Bacillus anthracis. Medical search

A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.

An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.

Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.

A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.

A species of bacteria whose spores vary from round to elongate. It is a common soil saprophyte.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

Skin diseases caused by bacteria.

Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.

The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.

The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.

The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (1/1440)

From October 30 through December 23, 1998, CDC received reports of a series of bioterroristic threats of anthrax exposure. Letters alleged to contain anthrax were sent to health clinics on October 30, 1998, in Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During December 17-23 in California, a letter alleged to contain anthrax was sent to a private business, and three telephone threats of anthrax contamination of ventilation systems were made to private and public buildings. All threats were hoaxes and are under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law enforcement officials. The public health implications of these threats were investigated to assist in developing national public health guidelines for responding to bioterrorism. This report summarizes the findings of these investigations and provides interim guidance for public health authorities on bioterrorism related to anthrax. (+info)

A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. (2/1440)

Aiming to develop a DNA marker specific for Bacillus anthracis and able to discriminate this species from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides, we applied the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique to a collection of 101 strains of the genus Bacillus, including 61 strains of the B. cereus group. An 838-bp RAPD marker (SG-850) specific for B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, and B. mycoides was identified. This fragment included a putative (366-nucleotide) open reading frame highly homologous to the ypuA gene of Bacillus subtilis. The restriction analysis of the SG-850 fragment with AluI distinguished B. anthracis from the other species of the B. cereus group. (+info)

Oligomerization of anthrax toxin protective antigen and binding of lethal factor during endocytic uptake into mammalian cells. (3/1440)

The protective antigen (PA) protein of anthrax toxin binds to a cellular receptor and is cleaved by cell surface furin to produce a 63-kDa fragment (PA63). The receptor-bound PA63 oligomerizes to a heptamer and acts to translocate the catalytic moieties of the toxin, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), from endosomes to the cytosol. In this report, we used nondenaturing gel electrophoresis to show that each PA63 subunit in the heptamer can bind one LF molecule. Studies using PA immobilized on a plastic surface showed that monomeric PA63 is also able to bind LF. The internalization of PA and LF by cells was studied with radiolabeled and biotinylated proteins. Uptake was relatively slow, with a half-time of 30 min. The number of moles of LF internalized was nearly equal to the number of moles of PA subunit internalized. The essential role of PA oligomerization in LF translocation was shown with PA protein cleaved at residues 313-314. The oligomers formed by these proteins during uptake into cells were not as stable when subjected to heat and detergent as were those formed by native PA. The results show that the structure of the toxin proteins and the kinetics of proteolytic activation, LF binding, and internalization are balanced in a way that allows each PA63 subunit to internalize an LF molecule. This set of proteins has evolved to achieve highly efficient internalization and membrane translocation of the catalytic components, LF and EF. (+info)

Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin. (4/1440)

Anthrax toxin from Bacillus anthracis is a three-component toxin consisting of lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF), and protective antigen (PA). LF and EF are the catalytic components of the toxin, whereas PA is the receptor-binding component. To identify residues of PA that are involved in interaction with the cellular receptor, two solvent-exposed loops of domain 4 of PA (amino acids [aa] 679 to 693 and 704 to 723) were mutagenized, and the altered proteins purified and tested for toxicity in the presence of LF. In addition to the intended substitutions, novel mutations were introduced by errors that occurred during PCR. Substitutions within the large loop (aa 704 to 723) had no effect on PA activity. A mutated protein, LST-35, with three substitutions in the small loop (aa 679 to 693), bound weakly to the receptor and was nontoxic. A mutated protein, LST-8, with changes in three separate regions did not bind to receptor and was nontoxic. Toxicity was greatly decreased by truncation of the C-terminal 3 to 5 aa, but not by their substitution with nonnative residues or the extension of the terminus with nonnative sequences. Comparison of the 28 mutant proteins described here showed that the large loop (aa 704 to 722) is not involved in receptor binding, whereas residues in and near the small loop (aa 679 to 693) play an important role in receptor interaction. Other regions of domain 4, in particular residues at the extreme C terminus, appear to play a role in stabilizing a conformation needed for receptor-binding activity. (+info)

Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. (5/1440)

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the protective antigen (PA), which binds to eucaryotic cell surface receptors and mediates the transport of toxins into the cell. In this study, the entire 2,294-nucleotide protective antigen gene (pag) was sequenced from 26 of the most diverse B. anthracis strains to identify potential variation in the toxin and to further our understanding of B. anthracis evolution. Five point mutations, three synonymous and two missense, were identified. These differences correspond to six different haploid types, which translate into three different amino acid sequences. The two amino acid changes were shown to be located in an area near a highly antigenic region critical to lethal factor binding. Nested primers were used to amplify and sequence this same region of pag from necropsy samples taken from victims of the 1979 Sverdlovsk incident. This investigation uncovered five different alleles among the strains present in the tissues, including two not seen in the 26-sample survey. One of these two alleles included a novel missense mutation, again located just adjacent to the highly antigenic region. Phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of the pag corresponded with previous strain grouping based on chromosomal variation, suggesting that plasmid evolution in B. anthracis has occurred with little or no horizontal transfer between the different strains. (+info)

Distinct affinity of binding sites for S-layer homologous domains in Clostridium thermocellum and Bacillus anthracis cell envelopes. (6/1440)

Binding parameters were determined for the SLH (S-layer homologous) domains from the Clostridium thermocellum outer layer protein OlpB, from the C. thermocellum S-layer protein SlpA, and from the Bacillus anthracis S-layer proteins EA1 and Sap, using cell walls from C. thermocellum and B. anthracis. Each SLH domain bound to C. thermocellum and B. anthracis cell walls with a different KD, ranging between 7.1 x 10(-7) and 1.8 x 10(-8) M. Cell wall binding sites for SLH domains displayed different binding specificities in C. thermocellum and B. anthracis. SLH-binding sites were not detected in cell walls of Bacillus subtilis. Cell walls of C. thermocellum lost their affinity for SLH domains after treatment with 48% hydrofluoric acid but not after treatment with formamide or dilute acid. A soluble component, extracted from C. thermocellum cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment, bound the SLH domains from C. thermocellum but not those from B. anthracis proteins. A corresponding component was not found in B. anthracis. (+info)

Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus anthracis pag operon. (7/1440)

Protective antigen (PA) is an important component of the edema and lethal toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis. PA is essential for binding the toxins to the target cell receptor and for facilitating translocation of the enzymatic toxin components, edema factor and lethal factor, across the target cell membrane. The structural gene for PA, pagA (previously known as pag), is located on the 182-kb virulence plasmid pXO1 at a locus distinct from the edema factor and lethal factor genes. Here we show that a 300-bp gene located downstream of pagA is cotranscribed with pagA and represses expression of the operon. We have designated this gene pagR (for protective antigen repressor). Two pagA mRNA transcripts were detected in cells producing PA: a short, 2.7-kb transcript corresponding to the pagA gene, and a longer, 4.2-kb transcript representing a bicistronic message derived from pagA and pagR. The 3' end of the short transcript mapped adjacent to an inverted repeat sequence, suggesting that the sequence can act as a transcription terminator. Attenuation of termination at this site results in transcription of pagR. A pagR mutant exhibited increased steady-state levels of pagA mRNA, indicating that pagR negatively controls expression of the operon. Autogenous control of the operon may involve atxA, a trans-acting positive regulator of pagA. The steady-state level of atxA mRNA was also increased in the pagR mutant. The mutant phenotype was complemented by addition of pagR in trans on a multicopy plasmid. (+info)

