B-Cell Activating Factor

B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor

Macrophage-Activating Factors

Hexosediphosphates

B-Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte Activation

Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3

Phosphofructokinase-1

Molecular Sequence Data

B-Lymphocyte Subsets

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Enzyme Activation

Base Sequence

Signal Transduction

Mice, Inbred C57BL

DNA-Binding Proteins

Medical Informatics

Explosions

Amino Acid Sequence

Genome, Bacterial

Phylogeny

Growth factor receptor

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Epidermal growth factor receptor

Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor

TRAF6

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

ErbB

Coagulation factor II receptor

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor

Collagen receptor

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

NF-κB

Interleukin 3

C1QBP

T helper 3 cell

Contact activation system

PRKCSH

GAPVD1

Toll-like receptor 5

TGF beta receptor 1

Sprouty protein

Src family kinase

B cell growth and differentiation factors

CYTH2

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

SPRY2

CARD11

ProtCID

PDGFRA

Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src

Rhomboid-related protein 2

Brain ischemia

Death-associated protein 6

Metabolism

GNLY

PSMD7

Signet ring cell carcinoma

Catenin

Follicular dendritic cells

Interferon

ABL (gene)

Promoter (genetics)

Caspase 10

Sodium-potassium pump

Toll-like receptor 6

Selective androgen receptor modulator

Zinc deficiency

Cell cycle

Zhimin Lu

Sympathoadrenal system

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins

NFIA

CBLC

Androgen

MYD88

Interleukin 25

TRADD

Glucocorticoid receptor

Effects of cannabis

Epidermal growth f6

• 25. Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on clathrin-coated pit recruitment and internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor. (nih.gov)
• 29. Overexpression of cellular Src in fibroblasts enhances endocytic internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor. (nih.gov)
• 30. The role of tyrosine kinase activity in endocytosis, compartmentation, and down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. (nih.gov)
• 34. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) promotes uptake of influenza A viruses (IAV) into host cells. (nih.gov)
• 36. Phosphatidic acid induces ligand-independent epidermal growth factor receptor endocytic traffic through PDE4 activation. (nih.gov)
• This endosomal protein regulates the cell-surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. (nih.gov)

Binds6

• The NTRK1 protein is turned on (activated) when another protein called nerve growth factor beta (NGFβ) attaches (binds) to it and signals the NTRK1 protein to phosphorylate itself (autophosphorylation). (medlineplus.gov)
• A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that specifically binds B-CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR . (nih.gov)
• Aldosterone is a steroidal hormone produced in the cortex of suprarenal gland that specifically binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The production and secretion of this hormone are mainly triggered in response to changes in blood perfusion, which is sensed by principal cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
• The type A PDGF Receptor binds all three PDGFs with high affinity, whereas the type B PDGF Receptor is selective for PDGF-BB. (sigmaaldrich.com)
• This class of antibodies binds to phospholipids, a major component of the cell membrane. (the-scientist.com)
• Binds through its extracellular N-terminus growth factors, extracellular matrix proteases modulating their activity. (abcam.com)

Tyrosine kinase3

• Indo Y. Molecular basis of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): mutations and polymorphisms in TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth factor. (medlineplus.gov)
• PDGFR (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor) is a receptor tyrosine kinase for the PDGF family of growth factors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
• This binding results in the dimerization of the receptor and the subsequent kinase activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its autophosphorylation. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Proteins11

• Platelet activation allows binding of these proteins, which bridges adjacent platelets. (medscape.com)
• The alpha granules contain hemostatic proteins such as fibrinogen, vWf, and growth factors (eg, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factors). (medscape.com)
• The ability of ligands to modulate transcription of AP-1- or Sp1-containing promoters was dependent on cell context, but the expression of AP-1 or Sp1 proteins was not necessarily related to transcriptional response. (nih.gov)
• They contain intracellular compartments called granules, which are filled with proteins that can form holes in the target cell and also cause apoptosis, the process for programmed cell death. (nih.gov)
• Thus, plating cells onto anti-integrin antibodies prevented anoikis, whereas attachment to antibodies recognising other cell surface proteins did not, suggesting that specific integrin-dependent signalling is required. (nature.com)
• Adhesion receptors not only provide a physical attachment to the ECM but they also create an adhesion-dependent signalling scaffold containing a number of adaptor proteins and kinases. (nature.com)
• After incubation with cell lysates, both phospho- and nonphospho-EGF Receptor proteins are captured by the coated antibody. (cellsignal.com)
• In particular, apoptotic cells expose specific membrane phospholipids that can be detected with labelled marker proteins (for example, phosphatidylserine detected with fluorescently labelled annexin V) and cleave their DNA into specific fragments that are the basis for the enzyme linked assays to detect fragmented DNA (for example, terminal UTP nick end labelling, or TUNEL). (bmj.com)
• These phosphorylations allow for various proteins, such as PI3 Kinase, PLCg, and Grb2, to bind through their SH2 domains and transduce signals into the cell. (sigmaaldrich.com)
• TGFbeta modulates gene transcription by receptor-mediated activation of Smad proteins which act as transcription factors. (eurekamag.com)
• RSV is recognized by a range of cellular receptors including both toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RIG-I). This interaction initiates signaling through mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) proteins, resulting in the induction of type I interferons (IFN). (mdpi.com)

