AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Azathioprine6-MercaptopurineImmunosuppressive AgentsPrednisoloneMycophenolic AcidMethyltransferasesInflammatory Bowel DiseasesCrohn DiseaseKidney TransplantationCyclosporineHepatitis, AutoimmuneThioguaninePrednisoneColitis, UlcerativeDrug Therapy, CombinationAdrenal Cortex HormonesGraft RejectionImmunosuppressionLeukopeniaMethylprednisoloneGastrointestinal AgentsMesalamineAntimetabolitesAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAminosalicylic AcidsCyclosporinsNiridazoleTreatment OutcomeSulfasalazineLupus NephritisGuanine NucleotidesPulse Therapy, DrugGlucocorticoidsThionucleotidesGraft SurvivalTacrolimusTabletsHeart TransplantationOrgan TransplantationArthritis, RheumatoidAntirheumatic AgentsSteroidsDrug InteractionsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalLupus Erythematosus, SystemicNephritisDrug OverdoseAcetaminophenAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticLibrary ServicesLibraries, MedicalImmune SystemImmunity, Innate
Azathioprine
An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
6-Mercaptopurine
An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.
Immunosuppressive Agents
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Prednisolone
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
Mycophenolic Acid
An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
Methyltransferases
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
Kidney Transplantation
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Cyclosporine
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.
Thioguanine
An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.
Prednisone
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Graft Rejection
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
Immunosuppression
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Leukopenia
Methylprednisolone
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
Gastrointestinal Agents
Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.
Mesalamine
An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
Antimetabolites
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
Aminosalicylic Acids
A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.
Cyclosporins
A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.
Niridazole
An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.
Treatment Outcome
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Sulfasalazine
A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).
Guanine Nucleotides
Pulse Therapy, Drug
Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.
Glucocorticoids
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Thionucleotides
Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.
Graft Survival
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
Tacrolimus
A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.
Tablets
Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Heart Transplantation
The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
Organ Transplantation
Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
Antirheumatic Agents
Drugs that are used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
Steroids
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Drug Interactions
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.
Acetaminophen
Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.
Library Services
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation.
Libraries, Medical
Immune System
The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.
Immunity, Innate
The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with membranous glomerulonephritis. (1/943)

A 33-year-old woman was admitted to our department for evaluation of liver dysfunction and proteinuria. A liver biopsy specimen showed ductular proliferation and moderate portal fibrosis indicating stage II primary biliary cirrhosis. A renal biopsy specimen showed mild to moderate mesangial cell proliferation without crescent formation or interstitial nephritis. Immunofluorescent staining revealed deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG), third component of complement (C3), and Clq on glomerular basement membranes. The findings indicated stage I membranous glomerulonephritis. Administration of ursodesoxycholic acid together with prednisolone, azathioprine, and dipyridamole decreased proteinuria and improved cholestatic liver dysfunction.  (+info)

Reduced kidney transplant rejection rate and pharmacoeconomic advantage of mycophenolate mofetil. (2/943)

BACKGROUND: Several multinational controlled clinical trials have shown that triple therapy immunosuppressive regimens which include mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporin A (CSA) and steroids (S) are superior compared with conventional regimens which include azathioprine (AZA), CSA and S, mainly because MMF reduces the rate of acute rejection episodes in the first 6 months after kidney transplantation. Post-marketing studies are useful to evaluate the general applicability and costs of MMF-based immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS: Based on the excellent results of the published controlled clinical trials, we have changed the standard triple therapy immunosuppressive protocol (AZA+CSA+S) to an MMF-based regimen (MMF+CSA+S) at our centre. To analyse the impact of this change in regimen, we have monitored 6-month patient and graft survival, rejection rate, serum creatinine and CSA levels, as well as the costs of the immunosuppressive and anti-rejection treatments, in 40 consecutive renal transplant recipients (MMF group) and have compared the data with 40 consecutive patients transplanted immediately prior to the change in regimen (AZA group). RESULTS: Recipient and donor characteristics were similar in the AZA and MMF groups. Patient survival (37/40; 92.5% in the AZA group vs 38/40; 95% in the MMF group), graft survival (36/40 vs 36/40; both 90%) and serum creatinine (137+/-56 vs 139+/-44 micromol/l) after 6 months were not significantly different. However, the rate of acute rejection episodes (defined as a rise in creatinine without other obvious cause and treated at least with pulse steroids) was significantly reduced with MMF from 60 to 20% (P=0.0005). The resulting cost for rejection treatment was lowered 8-fold (from sFr. 2113 to 259 averaged per patient) and the number of transplant biopsies was lowered > 3-fold in the MMF group. The cost for the immunosuppressive therapy was increased 1.5-fold with MMF (from sFr. 5906 to 9231 per patient for the first 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: The change from AZA to MMF resulted in a significant reduction in early rejection episodes, resulting in fewer diagnostic procedures and rehospitalizations. The optimal long-term regimen in terms of patient and pharmacoeconomic benefits remains to be defined.  (+info)

