Babesia bovis
Babesia
Babesiosis
Babesia microti
Cattle Diseases
Rhipicephalus
Theileria
Cattle
Antigens, Protozoan
Streptococcus bovis
Anaplasmosis
Mycoplasma bovis
Ticks
Protozoan Vaccines
Theileriasis
Erythrocytes
Merozoite Surface Protein 1
Cytoadherence of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes to bovine brain capillary endothelial cells provides an in vitro model for sequestration. (1/81)
Babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic parasite of cattle, is sequestered in the host microvasculature, a behavior associated with cerebral and vascular complications of this disease. Despite the importance of this behavior to disease etiology, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been investigated. To study the components involved in sequestration, B. bovis parasites that induce adhesion of the infected erythrocytes (IRBCs) to bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBEC) in vitro were isolated. Two clonal lines, CD7(A+I+) and CE11(A+I-), were derived from a cytoadherent, monoclonal antibody 4D9.1G1-reactive parasite population. This antibody recognizes a variant, surface-exposed epitope of the variant erythrocyte surface antigen 1 (VESA1) of B. bovis IRBCs. Both clonal lines were cytoadhesive to BBEC and two other bovine endothelial cell lines but not to COS7 cells, FBK-4 cells, C32 melanoma cells, or bovine brain pericytes. By transmission electron microscopy, IRBCs were observed to bind to BBEC via the knobby protrusions on the IRBC surface, indicating involvement of components associated with these structures. Inhibition of protein export in intact, trypsinized IRBCs ablated both erythrocyte surface reexpression of parasite protein and cytoadhesion. IRBCs allowed to recover surface antigen expression regained the ability to bind endothelial cells, demonstrating that parasite protein export is required for cytoadhesion. We propose the use of this assay as an in vitro model to study the components involved in B. bovis cytoadherence and sequestration. (+info)Selection of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes for adhesion to endothelial cells coselects for altered variant erythrocyte surface antigen isoforms. (2/81)
Sequestration of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes (IRBCs) in the host microvasculature is thought to constitute an important mechanism of immune evasion. Since Ig is considered to be important for protection from disease, an in vitro assay of B. bovis sequestration was used to explore the ability of anti-B. bovis Ig to interfere with IRBC cytoadhesion, and to identify IRBC surface Ags acting as endothelial cell receptors. Bovine infection sera reactive with the IRBC surface inhibited and even reversed the binding of IRBCs to bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBECs). This activity is at least partially attributable to serum IgG. IgG isolated from inhibitory serum captured the variant erythrocyte surface ag 1 (VESA1) in surface-specific immunoprecipitations of B. bovis-IRBCs. Selection for the cytoadhesive phenotype concurrently selected for antigenic and structural changes in the VESA1 Ag. In addition, the anti-VESA1 mAb, 4D9.1G1, proved capable of effectively inhibiting and reversing binding of adhesive, mAb-reactive parasites to BBECs, and by immunoelectron microscopy localized VESA1 to the external tips of the IRBC membrane knobs. These data are consistent with a link between antigenic variation and cytoadherence in B. bovis and suggest that the VESA1 Ag acts as an endothelial cell ligand on the B. bovis-IRBC. (+info)The ves multigene family of B. bovis encodes components of rapid antigenic variation at the infected erythrocyte surface. (3/81)
B. bovis, an intraerythrocytic protozoal parasite, establishes chronic infections in cattle in part through rapid variation of the polymorphic, heterodimeric VESA1 protein on the infected erythrocyte surface and sequestration of mature parasites. We describe the characterization of the ves1 alpha gene encoding the VESA1a subunit, thus providing a description of a gene whose product is involved in rapid antigenic variation in a babesial parasite. This three-exon gene, a member of a multigene family (ves), encodes a polypeptide with no cleavable signal sequence, a single predicted transmembrane segment, and a cysteine/lysine-rich domain. Variation appears to involve creation and modification or loss of a novel, transcribed copy of the gene. (+info)Babesia bovis-stimulated macrophages express interleukin-1beta, interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide and inhibit parasite replication in vitro. (4/81)