Proliferation9

• Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) denotes a heterogeneous category of cancers occurring within the bone marrow that are initiated by the unrestricted proliferation of haematopoietic stem cells. (nih.gov)
• for instance, the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) within AML cells influences their proliferation. (nih.gov)
• Although anchorage dependence of cells has been recognised for many years, particularly regarding proliferation, 3 anoikis as we understand it was first described in the early 1990s. (nature.com)
• MicroRNA-95 promotes cell proliferation and targets sorting Nexin 1 in human colorectal carcinoma. (nih.gov)
• Stimulation of purified T lymphocytes by a combination of monoclonal antibodies directed at CD2 and CD28 adhesion molecules gives rise to a long lasting proliferation in the absence of accessory cells. (cnrs.fr)
• The mitogenic combination of anti CD2 + anti CD28 released the footprint as cells were committed to proliferation. (cnrs.fr)
• Modulating the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of satellite cells are the signaling mechanisms of local and systemic growth factors [7, 8] -- primarily the local. (bodybuilding.com)
• Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta) is involved in the regulation of liver cell proliferation and apoptosis, and escape of hepatoma cells from the growth restraining signals of TGFbeta has been suggested to contribute to tumor development. (eurekamag.com)
• Proteoglycan playing a role in cell proliferation and migration which stimulates endothelial cells motility during microvascular morphogenesis. (abcam.com)

Platelet-derive1

• These growth factors then bind to the beta-isoform of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-b). (mdanderson.org)

Remaining myeloid1

• Irrespective of the EAE model used, B-cell depletion reduced the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), and increased the proinflammatory polarizing capacity of remaining myeloid APCs. (nih.gov)

Adhesion5

• Little is known about molecular mecha- desmosomal glycoproteins, resulting in the nisms affecting mast cell and T lympho- loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion [ 1 ]. (who.int)
• The purpose of this review is to show that rather than anoikis being a specific stimulus of cell death, it is in fact a broad range of cellular responses to loss of adhesion that utilise diverse signalling and apoptotic pathways. (nature.com)
• Elevated lavels of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1, thrombomodulin and soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. (who.int)
• CD11b/CD18 is critical for the transendothelial migration of monocytes and neutrophils as well as adhesion, phagocytosis, and neutrophil activation. (biolegend.com)
• Additional reported applications (for the relevant formats) include: immunoprecipitation, and blocking cell adhesion to fibrinogen and ICAM-1 1 . (biolegend.com)

Antigen2

• In EAE induced by rMOG, B cells became activated and, when serving as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), promoted differentiation of proinflammatory MOG-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. (nih.gov)
• Dendritic cells (DC) are an important antigen-presenting cell (APC), and they also can develop from monocytes. (nih.gov)

Endothelial cell1

• Under physiological circumstances, the resistance of the endothelial cell lining to interactions with platelets and coagulation factors prevents thrombosis. (medscape.com)

Antigens4

• Antigens are molecules from pathogens, host cells, and allergens that may be recognized by adaptive immune cells. (nih.gov)
• APCs like DCs are responsible for processing large molecules into "readable" fragments (antigens) recognized by adaptive B or T cells. (nih.gov)
• However, antigens alone cannot activate T cells. (nih.gov)
• B cells have two major functions: They present antigens to T cells, and more importantly, they produce antibodies to neutralize infectious microbes. (nih.gov)