Cell surface-exposed tetanus toxin fragment C produced by recombinant Bacillus anthracis protects against tetanus toxin. (8/1440)

Bacillus anthracis, the causal agent of anthrax, synthesizes two surface layer (S-layer) proteins, EA1 and Sap, which account for 5 to 10% of total protein and are expressed in vivo. A recombinant B. anthracis strain was constructed by integrating into the chromosome a translational fusion harboring the DNA fragments encoding the cell wall-targeting domain of the S-layer protein EA1 and tetanus toxin fragment C (ToxC). This construct was expressed under the control of the promoter of the S-layer component gene. The hybrid protein was stably expressed on the cell surface of the bacterium. Mice were immunized with bacilli of the corresponding strain, and the hybrid protein elicited a humoral response to ToxC. This immune response was sufficient to protect mice against tetanus toxin challenge. Thus, the strategy developed in this study may make it possible to generate multivalent live veterinary vaccines, using the S-layer protein genes as a cell surface display system. (+info)

There are three main forms of anthrax:

1. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax: This is the most common form of the disease and causes skin lesions that can progress to severe inflammation and scarring.
2. Inhalational (lung) anthrax: This is the most deadly form of the disease and causes serious respiratory problems, including fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
3. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax: This form of the disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting.

Anthrax can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the timing of treatment.

Prevention of anthrax primarily involves vaccination of animals and control of animal products to prevent the spread of the bacteria. In addition, public health measures such as surveillance and quarantine can help prevent the spread of the disease to humans.

The medical management of anthrax involves a combination of antibiotics, supportive care, and wound management. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications and death.

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious infection that causes red sores on the face, arms, and legs. It is most commonly seen in children and is usually treated with antibiotics.
2. Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth. It is often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria and may require hospitalization for treatment.
3. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus): A type of staph infection that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe skin and soft tissue infections. It is often seen in hospitals and healthcare settings and can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces.
4. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes red, raised borders on the skin, often on the face, legs, or arms. It is caused by Streptococcus bacteria and may require antibiotics to treat.
5. Folliculitis: An infection of the hair follicles that can cause redness, swelling, and pus-filled bumps. It is often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.
6. Boils: A type of abscess that forms when a hair follicle or oil gland becomes infected. They can be caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria and may require draining and antibiotics to treat.
7. Carbuncles: A type of boil that is larger and more severe, often requiring surgical drainage and antibiotics to treat.
8. Erythrasma: A mild infection that causes small, red patches on the skin. It is caused by Corynebacterium bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.
9. Cellulitis: An infection of the deeper layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area. It is often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and may require antibiotics to treat.
10. Impetigo: A highly contagious infection that causes red sores or blisters on the skin, often around the nose, mouth, or limbs. It is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.

These are just a few examples of common skin infections and there are many more types that can occur. If you suspect you or someone else has a skin infection, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Tuberculosis (TB): This is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a member of the Bacillaceae family. TB can affect the lungs, brain, kidneys, and other organs, and can be transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
2. Leprosy: This is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which is also a member of the Bacillaceae family. Leprosy can cause skin lesions, nerve damage, and muscle weakness, and can be transmitted through close contact with an infected person.
3. Actinomycosis: This is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces israelii, which is a member of the Bacillaceae family. Actinomycosis can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract, and can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss.
4. Cat-scratch disease: This is a bacterial infection caused by Bartonella henselae, which is a member of the Bacillaceae family. Cat-scratch disease is typically transmitted through the scratch or bite of an infected cat, and can cause symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes, fever, and fatigue.
5. Lung abscess: This is a type of lung infection caused by various bacteria, including some members of the Bacillaceae family. Lung abscess can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and fever, and can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Overall, Bacillaceae infections can have serious consequences if left untreated, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone else may have a bacterial infection caused by these bacteria.

Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis, i.e. B. cereus with the two plasmids, is also capable of causing anthrax. B. anthracis ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis genomes and related information at PATRIC, a ... Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, ... Effect of the lower molecular capsule released from the cell surface of Bacillus anthracis on the pathogenesis of anthrax. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis

... is a variant of the Bacillus cereus bacterium that has acquired plasmids similar to those of ... "Bacillus cereus Biovar Anthracis Causing Anthrax in Sub-Saharan Africa-Chromosomal Monophyly and Broad Geographic Distribution ... "The genome of a Bacillus isolate causing anthrax in chimpanzees combines chromosomal properties of B. cereus with B. anthracis ... As a result, it is capable of causing anthrax. In 2016, it was added to the CDC's list of select agents and toxins. Bacillus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus_biovar_anthracis

"Bacillus anthracis". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 (3): 182-7. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.3.182. PMC 1769905. PMID 12610093. Walker ... anthrax spore 2 μm - length of an average E. coli bacteria 3-4 μm - size of a typical yeast cell 5 μm - length of a typical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)

Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive bacteria that causes anthrax, secretes two siderophores: bacillibactin and petrobactin. ... Spencer, RC (2003). "Bacillus anthracis". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 (3): 182-187. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.3.182. PMC 1769905 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FepA

His doctoral dissertation is entitled Dissociation of Bacillus anthracis. In 1928 he matriculated as a medical student at ... p. 6. Nungester, Walter James (1928). Dissociation of Bacillus anthracis. University of Michigan; 53 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 ... pathogenesis in animal models for experimental pneumonia and experimental anthrax, antiserum in the treatment of pneumonia, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_James_Nungester

Bergman NH (2011). Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. Chapter 7. ISBN 9781118148082. Retrieved 14 ... Abergel RJ, Wilson MK, Arceneaux JE, Hoette TM, Strong RK, Byers BR, Raymond KN (Dec 2006). "Anthrax pathogen evades the ... "Gram-positive siderophore-shuttle with iron-exchange from Fe-siderophore to apo-siderophore by Bacillus cereus YxeB". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderocalin

... formed by Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus ... Two Bacillus species are medically significant: B. anthracis, which causes anthrax; and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning ... anthracis causes anthrax; and B. cereus causes food poisoning. Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes ... In vivo, B. anthracis produces a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid) capsule that kills it from phagocytosis. The genera Bacillus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus

March 22, 2011). "Bacillus anthracis comparative genome analysis in support of the Amerithrax investigation". Proceedings of ... The anthrax terrorist or terrorists had put powdered glass, or silica, into the anthrax. The silica was powdered so finely that ... "Meeting 1: Review of the Scientific Approaches used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Bacillus Anthracis Mailings". . ... "Meeting 2: Review of the Scientific Approaches used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Bacillus Anthracis Mailings". . ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks

Thorne CB, Molnar DM (1955). "D-Amino acid transamination in bacillus anthracis". J. Bacteriol. 70 (4): 420-6. doi:10.1128/JB. ... Thorne CB, Gomez CG, Housewright RD (1955). "Transamination of D-amino acids by Bacillus subtilis". J. Bacteriol. 69 (3): 357- ... Yonaha K, Misono H, Yamamoto T, Soda K (1975). "D-amino acid aminotransferase of Bacillus sphaericus. Enzymologic and ... two D-glutamate biosynthetic enzymes of Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 10208". J. Bacteriol. 180 (16): 4319-23. doi:10.1128/JB.180.16 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino-acid_transaminase

In July 1993, cult members sprayed large amounts of liquid containing Bacillus anthracis spores from a cooling tower on the ... Takahashi, Hiroshi (2004). "Bacillus anthracis Bioterrorism Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 ( ... However, their plan to cause an anthrax epidemic failed. The attack resulted in a large number of complaints about bad odors ... While the finding of biological warfare agents such as anthrax and Ebola cultures was reported, those claims now appear to have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo

