Azoles. Medical search

Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.

Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.

A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.

A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI commonly found on the body surface. It causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients.

Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.

A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.

An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.

A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal CELL MEMBRANES. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.

Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.

Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.

Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)

Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.

A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

Compounds that specifically inhibit STEROL 14-DEMETHYLASE. A variety of azole-derived ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS act through this mechanism.

Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS.

A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella bacillispora.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms.

Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.

A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.

A plant genus in the family BERBERIDACEAE. The common names of Barberry or Oregon Grape are also used for MAHONIA. The similar-named Bayberry is the unrelated MYRICA. Oregon Grape was classified by Pursh as a Berberis but Nuttall claimed it is different enough to call it a new genus, MAHONIA. Botanists insist on this name while horticulturists stay with Mahonia. They are shrubs with yellow wood and usually three-branched spines at the base of leafstalks. Flowers are yellow, six-petaled and fruit is a berry with one to several seeds. Members contain BERBERINE.

A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that is a small family with a single genus.

Polymeric derivatives of GALLIC ACID that are esters of a sugar.

A plant family of the order Lamiales. It is characterized by simple leaves in opposite pairs, cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate), and bilaterally symmetrical and bisexual flowers that are usually crowded together. The common name for Ruellia of wild petunia is easily confused with PETUNIA.

A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye.

A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central.

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain tuliposides and tulipalins and have been associated with allergic contact dermatitis in florists.

The branch of medicine concerned with the evaluation and initial treatment of urgent and emergent medical problems, such as those caused by accidents, trauma, sudden illness, poisoning, or disasters. Emergency medical care can be provided at the hospital or at sites outside the medical facility.

Hydrocarbons with more than one double bond. They are a reduced form of POLYYNES.

An NADPH-dependent P450 enzyme that plays an essential role in the sterol biosynthetic pathway by catalyzing the demethylation of 14-methyl sterols such as lanosterol. The enzyme acts via the repeated hydroxylation of the 14-methyl group, resulting in its stepwise conversion into an alcohol, an aldehyde and then a carboxylate, which is removed as formic acid. Sterol 14-demethylase is an unusual cytochrome P450 enzyme in that it is found in a broad variety of organisms including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and protozoa.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.

Synergic effects of tactolimus and azole antifungal agents against azole-resistant Candida albican strains. (1/584)

We investigated the effects of combining tacrolimus and azole antifungal agents in azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans by comparing the accumulation of [3H]itraconazole. The CDR1-expressing resistant strain C26 accumulated less itraconazole than the CaMDR-expressing resistant strain C40 or the azole-sensitive strain B2630. A CDR1-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, DSY415, showed a marked reduction in the accumulation of both fluconazole and itraconazole. A CaMDR-expressing S. cerevisiae mutant, DSY416, also showed lower accumulation of fluconazole, but not of itraconazole. The addition of sodium azide, an electron-transport chain inhibitor, increased the intracellular accumulation of itraconazole only in the C26 strain, and not in the C40 or B2630 strains. Addition of tacrolimus, an inhibitor of multidrug resistance proteins, resulted in the highest increase in itraconazole accumulation in the C26 strain. The combination of itraconazole and tacrolimus was synergic in azole-resistant C. albicans strains. In the C26 strain, the MIC of itraconazole decreased from >8 to 0.5 mg/L when combined with tacrolimus. Our results showed that two multidrug resistance phenotypes (encoded by the CDR1 and CaMDR genes) in C. albicans have different substrate specificity for azole antifungal agents and that a combination of tacrolimus and azole antifungal agents is effective against azole-resistant strains of C. albicans. (+info)

Protection of ebselen against anoxic damage of cultured neurons of cerebral cortex. (2/584)

AIM: To study the protective effect of ebselen on anoxic damage of brain cells. METHODS: On d 10 after plating of the cortical neurons from 1-d-old rat, cultures were placed under 95% N2 + 5% CO2 for 2-6 h. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in supernatant, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of neurons were determined. RESULTS: Under anoxia, efflux of LDH and TBARS from cultured neurons increased while GSH-Px activity decreased. Ebselen reduced the efflux of LDH and TBARS in a dose-related manner and increased the total GSH-Px activity. CONCLUSION: Ebselen can protect neurons from anoxic damage. (+info)

Effects of azole antifungal drugs on the transition from yeast cells to hyphae in susceptible and resistant isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. (3/584)

Oral infections caused by the yeast Candida albicans are some of the most frequent and earliest opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The widespread use of azole antifungal drugs has led to the development of drug resistance, creating a major problem in the treatment of yeast infections in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised individuals. Several molecular mechanisms that contribute to drug resistance have been identified. In C. albicans, the ability to morphologically switch from yeast cells (blastospores) to filamentous forms (hyphae) is an important virulence factor which contributes to the dissemination of Candida in host tissues and which promotes infection and invasion. A positive correlation between the level of antifungal drug resistance and the ability to form hyphae in the presence of azole drugs has been identified. Under hypha-inducing conditions in the presence of an azole drug, resistant clinical isolates form hyphae, while susceptible yeast isolates do not. This correlation is observed in a random sample from a population of susceptible and resistant isolates and is independent of the mechanisms of resistance. 35S-methionine incorporation suggests that growth inhibition is not sufficient to explain the inhibition of hyphal formation, but it may contribute to this inhibition. (+info)

Formation of azole-resistant Candida albicans by mutation of sterol 14-demethylase P450. (4/584)

The sterol 14-demethylase P450 (CYP51) of a fluconazole-resistant isolate of Candida albicans, DUMC136, showed reduced susceptibility to this azole but with little change in its catalytic activity. Twelve nucleotide substitutions, resulting in four amino acid changes, were identified in the DUMC136 CYP51 gene in comparison with a reported CYP51 sequence from a wild-type, fluconazole-susceptible C. albicans strain. Seven of these substitutions, including all of those causing amino acid changes, were located within a region covering one of the putative substrate recognition sites of the enzyme (SRS-1). Polymorphisms within this region were observed in several C. albicans isolates, and some were found to be CYP51 heterozygotes. Among the amino acid changes occurring in this region, only an alteration of Y132 was common among these fluconazole-resistant isolates, which suggests the importance of this residue to the fluconazole resistance of the target enzyme. DUMC136 and another fluconazole-resistant isolate were homozygotes with respect to CYP51, although the typical wild-type, fluconazole-susceptible C. albicans was a CYP51 heterozygote. These findings suggest that part of the fluconazole-resistant phenotype of C. albicans DUMC136 was acquired through a mutation-prone area of CYP51, an area which might promote the formation of fluconazole-resistant CYP51, along with a mechanism(s) which allows the formation of a homozygote of this altered CYP51 in this diploid pathogenic yeast. (+info)

When and why a water-soluble antioxidant becomes pro-oxidant during copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation: a study using uric acid. (5/584)

The inclusion of uric acid in the incubation medium during copper-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation exerted either an antioxidant or pro-oxidant effect. The pro-oxidant effect, as mirrored by an enhanced formation of conjugated dienes, lipid peroxides, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and increase in negative charge, occurred when uric acid was added late during the inhibitory or lag phase and during the subsequent extensive propagation phase of copper-stimulated LDL oxidation. The pro-oxidant effect of uric acid was specific for copper-induced LDL oxidation and required the presence of copper as either Cu(I) or Cu(II). In addition, it became much more evident when the copper to LDL molar ratio was below a threshold value of approx. 50. In native LDL, the shift between the antioxidant and the pro-oxidant activities was related to the availability of lipid hydroperoxides formed during the early phases of copper-promoted LDL oxidation. The artificial enrichment of isolated LDL with alpha-tocopherol delayed the onset of the pro-oxidant activity of uric acid and also decreased the rate of stimulated lipid peroxidation. However, previous depletion of alpha-tocopherol was not a prerequisite for unmasking the pro-oxidant activity of uric acid, since this became apparent even when alpha-tocopherol was still present in significant amounts (more than 50% of the original values) in LDL. These results suggest, irrespective of the levels of endogenous alpha-tocopherol, that uric acid may enhance LDL oxidation by reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), thus making more Cu(I) available for subsequent radical decomposition of lipid peroxides and propagation reactions. (+info)

Optimized expression and catalytic properties of a wheat obtusifoliol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) expressed in yeast. Complementation of erg11Delta yeast mutants by plant CYP51. (6/584)