The tick-transmitted hemoparasite Babesia bovis causes an acute infection that results in persistence and immunity against challenge infection in cattle that control the initial parasitemia. Resolution of acute infection with this protozoal pathogen is believed to be dependent on products of activated macrophages (Mphi), including inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives. B. bovis stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of NO in bovine Mphi, and chemical donors of NO inhibit the growth of B. bovis in vitro. However, the induction of inflammatory cytokines in Mphi by babesial parasites has not been described, and the antiparasitic activity of NO produced by B. bovis-stimulated Mphi has not been definitively demonstrated. We report that monocyte-derived Mphi activated by B. bovis expressed enhanced levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha that are important for stimulating innate and acquired immunity against protozoal pathogens. Furthermore, a lipid fraction of B. bovis-infected erythrocytes stimulated iNOS expression and NO production by Mphi. Cocultures of Mphi and B. bovis-infected erythrocytes either in contact or physically separated resulted in reduced parasite viability. However, NO produced by bovine Mphi in response to B. bovis-infected erythrocytes was only partially responsible for parasite growth inhibition, suggesting that additional factors contribute to the inhibition of B. bovis replication. These findings demonstrate that B. bovis induces an innate immune response that is capable of controlling parasite replication and that could potentially result in host survival and parasite persistence. (+info)Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens. (5/81)
Several pathogens of humans and domestic animals depend on hematophagous arthropods to transmit them from one vertebrate reservoir host to another and maintain them in an environment. These pathogens use antigenic variation to prolong their circulation in the blood and thus increase the likelihood of transmission. By convergent evolution, bacterial and protozoal vector-borne pathogens have acquired similar genetic mechanisms for successful antigenic variation. Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma marginale (among bacteria) and African trypanosomes, Plasmodium falciparum, and Babesia bovis (among parasites) are examples of pathogens using these mechanisms. Antigenic variation poses a challenge in the development of vaccines against vector-borne pathogens. (+info)Characterization of allelic variation in the Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1) locus and identification of a cross-reactive inhibition-sensitive MSA-1 epitope. (6/81)
The Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1), a member of the variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) family, is an immunodominant glycoprotein which elicits antibodies that inhibit erythrocyte invasion. While antigenic polymorphism is a general feature of vmsa genes, the molecular basis and extent of msa-1 sequence polymorphism have not been well characterized. In this study we defined the msa-1 locus in the biologically cloned Mexico Mo7 strain of B. bovis and identified the sequence differences between MSA-1 antigenically dissimilar strains. We then determined whether sequences conserved between distinct msa-1 alleles would induce cross-reactive CD4(+) T lymphocytes or inhibitory antibodies. The msa-1 locus in Mo7 contains a single msa-1 gene flanked by transcribed genes with no sequence homology to members of the VMSA gene family. Argentina B. bovis strains R1A and S2P have msa-1 genes with amino acid sequences that are 98.8% identical to each other, and antibodies against S2P MSA-1 cross-react with native R1A MSA-1. In contrast, identity between the Argentina and Mexico Mo7 msa-1 alleles is only 52%, with no continuous stretch of identity longer than 16 amino acids. Despite limited sequence conservation, antibodies against R1A MSA-1 were able to inhibit invasion of erythrocytes by Mo7 merozoites. The results indicate that inhibition-sensitive epitopes are conserved despite significant sequence divergence between Mexico and Argentina strain alleles and support a conserved functional role for polymorphic MSA-1 in erythrocyte invasion. (+info)DNA from protozoan parasites Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei is mitogenic for B lymphocytes and stimulates macrophage expression of interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide. (7/81)