"Studies on Infection with Bacillus anthracis: I. A Histopathological Study of Skin Lesions Produced by B. anthracis in ... "Studies on Infection with Bacillus anthracis: II. The Immunological and Tissue Damaging Properties of Extracts Prepared from ... "Studies on Infection with Bacillus anthracis: III. Chemical and Immunological Properties of the Protective Antigen in Crude ... Lesions of B. anthracis Infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 80 (1): 14-27. doi:10.1093/infdis/80.1.14. JSTOR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Wallace_Watson

He found that the blood of cattle that were infected with anthrax always had large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. Koch found ... "Bacillus anthracis Bioterrorism Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 117-20. doi:10.3201/ ... In modern times, bioterrorism has included the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack and the 1993 release of anthrax by Aum ... Olsson, Karen; Keis, Stefanie; Morgan, Hugh W.; Dimroth, Peter; Cook, Gregory M. (15 January 2003). "Bacillus alcalophilus can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

2004). "Bacillus anthracis incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (1): 117-20. doi:10.3201/eid1001.030238. PMC ... PMID 15112666.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "U.S. officials declare researcher is anthrax ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bioterrorist_incidents

October 1, 1999). "Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes". ... May 1, 2003). "The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria". Nature. 423 (6935): ... "Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis". Infection and Immunity. 49 (2): 291-7. doi:10.1128/IAI.49.2.291- ... She is known for her extensive research on anthrax and was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Koehler

"Characterization of Sporulation Histidine Kinases of Bacillus anthracis". J. Bacteriol. 187 (20): 6972-81. doi:10.1128/JB. ... "Cys303 in the Histidine Kinase PhoR Is Crucial for the Phosphotransfer Reaction in the PhoPR Two-Component System in Bacillus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine_kinase

... was the first to identify Bacillus anthracis as the bacterium that causes anthrax. Anthrax is spread by contact with the ... Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal, and ... Investigations into bacteria: V. The etiology of anthrax, based on the ontogenesis of Bacillus anthracis], Cohns Liu H, Bergman ... "Injection Anthrax , Anthrax , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020. Anthrax - Chapter 4 - 2020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis-the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is ... Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium (Fig. 1). The lethality ... Singh Y, Leppla SH, Bhatnagar R, Friedlander AM (1989). "Internalization and processing of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin by ... Anthrax toxin is an A-B toxin. Each individual anthrax toxin protein is nontoxic. Toxic symptoms are not observed when these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_toxin

Greenberg, DL; Busch, JD; Keim, P; Wagner, DM (1 September 2010). "Identifying experimental surrogates for Bacillus anthracis ... "Reclassification of bioindicator strains Bacillus subtilis DSM 675 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 2277 as Bacillus atrophaeus". ... "Bacillus atrophaeus" at the Encyclopedia of Life LPSN Type strain of Bacillus atrophaeus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity ... Nakamura, L. K. (1989). "Taxonomic Relationship of Black-pigmented Bacillus subtilis Strains and a Proposal for Bacillus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_atrophaeus

Vilas-Bôas GT, Peruca AP, Arantes OM (June 2007). "Biology and taxonomy of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus ... Kolstø AB, Tourasse NJ, Økstad OA (2009). "What sets Bacillus anthracis apart from other Bacillus species?". Annual Review of ... 2019). "Highly Efficient Genome Engineering in Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System". Frontiers ... May 2003). "Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis". Nature. 423 (6935): 87-91. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus

Nonhemolytic, Nonmotile Gram-Positive Rods Indicative of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis. 9:1013-1015 (2003) Mohammad, ... anthracis and B. cereus, although itself being relatively harmless. Bacillus megaterium is ubiquitous in the environment around ... which are also produced by several other Bacillus species. Bacillus megaterium is known to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid. The ... Bacillus megaterium is a rod-like, Gram-positive, mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium found in widely diverse habitats. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_megaterium

Kolstø, Anne-Brit; Tourasse, Nicolas J.; Økstad, Ole Andreas (2009). "What Sets Bacillus anthracis Apart from Other Bacillus ... 2013). "Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated ... "Novel Bacillus thuringiensis isolate". USPTO. 1987. US4910016. "Formation of and methods for the production of large bacillus ... B. thuringiensis is closely related to B. cereus, a soil bacterium, and B. anthracis, the cause of anthrax; the three organisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis

... particularly Bacillus cereus and the anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The exosporium is the portion of the spore ... In Bacillus anthracis, salt and detergent washing of exosporium fragments can identify proteins that are likely to represent ... Redmond, C. (2004). "Identification of proteins in the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis". Microbiology. 150 (2): 355-363. doi: ... anthracis and other members of the Bacillus cereus group. The protein ywdL has been identified in B. cereus as important for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosporium

Bacillus megaterium for example, synthesizes a capsule composed of polypeptide and polysaccharides. Bacillus anthracis ... such as poly-D-glutamic acid in Bacillus anthracis. Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_capsule

Bacillus anthracis strain AIMST Nalme12 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. NCBI. Bacillus anthracis strain AIMST Nmae4 ... Bacillus anthracis strain AIMST Nalbe12 (N. alba; Mount Jerai, Kedah, Malaysia; leaf tissue) Bacillus anthracis strain AIMST ... Bacillus altitudinis strain AIMST Nre3 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. NCBI. Bacillus anthracis strain AIMST Nalbe12 ... Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus altitudinis strain AIMST Nae8 (N. ampullaria; Selangor, Malaysia; stem tissue) Bacillus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_endophyte_species

The disease is caused by gram-positive Bacillus anthracis. (B. anthracis) and is found globally. B anthracis can enter a host ... Anthrax is a disease caused via a bacterium that resides in soil, and predominately affects animals more than humans. Anthrax ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenous_bacteria

Examples of bacterial species that can form endospores include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, ... Endospores of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis were used in the 2001 anthrax attacks. The powder found in contaminated postal ... "Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Spores: Evaluation of Various Disinfectants". Applied Biosafety. 14 (1): 7-10. doi: ... The six other individuals with inhalation anthrax and all the individuals with cutaneous anthrax recovered. Had it not been for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore

Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, and Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. This line of thinking and evidence is summarized in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_(medicine)

Budzik JM, Oh SY, Schneewind O (December 2008). "Cell wall anchor structure of BcpA pili in Bacillus anthracis". The Journal of ... Budzik JM, Oh SY, Schneewind O (May 2009). "Sortase D forms the covalent bond that links BcpB to the tip of Bacillus cereus ... Budzik JM, Marraffini LA, Schneewind O (October 2007). "Assembly of pili on the surface of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells". ... "Amide bonds assemble pili on the surface of bacilli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortase

... is a catechol-based siderophore secreted by members of the genus Bacillus, including Bacillus anthracis and ... Hotta, K; Kim, CY; Fox, DT; Koppisch, AT (July 2010). "Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition in Bacillus anthracis and related ... May, Jürgen J.; Wendrich, Thomas M.; Marahiel, Mohamed A. (2001-03-09). "The dhb Operon of Bacillus subtilisEncodes the ... Bacillus subtilis. It is involved in the chelation of ferric iron (Fe3+) from the surrounding environment and is subsequently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillibactin

In May 1951, Stähelin was the first to observe naked anthrax bacilli protoplasts, called gymnoplasts, which had left behind ... Stähelin H (1954). "[Osmotic behavior and fusion of naked protoplasts of Bacillus anthracis]". Schweiz Z Pathol Bakteriol (in ... where he investigated the morphology and sporulation of anthrax bacilli with the help of the then-new phase-contrast microscope ... The action of phagocytes upon C14-labelled tubercle bacilli". J. Exp. Med. 104 (1): 137-50. doi:10.1084/jem.104.1.137. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_F._Stähelin