CYP51s form the only family of P450 proteins conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to fungi, plants and mammals. In all eukaryotes, CYP51s catalyse 14alpha-demethylation of sterols. We have recently isolated two CYP51 cDNAs from sorghum [Bak, S., Kahn, R.A., Olsen, C. E. & Halkier, B.A. (1997) Plant J. 11, 191-201] and wheat [Cabello-Hurtado, F., Zimmerlin, A., Rahier, A., Taton, M., DeRose, R., Nedelkina, S., Batard, Y., Durst, F., Pallett, K.E. & Werck-Reichhart, D. (1997) Biophys. Biochem. Res. Commun. 230, 381-385]. Wheat and sorghum CYP51 proteins show a high identity (92%) compared with their identity with their fungal and mammalian orthologues (32-39%). Data obtained with plant microsomes have previously suggested that differences in primary sequences reflect differences in sterol pathways and CYP51 substrate specificities between animals, fungi and plants. To investigate more thoroughly the properties of the plant CYP51, the wheat enzyme was expressed in yeast strains overexpressing different P450 reductases as a fusion with either yeast or plant (sorghum) membrane targeting sequences. The endogenous sterol demethylase gene (ERG11) was then disrupted. A sorghum-wheat fusion protein expressed with the Arabidopsis thaliana reductase ATR1 showed the highest level of expression and activity. The expression induced a marked proliferation of microsomal membranes so as to obtain 70 nmol P450.(L culture)-1, with CYP51 representing 1.5% of microsomal protein. Without disruption of the ERG11 gene, the expression level was fivefold reduced. CYP51 from wheat complemented the ERG11 disruption, as the modified yeasts did not need supplementation with exogenous ergosterol and grew normally under aerobic conditions. The fusion plant enzyme catalysed 14alpha-demethylation of obtusifoliol very actively (Km,app = 197 microm, kcat = 1.2 min-1) and with very strict substrate specificity. No metabolism of lanosterol and eburicol, the substrates of the fungal and mammalian CYP51s, nor metabolism of herbicides and fatty acids was detected in the recombinant yeast microsomes. Surprisingly lanosterol (Ks = 2.2 microM) and eburicol (Ks = 2.5 microm) were found to bind the active site of the plant enzyme with affinities higher than that for obtusifoliol (Ks = 289 microM), giving typical type-I spectra. The amplitudes of these spectra, however, suggested that lanosterol and eburicol were less favourably positioned to be metabolized than obtusifoliol. The recombinant enzyme was also used to test the relative binding constants of two azole compounds, LAB170250F and gamma-ketotriazole, which were previously reported to be potent inhibitors of the plant enzyme. The Ks of plant CYP51 for LAB170250F (0.29 microM) and gamma-ketotriazole (0.40 microM) calculated from the type-II sp2 nitrogen-binding spectra were in better agreement with their reported effects as plant CYP51 inhibitors than values previously determined with plant microsomes. This optimized expression system thus provides an excellent tool for detailed enzymological and mechanistic studies, and for improving the selectivity of inhibitory molecules. (+info)

Comparison of the toxicity of fluconazole and other azole antifungal drugs to murine and human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in vitro. (7/584)

We studied the inhibitory effects on colony formation by granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units (cfu-gm) of eight azole antifungal agents in vitro. All agents, except fluconazole, inhibited colony formation dose-dependently with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the range of 0.78-49 micromol/L in cultures of murine and human bone marrow. For human cells, the IC50 values were 0.553 mg/L for itraconazole, 1.24 mg/L for saperconazole, 2.58 mg/L for clotrimazole, 5.33 mg/L for miconazole, 6.17 mg/L for econazole, 6.27 mg/L for ketoconazole and 8.38 mg/L for oxiconazole. The IC50 of itraconazole for human cfu-gm in vitro was similar to the plasma level of this drug recommended for systemic antifungal therapy (>0.5 mg/L) thus indicating the potential clinical relevance of our data. The IC50 of ketoconazole for human cfu-gm in vitro may be exceeded by plasma levels produced in vivo by high (> or =400 mg) doses, whereas fluconazole failed to reduce colony formation by 50% even at 100 mg/L, a concentration not reached in vivo even after extremely high doses (2000 mg/day). To most of the drugs studied, murine progenitor cells seemed to be less sensitive than the human ones. There was, however, a close correlation between the murine and human log IC50 values of the drugs (r2 = 0.964, P< 0.001), suggesting that cultures of murine bone marrow may be suitable to predict the in-vitro toxicity of azole antifungals to human cfu-gm. (+info)

The inhibition of mammalian 15-lipoxygenases by the anti-inflammatory drug ebselen: dual-type mechanism involving covalent linkage and alteration of the iron ligand sphere. (8/584)

Mammalian lipoxygenases have been implicated in inflammation and atherosclerosis and, thus, lipoxygenase inhibitors may be of pharmacological interest. In cells, lipoxygenases occur in a catalytically silent ground state that requires activation to become active. We found that the seleno-organic drug ebselen [2-phenyl-1, 2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one], which exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, irreversibly inhibited pure rabbit 15-lipoxygenase, with an IC50 in the nM range when preincubated with the enzyme in the absence of fatty acid substrates. Subsequent dialysis, gel filtration, or substrate addition did not restore the enzyme activity, and experiments with [14C]ebselen indicated a covalent linkage of the drug. The presence of sulfhydryl compounds in the incubation mixture prevented both enzyme labeling and inactivation, but we did not see any reactivation when sulfhydryl compounds were added afterward. X-ray absorption studies indicated that ebselen did alter the geometry of the iron ligand sphere, and the data are consistent with an iron complexation by the drug. When fatty acid substrate was present during lipoxygenase-ebselen interaction, the inhibitory potency was strongly reduced and a competitive mode of action was observed. These data suggest that ebselen inactivated the catalytically silent ground-state lipoxygenase irreversibly by covalent linkage and alteration of the iron ligand sphere. In contrast, it functions as a competitive inhibitor of the catalytically active enzyme species. The pharmacological relevance of ebselen as a potential in vivo lipoxygenase inhibitor will be discussed. (+info)

Azoles[edit]. The introduction of azoles revolutionized treatment for coccidioidomycosis,[14] and these agents are usually the ... Of the azoles, ketoconazole is the only one approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of ... However, none of these azoles are safe to use in pregnancy and lactation because they have shown teratogenicity in animal ... In very severe cases, combination therapy with amphotericin B and an azole have been postulated, although no trials have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis

The first azole compounds to replace this treatment were synthesized in the late 1960s and early 1970s and administered to ... It has a relatively broad spectrum compared to azole compounds but not triazole compounds. Testing shows that it is a suitable ... A review found that short-term rates for intravaginally administered azole treatments shows cure in 80% of cases in a short ... 1933-5. ISBN 978-0340927670.CS1 maint: location (link) Heeres J, Hendrickx R, Van Cutsem J (April 1983). "Antimycotic azoles. 6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terconazole

Ashley ED, Perfect JR (October 2017). "Pharmacology of azoles". In Kauffman CA (ed.). UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. Archived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaconazole

Argyropoulos, Nikolaos G. (1996). "1,4-Oxa/thia-2-azoles". Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II: 491-543. doi:10.1016/B978- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4,2-Dithiazole

Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Studies of Azoles. Tautomerism, Shift Reagents, and Solvent Effects. J. Org. Chem. 39, 357-363. ... hydrogen bonding and aromaticity in systems including numerous azoles and phosphaphenalenes. In physical chemistry he has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Elguero_Bertolini

Argyropoulos NG (1996-01-01). "4.14 - 1,4-Oxa/thia-2-azoles". In Katritzky AR, Rees CW, Scriven EF (eds.). =Comprehensive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxathiazolone

Examples of inducers include anticonvulsants like phenytoin, primidone, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine; azole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol

2009). "Azoles as Reactive Nucleophiles with Cyclic Perfluoroalkenes". Chemistry. 15 (40): 10554-62. doi:10.1002/chem.200901508 ... and azoles. They or their derivatives are reported to have nonlinear optical activity, and be useful as lubricants, etching ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocycloalkene

Studies in the azole series. Part II. The interaction of α-amino-nitriles and carbon disulphide". J. Chem. Soc. 0: 1598-1609. ... Studies in the azole series. Part XI. The interaction of α-amino-nitriles, hydrogen sulphide, and ketones". J. Chem. Soc. 0: ... Studies in the azole series. Part XIV. A new synthesis of purines". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed). 0: 1071. doi: ... Studies in the azole series. Part XII. Some thiazolopyrimidines". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed). 0: 1064. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook–Heilbron_thiazole_synthesis

Studies in the azole series. Part XVI. Synthesis of a new analogue of penicillamine". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Heilbron

For example, the azole group of drugs is known to have caused anaphylaxis. There are also many drug interactions. Patients must ... Azoles are the group of antifungals which act on the cell membrane of fungi. They inhibit the enzyme 14-alpha-sterol ... For example, the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the P- ... Examples of non-azole systemic antifungals include griseofulvin and terbinafine. A polyene is a molecule with multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal

... is an azole antifungal drug. Omonocazole is not available in the United States and Canada. In other countries, it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoconazole

Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pathogen

The 5-membered ring compounds containing two heteroatoms, at least one of which is nitrogen, are collectively called the azoles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_ring

Fromtling, RA (1 April 1988). "Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil

Sunderland MR, Cruickshank RH, Leighs SJ (2014). "The efficacy of antifungal azole and antiprotozoal compounds in protection of ... Drugs.com: sulconazole topical Fromtling RA (April 1988). "Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulconazole

copper azole (CBA), another alternative to CCA. Abraham S. C. Chen (1994): "Evaluating ACQ as an Alternative wood Preservative ... "Weight loss studies of fastener materials corrosion in contact with timbers treated with copper azole and alkaline copper ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_copper_quaternary

Some people are allergic to azole(s). Some azole drugs have adverse side-effects. Some azole drugs may disrupt estrogen ... Kragie L, Turner SD, Patten CJ, Crespi CL, Stresser DM (August 2002). "Assessing pregnancy risks of azole antifungals using a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbimazole

For decades it remained the only effective therapy for invasive fungal disease until the development of the azole antifungals ... Maertens, J. A. (2004-03-01). "History of the development of azole derivatives". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 10: 1-10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_B

Drugs of choice include azole or nitro derivatives, such as benznidazole[41] or nifurtimox. Both agents are limited in their ... "Induction of Resistance to Azole Drugs in Trypanosoma cruzi". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42 (12): 3245-50. PMC 106029. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaga's_disease