Epithelial cells3

• Finally, ODE-induced Muc5ac levels were enhanced in MyD88-deficient airway epithelial cells in vitro. (cdc.gov)
• Furthermore, epithelial cells can be switched between anoikis sensitive and insensitive by oncogenic transformation or treatment with scatter factor. (nature.com)
• The lung is protected from pathogens by alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, tissue resident alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. (frontiersin.org)

Apoptosis20

• It is important to distinguish between apoptosis and other forms of cell death like necrosis. (nih.gov)
• Apoptosis, unlike necrosis, does not release danger signals that can lead to greater immune activation and inflammation. (nih.gov)
• Through apoptosis, immune cells can discreetly remove infected cells and limit bystander damage. (nih.gov)
• An important aspect of multicellularity is that cells only grow and differentiate when in the correct context within a tissue, and remove themselves by apoptosis when they are not. (nature.com)
• Apoptosis in response to inappropriate cell/ECM interactions is termed anoikis, a name that in some way implies a special case of cell death initiated by signals not used in response to other proapoptotic insults. (nature.com)
• 1 In practice, different cell types use diverse mechanisms to interpret signals from the ECM, all of which are found to regulate apoptosis in response to many other stimuli. (nature.com)
• Anoikis is apoptosis induced by lack of correct cell/ECM attachment, and many experimental systems study this by completely detaching cells from the ECM. (nature.com)
• Almost simultaneous papers from the groups of Martin Schwartz and Steve Frisch showed that cells that were deprived of attachment to the ECM underwent classical apoptosis. (nature.com)
• Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a process through which multicellular organisms dispose of cells efficiently. (bmj.com)
• 1 Apoptosis defines a type of cell death distinct from the more conventional necrotic death, seen classically in myocardial infarction, on the basis of characteristic morphological features (table 1, fig 1). (bmj.com)
• Indeed, apoptosis is frequently followed by secondary necrosis of cells, especially if there is failure of clearance or ingestion of apoptotic bodies. (bmj.com)
• Electron microscopic appearances of a human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) undergoing apoptosis in culture. (bmj.com)
• Apoptotic cells undergo a characteristic cascade of biochemical events (see Regulation of apoptosis), many of which are useful in detecting apoptotic cells. (bmj.com)
• Biochemical signalling during apoptosis, such as activation or cleavage of specific caspase enzymes (see below) can also be used on both cells and tissue samples. (bmj.com)
• Thus, acute myocardial infarction manifests both forms of cell death, 3 with apoptosis particularly occurring at the hypoperfused "border" zones, between a central area of necrosis and viable myocardium. (bmj.com)
• TGFbeta-mediated primary signaling responses as well as effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated in the human hepatoblastoma line HepG2, the rat hepatoma line FTO-2B and the mouse hepatoma line 55.1c. (eurekamag.com)
• HepG2 cells, however, were completely resistant to TGFbeta-induced growth arrest and apoptosis and 55.1c cells were only slightly susceptible to TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. (eurekamag.com)
• By contrast, treatment of FTO-2B cells with TGFbeta led to a partial G0/G1 arrest and a strong induction of apoptosis. (eurekamag.com)
• TGFbeta-induced apoptosis of FTO-2B cells was inhibited by dexamethasone, insulin, phenobarbital and dieldrin. (eurekamag.com)
• Of these agents, only insulin led to a significant reduction of TGFbeta-stimulated Smad-reporter activity, suggesting that the other compounds interfere with TGFbeta-induced apoptosis downstream of Smad-mediated primary transcriptional responses at a level that may be constitutively altered in apoptosis-resistant hepatoma cell lines. (eurekamag.com)

Intracellular1

• The activation of PDGFFR triggers the intracellular loop and activates Ras, Erk1/2, and ROS. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Antibody3

• In opsonization, an antibody-bound pathogen serves as a red flag to alert immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages, to engulf and digest the pathogen. (nih.gov)
• The B-cell receptor (BCR), which sits on the surface of a B cell, is actually an antibody. (nih.gov)
• OD 450 nm readings are shown in the top figure, while the corresponding Western blot using Phospho-EGF Receptor (Tyr1173) Rabbit mAb #4407 (right panel) or EGF Receptor Antibody #2232 (left panel), is shown in the bottom figure. (cellsignal.com)

Transmembrane1

• related to other transmembrane receptors. (who.int)