In preliminary laboratory research, it has shown activity against Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, and ... Anthracimycin was first noted for its potent activity against Bacillus anthracis (strain UM23C1-1), which is known to cause the ... Jang KH, Nam SJ, Locke JB, Kauffman CA, Beatty DS, Paul LA, Fenical W (July 2013). "Anthracimycin, a potent anthrax antibiotic ... "Anthracimycin: New Antibiotic Kills Anthrax, MRSA". Sci-News.com. Sci-News.com. Retrieved 21 July 2013. Alt S, Wilkinson B ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracimycin

... and possibly Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of anthrax). They also looked at using Rickettsia prowazekii (causative agent ... Wilson, James M.; Brediger, Walter; Albright, Thomas P.; Smith-Gagen, Julie (2016). "Reanalysis of the anthrax epidemic in ... A number of writers have accused the Rhodesian Government of intentionally distributing B. anthracis in western Rhodesia, ... causing an anthrax outbreak in the country from 1978 to 1984 with 10,738 human cases and 200 fatalities. This is however ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

Bacillus anthracis is notable for its filamentous appearance, which is sometimes described as resembling Medusa's head.: 167 ... 236 Bacillus cereus: "ground-glass" colonies displaying beta-hemolysis on blood agar: 188 Aspergillus niger: granular colonies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_morphology

From 1963-1965 there were 18 tests involving biological simulants, usually Bacillus globigii (BG). BG was used to simulate ... dangerous agents, such as anthrax; once thought harmless to humans, research in the intervening years has revealed some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Test_Center

On 2 April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) were accidentally released from a Soviet ... Research was initiated at Sverdlovsk on bacterial pathogens including Bacillus anthracis. In 1951 a programme was launched ... "A Bacillus anthracis Genome Sequence from the Sverdlovsk 1979 Autopsy Specimens". bioRxiv: 069914. doi:10.1101/069914. ... anthracis genome from two samples taken from victims of the Sverdlovsk anthrax leak. The samples had been preserved by local ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leak

... including Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene) and several viruses (including ... Anthrax", "Chemical Sally"), who was trained at the University of Missouri - helped to rebuild Iraq's BW program in the mid- ... Of these, three-anthrax, botulinum and aflatoxin-had proceeded to weaponization for deployment. Because of the UN disarmament ... These materials included anthrax, West Nile virus and botulism, as well as Brucella melitensis, and Clostridium perfringens. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program

... anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), and cholera (Vibrio cholerae). For his research on tuberculosis, he was awarded the Nobel Prize ... Sakula, A. (1982). "Robert Koch: centenary of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, 1882". Thorax. 37 (4): 246-251. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_dish

... a synonym for Agrobacterium vitis Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis str. CI Bacillus ... a synonym for Bacillus thuringiensis serovar tenebrionis Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi, a synonym for Bacillus toyonensis ... Bacillus wiedmannii bv. thuringiensis Pasteurella haemolytica biovar T, synonym of Bibersteinia trehalosi Bifidobacterium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biovar

He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the tuberculosis bacillus (1882), and Vibrio cholerae (1883), and for ... His description of the diphtheria bacillus, published in 1884. Johann Benedict Listing: German mathematician who was a doctoral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers

... hosting Bacillus anthracis in their digestive tract. They act as a vector that carries and transmits anthrax to their hosts ... The Anthrax mite (Sarcoptes anthracis) is a pathogenic mite and an intermediate host of anthrax. Sarcoptes anthracis was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_mite

The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed at least 400,000 Chinese civilians. Tularemia was also ... This research led to the development of the defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb used to spread bubonic plague. Some of ... ReGenesis episode "Let it burn" (2007). Outbreaks of anthrax and glanders are traced to World War II Japan. Warehouse 13 ... anthrax, typhoid, and tuberculosis using live human subjects; for this purpose, a prison was constructed to contain around ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731

Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and this led to a period of 40 years in which the medical professions ... in stark contrast to the alliance of medical and labour activists that promoted the Anthrax Prevention Act 1919 or the action ... Koch's hypothesis was that the bacillus was transmitted by dried sputum on dust particles, while a Dr Charles Chapin, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle

He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for ... In 1881, Koch reported discovery of the "tubercle bacillus", cementing germ theory and Koch's acclaim. Upon the outbreak of a ... His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. His ... and reproduced anthrax-a breakthrough for experimental pathology and germ theory of disease. Pasteur's group added ecological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine

M. tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus anthracis utilize mechanisms that directly kill the phagocyte.[citation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

... and ilomastat block Bacillus anthracis lethal factor activity in viable cells". Infect. Immun. 73 (11): 7548-57. doi:10.1128/ ... produced by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). ... Examples of enzymes that ilomastat inhibit include rabbit MMP9, thermolysin, peptide deformylase, and anthrax lethal factor ... "The structural basis for substrate and inhibitor selectivity of the anthrax lethal factor". Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 (1): 60- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilomastat

He dubbed it Bacillus influenzae (or Pfeiffer's bacillus), which was later called Haemophilus influenzae. Few doubted the ... validity of this discovery, in large part because bacteria had been shown to cause other human diseases, including anthrax, ... came urgency-researchers around the world began to search for Pfeiffer's bacillus in patients, hoping to develop antisera and ... most scientists believed that Pfeiffer's bacillus caused influenza. With the lethality of this outbreak (which killed an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Friedrich_Johannes_Pfeiffer

... discoverer of anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera bacillus Rudolf Virchow, physician anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin

Antigen therapy of tuberculosis by extracts of tubercle bacilli methyl) with Léopold Nègre, preface by Albert Calmette; 1927. ... paratuberculosis in cattle and anthrax. With Léopold Nègre he developed antigène méthylique (antigen-methyl) for treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Boquet

"Genotyping of French Bacillus anthracis strains based on 31-loci multi locus VNTR analysis: epidemiology, marker evaluation, ... Bacillus anthracis, Brucella. https://web.archive.org/web/20141225151444/http://tandemrepeat.u-psud.fr/ http://minisatellites.u ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_loci_VNTR_analysis

These included: Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) Yersinia pestis (the causative agent of plague) Francisella ... It incorporated capacity with the potential to produce weaponized anthrax in the Soviet Union and was a leader in the ... anthracis spores per ten-month production cycle. Major General (Reserves) Vsevolod Ivanovich Ogarkov (April 1974 - 1979) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopreparat

From 1954 to 1965, the building was used for production of the bacteria Bacillus anthracis (the cause of anthrax), Francisella ... Production of anthrax in bulk for use in actual munitions was done at larger facilities in Arkansas and Indiana.) The bottom ... He learned that no one working in Building 470 had died of anthrax, although three workers elsewhere on Fort Detrick had died ... Simulant bacteria, similar to anthrax, were left inside to serve as markers indicating whether or not the gas had worked. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_470

... "gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis-cereus-thuringiensis group". Journal of ... the taxonomy of Bacillus by restricting the genus to only include species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus ... and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species". ... There is one non-validly published species, Bacillus cheonanensis, that was also found to branch reliably with other members of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchfieldia

In May 2015 it was revealed that Dugway lab had inadvertently shipped live anthrax bacillus to locations around the country. ... Dugway was still producing quantities of anthrax spores as late as 2015 to be used to develop anthrax testing detection and ... Retrieved July 30, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Barnes, Julian E.,"Live anthrax samples ... In September 2018, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released findings of an investigation into the anthrax ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugway_Proving_Ground