Azole antifungal drugs (except for abafungin) inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14 α-demethylase; the enzyme necessary to convert ... For example, the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the P- ... "Research and Markets: Global Antifungal Therapeutics (Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines) Market:Trends and ... glycoprotein, which (among other functions) excretes toxins and drugs into the intestines.[22] Azole antifungals also are both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_drug

Azole. Ergosterol is a sterol that forms the cell surface membrane of the fungi. Azole can inhibit its biosynthesis by ... Also, azole may generate reactive oxygen species. Anti-viral agent. Saquinavir. HIV protease is needed to cleave Gag-Pol ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site

As azole antifungals all act at the same point in the sterol pathway, resistant isolates are normally cross-resistant to all ... As with all azole antifungal agents, ketoconazole works principally by inhibiting the enzyme cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase ( ... Defects in the sterol 5-6 desaturase enzyme reduce the toxic effects of azole inhibition of the 14-alpha demethylation step. ... Sanglard D, Ischer F, Monod M, Bille J (February 1997). "Cloning of Candida albicans genes conferring resistance to azole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole

Insufficient dosing of azoles has also led to the emergence of resistance. Observed rates of echinocandin resistance for C. ... Many C. auris isolates have been found to be resistant to one or more of the three major antifungal classes (azoles, ... Regional species distribution guides treatment recommendations since the species exhibit different susceptibilities to azole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_candidiasis

Muto, Kei; Yamaguchi, Junichiro; Itami, Kenichiro (2012-01-11). "Nickel-Catalyzed C-H/C-O Coupling of Azoles with Phenol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_precatalysts

Casadevall A, Kontoyiannis DP, Robert V (July 2019). "On the Emergence of Candida auris: Climate Change, Azoles, Swamps, and ... with a common leap among the four varieties into drug-resistance possibly linked to widespread azole-type antifungal use in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_auris

For example, sugar beet leaf blotch remains resistant to azoles years after they were no longer used for control of the disease ... For example, Botrytis cinerea is resistant to both azoles and dicarboximide fungicides. There are several routes by which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide

The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1). Thiazoles are members of the azoles, heterocycles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazole

Fungal resistance to drugs in the azole class tends to occur gradually over the course of prolonged drug therapy, resulting in ... Another resistance mechanism employed by both C. albicans and C. glabrata is increasing the rate of efflux of the azole drug ... Fluconazole is in the azole antifungal family of medication. It is believed to work by affecting the fungal cellular membrane. ... It differs from earlier azole antifungals (such as ketoconazole) in that its structure contains a triazole ring instead of an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluconazole

Other studies employ spectrophotometry to quantify azole-CYP51 interactions. Coordination of azoles to the prosthetic heme ... from azole-resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates contribute to resistance to azole antifungal agents". Antimicrobial ... Prolonged use of azoles as antifungals has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance among certain fungal strains. Mutations ... Consequently, the focus of azole research is beginning to shift towards identifying new ways to circumvent this major obstacle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol_14-demethylase

diazole (CHEBI:23677) is a azole (CHEBI:68452). oxazole (CHEBI:35790) is a azole (CHEBI:68452). pyrroles (CHEBI:26455) is a ... azole (CHEBI:68452). tetrazoles (CHEBI:35689) is a azole (CHEBI:68452). thiazoles (CHEBI:48901) is a azole (CHEBI:68452). ... azole (CHEBI:68452) is a monocyclic heteroarene (CHEBI:38179) azole (CHEBI:68452) is a organonitrogen heterocyclic compound ( ... conazole antifungal drug (CHEBI:87071) is a azole (CHEBI:68452). conazole fungicide (CHEBI:87067) is a azole (CHEBI:68452). ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:68452

Names of azoles maintain the prefix upon reduction (e.g., pyrazoline, pyrazolidine). The numbering of ring atoms in azoles ... Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i ... One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic bonding in an azole. ... Azoles at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Nomenclature, IUPAC. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole

Compare azole antifungals. View important safety information, ratings, user reviews, popularity and more... ... Azole antifungals. What are Azole antifungals. Azole antifungals are a group of medicines that contain an azole ring and ... Azole antifungal agents can be used to treat fungal infections of the body and skin, including athletes foot, onychomycosis ( ... Azole antifungals work by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 dependent enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, which converts ...

https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/azole-antifungals.html?condition_id=&generic=0&sort=rating&order=desc

... necessary for the analysis of azole antifungals, with the ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS and Xevo TQD MS to provide more accurate ... Azole antifungal analysis with quantitative UPLC-MS/MS for clinical research. Offer selectivity and sensitivity Researching the ... Understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodyanmic properties of azole antifungals for emerging indications is a challenge ... Azole antifungal analysis with quantitative UPLC-MS/MS for clinical research ...

https://www.waters.com/waters/en_US/Azole-antifungal-analysis/nav.htm?locale=101&cid=135024187

Azole fungicides are sometimes used to kill fungi that harm crops. These fungicides are similar to the azole antifungal ... Azole antifungals will kill most of the A. fumigatus in the body, but sometimes the fungus can become resistant to the ... Azole fungicides kill most A. fumigatus in the environment, but resistant A. fumigatus can survive and multiply. ... Some patients with chronic A. fumigatus infections take azole antifungals over a long time. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/aspergillosis/azole-resistant-aspergillus.html

Some of the heterocyclic azoles are fused with benzene ring to form bicyclic azole derivatives such as benzimidazole (19), ... Azoles are basically five member heterocyclic compounds containing one or more different hetero atom out of which at least one ... Azoles as Potent Antimicrobial Agents. By Rohit Singh and Swastika Ganguly. Submitted: October 18th 2018Reviewed: July 11th ... The antifungal azoles inhibit the cytochrome P-450 which catalyzes the 14-α-demethylation of lanosterol to ergosterol [15]. The ...

https://www.intechopen.com/books/heterocycles-synthesis-and-biological-activities/azoles-as-potent-antimicrobial-agents

... Norma T. Gross,1 M. L. Arias,1 M. ... F. C. Odds, "Resistance of yeasts to azole-derivative antifungals," Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. ... "Origin of differences in susceptibility of Candida krusei to azole antifungal agents," Mycoses, vol. 38, no. 3-4, pp. 111-117, ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/idog/2007/082412/ref/

Due to inconsistencies between the drug labels on DailyMed and the pill images provided by RxImage, we no longer display the RxImage pill images associated with drug labels. We anticipate reposting the images once we are able identify and filter out images that do not match the information provided in the drug labels. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Azole%20Antifungal&searchdb=class

WebMD provides information about interactions between Methylpred Oral and selected-corticosteroids-selected-azole-antifungal- ... Selected Corticosteroids/Selected Azole Antifungal Agents Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-53002/methylpred-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-1503/dmtitle-selected-corticosteroids-selected-azole-antifungal-agents/intrtype-drug

... azole resistance are emerging, and resistance is now recognised as a cause of treatment failure. The scope of this article is ... Azole resistance in Aspergillus: an emerging problem? Acta Clin Belg. Sep-Oct 2012;67(5):322-7. doi: 10.2143/ACB.67.5.2062684. ... Reports of Aspergillus azole resistance are emerging, and resistance is now recognised as a cause of treatment failure. The ... As environmental pan-azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus is reported in increasing numbers in the Netherlands, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23189538/?dopt=Abstract

Azole-resistant A. fumigatus was more frequently found (3.2% prevalence) than previo … ... To investigate azole resistance in clinical Aspergillus isolates, we conducted prospective multicenter international ... Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;21(6 ... Azole-resistant A. fumigatus was more frequently found (3.2% prevalence) than previously acknowledged, causing resistant ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25988348/

For prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections in patients, 13 years of age and older, who are at high risk of developing these infections due to being severely immunocompromised as a result of procedures such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), or due to hematologic malignancies with prolonged neutropenia from chemotherapy. Also for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, including oropharyngeal candidiasis refractory to itraconazole and/or fluconazole. Posaconazole is used as an alternative treatment for invasive aspergillosis, Fusarium infections, and zygomycosis in patients who are intolerant of, or whose disease is refractory to, other antifungals ...

https://www.drugbank.ca/categories/DBCAT003230

Azole Binding Properties of Candida albicans Sterol 14-α Demethylase (CaCYP51) Andrew G. S. Warrilow, Claire M. Martel, Josie E ... Environmental Study of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and Other Aspergilli in Austria, Denmark, and Spain Klaus Leth ... Azole Resistance Profile of Amino Acid Changes in Aspergillus fumigatus CYP51A Based on Protein Homology Modeling Eveline ... Identification and Characterization of Four Azole-Resistant erg3 Mutants of Candida albicans Claire M. Martel, Josie E. Parker ...

https://aac.asm.org/keyword/azoles?page=3

Interaction of Common Azole Antifungals with P Glycoprotein Er-jia Wang, Karen Lew, Christopher N. Casciano, Robert P. Clement ... Mechanisms of Azole Resistance in Petite Mutants of Candida glabrata Sophie Brun, Thierry Bergès, Pascal Poupard, Carole ... Identification of Azole-Responsive Genes by Microarray Technology: Why Are We Missing the Efflux Transporter Genes? D. P. ... Enhanced Production of Farnesol by Candida albicans Treated with Four Azoles Jacob M. Hornby, Kenneth W. Nickerson ...

https://aac.asm.org/keyword/azoles?page=7

Names of azoles maintain the prefix upon reduction (such as pyrazoline, pyrazolidine), except for pyrrole, which has no -azole ... Many azoles are used as antifungal drugs (azole antifungals), inhibiting the fungal enzyme 14α-demethylase which produces ... An azole is a class of five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic ring compounds containing at least one other noncarbon atom, ... Azoles at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...