Cytokine3

• Our observations suggest that CaSR activation elevates cytokine and chemokine production , partially mediated by NFκB. (bvsalud.org)
• Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pivotal cytokine in host defences with broad ranging effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems. (bmj.com)
• Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a key cytokine in the integrated host defence system against infectious diseases. (bmj.com)

Mediates2

• Although it is widely accepted that the estrogen-occupied receptor mediates its effects by interacting with estrogen response elements (EREs) residing in target genes, a number of estrogen-responsive genes contain no identifiable ERE. (nih.gov)
• Increasing evidence suggests that the calcineurin (CN)-dependent transcription factor NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells) mediates deleterious effects of astrocytes in progressive neurodegenerative conditions. (jneurosci.org)

Transcription7

• Activation of nuclear receptors, a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors, is used extensively in development of drug targets. (biorxiv.org)
• To understand how estrogen-responsive genes lacking EREs but containing activator protein 1 (AP-1) and Sp1 sites respond to hormone treatment, we have identified four discrete regions of the human progesterone receptor gene that contain AP-1 or Sp1 sites and examined their abilities to modulate transcription in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol, ICI 182,780, tamoxifen, raloxifene, genistein, or daidzein. (nih.gov)
• Transient cotransfection assays demonstrated that ER alpha was a more potent activator of transcription than ER beta in bone, uterine, and mammary cells. (nih.gov)
• Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) to inhibit the calcineurin-dependent activation of the transcription factor NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells) selectively, we have shown that activated astrocytes contribute to neural dysfunction in animal models characterized by progressive/chronic neuropathology. (jneurosci.org)
• The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand dependent transcription factor. (hindawi.com)
• Ligand activation of TLR4 activates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and the transcription of NF-κB-regulated inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. (medscimonit.com)
• Cyclin A transcription is cell cycle regulated and induced by cell proliferative signals. (cnrs.fr)

Antibodies4

• Antibodies coat the surface of a pathogen and serve three major roles: neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation. (nih.gov)
• Neutralization occurs when the pathogen, because it is covered in antibodies, is unable to bind and infect host cells. (nih.gov)
• B cells also secrete antibodies to diffuse and bind to pathogens. (nih.gov)
• The activated B cell responds by secreting antibodies, essentially the BCR but in soluble form. (nih.gov)

Tumour1

• The importance of anoikis in vivo can readily be seen when alterations that perturb its normal control are seen to enhance tumour metastasis, a process which requires cells to survive in totally inappropriate ECM environments. (nature.com)

Gene5

• The Sp1-containing promoters were substantially more potent transcriptional enhancers than the AP-1-containing promoters, but a 1.5-kb region of the human progesterone receptor gene containing both AP-1 and Sp1 sites was the most hormone-responsive promoter tested. (nih.gov)
• The NTRK1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is essential for the development and survival of nerve cells (neurons), especially those that transmit information about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch (sensory neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
• Many of the NTRK1 gene mutations lead to a protein that cannot be activated by phosphorylation, which means the mutated NTRK1 protein cannot transmit cell growth and survival signals to neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
• Consistent with this notion, macrophages can undergo two types of activation, characterized by differential gene expression programs depending of the triggering stimulus [ 27 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Moreover, TGFbeta-inducible early gene was transiently activated by TGFbeta in all cell lines as shown by RT-PCR. (eurekamag.com)

Surface4

• The NTRK1 protein is found on the surface of cells, particularly sensory neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
• Opioid drugs, such as morphine, bind to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) on the surface of nerve cells. (mdanderson.org)
• The precursor stem cells (satellite cells) are located outside the myofiber in depressions in the fiber surface between the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) and basal lamina (matrix that surrounds the muscle cells). (bodybuilding.com)
• Cell surface receptor for collagen alpha 2(VI) which may confer cells ability to migrate on that substrate. (abcam.com)

Cellular3

• Macrophages also have important non-immune functions, such as recycling dead cells, like red blood cells, and clearing away cellular debris. (nih.gov)
• Myocardial infarction has been considered to be a prime example of necrotic cell death, because of the breakdown of cellular energy metabolism. (bmj.com)
• Recent findings have demonstrated that TNFα mediated pathways play a critical role in regulating the molecular interactions between cellular and viral factors within infected cells and that many viral pathogens have learned to exploit the TNF pathway, using it to escape control and favour their spread. (bmj.com)