When the young Robert Koch in 1876 presented his discovery of bacillus anthracis as the specific cause of anthrax to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Traube

Describe laboratory tests for presumptive identification of B. anthracis. *Describe how to use the sentinel laboratory ... This course provides clinical laboratory scientists with information about the laboratory identification of anthrax. This ... Discuss the role of the LRN sentinel laboratory in detection of B. anthracis ...

https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining/training-courses/biothreat-preparedness-sentinel/bacillus-anthracis-anthrax.html

Outbreaks of Bacillus anthracis in animals are repeatedly reported in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this study soil samples ... Characterization of Bacillus anthracis spores isolates from soil by biochemical and multiplex PCR analysis ... were analysed from endemic regions of the country, and B. anthracis isolates were identified ... ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?authority=Bacillus+anthracis&type=mesh

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS STRAIN V770-NP1-R ANTIGENS (UNII: 873OI62848) (BACILLUS ANTHRACIS STRAIN V770-NP1-R ANTIGENS - UNII: ... Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. BioThrax induces ... BIOTHRAX- bacillus anthracis injection, suspension. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your ... BIOTHRAX- bacillus anthracis injection, suspension. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?searchdb=rxcui&query=832679

The bacteria is found in two forms cutaneous anthrax and inhalation anthrax. Cutaneous anthrax is an ... Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium that causes disease in humans and animals. ... The bacteria is found in two forms: cutaneous anthrax and inhalation anthrax. Cutaneous anthrax is an infection of the skin ... Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium that causes disease in humans and animals. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9092.htm

All about Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). Though the word "anthrax" conjures up fearsome thoughts of biological weapons, anthrax ... Anthrax comes from the Greek: Anthrax = coal because of the black and inflamed appearance of cutaneous anthrax. ... 1875: Koch isolated Bacillus anthracis and verified that it caused the anthrax disease. ... Anthrax was used as biological warfare in WWI. Germans infected animals that they traded to the Allies. Anthrax has been ...

https://www.giantmicrobes.com/uk/products/anthrax.html

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?locale-attribute=pt&type=mesh&authority=Bacillus+anthracis

...

https://asm.org/Image-Gallery/Bacillus-Anthracis-Series-2

Bacillus anthracis [bə-silʹəs an-thraʹsis]. A large, gram-positive, rod (bacillus), Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent ... The etiology of anthrax, based on the life history of Bacillus anthracis [in German]. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 1876; ... Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases. Mandell GL, ... Etymologia: Bacillus anthracis. Volume 20, Number 9-September 2014. Article Views: 188. Data is collected weekly and does not ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/9/et-2009_article

Cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infection T C Gallagher et al. N Engl J Med. 2001. . ... PCR-based detection of Bacillus anthracis in formalin-fixed tissue from a patient receiving ciprofloxacin. Levine SM, Perez- ... Cutaneous anthrax: an overview. Celia F. Celia F. Dermatol Nurs. 2002 Apr;14(2):89-92. Dermatol Nurs. 2002. PMID: 12017087 ... Cutaneous anthrax: a concise review. Tutrone WD, Scheinfeld NS, Weinberg JM. Tutrone WD, et al. Cutis. 2002 Jan;69(1):27-33. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11704683

Your search for BACILLUS ANTHRACIS STRAIN "V770-NP1-R" ANTIGENS did not return any results. ...

http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=BACILLUS+ANTHRACIS+STRAIN+V770-NP1-R+ANTIGENS

NIAID-funded researchers characterized the AtxA protein from Bacillus anthracis. ... AtxA, a Global Virulence Regulator From Bacillus anthracis. The Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA is a master ... Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA and effects of phosphorylated histidines on multimerization ... Theresa M. Koehler from the University of Texas at Houston, characterized the AtxA protein from B. anthracis. The AtxA crystal ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/anthracis-structure

... anthracis, such as inhalation anthrax, cutaneous anthrax and gastrointestinal anthrax. ... Methods for preparing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen for use in vaccines (U.S. Patent Number 7,763,451). The invention ... Methods for preparing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen for use in vaccines (U.S. Patent Number 7,763,451) ... anthracis bacterial infections and which are useful to prevent and/or treat illnesses caused by B. ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/research-funding/technology-advancement-transfer/research-materials-licensing/bacillus-anthracis-protective-antigen-vaccines

The Structure of a family 25 Glycosyl hydrolase from Bacillus anthracis. ... Here we report the 3-D structure of the GH25 enzyme from Bacillus anthracis at 1.4A resolution. We show that the active center ... The Crystal Structure of a Family Gh25 Lysozyme from Bacillus Anthracis Implies a Neighboring-Group Catalytic Mechanism with ... The Structure of a family 25 Glycosyl hydrolase from Bacillus anthracis.. *PDB DOI: https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb2WAG/pdb ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2WAG

... "bacillus anthracis"[MeSH Terms] OR ("bacillus"[All Fields] AND "anthracis"[All Fields]) OR "bacillus anthracis"[All Fields]) ... arsenic cation AND (3) OR bacillus anthracis immune serum rabbit ... (258) arsenic cation AND (3) OR bacillus anthracis immune ... Showing results for arsenic cation (3) OR bacillus anthracis immune serum rabbit OR baptista tinctoria root OR pithara canthus ... Search instead for ARSENIC CATION (3 ) OR BACILLUS ANTHRACIS IMMUNOSERUM RABBIT OR BAPTISIA TINCTORIA ROOT OR CITHARACANTHUS ...

https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/?term=ARSENIC+CATION+(3+)+OR+BACILLUS+ANTHRACIS+IMMUNOSERUM+RABBIT+OR+BAPTISIA+TINCTORIA+ROOT+OR+CITHARACANTHUS+SPINICRUS+OR+CLAVICEPS+PURPUREA+SCLEROTIUM+OR+CROTALUS+HORRIDUS+HORRIDUS+VENOM+OR+ECHINACEA+ANGUSTIFOLIA+OR+LACHESIS+MUTA+VENOM+OR+LATRODECTUS+MACTANS+OR+LOXOSCELES+RECLUSA+OR+130-95-0

...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?DB=pubmed&term=BACILLUS+ANTHRACIS+STRAIN+V770-NP1-R+ANTIGENS/PD

Helgason E, Okstad OA, Caugant DA, Johansen HA, Fouet A, Mock M, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus ... Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiol Immunol. ... Turnbull PC, Hutson RA, Ward MJ, Jones MN, Quinn CP, Finnie NJ, Bacillus anthracis but not always anthrax. J Appl Bacteriol. ... Comparative analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and related species on the basis of reverse transcriptase ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/10/02-0393-t1

... a non-lethal dairy isolate in the same genetic subgroup as Bacillus anthracis. Comparison of the chromosomes demonstrated that ... B.cereus ATCC 10987 was more similar to B.anthracis Ames than B.cereus ATCC 14579, while containing a number … ... We sequenced the complete genome of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, ... Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 contains a single large plasmid ( ... genome sequence of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 reveals metabolic adaptations and a large plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14960714/

Characterization of Bacillus anthracis spores isolates from soil by biochemical and multiplex PCR analysis ... Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax in mammals [1]. B. anthracis spores ... Comparative efficacy of Bacillus anthracis live spore vaccine and protective antigen vaccine against anthrax in the guinea pig ... Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis and other "Bacillus cereus group" bacteria using IS231-derived sequences. FEMS ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-15-2009/volume-15-issue-1/article17.html