https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Azole

Get free Azole Antifungals Drug Coupon and Discount at Rebates.com ... Azole Antifungals Drug Class Overview, Drugs, Side Effects, and Interactions. ... Azole Antifungals Drugs. The drugs that are part of this drug class are distinguished by imidazole azoles or triazoles azoles. ... Azole Antifungals. Azole drugs are used in the treatment of many types of fungal infection. These drugs can be administered ...

https://rebates.com/drug-classes/azole-antifungals

Conclusion: In comparison to azoles: Culture sensitivity of both herbs (B. aristata and P. granatum) displayed more sensitivity ... Candida, Fungi, Azoles, Antifungal Sensitivity, Antifungals, Berberis aristata, Punica granatum, Pomegranate, Darhald, Darehald ... C. tropicalis was greatly resistant to both of the azoles but in contrast, our studied herbs, B. aristata and P. granatum ... Conclusion: In comparison to azoles: Culture sensitivity of both herbs (B. aristata and P. granatum) displayed more sensitivity ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=87369

The azole antifungal drugs attack the fungus that causes this condition and short term studies suggest that they may have some ... Antifungal drugs (azoles) for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma. Allergic bronchopulmonary ... The purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of azoles in the treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. ... All controlled trials that assessed the effect of azole antifungal agents compared to placebo or other standard therapy for ...

https://www.cochrane.org/CD001108/AIRWAYS_antifungal-drugs-azoles-allergic-bronchopulmonary-aspergillosis-associated-asthma

Compositions for dyeing keratinous fibres, containing pyrrolo-azoles; use as couplers; method of dyeing ... 0010] as coupler, at least one pyrrolo-azole compound corresponding to one of the following formulae (I) and (II), or one of ... at least one pyrrolo-azole compound or one of its addition salts with an acid corresponding to one of the following formulae: ... which comprises at least one pyrrolo-azole compound as coupler and at least one oxidation base. [0002] It is known to dye ...

https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2001/0020309.html

Moreover, N-trifluoromethyl azoles can be considered as stable, more lipophilic surrogates for popular N-methyl azoles in ... N-Trifluoromethyl Azoles for Drug Discovery. The incorporation of fluorinated units into organic molecules can profoundly alter ... In this context, Enamine developed a mini-library of N-trifluoromethyl azoles available from stock on a gram scale. ... Recently, Schiesser and coworkers from AstraZeneca showed that N-trifluoromethyl azoles possessed high hydrolytic, chemical, ...

https://enamine.net/building-blocks/medchem/n-trifluoromethyl-azoles-for-drug-discovery

The assumption is made that from this difference the greater sensitivity of hyphal growth to azole antifungal agents may ... The selective interaction of low concentrations of azole derivatives and other nitrogen heterocycles with cytochrome P-450 may ... Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action.. Vanden Bossche H. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3916772?dopt=Abstract

Covalent bonding of azoles to quaternary protoberberine alkaloids. Authors. GRYCOVÁ Lenka HULOVÁ Dagmar MAIER Lukáš STANDARA ...

https://www.muni.cz/en/research/publications/773999

Asarones from Acorus calamus in combination with azoles and amphotericin B: a novel synergistic combination to compete against ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686561?SearchParam=

... is a real-time PCR test which identifies the most common mutations of the Cyp51 gene associated with resistance to the azole ... Fungiplex® Aspergillus Azole-R IVD PCR. The Fungiplex® Aspergillus Azole-R PCR IVD Kit is a real-time PCR test which identifies ... Resistance to azoles in Aspergillus fumigatus is emerging as a global health problem, through both the use of azoles in the ... Fungiplex® Aspergillus Azole-R Real-time PCR designed to detect the presence of azole resistance mutations in the Cyp51 gene of ...

https://www.bruker.com/it/products-and-solutions/microbiology-and-diagnostics/molecular-diagnostics/fungiplex-aspergillus-azole-r.html

D. Sanglard, K. Kuchler, F. Ischer, J.-L. Pagani, M. Monod, and J. Bille, "Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents ... Nickel (II) and Iron (II) Complexes with Azole Derivatives: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Antifungal Activities. Emmanuel N ... Azoles belong to this class and are five-membered heterocyclic ligands containing two or more heteroatoms, one of which must be ... complexes with azole derivatives abpt and phpypz, respectively. The complexes and their ligands have been tested for their ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijic/2013/987574/

Antifungals, azole. Class Summary. Azoles are fungicidal only at very high concentrations. Azoles function by selectively ... Significant advances have been made in the treatment of Candida with the development of newer azoles, echinocandins, and lipid ... Echinocandins have potent fungicidal activity against Candida species and have successfully treated Candida resistant to azoles ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781215-medication

Aha1, Sti1, and P23 are highly conserved in fungi, and sti1 and p23 deletion also increased the susceptibility to azoles in ... Aha1, Sti1, and P23 are highly conserved in fungi, and sti1 and p23 deletion also increased the susceptibility to azoles in ... These results indicate that Hsp90-cochaperones Aha1, Sti1, and P23 are critical for the basal azole resistance and could be ... These results indicate that Hsp90-cochaperones Aha1, Sti1, and P23 are critical for the basal azole resistance and could be ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01571/full

Azole fungicide (CAS 106325-08-0), with ,95% purity. Water soluble compound. Join researchers using our high quality ... Azole fungicide. Prevents the growth of mycelia and production of conidia. Carcinogenic in vitro. ...

https://www.abcam.com/epoxiconazole-azole-fungicide-ab142736.html

N-substituted azoles US5214064A (en) * 1987-05-02. 1993-05-25. Basf Aktiengesellschaft. Phenoxyphenylmethyl substituted azoles ... JPS63280071A - N-substituted-azole - Google Patents. N-substituted-azole Info. Publication number. JPS63280071A. JPS63280071A ... N-substituted azoles Patent Citations (6). * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party. Publication number. Priority date. ... Azole compound, its preparation, and fungicide for agriculture and horticulture JPS60158180A (en) * 1984-01-30. 1985-08-19. ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS63280071A/en

Azole antifungals are a group of medicines that contain an azole ring and inhibit the growth of a wide range of fungi. (drugs.com)
Azole antifungals work by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 dependent enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, which converts lanosterol to ergosterol, the main sterol in the fungal cell membrane. (drugs.com)
Understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodyanmic properties of azole antifungals for emerging indications is a challenge for clinical research laboratories when using microbiological test methods. (waters.com)
Some patients with chronic A. fumigatus infections take azole antifungals over a long time. (cdc.gov)
Azole antifungals will kill most of the A. fumigatus in the body, but sometimes the fungus can become resistant to the medication and multiply. (cdc.gov)
Many azoles are used as antifungal drugs ( azole antifungals ), inhibiting the fungal enzyme 14α-demethylase which produces ergosterol . (wikidoc.org)
Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is caused by known mutations of the Cyp51 gene that threaten the role of the azole class of antifungals. (bruker.com)
Azole antifungals and new targeted therapies for hematological malignancy. (aspergillus.org.uk)
With the introduction of new targeted therapies for hematological malignancies comes the challenges of both assessing the risk of developing an IFD while being treated with these agents, as well as managing the drug--drug interactions between azole antifungals and the agents. (aspergillus.org.uk)
Ergosterol is a major and specific component of the fungal plasma membrane, and thus, the cytochrome P450 enzymes (Erg proteins) that catalyze ergosterol synthesis have been selected as valuable targets of azole antifungals. (asm.org)
Our new insights into the Dap regulatory system in fungal pathogens may have broad therapeutic ramifications beyond their usefulness for classic azole antifungals. (asm.org)
Fungicides, including azole antifungals, are used to prevent and combat M. oryzae plant infections. (frontiersin.org)
The target of azole antifungals is the fungal Cyp51, Lanosterol 14α-demethylase. (frontiersin.org)
Azoles belong to a class of antifungals that are widely used for the treatment of fungal diseases and especially those caused by Candida albicans . (asm.org)
Since azoles are fungistatic drugs for C. albicans , cells repetitively exposed to these antifungals adapt to the drug pressure and eventually become azole resistant. (asm.org)
Azole antifungals are used to treat serious fungus infections that may occur in different parts of the body. (adam.com)
A small number of children have been safely treated with azole antifungals. (adam.com)
There is no specific information comparing use of azole antifungals in the elderly with use in other age groups. (adam.com)
However, studies in some animals have shown that azole antifungals, taken in high doses, may cause harm to the mother and the fetus. (adam.com)
Azole antifungals pass into breast milk. (adam.com)
For quick reference, the following azole antifungals are numbered to match the corresponding brand names. (3-rx.com)
Novel micelle formulations to increase cutaneous bioavailability of azole antifungals. (unil.ch)
The findings of the present study demonstrate that the non-azole agrochemical PCT can induce permanent CR to clinical antifungals through increased expression of efflux pump genes in resistant cells and that such phenomenon also manifests in vivo. (pasteur.fr)
Most antifungals in use today come from the azole and triazole group. (news-medical.net)
Azoles are a class of antifungals used to treat ringworm of the skin . (healthmedicinet.com)
In some parts of the world, an estimated 19% of A. fumigatus infections are resistant to azole antifungals. (cdc.gov)
Strains of A. fumigatus in people who take azole antifungals for a long period of time can become resistant, survive treatment, and continue to cause infection. (cdc.gov)
3 Resistant Aspergillus infections are also found in people who have not taken azole antifungals, further suggesting that the resistance is partially driven by environmental sources. (cdc.gov)