The activation of innate immune responses by genomic DNA from bacteria and several nonvertebrate organisms represents a novel mechanism of pathogen recognition. We recently demonstrated the CpG-dependent mitogenic activity of DNA from the protozoan parasite Babesia bovis for bovine B lymphocytes (W. C. Brown, D. M. Estes, S. E. Chantler, K. A. Kegerreis, and C. E. Suarez, Infect. Immun. 66:5423-5432, 1998). However, activation of macrophages by DNA from protozoan parasites has not been demonstrated. The present study was therefore conducted to determine whether DNA from the protozan parasites B. bovis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei activates macrophages to secrete inflammatory mediators associated with protective immunity. DNA from Escherichia coli and all three parasites stimulated B-lymphocyte proliferation and increased macrophage production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO). Regulation of IL-12 and NO production occurred at the level of transcription. The amounts of IL-12, TNF-alpha, and NO induced by E. coli and protozoal DNA were strongly correlated (r2 > 0.9) with the frequency of CG dinucleotides in the genome, and immunostimulation by DNA occurred in the order E. coli > or = T. cruzi > T. brucei > B. bovis. Induction of inflammatory mediators by E. coli, T. brucei, and B. bovis DNA was dependent on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. However, at high concentrations, E. coli and T. cruzi DNA-mediated macrophage activation was not inhibited following methylation. The recognition of protozoal DNA by B lymphocytes and macrophages may provide an important innate defense mechanism to control parasite replication and promote persistent infection. (+info)Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 and rhoptry-associated protein 1 are expressed in sporozoites, and specific antibodies inhibit sporozoite attachment to erythrocytes. (8/81)
We examined Babesia bovis sporozoites for the expression of two molecules, merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1) and rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1), that are postulated to be involved in the invasion of host erythrocytes. Both MSA-1 and RAP-1 were transcribed and expressed in infectious sporozoites. Importantly, monospecific MSA-1 and RAP-1 antisera each inhibited sporozoite invasion of erythrocytes in vitro. This is the first identification of antigens expressed in Babesia sp. sporozoites and establishes that, at least in part, sporozoites and merozoites share common targets of antibody mediated inhibition of erythrocyte invasion. (+info)Symptoms of babesiosis can vary in severity and may include:
* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle and joint pain
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
In severe cases, babesiosis can lead to complications such as:
* Hemolytic anemia (breakdown of red blood cells)
* Kidney failure
* Respiratory distress syndrome
* Septic shock
Babesiosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:
* Blood smear
* Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
* Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Treatment for babesiosis typically involves the use of antimicrobial drugs, such as azithromycin and atovaquone, or clindamycin and primaquine. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications.
Prevention of babesiosis primarily involves protecting against tick bites through measures such as:
* Using insect repellents containing DEET or permethrin
* Wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and tucking pant legs into socks
* Checking for ticks on the body after spending time outdoors
* Removing any attached ticks promptly and correctly
Early detection and treatment of babesiosis can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for affected individuals.
Cattle diseases refer to any health issues that affect cattle, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and environmental factors. These diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers who rely on them for their livelihood.
Types of Cattle Diseases
There are many different types of cattle diseases, including:
1. Bacterial diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and botulism.
2. Viral diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and bluetongue.
3. Parasitic diseases, such as heartwater and gapeworm.
4. Genetic disorders, such as polledness and cleft palate.
5. Environmental factors, such as heat stress and nutritional deficiencies.
Symptoms of Cattle Diseases
The symptoms of cattle diseases can vary depending on the specific disease, but may include:
1. Fever and respiratory problems
2. Diarrhea and vomiting
3. Weight loss and depression
4. Swelling and pain in joints or limbs
5. Discharge from the eyes or nose
6. Coughing or difficulty breathing
7. Lameness or reluctance to move
8. Changes in behavior, such as aggression or lethargy
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cattle Diseases
Diagnosing cattle diseases can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar for different conditions. However, veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history to make a diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.