Bacillus anthracis plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 carry the main virulence factors responsible for anthrax. However, the extent of copy ... Anthrax-like B. Cereus Bacillus Anthracis Pathogenomics Phylogenomics PXO1 PXO2 Research Article ... Anthrax Cite CITE. Title : Anthrax Corporate Authors(s) : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). David J. Sencer ... Advisory : Anthrax case investigation Cite CITE. Title : Advisory : Anthrax case investigation Corporate Authors(s) : Centers ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/58236

Das Robert-Koch-Institut bittet die Ärzteschaft um erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit bezüglich Haut- oder Weichteilinfektionen bei Heroinkonsumenten, da diese durch den Milzbranderreger verursacht sein könnten ...

https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/635?show=full

Tags: anthrax, antibiotic resistance, Bacillus anthracis, bacteria, cell biology, chemistry, cofactor-independent ... Bacillus anthracis. Fighting Parasitic Infections: Promise in Cyclic Peptides Posted on April 11th, 2017. by Dr. Francis ...

https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/bacillus-anthracis/

Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax disease and exerts its deleterious effects by the release of three exotoxins, i.e. lethal ... Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax disease and exerts its deleterious effects by the release of three exotoxins, i.e. lethal ... Inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase toxin, edema factor, from Bacillus anthracis by a series of 18 monoand bis-(M)ANT- ... Adenylyl cyclase . Bacillus anthracis . Edema factor .MANT nucleotide . Molecular modelling . Fluorescence spectroscopy. ...

https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/23191/

Bacillus anthracis) case definitions; uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. ... Bacillus anthracis) , 2018 Case Definition. *Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 2010 Case Definition. *Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis ... Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 1990 Case Definition. Condition Related Link(s) *CDC Anthrax Homepage ...

https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/?p=126601

Design and synthesis of aryl ether inhibitors of the Bacillus anthracis enoyl-ACP reductase. ... Design and synthesis of aryl ether inhibitors of the Bacillus anthracis enoyl-ACP reductase. ... Design and synthesis of aryl ether inhibitors of the Bacillus anthracis enoyl-ACP reductase. ... such as Bacillus anthracis. The biphenyl ether antibacterial agent, triclosan, exhibits broad-spectrum activity by targeting ...

https://go.drugbank.com/articles/A169543

Bacillus anthracis Identification Flowchart. Flowchart used to rule out or refer Bacillus anthracis. ...

http://reach.cdc.gov/jobaid/bacillus-anthracis-identification-flowchart

Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. It is surrounded by a polypeptide capsule of poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid ( ... Antibodies to the capsule have been shown to enhance phagocytosis and killing of encapsulated bacilli. The lethality of anthrax ... for anthrax or exposed to anthrax could provide immediate efficacy for emergency prophylaxis against or treatment of anthrax.. ... There are two anti-gamma-D-PGA mAbs that showed strong opsonophagocytic killing of bacilli in vitro assays. These two mAbs were ...

http://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/tech/tab-3404

Bacillus anthracis, antraks

https://www.veterina.info/media-gallery?view=slideshow&

For this download bacillus anthracis and anthrax it is a mixed-signal attention for husband following see31 or da and depending ... The download bacillus anthracis and anthrax sustains that the verb of public computers equals at last struggle of mV and ... single-crystal names let one major download bacillus anthracis and anthrax, English, but it is not the practical with all of ... Download Bacillus Anthracis And Anthrax 2010. New´s und Info´s im Internet ! ...

http://onlinezeitung-24.de/preisvergleichstrom/book.php?q=download-bacillus-anthracis-and-anthrax-2010.php

Start Over You searched for: Subjects Bacillus anthracis ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Bacillus anthracis ... Bacillus anthracis 2. Tratamiento de la pústula maligna Author(s): Uriarte, Leopoldo, author Publication: Buenos Aires : Otero ... 1. The specific and infectious character of tuberculosis: with exhibition of the bacilli of tuberculosis, and those of ... The specific and infectious character of tuberculosis: with exhibition of the bacilli of tuberculosis, and those of malignant ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Bacillus+anthracis

Early Detection of Bacillus anthracis From Saliva in Anticipation of a Bioterrorism Attack. Bima, Tigor Rona Airlangga Harya; ... From unstimulated whole saliva heat shock treated at 62.50C, B. anthracis growth was detected with both methods. PCR detection ... To assess potential for early detection of oral infection by B. anthracis spores for preparedness of a bioterrorism attack. ... Saliva can provide useful samples for diagnosis of oropharyngeal anthrax. In comparison to conventional culture on blood agar, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/biblio-998253

Because anthrax is non-contagious, can be deadly, and can form durable, long-lived spores, it has long been considered a prime candidate for weaponization. (giantmicrobes.com)
In addition, high levels of exposure to anthrax spores are required to cause infection, and most wide-spread dispersion methods would significantly dilute spore concentration. (giantmicrobes.com)
Inhaling anthrax spores affects the lungs, and it is very frequently fatal. (giantmicrobes.com)
Inhalation or respiratory anthrax is an infectious disease caused by inhaling the spores of the bacterium. (medlineplus.gov)
Anthrax Seasons' are characterized by hot-dry weather which stresses animals and reduces their innate resistance to infection allowing low doses of spores to be infective. (nih.gov)
Makino SI , Cheun HI , Watarai M , Uchida I , Takeshi K . Detection of anthrax spores from the air by real-time PCR. (cdc.gov)
This study suggests that multiplex PCR can be used as a reliable alternative for the detection of B. anthracis spores. (who.int)
B. anthracis spores are very resistant to various conditions. (who.int)
To assess potential for early detection of oral infection by B. anthracis spores for preparedness of a bioterrorism attack. (bvsalud.org)
Anthrax is a disease caused by infection with spores from the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. (elsevierpure.com)
Authorities believe that the melting permafrost unburied a reindeer that died of anthrax 75 years ago, causing the release of anthrax spores. (medicinenet.com)
However, in the soil, where they live, anthrax organisms exist in a dormant form called spores. (medicinenet.com)
If the spores of anthrax are inhaled, they migrate to lymph glands in the chest where they proliferate, spread, and produce toxins that often cause death. (medicinenet.com)

Okinaka RT , Cloud K , Hampton O , Hoffmaster AR , Hill KK , Keim P , Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes. (cdc.gov)
Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 contains a single large plasmid (pBc10987), of approximately 208 kb, that is similar in gene content and organization to B.anthracis pXO1 but is lacking the pathogenicity-associated island containing the anthrax lethal and edema toxin complex genes. (nih.gov)
The lethality of anthrax is primarily the result of the effects of anthrax toxin, which has 3 components: a receptor-binding protein known as "protective antigen" (PA) and 2 catalytic proteins known as "lethal factor" (LF) and "edema factor" (EF). (nih.gov)
All of these five neutralizing mAbs protected animals from anthrax toxin challenge. (nih.gov)
Toxin-containing vesicles were also visualized inside B. anthracis-infected macrophages. (elsevier.com)
ELISA and immunoblot analysisof vesicle preparations confirmed the presence of B. anthracis toxin components. (elsevier.com)
Our results indicate that toxin secretion in B. anthracis is, at least, partially vesicle-associated, thus allowing concentrated delivery of toxin componentstotarget host cells, a mechanism that may increase toxin potency. (elsevier.com)
When B. anthracis is grown in laboratory culture, the highest expression of the anthrax toxin genes occurs during entry into stationary phase, suggesting that nutrient limitation is an environmental cue which induces toxin production. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Recent studies identified the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin (ATR), a type I membrane protein. (elsevierpure.com)