Azole resistance in Aspergillus: an emerging problem? (nih.gov)
Reports of Aspergillus' azole resistance are emerging, and resistance is now recognised as a cause of treatment failure. (nih.gov)
As environmental pan-azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus is reported in increasing numbers in the Netherlands, surveillance is warranted. (nih.gov)
To investigate azole resistance in clinical Aspergillus isolates, we conducted prospective multicenter international surveillance. (nih.gov)
The Fungiplex ® Aspergillus Azole-R PCR IVD Kit is a real-time PCR test which identifies the most common mutations of the Cyp51 gene associated with resistance to the azole class of antifungal drugs. (bruker.com)
Resistance to azoles in Aspergillus fumigatus is emerging as a global health problem, through both the use of azoles in the environment and the prolonged use in the management of patients with invasive aspergillosis. (bruker.com)
Bruker's Fungiplex ® Aspergillus Azole-R PCR IVD Kit assay is a real-time PCR designed to detect the presence of these TR 34 and TR46 mutations in the Cyp51 gene of A. fumigatus. (bruker.com)
The Fungiplex ® Aspergillus Azole-R PCR IVD Kit can be used as a companion test with Fungiplex Aspergillus and has been designed to run on the same conditions. (bruker.com)
The Fungiplex ® Aspergillus Azole-R PCR IVD Kit can be used alongside Fungiplex Aspergillus for an early indication of azole resistance in high risk patients, or in patient samples testing positive for Aspergillus with the Fungiplex Aspergillus PCR. (bruker.com)
The Fungiplex ® Aspergillus Azole-R PCR IVD Kit provides results in under 2 hours from extracted DNA, allowing rapid identification of patients with invasive A. fumigatus carrying a mutation for azole resistance. (bruker.com)
However, azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is increasingly reported in Europe. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A new azole resistance mechanism in Aspergillus fumigatus consisting of a TR46/Y121F/T289A alteration in the cyp51A gene was recently described in the Netherlands. (eurosurveillance.org)
Prigitano A , Venier V , Cogliati M , De Lorenzis G , Esposto M C , Tortorano A M . Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment of northern Italy, May 2011 to June 2012. (eurosurveillance.org)
In recent years acquired azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus has been increasingly reported and a dominant mechanism of resistance (TR34/L98H) was found in clinical and environmental isolates. (eurosurveillance.org)
Aspergillosis associated with azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus has a mortality rate that can approach 90% in certain patient populations. (asm.org)
about the prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from 19 countries, including 2 from the Americas (Brazil and the United States) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Samples were inoculated on Sabouraud agar at 43°C, and positive samples were screened for azole-resistance on agar supplemented with either itraconazole (4 mg/L) or voriconazole (4 mg/L). Of the 38 resistant Aspergillus strains, 20 were selected (up to 5 colonies for each positive culture), identified as A. fumigatus by β-tubulin gene sequencing, and analyzed for CYP51A gene alterations ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Clinical management of Aspergillus disease can be challenging because of unfavorable clinical outcomes after patients have acquired multi-azole-resistant strains from the environment ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus and spread of a single resistance mechanism. (cdc.gov)
Pham CD , Reiss E , Hagen F , Meis JF , Lockhart SR . Passive surveillance for azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus , United States, 2011-2013. (cdc.gov)
Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from the ARTEMIS global surveillance study is primarily due to the TR/L98H mutation in the cyp51A gene. (cdc.gov)
Similarly, mutations corresponding to azole resistance have also been identified in other fungal CYP51s, including the opportunistic human pathogens Candida albicans [8] and Aspergillus fumigatus [9] . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Azole resistance is an emerging problem in Aspergillus fumigatus , a saprophytic mold that causes a spectrum of diseases in animals and humans. (aspergillus.org.uk)
However, the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has developed worldwide resistance to azoles largely through mutations in the cytochrome P450 enzyme Cyp51 (Erg11). (asm.org)
Genetic Analysis Using an Isogenic Mating Pair of Aspergillus fumigatus Identifies Azole Resistance Genes and Lack of MAT Locus's Role in Virulence. (jcvi.org)
Azole resistance is a concern for the management of diseases caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in humans. (congresscare.com)
Background: We have recently shown that azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (AR-Af) with an environmental signature is present in Greece (Siopi ECCMID2019). (aspergillus.org.uk)
Azole-Resistance in Aspergillus terreus and Related Species: An Emerging Problem or a Rare Phenomenon? (uni-koeln.de)
The frequency of Aspergillus terreus and related (cryptic) species in clinical specimens, as well as the percentage of azole-resistant strains remains to be studied. (uni-koeln.de)
In his report Lord O'Neill states "Azole-based therapies are the most important class of oral drugs we have to fight the infections caused by the fungus Aspergillus ," - yet in the Netherlands 7% of the isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus are now resistant. (gaffi.org)
Azole-resistance in Aspergillus: proposed nomenclature and breakpoints. (ru.nl)
Background: Azole-resistance is increasingly reported in Aspergillus fumigatus infections. (scirp.org)
Aspergillus fumigatus and pan-azole resistance: who should be concerned? (cdc.gov)

Asarones from Acorus calamus in combination with azoles and amphotericin B: a novel synergistic combination to compete against human pathogenic Candida species in vitro. (nih.gov)
Significant advances have been made in the treatment of Candida with the development of newer azoles, echinocandins, and lipid formulations of amphotericin B. (medscape.com)
A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009-17) in India: role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance. (annals.org)
The Rpd3/Hda1 family of histone deacetylases regulates azole resistance in Candida albicans. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We sought to characterize the action of histone deacetylation on azole resistance in Candida albicans and its possible mechanism of action. (sigmaaldrich.com)
C. rugosa should be considered, along with the established pathogens Candida krusei and Candida glabrata , as a species of Candida with reduced susceptibility to the azole antifungal agents. (asm.org)
TAC1 (for transcriptional activator of CDR genes) is critical for the upregulation of the ABC transporters CDR1 and CDR2 , which mediate azole resistance in Candida albicans . (asm.org)
It is well known by Science that candida species develop resistance to the azole drugs quickly. (thecandidadiet.com)
Inducible azole resistance associated with a heterogeneous phenotype in Candida albicans. (semanticscholar.org)
The development of azole resistance in Candida albicans is most problematic in patients with AIDS who receive long courses of drug for therapy or prevention of oral candidiasis. (semanticscholar.org)
Azole resistance in Candida albicans from animals: Highlights on efflux pump activity and gene overexpression. (semanticscholar.org)
The putative ABC transporter encoded by the orf19.4531 plays a role in the sensitivity of Candida albicans cells to azole antifungal drugs. (semanticscholar.org)
This work characterizes a novel chemical scaffold that possesses azole-potentiating activity against clinically important Candida species. (asm.org)
We observed that many of the compounds increased the activity of the azole fluconazole against Candida albicans , without blocking the action of drug efflux pumps. (asm.org)

Azole fungicides are sometimes used to kill fungi that harm crops. (cdc.gov)
Azole fungicides kill most A. fumigatus in the environment, but resistant A. fumigatus can survive and multiply. (cdc.gov)
Recent reports have suggested a link between use of fungicides in agricultural practices and the presence of triazole-resistant A. fumigatus among azole-naive persons ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Here we report evidence for additive effects for (tri)azole fungicides, a widely used group of antifungal agents, in the human placental cell line Jeg-3. (mdpi.com)
Rieke S, Koehn S, Hirsch-Ernst K, Pfeil R, Kneuer C, Marx-Stoelting P. Combination Effects of (Tri)Azole Fungicides on Hormone Production and Xenobiotic Metabolism in a Human Placental Cell Line. (mdpi.com)
It is possible to predict the likely binding orientation of an azole molecule in any of the variant CYPs, providing potential for an in silico screening system and reliable predictive approach to assess the probability of particular variants exhibiting resistance to particular azole fungicides. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Control of the pathogen now relies on the application of azole fungicides which are demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) that inhibit CYP51 activity. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The endocrine-disrupting potential of four commonly used azole fungicides, propiconazole, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole and ketoconazole, were tested in two short-term in vivo studies. (dtu.dk)
Overall the results show that many of the commonly used azole fungicides act as endocrine disruptors in vivo, although the profile of action in vivo varies. (dtu.dk)
As ketoconazole is known to implicate numerous endocrine-disrupting effects in humans, the concern for the effects of the other tested azole fungicides in humans is growing. (dtu.dk)
EC 50 assays for a subset of isolates exposed to tebuconazole and epoxiconazole fungicides showed high levels of azole resistance. (asm.org)
Here, we show the de novo acquisition of resistance to the ubiquitously used azole fungicides in genetically isolated populations of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in Tasmania, Australia. (asm.org)
In their latest UK report on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Lord O'Neil and colleagues call for massive restraint in the use of both antibiotics in farmed animals and azole fungicides on crops. (gaffi.org)
Strains of A. fumigatus on decaying plants in the environment can be exposed to azole compounds used as fungicides that are chemically-similar to azole antifungal medications. (cdc.gov)
Azole fungicides are used throughout the world to treat plant infections, prevent crop loss, and increase production. (cdc.gov)