Differentiation2

• Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling is central to pathogen responses. (cdc.gov)
• The enhanced Muc5ac levels in MyD88-deficient mice were not explained by differences in the differentiation program of airway secretory cells in naïve mice. (cdc.gov)

Ligand5

• We have previously shown that pioneer factor Foxa2 opens chromatin for binding of nuclear receptors FXR and LXRα during acute ligand activation. (biorxiv.org)
• We hypothesized that Foxa2 also enables chromatin conformational changes during ligand activation. (biorxiv.org)
• Cell- and ligand-specific regulation of promoters containing activator protein-1 and Sp1 sites by estrogen receptors alpha and beta. (nih.gov)
• 27. A novel role of Rho-kinase in the regulation of ligand-induced phosphorylated EGFR endocytosis via the early/late endocytic pathway in human fibrosarcoma cells. (nih.gov)
• Even though aldosterone is the cognate ligand of the MR, glucocorticoids (GCs) such as cortisol can also bind to this receptor with equivalent affinity [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

Regulation3

• In certain clinical settings, however, elimination of unactivated B cells, which participate in regulation of T cells and other APC, may be undesirable. (nih.gov)
• To understand the mechanisms underlined in this regulation in normal human cells, we have analysed in vivo protein-DNA interactions at the Cyclin A locus in primary T lymphocytes. (cnrs.fr)
• Expression of Aquaporin-1 water channel protein in mouse erythro-leukemia cells: genetic regulation of corticosteroid and chemical induction. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Myeloid cells5

• In these animals, MR has been mainly studied in hypertension models, demonstrating that its activation in myeloid cells is necessary to develop such a pathology [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
• We investigate crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal myeloid cells. (elsevier.com)
• We find that Lewis lung carcinoma cells significantly induce PPARβ/δ activity in myeloid cells invitro and invivo. (elsevier.com)
• Myeloid cell-specific knockout of PPARβ/δ results in impaired growth of implanted tumors, and this is restored by adoptive transfer of wild-type myeloid cells. (elsevier.com)
• Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is shown to be an upstream regulator of PPARβ/δ in myeloid cells and is induced by M-CSF secreted from tumor cells. (elsevier.com)

Membrane2

• Platelets play a primary role in this process, interacting with subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor (vWf) via the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. (medscape.com)
• 38. Epidermal growth factor and membrane trafficking. (nih.gov)

Dendritic2

• CD11b non-covalently associates with integrin β 2 (CD18) and is expressed on granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and subsets of T and B cells. (biolegend.com)
• In mice, MR expression has been shown in monocytes/macrophages [ 21 , 22 ] and dendritic cells (DCs) [ 23 ]. (hindawi.com)

Bind2

• Secreted by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary, circulating GH shoots to the liver where it can bind GH receptors to stimulate the expression of IGF-I and its cohort IGFBP3 (IGF binding protein 3, there are six in total), a protein that carries IGF-I and magnifies its effects. (bodybuilding.com)
• PDGF homo and hetero- dimmers (dimer of A (17 kDa) and B (14 kDa) chains (AA, AB, or BB)) bind to the two structurally related a and b PDGF Receptors (PDGFRa and PDGFRb). (sigmaaldrich.com)

Modulates2

• It is thought that MR modulates the function and activation of macrophages during the development of cardiac fibrosis [ 25 , 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Keratinocyte growth factor modulates alveolar epithelial cell phenotype in vitro: expression of aquaporin-5 (AQP5). (hopkinsmedicine.org)

PDGF1

• This process stimulates the release of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF-AB and BB) from the cell. (mdanderson.org)

Nuclear3

• This was in part reverted by SN50, an inhibitor of the inflammatory mediator nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). (bvsalud.org)
• In the present study we examined the effect of LPA on MMP9 expression and activity in THP-1 cells and the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathway in this effect. (medscimonit.com)
• Consistent with theses results, nuclear extracts prepared from quiescent cells formed a specific complex with this element, whereas extracts prepared from cells treated with anti CD2 + anti CD28 failed to do so after cells entered a proliferative state. (cnrs.fr)

Abstract1

• Living at Altitude is an Independent Risk Factor for Increased Prescription Opioid Misuse and Fatal Overdose by Prescription Opioids [Abstract]. (utah.edu)

Humans1

• 6 Humans have at least 24 different integrins, and although some are expressed on the same cells and even recognise the same ECM components, many have essential roles in specific tissues. (nature.com)

