancer hospital in Brazil was reported ( 9 ) and was strongly associated with use of calcium gluconate solution and central venous lines. (cdc.gov)
Strain1
- According to the results, Bacillus megaterium DSM 3228 strain inoculated with rock phosphate increased grain and stem yield, grain and stem P content, and P amount removed by grain and stem of wheat. (fesss.org)
Identification1
- We discuss the evaluation that led to the final identification of the bacterium as B. megaterium . (cdc.gov)
Source1
- Although Adx/AdR are originated from a eukaryotic source, they are able to support many prokaryotic P450s such as the steroid hydroxylase CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium 11 and CYP109D5 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 12 . (nature.com)
Anthracis3
Bacterium2
Species5
- Spores of six strains of Bacillus species deposited on filter paper or glass fibre filter were conditioned at different relative humidities (r.h.), and then exposed to ozone ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 3.0 mg/l at different r.h. (nih.gov)
- For example, Bacillus species pseudobacteremia has been traced to contaminated gloves used in collection of blood from patients ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- In immunocompromised hosts, a blood culture growing Bacillus species should be evaluated carefully. (cdc.gov)
- An outbreak of Bacillus species in a cancer hospital in Brazil was reported ( 9 ) and was strongly associated with use of calcium gluconate solution and central venous lines. (cdc.gov)
- Kenneth Todar suggests that the treads are a Bacillus species, maybe Bacillus megaterium . (incelligence.de)
Bacteria1
- Bacillus represents a genus of ubiquitous gram-positive bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Contamination1
- Bacillus are often isolated on blood culture and usually represent blood culture contamination. (cdc.gov)
Activity3
- To determine the optimum condition (c.q. optimum pH and optimum temperature), needed for the activity of penicillin acylase isolated from Bacillus meaterium. (mediamedika.net)
- 2. Purification, characterization and antitumor activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus velezensis SN-1. (nih.gov)
- 8. Purification and structural characterization and antioxidant activity of levan from Bacillus megaterium PFY-147. (nih.gov)