In this study, by susceptibility test of Neurospora crassa mutants lacking each of 18 Hsp90/Calcineurin system member genes (including 8 Hsp90 co-chaperone genes) to antifungal drugs and other stresses, we demonstrate that the Hsp90 co-chaperones Sti1 (Hop1 in yeast), Aha1, and P23 (Sba1 in yeast) were required for the basal resistance to antifungal azoles and heat stress. (frontiersin.org)
Aha1, Sti1, and P23 are highly conserved in fungi, and sti1 and p23 deletion also increased the susceptibility to azoles in Fusarium verticillioides . (frontiersin.org)
Azole susceptibility with or without trichostatin A (TSA) was determined according to the CLSI microdilution method. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The deletion of HDA1 or RPD3 increased the susceptibility to azoles compared with the WT strain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In this study, we demonstrate that a cytochrome b 5 -like heme-binding damage resistance protein (Dap) family, comprised of DapA, DapB, and DapC, coordinately regulates the functionality of cytochrome P450 enzymes Erg5 and Erg11 and oppositely affects susceptibility to azoles. (asm.org)
The expression of all three genes is induced in an azole concentration-dependent way, and the decreased susceptibility to azoles requires DapA stabilization of cytochrome P450 protein activity. (asm.org)
The results of exogenous-hemin rescue and heme-binding-site mutagenesis experiments demonstrate that the heme binding of DapA contributes the decreased azole susceptibility, while DapB and -C are capable of reducing the activities of Erg5 and Erg11 through depletion of heme. (asm.org)
Isolates exhibiting reduced susceptibility to azoles were subjected to confirmatory molecular identification (White 1990, Balajee 2005) and were further studied for the detection of specific mutations in the cyp51A gene, including its promoter region associated with azole resistance (Mellado 2007). (aspergillus.org.uk)
Herein, we analyzed the effect of a non-azole agrochemical, pyraclostrobin (PCT), on the antifungal susceptibility and virulence of the human and animal pathogens Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans. (pasteur.fr)

Azole-resistant A. fumigatus was more frequently found (3.2% prevalence) than previously acknowledged, causing resistant invasive and noninvasive aspergillosis and severely compromising clinical use of azoles. (nih.gov)
The purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of azoles in the treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. (cochrane.org)
All controlled trials that assessed the effect of azole antifungal agents compared to placebo or other standard therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were reviewed. (cochrane.org)
Wark P, Gibson PG, Wilson A. Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma. (cochrane.org)
Azole antifungal drugs are the primary option for the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis. (bruker.com)
Delayed diagnosis, and limited treatment options for azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis results in poor patient outcomes, with mortality reported as high as 88%¹. (bruker.com)
A standard treatment protocol for invasive aspergillosis (IA) will be implemented in several academic hematology centers in the Netherlands in which a diagnostic test demonstrating azole resistance by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction will guide the choice of appropriate antifungal treatment. (clinicaltrials.gov)
AsperGenius® PCR on BAL sample allows to make a rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis and gives information about azole resistance faster than standard time consuming methods like fungal culture and galactomannan measurement. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Mortality from aspergillosis associated with azole-resistant fungi is extremely high. (asm.org)
shed light on the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and therapeutic role of azole compounds in treating cancer linked fungal infections like candidiasis and aspergillosis. (eurekaselect.com)
In vivo data demonstrate that inactivated DapA combined with activated DapB yields an A. fumigatus mutant that is easily treatable with azoles in an immunocompromised mouse model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. (asm.org)
Pathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and an evidence-based review of azoles in treatment. (semanticscholar.org)
Resistance can arise through use of fungicide azoles on many crops or clinically through patient use, especially in those with chronic and allergic aspergillosis who are taking therapy for long periods. (gaffi.org)
The purpose of this review is to provide an update on azole resistance mechanisms and their epidemiology in A. fumigatus, the clinical implications of azole resistance, and to discuss future treatment options against azole-resistant aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
Azole-resistant A. fumigatus is an emerging threat that hampers our ability to successfully treat patients with aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
As new patient groups are increasingly recognized to be at increased risk for invasive aspergillosis, studies to define the epidemiology and management of azole-resistant A. fumigatus are critically needed. (cdc.gov)
Triazole antifungal drugs, commonly called azoles, are the primary treatment for aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
Patients with azole-resistant aspergillosis have been infected with A. fumigatus strains with the same resistance gene markers (TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A) as resistant strains found in the environment associated with agricultural azole fungicide use. (cdc.gov)

In comparison to azoles: Culture sensitivity of both herbs ( B. aristata and P. granatum ) displayed more sensitivity against candidal isolates of patients having non-invasive and invasive candidiasis. (scirp.org)
This study was performed to determine the significance of cross-resistance to new azole drugs among C. glabrata isolates recovered as a cause of infection in azole-treated hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. (asm.org)
We performed this study to evaluate the clinical significance of azole cross-resistance in C. glabrata isolates recovered from colonizing and invasive sites of patients receiving azole therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (asm.org)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of azole resistance in environmental A. fumigatus isolates collected in northern Italy. (eurosurveillance.org)
Azole-resistant isolates were detected in 13% (6/47) of the soil samples and in 21% (6/29) of the soil samples containing A. fumigatus. (eurosurveillance.org)
These findings, together with the occurrence of resistant clinical isolates, suggest that azole resistance should be considered in primary patient care. (eurosurveillance.org)
The results indicate the importance of initiating active agricultural surveillance along with close monitoring of drug resistance in clinical isolates from naive and azole-exposed patients in these countries. (cdc.gov)
In this work, five groups of related isolates containing azole-susceptible and -resistant strains were analyzed for the TAC1 and ERG11 alleles and for Chr 5 alterations. (asm.org)
The upregulation of ERG11 has also been observed in several azole-resistant clinical isolates ( 2 , 17 , 24 , 34 , 53 ). (asm.org)
Nevertheless, the prevalence of azole resistance in Greek clinical isolates remains uncertain. (aspergillus.org.uk)
AT406 is a novel and orally bio-available small molecular IAP antagonist, which provoke cell apoptosis by binding directly to several key IAPs to block their activities.8 In the present study, the effects of AT406 alone and combined with azoles, namely, itraconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole, were tested against both planktonic cells and biofilms of seven isolates, including three strains of C. albicans and four strains of E. dermatitidis. (deepdyve.com)
We recently reported azole resistant isolates in Australia, however it remained unknown whether resistance was brought into the continent through gene flow or whether resistance emerged independently. (asm.org)
To address this question, we screened 43 isolates across 5 Australian locations for azole sensitivity and performed whole genome sequencing on 58 isolates from seven locations to determine the genetic basis of resistance. (asm.org)
According to EUCAST clinical breakpoints azole resistance was detected in 5.4% of all tested isolates, 6.2% of A. terreus sensu stricto (s.s.) were posaconazole-resistant. (uni-koeln.de)
In contrast, azole resistance among cryptic species was rare 2 out of 66 isolates and was observed only in one A. citrinoterreus and one A. alabamensis isolate. (uni-koeln.de)

Results of recent studies give promise that new investigational antifungal oral azole drugs, including itraconazole, fluconazole, and SCH 39304, will be exciting additions to current compounds. (annals.org)
Although none of these new azoles has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration yet, two of them, itraconazole and fluconazole, have already been extensively studied in in-vitro and in-vivo animal model systems, and to a lesser degree in humans. (annals.org)
These observations suggest that C. glabrata exhibits considerable clinically significant cross-resistance between older azole drugs (fluconazole and itraconazole) and voriconazole. (asm.org)

Azoles, such as ketoconazole and fluconazole , work by interfering with a substance called ergosterol - a component specific to fungal cell membranes. (rebates.com)
Taking imidazole azoles - such as ketoconazole, clotrimazole, or miconazole - with drugs such as cyclosporine , tacrolimus , and warfarin, will increase the effects of these drugs. (rebates.com)
In this context, a group of azole antimycotics, clotrimazole (CTZ), ketoconazole (KTZ) and fluconazole (FCZ), were investigated for their abilities to inhibit ß-hematin synthesis (IßHS) and hemoglobin proteolysis (IHbP) in vitro. (scielo.br)

Improve the outcome of patients infected with azole resistant A. fumigatus by the early detection of Resistance Associated Mutations (RAMs) and with this the earlier initiation of the most appropriate therapy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Authors have drawn comparisons between first First generation azoles with that of newer azoles in terms of their action potential and activity against resistant organisms. (eurekaselect.com)
We used traditional in vitro drug selection accompanied by classical sexual crosses of azole-sensitive with resistant isogenic strains. (jcvi.org)
Single-nucleotide-polymorphism analysis of Chr 5 revealed that azole-resistant strains acquired TAC1 hyperactive alleles and, in most cases, ERG11 mutant alleles by LOH events not systematically including the MTL locus. (asm.org)
Comparative genome hybridization and karyotype analysis revealed the presence of isochromosome 5L [i(5L)] in two azole-resistant strains. (asm.org)
We report the detection of an azole-resistant clinical A. fumigatus without cyp51A mutations. (aspergillus.org.uk)
The aim of this study was to map the proteomic differences of azole-susceptible and -resistant strains. (scirp.org)
Conclusions: UPLC-MS/MS provided proof-of-concept that the proteome of azole-resistant A. fumigatus is diverse enough to serve as a diagnostic tool. (scirp.org)
Azole-resistance can occur primarily, when azole-resistant spores present in environmental air are inhaled, or secondary in a patient on long-term antifungal therapy. (scirp.org)
These include agents with novel mechanisms of action which have in vitro and in vivo activity against azole-resistant A. fumigatus. (cdc.gov)
1, 2 In CDC's 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report , azole-resistant A. fumigatus is on the Watch List, a category of bacteria and fungi that have caused few resistant infections in the United States to date but have the potential to rapidly spread. (cdc.gov)
Azole-resistant A. fumigatus infections are difficult to treat, and these patients are up to 33% more likely to die than patients with infections that can be treated with azoles. (cdc.gov)