Stimulates1

• Figure 1: Treatment of A431 cells with EGF stimulates phosphorylation of EGF Receptor at Tyr1173, detected by PathScan ® Phospho-EGF Receptor (Tyr1173) Sandwich ELISA kit #7187, but does not affect the level of total EGF Receptor detected by PathScan ® Total EGF Receptor Sandwich ELISA kit #7250. (cellsignal.com)

Inflammatory6

• Human adipose cells express the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), and its expression is elevated in inflammatory states, such as that associated with obesity . (bvsalud.org)
• Given the CaSR's association with inflammation in other tissues , we evaluated its role elevating the adipose expression of inflammatory factors. (bvsalud.org)
• CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
• Mast cells are found in tissues and can mediate allergic reactions by releasing inflammatory chemicals like histamine. (nih.gov)
• The first type of activation is known as classical and leads to inflammatory or M1 activated macrophages. (hindawi.com)
• Recently, it has been shown that mast cells can be directly activated in response to IAV, releasing mediators such histamine, proteases, leukotrienes, inflammatory cytokines, and antiviral chemokines, which participate in the excessive inflammatory and pathological response observed during IAV infections. (frontiersin.org)

Pathway2

• LPA can promote MMP9 expression and enhance MMP9 activity in THP-1 cells, in part via the TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. (medscimonit.com)
• Activation of a Smad (Sma and Mad homolog) response-element-driven luciferase reporter by TGFbeta was very similar in all three cell lines, indicating functionality of the primary TGFbeta signaling pathway. (eurekamag.com)

Neutrophils2

• Neutrophils, the most numerous innate immune cell, patrol for problems by circulating in the bloodstream. (nih.gov)
• The most striking finding was that tissue factor expression on the maternal neutrophils was responsible for trophoblast injury and pregnancy loss. (the-scientist.com)

Signaling1

• Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS . (nih.gov)

Signals5

• this process is needed to transmit signals for cell growth and survival. (medlineplus.gov)
• Constant activation of the protein signals for the cells to grow and divide continuously, which can lead to papillary thyroid carcinoma. (medlineplus.gov)
• Their coordinated movement and exchange of signals then instructs other innate immune cells called macrophages and monocytes to surround the neutrophil cluster and form a tight wound seal. (nih.gov)
• 2 Anoikis, therefore, should not be considered as an experimental system in vitro , but the mechanism by which cells in vivo use ECM-derived signals to maintain tissue integrity. (nature.com)
• 1 , 4 The significance of these papers was that signals from the ECM were recognised to be required to prevent cells from actively undergoing programmed cell death. (nature.com)

Nerve1

• Miranda C, Di Virgilio M, Selleri S, Zanotti G, Pagliardini S, Pierotti MA, Greco A. Novel pathogenic mechanisms of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis genetic disorder unveiled by functional analysis of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase type 1/nerve growth factor receptor mutations. (medlineplus.gov)

Effector1

• We find that IL-10 is a downstream effector of PPARβ/δ and facilitates tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. (elsevier.com)

ELISA1

• CST's PathScan® Phospho-EGF Receptor (Tyr1173) Sandwich ELISA Kit is a solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects endogenous levels of phospho-EGF Receptor (Tyr1173) protein. (cellsignal.com)

Lymphocytes3

• Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
• It is found on B-LYMPHOCYTES and plays a role in maturation and survival of B-cells. (nih.gov)
• Human recombinant interleukin-2 activated sheep lymphocytes lyse sheep pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Inflammation2

• B-cell depletion prevented or reversed established rMOG-induced EAE, which was associated with less central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, elimination of meningeal B cells, and reduction of MOG-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. (nih.gov)
• Inflammation from airborne microbes can overwhelm compensatory mucociliary clearance mechanisms, leading to mucous cell metaplasia. (cdc.gov)

Macrophages1

• Upon activation, monocytes and macrophages coordinate an immune response by notifying other immune cells of the problem. (nih.gov)

Structurally1

• 19 normal healthy in- receptor protein (CD117) that is structurally dividuals were recruited as a control group. (who.int)

Tissues2

• Cells in tissues require very specific ECM attachments, and the wrong type of ECM can have the same consequences as no ECM at all. (nature.com)
• However, there is growing evidence indicating that MR expression is not restricted to vascular and renal tissues, as it can be also expressed by cells of the immune system, where it responds to stimulation or antagonism, controlling immune cell function. (hindawi.com)