Prevention of Cattle Diseases
Preventing cattle diseases is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your herd. Some preventative measures include:
1. Proper nutrition and hydration
2. Regular vaccinations and parasite control
3. Sanitary living conditions and frequent cleaning
4. Monitoring for signs of illness and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Implementing biosecurity measures such as isolating sick animals and quarantining new animals before introduction to the herd.
It is important to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive health plan for your cattle herd, as they can provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control methods, and disease prevention strategies tailored to your specific needs.
Conclusion
Cattle diseases can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of your herd, as well as the overall health of your animals. It is essential to be aware of the common cattle diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods to ensure the health and well-being of your herd.
By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing preventative measures such as proper nutrition and sanitary living conditions, you can help protect your cattle from disease and maintain a productive and profitable herd. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing cattle diseases.
The symptoms of anaplasmosis can range from mild to severe and typically develop within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite. Mild symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe symptoms can include bleeding disorders, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), renal failure, respiratory distress, and cardiovascular complications.
Anaplasmosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. Laboratory tests may include blood smears, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests, and serologic tests to detect the presence of antibodies against the bacteria.
Treatment for anaplasmosis typically involves the use of antimicrobial drugs, such as doxycycline or azithromycin, which are effective against the bacteria. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as respiratory distress, renal failure, and cardiovascular problems.
Prevention of anaplasmosis includes avoiding tick habitats, using protective clothing and insect repellents when outdoors, and conducting regular tick checks on oneself and pets. It is also important to be aware of the risks of anaplasmosis in areas where the disease is prevalent and to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms develop after a tick bite.
The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, which introduces the parasite into the host's bloodstream. The parasites then multiply within the host's cells, causing damage to the red blood cells and other organs.
There are several species of Theileria that can cause theileriosis, with different species affecting different regions and livestock populations. The most common species is Theileria parva, which is found in sub-Saharan Africa and causes East Coast fever. Other species include Theileria sergenti, which is found in southern Africa, and Theileria taurotragus, which affects wild buffalo.
Theileriosis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and observation of the parasites in the host's bloodstream. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, and in some cases, medication to reduce the number of parasites in the host's body.
Prevention is key to controlling theileriosis, and this includes using acaricides to kill ticks, vaccination, and maintaining good herd health practices. In areas where the disease is common, it is important to monitor livestock regularly for signs of the disease and take prompt action if any are detected.
In summary, theileriosis is a parasitic infection caused by Theileria protozoa that affects cattle and other bovines, causing a range of symptoms including fever, anemia, weight loss, and edema. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick and can be diagnosed through laboratory tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves supportive care and medication to reduce the number of parasites in the host's body, while prevention strategies include the use of acaricides, vaccination, and good herd health practices.
Babesia bovis
Anaplasma bovis
List of sequenced protist genomes
Theileria parva
Ticks of domestic animals
Babesia
Rhipicephalus pulchellus
Rhipicephalus annulatus
Cattle drenching
Nilgai
Babesiosis
Beef cattle vaccination in Australia
List of MeSH codes (B01)
Ixodes ricinus
Eukaryote
Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations
List of infectious sheep and goat diseases
Alan Cowman
Veterinary parasitology
Gene density
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Bigemina2
- such as B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. major, is a global disease that poses a serious threat to livestock production. (bvsalud.org)