In contrast, overexpression of DapB and DapC causes dysfunction of Erg5 and Erg11, resulting in abnormal accumulation of sterol intermediates and further accentuating the sensitivity of Δ dapA strains to azoles. (asm.org)
We constructed a highly fertile isogenic pair of A. fumigatus strains with opposite mating types and used them to investigate whether mating type is associated with virulence and to find the genetic loci involved in azole resistance. (jcvi.org)
Results: Ibuprofen decreased azole MIC values, the R phenotype changing to S. Microarray analysis identified 836 and 1517 with differential expression in R and RI strains, respectively. (thecandidadiet.com)
These strains can develop resistance to azoles. (cdc.gov)

Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring. (wikipedia.org)
Azoles are basically five member heterocyclic compounds containing one or more different hetero atom out of which at least one must be nitrogen and other heterocyclic may be nitrogen or other than nitrogen like sulfur or oxygen. (intechopen.com)
An azole is a class of five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic ring compounds containing at least one other noncarbon atom, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. (wikidoc.org)
Communications DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006208 C H Functionalization Palladium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross-Couplings of Benzazoles with Azoles** Wei Han, Peter Mayer, and Armin R. Ofial* Biaryl compounds play an important role in nature and many functional materials. (docme.ru)
Azoles - a group of nitrogen compounds - are found in a large number of natural substances but they are also used in agriculture as fungicide, in cosmetics, in various materials such as clothing and mattresses for protection against fungal growth. (medicalxpress.com)
The current issue has been focused on to uncover many physico-chemical interactions persisting with regards to structural-function relationships of azole compounds and more importantly their therapeutic potential. (eurekaselect.com)
mainly gained insight into the mechanistic preview as to how azole compounds bind to lanosterol 14α- demethylase and prevent the demethylation of lanosterol, thereby inhibitiing the fungal growth. (eurekaselect.com)
Authors have focused their attention on antifungal potential of azole compounds with an emphasis on the corresponding drug resistance episode complemented with novel strategies for the development of new generation of azole compounds [11-14]. (eurekaselect.com)
emphasized upon the effective use of second and third generation azole compounds against systemic fungal infections [16]. (eurekaselect.com)
The article not only focuses on the biological importance of triazole and oxadiazole derivatives but also highlights synthetic pathways to achieve such compounds which would certainly help the scientific community to bring further developments in the isolation and synthetic methodologies for azole- based novel bioactive agents [17-21]. (eurekaselect.com)
This implicates azole ligands as important agents exerting selection on specific regions bordering the pocket, that become the focus of genetic mutation events, leading to reduced sensitivity to that group of related compounds. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Azole resistance is driven by the use of azole compounds in the environment. (aspergillus.org.uk)
The uptake system is specific for azole or azole-like compounds and can be modulated depending on cell phase and growth media. (frontiersin.org)
Compounds containing monocyclic azole rings showed various biological activities and number of molecules are in clinical practice. (eurekaselect.com)
Copper azoles are the kind of five-membered heterocyclic compounds which contains a nitrogen atom and copper. (databridgemarketresearch.com)
Out of 22 different azole-fused indeno[2,1-c]quinoline derivatives, seven structurally distinct compounds, 9, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28 and 29, have shown 79-99% growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at a fixed dose of 6.25 μg mL(-1). (mysciencework.com)
The novel process for iodinating substituted azoles, especially for iodinating substituted 1H-tetrazoles and substituted 1H-triazoles, affords the desired compounds in high purity and with good yield. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
It has a relatively broad spectrum compared to azole compounds but not triazole compounds. (wikipedia.org)

A structural rationale for recent emergence of azole (imidazole and triazole) resistance associated with CYP51 mutations in the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola is presented, attained by homology modelling of the wild type protein and 13 variant proteins. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
We will address this problem from the point of view of the fungal cell in relation to possible adaptation strategies to (azole) stress, the role its reproduction mode, compensatory mutations and fitness. (aspergillus.org.uk)
We found that variants in 5 genes contributed to azole resistance, including mutations in erg11A (cyp51A), as well as multi-drug transporters, erg25, and in HMG-CoA reductase. (jcvi.org)
Our work shows that azole resistance was due not only to the presence of specific mutations in azole resistance genes (at least ERG11 and TAC1 ) but also to their increase in copy number by LOH and to the addition of extra Chr 5 copies. (asm.org)
First, alterations such as point mutations or upregulation of the gene encoding the target of azoles, an enzyme (Erg11p) involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, can occur. (asm.org)
Among the several nucleotide polymorphisms observed in separate ERG11 alleles, at least 12 mutations have been associated with azole resistance when separate alleles were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( 1 , 29 ). (asm.org)
The majority of these mutations alters the binding of azoles to Erg11p ( 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 43 ). (asm.org)
Multiple mechanisms of resistance are now known to be responsible, with differing degrees of azole cross-resistance, including mutations in the Cyp51A gene at G54, L98+TR, G138, M220, G448. (ru.nl)

IAP antagonist, AT406, azoles, fungi, biofilm Over the last decades, invasive fungal infection has emerged as a growing threat for human health. (deepdyve.com)
Azoles inhibit the growth of fungi. (healthmedicinet.com)

Azole antifungal agents can be used to treat fungal infections of the body and skin, including athlete's foot, onychomycosis (fungal nail infections), ringworm, and vaginal candidiasis. (drugs.com)
Thus, azole drugs are used in the treatment of both topical and systemic fungal infections. (rebates.com)

Its toxicity was also significantly lower than other azoles, which is important because systemic fungal infection usually occurs in seriously ill patients. (news-medical.net)

Some of the heterocyclic azoles are fused with benzene ring to form bicyclic azole derivatives such as benzimidazole (19), benzotriazole (20), benzothiazole (21) and benzoxazole (22). (intechopen.com)
Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action. (nih.gov)
The selective interaction of low concentrations of azole derivatives and other nitrogen heterocycles with cytochrome P-450 may be at the origin of the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
Authors have shown structure-function analysis of clinically important antifungal azoles derivatives through the collection of studies and also reviewed some important patents related to them. (eurekaselect.com)
Recent developments in the synthesis of azole derivatives have been also reviewed. (eurekaselect.com)
0.39 μg mL(-1) and 0.78 μg mL(-1), respectively)(14) with a freely rotating C2-imidazolo substituent, we herein describe the synthesis of pentacyclic azole-fused quinoline derivatives 4 and 5, in which we have restricted the rotation of the C2-imidazolo moiety by fusing it to the adjacent quinoline-nitrogen to give a five-membered fused azole heterocycle. (mysciencework.com)

By interfering with the synthesis of ergosterol, azole drugs critically affect the integrity of fungal cells, ultimately causing their death. (rebates.com)
Azoles function by selectively inhibiting the synthesis of an essential component of fungal cell membrane, ergosterol. (medscape.com)
The direct target of azoles is the lanosterol 14α-demethylase ERG11/Cyp51, a key enzyme of ergosterol synthesis ( Yoshida and Aoyama, 1987 ). (frontiersin.org)
Synthesis and structure of azole-fused indeno[2,1-c]quinolines. (mysciencework.com)
Synthesis and structure of azole-fused indeno[2,1-c]quinolines and their anti-mycobacterial properties. (mysciencework.com)

Some of the common five member azoles which consist the nitrogen hetero atom only are as follows as imidazole (1), pyrazole (2), 1,2,3-triazole (3), 1,2,4-triazole (4), tetrazole (5) and pentazole (6). (intechopen.com)
Side effects of azoles will depend on whether they are of the imidazole or triazole variety. (rebates.com)

The specificity of UPLC-MS/MS analysis with the ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS and Xevo TQD provides more accurate result in the measurement of azole antifungal for clinical research. (waters.com)
Furthermore, the clinical implications of azole resistance and (individualised) management strategies will be discussed. (aspergillus.org.uk)
Our results showed that exposure to PCT induced both temporary and permanent CR to clinical azoles in a temperature-dependent manner. (pasteur.fr)

The drugs that are part of this drug class are distinguished by imidazole azoles or triazoles azoles. (rebates.com)
In addition to the triazoles cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole and the azole fungicide prochloraz also pesticides from other chemical classes assumed to act via different modes of action ( i.e. , the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the triazinylsulfonylurea herbicide triflusulfuron-methyl) were investigated. (mdpi.com)
[0001] The present invention relates to a novel process for iodinating substituted azoles, especially for iodinating substituted 1H-tetrazoles and substituted 1H-triazoles. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
[0002] Azoles, especially 2- or 5-substituted 1H-triazoles and 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles, are used, inter alia, as pharmaceutically active substances in medicine or are described, for example, as biocides for the protection of plants or industrial materials. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Our results indicate the important role of the Rpd3/Hda1 family in the development of azole resistance in C. albicans. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The development of azole resistance in C. albicans is therefore a powerful instrument for generating genetic diversity. (asm.org)
CDC is working with partners to assess the potential impact of increased fungicide use in the United States on the development of azole-resistance and establishing initiatives to help protect public health while maintaining healthy and stable crop production. (cdc.gov)

In this study, we demonstrate that three cytochrome b 5 -like Dap proteins coordinately regulate the azole resistance and ergosterol biosynthesis catalyzed by cytochrome P450 proteins. (asm.org)
The target of azoles is CYP51, an enzyme localized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and required for fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. (frontiersin.org)
Azoles have been the most widely deployed class of antifungal drug for decades and function by targeting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane. (asm.org)