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax in mammals [1]. (who.int)
Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax disease and exerts its deleterious effects by the release of three exotoxins, i.e. lethal factor, protective antigen and edema factor (EF), a highly active calmodulin-dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC). (uni-regensburg.de)
What causes anthrax poisoning? (medicinenet.com)

Anthrax comes from the Greek: Anthrax = coal because of the black and inflamed appearance of cutaneous anthrax. (giantmicrobes.com)
This skin infection, called cutaneous anthrax, is the most common and the least deadly form of the disease. (giantmicrobes.com)
The bacteria is found in two forms: cutaneous anthrax and inhalation anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
Cutaneous anthrax is an infection of the skin caused by direct contact with the bacterium. (medlineplus.gov)
A large, gram-positive, rod (bacillus), Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax (Greek for "coal"), named for the black lesions of cutaneous anthrax. (cdc.gov)

Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium that causes disease in humans and animals. (medlineplus.gov)

Outbreaks of Bacillus anthracis in animals are repeatedly reported in the Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
Spore concentration and modified host resistance as cause of anthrax outbreaks: A practitioner's perspective. (nih.gov)
Patra G , Vaissaire J , Weber-Levy M , Le Doujet C , Mock M . Molecular characterization of Bacillus strains involved in outbreaks of anthrax in France in 1997. (cdc.gov)
This study aimed to identify positive samples during the 2015-2020 Uganda anthrax outbreaks. (populationmedicine.eu)
Following the anthrax outbreaks, sixteen (16) districts submitted biological specimens to the NADDEC laboratory for human and animal diagnosis. (populationmedicine.eu)

Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. (nih.gov)
The Gram-positive, spore-forming pathogen Bacillus anthracis is the aetiological agent of anthrax. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Though the word "anthrax" conjures up fearsome thoughts of biological weapons, anthrax is a once-common disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which is often found in soil. (giantmicrobes.com)
In 1850, Rayer and Davaine discovered the rods in the blood of anthrax-infected sheep, setting the stage for Koch to link the disease to the bacterium in 1876, after he performed a series of experiments that fulfilled what came to be known as Koch's postulates. (cdc.gov)
While other investigators discovered the anthrax bacillus, it was a German physician and scientist, Dr. Robert Koch, who proved that the anthrax bacterium was the cause of a disease that affected farm animals in his community. (medicinenet.com)

In Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria, accumulation of this molecule leads to down-regulation of stable RNA synthesis and upregulation of the expression of genes involved in survival under nutrient-poor conditions. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Anthrax is an infection by bacteria, Bacillus anthracis , usually transmitted from animals. (medicinenet.com)

The most deadly form is inhalation anthrax. (medicinenet.com)
There are four forms of disease caused by anthrax: cutaneous (skin) anthrax, inhalation anthrax, gastrointestinal (bowel) anthrax, and the newly designated injection anthrax. (medicinenet.com)

In combination with the previously known vrrA locus, these markers provide discrimination power to genetically characterize B, anthracis isolates. (nau.edu)
Marker similarity and differences among diverse isolates have identified seven major diversity groups that may represent the only world-wide B. anthracis clones. (nau.edu)
All B. anthracis isolates (n=65) were correctly and unambiguously identified. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

The efficacy of BioThrax for post-exposure prophylaxis is based solely on studies in animal models of inhalational anthrax. (nih.gov)
By contrast, gastrointestinal and inhalational anthrax infections - which result from ingesting or inhaling anthrax - can be deadly. (giantmicrobes.com)
Stevens, a photo editor at the tabloid the Sun, was suffering from inhalational anthrax, a rare, deadly disease. (foreignpolicy.com)
Coming so soon after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the unusual inhalational anthrax case caused understandable concern, but the CDC investigators thought it unlikely to be bioterrorism. (foreignpolicy.com)
No one could get inhalational anthrax from contaminated water. (foreignpolicy.com)

Makino SI , Iinuma-Okada Y , Maruyama T , Ezaki T , Sasakawa C , Yoshikawa M . Direct detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA in animals by polymerase chain reaction. (cdc.gov)
Lee MA , Brightwell G , Leslie D , Bird H , Hamilton A . Fluorescent detection techniques for real-time multiplex strand specific detection of Bacillus anthracis using rapid PCR. (cdc.gov)
Qi Y , Patra G , Liang X , Williams LE , Rose S , Redkar RJ , Utilization of the rpoB gene as a specific chromosomal marker for real-time PCR detection of Bacillus anthracis. (cdc.gov)
ICANN 2009, Part I, LNCS 5768, download bacillus anthracis and anthrax Kadobayashi, Y Hierarchical Core Vector Machines for Network Intrusion Detection, Proc. (onlinezeitung-24.de)
The laboratory study used saliva with a range of initial anthrax concentrations, to compare detection by direct observation from conventional blood agar culture and by anthrax -specific PCR after a shorter culture in BHI broth. (bvsalud.org)
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important diagnostic markers for the detection and differentiation of Bacillus anthracis. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Bacillus anthracis pXO1 plasmid sequence conservation among closely related bacterial species. (cdc.gov)
Ramisse V , Patra G , Garrigue H , Guesdon GL , Mock M . Identification and characterization of Bacillus anthracis by multiplex PCR analysis of sequences on plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 and chromosomal DNA. (cdc.gov)
The chromosomal similarity of B.cereus ATCC 10987 to B.anthracis Ames, as well as the fact that it contains a large pXO1-like plasmid, may make it a possible model for studying B.anthracis plasmid biology and regulatory cross-talk. (nih.gov)

Jackson PJ , Hugh-Jones ME , Adair DM , Green G , Hill KK , Kuske CR , PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: the presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims. (cdc.gov)
Two assays targeting B. anthracis-specific SNPs in the plcR and gyrA genes were designed for each method and used to genotype a panel of 155 Bacilli strains. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Sampling may be conducted in hospitals to assess infection risk, in the workplace to characterize air quality, or in response to a specific threat such as the potential release of a pathogen such as Bacillus anthracis or the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) coronavirus. (rsc.org)

Un test d'amplification en chaîne par polymérase (PCR) multiplex a également été mis au point pour identifier les isolats, et il s'est avéré que cette autre solution constituait un test diagnostique rapide, sensible et précis. (who.int)

We report the isolation of extracellular vesicles from the supernatants of Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive bacillus that is a powerful agent for biological warfare. (elsevier.com)

Indeed, the fifth plague of the Bible (widespread death of livestock) may be a description of an anthrax outbreak - as well as the sixth plague, which describes the skin boils typically found after human exposure to infected animals or animal products. (giantmicrobes.com)
While these two events highlight extreme cases of infectious disease (Ebola) or (possible) environmental exposure (saiga), diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, and plague are all zoonoses that pose risks and present surveillance challenges at the wildlife-livestock-human interfaces. (frontiersin.org)
Diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, and plague are all zoonoses that pose risks and present surveillance challenges at the wildlife-livestock-human interfaces. (frontiersin.org)

Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. (cdc.gov)

The Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA is a master regulator that controls transcription of more than a hundred genes including those encoding major virulence factors and capsule biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA and effects of phosphorylated histidines on multimerization and activity. (nih.gov)
The stringent response of Bacillus anthracis contributes to sporulation but not to virulence. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

BioThrax is a vaccine indicated for the active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by Bacillus anthracis in persons 18 through 65 years of age. (nih.gov)
Pregnancy registry available, contact BioThrax (Anthrax) Vaccine in Pregnancy Registry (Phone: 1-619-553-9255). (nih.gov)
A limited quantity of anthrax vaccine is currently available to individuals with an elevated risk of infection (such as military personnel and veterinarians). (giantmicrobes.com)
The success of the attenuated Sterne veterinary vaccine in 1930 resulted in a global reduction of anthrax cases in livestock in response to national vaccination programmes. (who.int)
Although production of an efficient anthrax vaccine is an ultimate goal, the benefits of vaccination can be expected only if a large proportion of the population at risk is immunized. (nih.gov)