Vitro1

• The CaSR activation by the calcimimatic cinacalcet (5µM) in adipose tissue and in vitro cultured LS14 adipose cells elicited an elevation in the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL6 , IL1ß, TNFα, and the chemoattractant CCL2. (bvsalud.org)

Occurs1

• Specificity for particular types of ECM occurs through the range of integrins expressed on cells. (nature.com)

Expression8

• Calcium sensing receptor activation elevates proinflammatory factor expression in human adipose cells and adipose tissue. (bvsalud.org)
• MyD88 controls airway epithelial Muc5ac expression during TLR activation conditions from agricultur al organic dust exposure. (cdc.gov)
• This dual expression is important because the initial problem, for instance a bacterium, is recognized by a unique BCR and activates the B cell. (nih.gov)
• In conjunction with these seemingly beneficial effects, VIVIT treatment elicited a marked increase in the expression of the prosynaptogenic factor SPARCL1 (hevin), especially in hippocampal tissue ipsilateral to the CCI injury. (jneurosci.org)
• Hypertrophy of astrocyte somata and processes, along with a corresponding increase in the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), are the most robust and recognizable biomarkers of activated astrocytes, yet the functional phenotype of these cells appears highly complex. (jneurosci.org)
• On the contrary, expression of this receptor in lymphoid cells remains controversial. (hindawi.com)
• However, the mechanism responsible for the effect of LPA on the expression and activation of MMP9 has not been fully elucidated. (medscimonit.com)
• Transfection of cells with TLR4-siRNA-2 or treatment with CAPE significantly inhibited the upregulated MMP9 expression and activation. (medscimonit.com)

Phenotype1

• Our study gives insight into how cancer cells influence myeloid stromal cells to get a pro-tumoral phenotype. (elsevier.com)

Fibroblasts1

• Epithelial and endothelial cells were found to be more sensitive than fibroblasts, the latter being able to survive in the absence of ECM if serum growth factors were present. (nature.com)

Growth6

• 21. Endophilin B2 facilitates endosome maturation in response to growth factor stimulation, autophagy induction, and influenza A virus infection. (nih.gov)
• 35. Essential roles for soluble virion-associated heparan sulfonated proteoglycans and growth factors in human papillomavirus infections. (nih.gov)
• GRANIX (tbo-filgrastim) is a leukocyte growth factor indicated in adult and pediatric patients 1 month and older for reduction in the duration of severe neutropenia in patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs associated with a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia. (nih.gov)
• 5 , 6 Thus, integrins function in an analogous way to growth factor receptors (GFRs), and indeed activate many of the same downstream pathways. (nature.com)
• This article seeks to examine some of the factors implicated in processes of muscle growth, and, in keeping with the spirit of Mind and Muscle Magazine, elucidate the elaborate chemical pathways that transduce their effects. (bodybuilding.com)
• The compensatory adaptation is stifled, nonetheless, if satellite cells are rendered inert [6], suggesting that satellite cell mobilization is an absolutely necessary part of muscle growth. (bodybuilding.com)

Interactions2

• HiChIP contact analysis shows that global chromatin interactions are dramatically increased during FXR activation. (biorxiv.org)
• Cells sense their location through specific interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as neighbouring cells. (nature.com)

Lysates1

• Figure 2: The relationship between protein concentration of lysates from untreated and EGF-treated A431 cells and kit assay optical density readings. (cellsignal.com)

Hypertrophy2

• Try to imagine a small population of little water sacs (satellite cells) sitting on top of a huge self-sealing water balloon (muscle cell), constantly dividing (mitosis), growing, becoming activated, and fusing with the balloon to spill their soggy contents and form an ever-larger one (hypertrophy of a multinucleate muscle cell). (bodybuilding.com)
• Muscle subjected to functional overload mobilizes the mitotically-active satellite cells, in turn increasing myonuclei number of the recipient muscle cells and facilitating hypertrophy [2] -- an adaptation that will allow each nucleus to regulate more cytoplasm [3], and ultimately the enlarged muscles to undergo more forceful contractions (lift heavier loads). (bodybuilding.com)

Stromal1

• SDF, stromal cell-derived factors. (cdc.gov)

Tumor cells1

• They are important for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells or tumor cells. (nih.gov)