Identification of Azole-Responsive Genes by Microarray Technology: Why Are We Missing the Efflux Transporter Genes? (asm.org)
The null mutants of HDA1 and RPD3 (genes targeted by TSA) were also investigated using drop-plate assays and a rapid acquisition of adaptation to the azole test. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Histone deacetylation may govern the expression of genes related to the early stages of adaptation to azole stress, such as efflux pump genes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
i(5L) leads to increased copy numbers of azole resistance genes present on the left arm of Chr 5, among them TAC1 and ERG11 . (asm.org)
Results revealed shared expressions responses in genes involved in the retinoic acid (RA) and sterol biosynthesis pathways, which are respectively representatives of developmental toxicity and targeted fungicidal action of the azoles. (openrepository.com)
Azoles with more pronounced effects on the regulation of RA-associated genes were generally characterized as more potent embryotoxicants. (openrepository.com)

Abstract A single species redox flow battery employing a new class of cobalt(II) complexes with 'tunable' tridentate azole-pyridine type ligands is reported. (lancs.ac.uk)
abstract = "A series of azole deoxyribonucleosides are presented as candidate universal nucleosides. (elsevier.com)

Azole drugs are used in the treatment of many types of fungal infection. (rebates.com)
Azole drugs are also associated with many clinically significant drug interactions. (rebates.com)
Even though they are widely known as primarily antifungal drugs, the azole class is a diverse one and, consequently, many individual drugs of this class can be employed for multiple conditions. (rebates.com)
Other infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and seborrheic dermatitis are commonly treated with the azole class of drugs. (rebates.com)
The best-understood avenue for azole resistance involves changes in the cyp51A gene that encodes the target of azole drugs, lanosterol α-14 demethylase. (asm.org)
Infections associated with A. fumigatus are often treated with azole drugs, but resistance to these antifungal agents is increasing. (asm.org)
We characterized intracellular accumulation of azole drugs in M. oryzae using a radioactively labeled fluconazole uptake assay to gain insight on whether azoles enter the cell by passive diffusion, active transport, or facilitated diffusion. (frontiersin.org)
During the years, I have read many reports, specially from women, where they claim treatments with azole drugs fail to cure vaginal candidiasis an other yeast related infections. (thecandidadiet.com)
In this article, we review the pharmacokinetic interactions of these azole antifungal drugs with other coadministered agents. (oup.com)
Result: 'In Situ Monitoring of Nanoparticle Formation: Antisolvent Precipitation of Azole Anti-fungal Drugs. (rian.ie)

Caution is advised when considering voriconazole therapy for C. glabrata candidemia that occurs in patients with extensive prior azole drug exposure. (asm.org)

Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. (ebi.ac.uk)
Azoles belong to this class and are five-membered heterocyclic ligands containing two or more heteroatoms, one of which must be nitrogen. (hindawi.com)
Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties. (bioportfolio.com)

The assumption is made that from this difference the greater sensitivity of hyphal growth to azole antifungal agents may originate. (nih.gov)

The role of azoles has been further extended to prostate cancer and breast cancer therapy through this article [4-6]. (eurekaselect.com)
However, till date emphasis has been given to the role of azoles on the induction of CR. (pasteur.fr)

Instead there is evidence for azole drug uptake in M. oryzae by a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
A transcriptomic approach for evaluating the relative potency and mechanism of action of azoles in the rat Whole Embryo Culture. (openrepository.com)
With the objective to understand the mechanism of induction of CR through non-azoles, the transcriptomes of NA and 10p cells from C. gattii R265 were analyzed. (pasteur.fr)

The novel molecular models of M. graminicola CYP51 are based on multiple homologues, individually identified for each variant, rather than using a single structural scaffold, providing a robust structure-function rationale for the binding of azoles, including important fungal specific regions for which no structural information is available. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Azoles bind as the sixth ligand to the haem in CYP51 via the unprotonated N atom thus occupying the active site and acting as non-competitive inhibitors [2] . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Care must also be taken when administering azoles with drug--drug interactions, often requiring dose adjustment of the cancer therapies. (aspergillus.org.uk)
However, many basic drug-pathogen interactions, such as how the azole gets past the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane, and is transported to the ER, are not understood. (frontiersin.org)
It was found that the enantioselective separation of azole analytes on Chiralpak IC was the result of a mixture of hydrogen bond, π-π, hydrophobic and some special interactions while chromatographic retention was mainly affected by the polarity of the mobile phase. (rsc.org)
In vitro interactions between IAP antagonist AT406 and azoles against planktonic cells and. (deepdyve.com)

Authors are concerned about the growing resistance against azoles in fungal pathogens and side effects accompanied with the use of synthetic azoles which makes it necessary to search for some natural and effective azoles [6-10]. (eurekaselect.com)

2017. https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/773117/all/azole. (tabers.com)
Copper Azole Wood Preservatives Market estimates have also been provided for the historical years 2015 & 2016 along with forecast for the period from 2017 - 2025. (prismcoalition.org)

The chance that intensive azole use in agriculture may lead to resistance problems in humans has been subject of debate for years. (medicalxpress.com)

The evolution of antifungal resistance could render first-line azole treatment obsolete. (frontiersin.org)
Ensuring appropriate use of azoles in human medicine, agriculture, and industry will be essential to curbing the spread of antifungal resistance. (cdc.gov)

Both are located on the Chr 5 left arm along with ERG11 (target of azoles). (asm.org)

Seven cases of invasive candidiasis caused by C. glabrata occurred in HSCT recipients who were receiving azole therapy between January 2000 and December 2004 in our institution. (asm.org)

Azole resistance mechanisms have been investigated at the molecular level by several authors ( 1 , 42 , 55 ) and fall into different categories. (asm.org)

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes4

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Synergic effects of tactolimus and azole antifungal agents against azole-resistant Candida albican strains. (1/584)

Protection of ebselen against anoxic damage of cultured neurons of cerebral cortex. (2/584)

Effects of azole antifungal drugs on the transition from yeast cells to hyphae in susceptible and resistant isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. (3/584)

Formation of azole-resistant Candida albicans by mutation of sterol 14-demethylase P450. (4/584)

When and why a water-soluble antioxidant becomes pro-oxidant during copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation: a study using uric acid. (5/584)

Optimized expression and catalytic properties of a wheat obtusifoliol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) expressed in yeast. Complementation of erg11Delta yeast mutants by plant CYP51. (6/584)

Comparison of the toxicity of fluconazole and other azole antifungal drugs to murine and human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in vitro. (7/584)

The inhibition of mammalian 15-lipoxygenases by the anti-inflammatory drug ebselen: dual-type mechanism involving covalent linkage and alteration of the iron ligand sphere. (8/584)

Azoles

Antifungal Agents

Drug Resistance, Fungal

Fluconazole

Itraconazole

Candida albicans

Candida glabrata

Ketoconazole

Triazoles

Ergosterol

Econazole

Candida

Miconazole

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Clotrimazole

Candidiasis

Aspergillus fumigatus

Fungicides, Industrial

Candidiasis, Oral

Fungal Proteins

Amphotericin B

Sterols

Aspergillosis

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors

Echinocandins

Pyrimidines

Candida tropicalis

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Lanosterol

Cryptococcus gattii

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring

Anthelmintics

Anticonvulsants

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides

Aspergillus

Berberis

Punicaceae

Hydrolyzable Tannins

Acanthaceae

Ellagic Acid

PubMed

Periodicals as Topic

Books

Tulipa

Emergency Medicine

Polyenes

Sterol 14-Demethylase

Solubility

Zineb

Synergic effects of tactolimus and azole antifungal agents against azole-resistant Candida albican strains. (1/584)

Protection of ebselen against anoxic damage of cultured neurons of cerebral cortex. (2/584)

Effects of azole antifungal drugs on the transition from yeast cells to hyphae in susceptible and resistant isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. (3/584)

Formation of azole-resistant Candida albicans by mutation of sterol 14-demethylase P450. (4/584)

When and why a water-soluble antioxidant becomes pro-oxidant during copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation: a study using uric acid. (5/584)

Optimized expression and catalytic properties of a wheat obtusifoliol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) expressed in yeast. Complementation of erg11Delta yeast mutants by plant CYP51. (6/584)

Comparison of the toxicity of fluconazole and other azole antifungal drugs to murine and human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in vitro. (7/584)

The inhibition of mammalian 15-lipoxygenases by the anti-inflammatory drug ebselen: dual-type mechanism involving covalent linkage and alteration of the iron ligand sphere. (8/584)

Characteristics of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus attached to agricultural products imported to Japan. - Fungal...

Detection of TR 34 /L98H CYP51A Mutation through Passive Surveillance for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the United...

Amino Acid Substitutions in the Cytochrome P-450 Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51A1) from Azole-Resistant Candida albicans...

AID 322857 - Antifungal activity against azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus V34/75-CM3276 isolate from patient with hyper...

United States Systemic Oral Azoles Market 2017- Novartis AG, Pfizer, Inc, Sanofi-Aventis - Herald Analyst

Azole Antifungal Drugs: Old and New | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians

A Novel Environmental Azole Resistance Mutation in Aspergillus fumigatus and a Possible Role of Sexual Reproduction in Its...

Genotypic evolution of azole resistance mechanisms in sequential Candida albicans isolates

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Azole Antifungals

Azole Antifungals

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azole resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans from intensive care patients |...

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Azole-resistant Aspergillus and Echinocandin-resistant Candida - What are the treatment options? - Infectoforum

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Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action. - PubMed - NCBI

United States Systemic Oral Azoles Market Report 2017 : ReportsnReports