Molecular typing of Bacillus anthracis has been extremely difficult due to the lack of polymorphic DNA markers. (nau.edu)
Due the rarity of molecular differences, the VNTR changes represent a significant portion of the genetic variation found within B. anthracis. (nau.edu)

Nonpathogenic Bacillus subtilis var. (rsc.org)

Nearly all human anthrax infections are found on the skin. (giantmicrobes.com)
What are the signs and symptoms of anthrax infections? (medicinenet.com)

Comparison of the chromosomes demonstrated that B.cereus ATCC 10987 was more similar to B.anthracis Ames than B.cereus ATCC 14579, while containing a number of unique metabolic capabilities such as urease and xylose utilization and lacking the ability to utilize nitrate and nitrite. (nih.gov)

Antibodies to the capsule have been shown to enhance phagocytosis and killing of encapsulated bacilli. (nih.gov)

Touching diseased animals or animal products affects the skin, and anthrax presents itself as boils or lesions with black centers. (giantmicrobes.com)

These results suggest that the ATR/TEM8 expression pattern that we describe here is highly relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of anthrax infection. (elsevierpure.com)
In recent years, anthrax has received a great deal of attention as it has become clear that the infection can also be spread by a bioterrorist attack or by biological warfare. (medicinenet.com)
What are risk factors for anthrax infection? (medicinenet.com)

70.5' of Human and animal tissues tested positive for anthrax (Table 1). (populationmedicine.eu)
The samples from Stevens's computer keyboard and mail slot tested positive for anthrax. (foreignpolicy.com)
The biopsy results on 38-year-old Erin O'Connor, assistant to NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw, were positive for anthrax. (foreignpolicy.com)

Post-exposure prophylaxis of disease following suspected or confirmed Bacillus anthracis exposure, when administered in conjunction with recommended antibacterial drugs. (nih.gov)
In addition, experimental evidence suggests that immediate treatment with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin can provide an effective response to anthrax exposure - and help ward off a modern outbreak of biblical proportions. (giantmicrobes.com)
Anthrax, whether resulting from natural or bioterrorist-associated exposure, is a constant threat to human health. (nih.gov)

Here we report the 3-D structure of the GH25 enzyme from Bacillus anthracis at 1.4A resolution. (rcsb.org)

Anthrax was used as biological warfare in WWI. (giantmicrobes.com)
The major concern for those of us in western countries (who don't play drums) is the use of anthrax as an agent of biological warfare. (medicinenet.com)

Koch isolated Bacillus anthracis and verified that it caused the anthrax disease. (giantmicrobes.com)

Researchers from the Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases , in collaboration with Dr. Theresa M. Koehler from the University of Texas at Houston, characterized the AtxA protein from B. anthracis . (nih.gov)
Like other infectious diseases, the incubation period for anthrax is quite variable and it may be weeks before an infected individual feels sick. (medicinenet.com)
What kinds of diseases does anthrax cause? (medicinenet.com)

The major function of scavengers is to open the carcass, spill fluids, and thereby aid bacilli dispersal and initiate sporulation. (nih.gov)
The contribution of the stringent response to efficient sporulation of B. anthracis is notable, as this suggests that the stringent response may contribute to the persistence of B. anthracis in the natural environment. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

This course provides clinical laboratory scientists with information about the laboratory identification of anthrax. (cdc.gov)
On October 3, the Florida state laboratory called the CDC about a likely anthrax case. (foreignpolicy.com)

We sequenced the complete genome of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, a non-lethal dairy isolate in the same genetic subgroup as Bacillus anthracis. (nih.gov)
Pulmonary anthrax is often lethal. (medicinenet.com)

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, is a widespread zoonotic disease affecting humans and mammals. (populationmedicine.eu)

Ramisse V , Patra G , Vaissaire J , Mock M . The Ba813 chromosomal DNA sequence effectively traces the whole Bacillus anthracis community. (cdc.gov)

Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). (medicinenet.com)

They could reliably detect B. anthracis in contaminated organs containing as little as 10(3)CFU/ml, corresponding to a few genome equivalents per reaction. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Indeed, ATR/TEM8 is highly and selectively expressed in the epithelial cells lining those organs that constitute the anthrax toxin's sites of entry, i.e., the lung, the skin, and the intestine. (elsevierpure.com)

From unstimulated whole saliva heat shock treated at 62.50C, B. anthracis growth was detected with both methods . (bvsalud.org)
We evaluated the potential diagnostic capability of those methods to discriminate B. anthracis from the other members of the B. cereus group. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

The HRM and Tm-shift applications described here represent valuable tools for specific identification of B. anthracis at reduced cost. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

While anthrax commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats, humans may acquire this disease as well. (medlineplus.gov)

Anthrax causes skin, lung, and bowel disease and can be deadly. (medicinenet.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms10

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (1/1440)

A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. (2/1440)

Oligomerization of anthrax toxin protective antigen and binding of lethal factor during endocytic uptake into mammalian cells. (3/1440)

Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin. (4/1440)

Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. (5/1440)

Distinct affinity of binding sites for S-layer homologous domains in Clostridium thermocellum and Bacillus anthracis cell envelopes. (6/1440)

Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus anthracis pag operon. (7/1440)

Cell surface-exposed tetanus toxin fragment C produced by recombinant Bacillus anthracis protects against tetanus toxin. (8/1440)

Bacillus anthracis

Anthrax

Spores, Bacterial

Bacillus cereus

Bacillus subtilis

Anthrax Vaccines

Bacterial Toxins

Antigens, Bacterial

Bioterrorism

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacterial Proteins

Polyglutamic Acid

Bacillus megaterium

Molecular Sequence Data

DNA, Bacterial

Bacterial Capsules

Genes, Bacterial

Bacillus Phages

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Virulence

Bacillus

Skin Diseases, Bacterial

Bacillaceae Infections

Environmental Microbiology

Amino Acid Sequence

Biological Warfare

Plasmids

Minisatellite Repeats

Antibodies, Bacterial

Alanine Racemase

Genome, Bacterial

Antitoxins

Biological Warfare Agents

Base Sequence

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Cell Wall

Operon

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Peptidoglycan

Microbial Viability

Peracetic Acid

Culture Media

Virulence Factors

Species Specificity

Mutation

Aminoacyltransferases

Spores

Postal Service

Yersinia pestis

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Colony Count, Microbial

Macrophages

Decontamination

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (1/1440)

A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. (2/1440)

Oligomerization of anthrax toxin protective antigen and binding of lethal factor during endocytic uptake into mammalian cells. (3/1440)

Identification of a receptor-binding region within domain 4 of the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin. (4/1440)

Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. (5/1440)

Distinct affinity of binding sites for S-layer homologous domains in Clostridium thermocellum and Bacillus anthracis cell envelopes. (6/1440)

Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus anthracis pag operon. (7/1440)

Cell surface-exposed tetanus toxin fragment C produced by recombinant Bacillus anthracis protects against tetanus toxin. (8/1440)

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis

Orders of magnitude (length)

FepA

Walter James Nungester

Siderocalin

Bacillus

2001 anthrax attacks

D-amino-acid transaminase

Aum Shinrikyo

Dennis Wallace Watson

Microorganism

List of bioterrorist incidents

Theresa Koehler

Histidine kinase

Anthrax

Anthrax toxin

Bacillus atrophaeus