- It is caused by an invasive parasite-vector complex that includes the protozoan hemoparasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, which are transmitted among domestic cattle via Rhipicephalus tick vectors of the subgenus Boophilus. (nau.edu)
Babesiosis6
- Although the index of suspicion should be high in areas endemic for Babesia infection, patients with babesiosis have few, if any, localizing signs to suggest the disease. (medscape.com)
- Introduction: Live in vivo attenuated Babesia bovis vaccines produced by sequential passages in splenectomized calves have historically been used to control acute bovine babesiosis in endemic areas worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
- Bovine babesiosis, caused by different Babesia spp. (bvsalud.org)
- Babesia bovis infections are associated with severe disease and increased mortality in adult cattle, making it the most virulent agent of bovine babesiosis. (bvsalud.org)
- Such strategies incorporated B. bovis proteins or whole live parasites with the latter providing the most effective prophylaxis against bovine babesiosis. (bvsalud.org)
- Babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic hemoprotozoan parasite, causes the most pathogenic form of bovine babesiosis, negatively impacting the cattle industry. (bvsalud.org)
Cattle7
- Babesia bovis causes an acute and often fatal infection in adult cattle, which if resolved, leads to a state of persistent infection in otherwise clinically healthy cattle. (nih.gov)
- Despite the discovery of B. bovis over a century ago, there are still no safe and effective vaccines that protect cattle against this most virulent of babesial pathogens. (nih.gov)
- The first sections will discuss the innate immune responses by peripheral blood- and spleen-derived macrophages in cattle induced by B. bovis merozoites and their products that limit parasite replication, and comparison of natural killer cell responses in the spleens of young (resistant) and adult (susceptible) cattle. (nih.gov)
- Human infections with A. bovis , a pathogen first identified in monocytes of cattle in Algeria in 1936 and subsequently detected in other countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, were reported from China in 2017 ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- However, several constraints prevent the widespread use of these vaccines, including the need for several splenectomized calves to produce vaccine batches, and potential inconsistent parasite attenuation, which contraindicates their use for highly Babesia-susceptible adult cattle. (bvsalud.org)
- In cattle, B. bovis invades the red blood cells (RBCs) and reproduces asexually. (bvsalud.org)
- Although several studies have demonstrated that various Theileria , Babesia , Ehrlichia , and Anaplasma species circulate among sheep, goats, cattle, cervids, and humans in China, almost no data are available on the possible role of P. gutturosa as a host organism. (biomedcentral.com)
BBOV2
- In this study, we successfully deleted the region encoding MAR domain of the BBOV_III011730 by integrating a fusion gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein-blasticidin-S-deaminase into the genome of B. bovis. (bvsalud.org)
- The transgenic B. bovis, lacking the MAR domain of the BBOV_III011730, invaded bovine RBCs in vitro and grew at rates similar to the parental line. (bvsalud.org)
Ovis1
- Three recognized species ( Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Anaplasma ovis , and Anaplasma bovis ) and one provisionally named species ( Anaplasma capra ) are associated with moderately severe to severe disease in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Humans1
- Humans are incidental hosts for Babesia when bitten by nymph or adult ticks. (medscape.com)
Species4
- The agent demonstrated 100% identity across a 357-bp region of rrs to A. bovis -like sequences amplified from several human-biting Dermacentor tick species in North America ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- In the United States, most infections are caused by Babesia microti , a species commonly found in mice. (medscape.com)
- Babesia species and organisms of the closely related genus Theileria parasitize the erythrocytes of wild and domestic animals.These parasites are members of the order Piroplasmida, named for the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells (RBCs). (medscape.com)
- Babesia species in the host erythrocyte range from 1 to 5 µm in length. (medscape.com)
Intraerythrocytic1
- In conclusion, our study revealed that the MAR domain is non-essential for the intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Characterization2
- Initial molecular characterization of this novel agent reveals identity to A. bovis -like bacteria detected in Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected from multiple US states. (cdc.gov)
- Identification, expression and characterization of a Babesia bovis hexose transporter. (univ-grenoble-alpes.fr)
Anaplasma1
- We detected the DNA of an Anaplasma bovis -like bacterium in blood specimens from 4 patients from the United States with suspected tickborne illnesses. (cdc.gov)
Ixodes1
- [ 10 ] In each location, the Ixodes tick vector for Babesia is the same vector that locally transmits Borrelia burgdorferi , the agent implicated in Lyme disease. (medscape.com)
Divergens1
- B. microti measures 2 × 1.5 µm, B. divergens measures 4 × 1.5 µm, and B. bovis measures 2.4 × 1.5 µm. (medscape.com)
Immune2
- Understanding the fundamental biology, host immune responses, and host-parasite interactions of Babesia parasites is critical for developing next-generation vaccines to control acute disease and parasite transmission. (bvsalud.org)
- This systematic review analyzed available research papers on vaccine development and the associated immune responses to B. bovis. (bvsalud.org)
Parasite2
- Babesia bovis parasites undergo asexual reproduction within bovine red blood cells, followed by sexual reproduction within their tick vectors, which transmit the parasite transovarially. (bvsalud.org)
- acs-1, ama-1, β-tub, cp-2, p0, rap-1a) associated to parasite an infection and immunogenicity and ITS area have been chosen for alignment and comparability of a number of isolates of Babesia bovis from completely different geographic areas all over the world. (ja-tec.com)
Infection3
- Young animals are generally more resistant than adults to B. bovis infection, which is dependent on the spleen. (nih.gov)
- Babesia infection is most commonly seen in the north midwestern and northeastern United States. (medscape.com)
- Results demonstrated that Att-S74-T3Bo vaccination of adult animals (n=5) induced self-limiting signs of acute infection and protected the vaccinated animals against challenge with the homologous virulent B. bovis strain Vir-S74-T3Bo. (bvsalud.org)
Strain2
- To further characterize the phylogenetic position of this novel agent, we evaluated additional sequences to determine the uniqueness of this strain among the expanding global complex of A. bovis -like bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- Previous work demonstrated that the culture attenuated strain Att-S74-T3Bo is non-tick transmissible and able to safely protect calves against needle challenge with a B. bovis virulent strain. (bvsalud.org)
Control1
- Comprehensive knowledge of B. bovis biology is necessary for developing control methods. (bvsalud.org)
Agent1
- In 2015, a targeted metagenomic approach designed to amplify the V1-V2 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA ( rrs ) gene identified DNA of an A. bovis -like agent in blood specimens from 2 US patients with suspected tickborne illnesses ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Blood1
- In addition, patients should be advised to take precautions against tick exposure and to refrain from donating blood until 2 years from the time of a reactive nucleic acid test result for Babesia. (medscape.com)
Host1
- When they feed again on a new host, they inoculate the new host with Babesia . (medscape.com)
Microti3
- Apicomplexa tick-borne hemoparasites, including Babesia bovis, Babesia microti, and Theileria equi are responsible for bovine and human babesiosis and equine theileriosis, respectively. (nih.gov)
- In the United States, most infections are caused by Babesia microti , a species commonly found in mice. (medscape.com)
- B. microti measures 2 × 1.5 µm, B. divergens measures 4 × 1.5 µm, and B. bovis measures 2.4 × 1.5 µm. (medscape.com)
Genus3
- Members of the genus Babesia cause one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide in wild and domestic animals. (medscape.com)
- If additional evidence supports the conclusion that the organism indeed constitutes a newly described species of the Babesia genus, we would favor the name Babesia venatorum, which now does not constitute an official name. (cdc.gov)
- Babesia species and organisms of the closely related genus Theileria parasitize the erythrocytes of wild and domestic animals.These parasites are members of the order Piroplasmida, named for the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells (RBCs). (medscape.com)
Erythrocyte2
- The variant erythrocyte surface antigen (VESA1) of B. bovis is a heterodimeric protein expressed on the surface of infected red blood cells. (medscape.com)
- 12. Myosins of Babesia bovis: molecular characterisation, erythrocyte invasion, and phylogeny. (nih.gov)
Ticks1
- Humans are incidental hosts for Babesia when bitten by nymph or adult ticks. (medscape.com)
Babesiosis1
- Although the index of suspicion should be high in areas endemic for Babesia infection, patients with babesiosis have few, if any, localizing signs to suggest the disease. (medscape.com)
Molecular1
- The molecular events that determine the switching mechanism in B. babesia are unknown. (medscape.com)