Long-term results of pancreas transplantation under tacrolius immunosuppression. (3/943)

BACKGROUND: The long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in pancreas transplantation has not yet been demonstrated. The observation of prolonged pancreatic graft function under tacrolimus would indicate that any potential islet toxicity is short-lived and clinically insignificant. We report herein the results of pancreas transplantation in patients receiving primary tacrolimus immunosuppression for a minimum of 2 years. METHODS: From July 4, 1994 until April 18, 1996, 60 patients received either simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (n=55), pancreas transplant only (n=4), or pancreas after kidney transplantation (n=1). Baseline immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus and steroids without antilymphocyte induction. Azathioprine was used as a third agent in 51 patients and mycophenolate mofetil in 9. Rejection episodes within the first 6 months occurred in 48 (80%) patients and were treated with high-dose corticosteroids. Antilymphocyte antibody was required in eight (13%) patients with steroid-resistant rejection. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 35.1+/-5.9 months (range: 24.3-45.7 months), 6-month and 1-, 2-, and 33-year graft survival is 88%, 82%, 80%, and 80% (pancreas) and 98%, 96%, 93%, and 91% (kidney), respectively. Six-month and 1-, 2-, and 3-year patient survival is 100%, 98%, 98%, and 96.5%. Mean fasting glucose is 91.6+/-13.8 mg/dl, and mean glycosylated hemoglobin is 5.1+/-0.7% (normal range: 4.3-6.1%). Mean tacrolimus dose is 6.5+/-2.6 mg/day and mean prednisone dose 2.0+/-2.9 mg/day at follow-up. Complete steroid withdrawal was possible in 31 (65%) of the 48 patients with functioning pancreases. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that tacrolimus is a safe and effective long-term primary agent in pancreas transplantation and provides excellent long-term islet function without evidence of toxicity while permitting steroid withdrawal in the majority of patients.  (+info)

Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. (4/943)

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus has been used as a primary immunosuppressive agent in adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable outcomes. Methods. Between December 14, 1989 and December 31, 1996, 82 pediatric renal transplantations alone were performed under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression without induction anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy. Patients undergoing concomitant or prior liver and/or intestinal transplantation were not included in the analysis. The mean recipient age was 10.6+/-5.2 years (range: 0.7-17.9). Eighteen (22%) cases were repeat transplantations, and 6 (7%) were in patients with panel-reactive antibody levels over 40%. Thirty-four (41%) cases were with living donors, and 48 (59%) were with cadaveric donors. The mean donor age was 27.3+/-14.6 years (range: 0.7-50), and the mean cold ischemia time in the cadaveric cases was 26.5+/-8.8 hr. The mean number of HLA matches and mismatches was 2.8+/-1.2 and 2.9+/-1.3; there were five (6%) O-Ag mismatches. The mean follow-up was 4.0+/-0.2 years. RESULTS: The 1- and 4-year actuarial patient survival was 99% and 94%. The 1- and 4-year actuarial graft survival was 98% and 84%. The mean serum creatinine was 1.1+/-0.5 mg/dl, and the corresponding calculated creatinine clearance was 88+/-25 ml/min/1.73 m2. A total of 66% of successfully transplanted patients were withdrawn from prednisone. In children who were withdrawn from steroids, the mean standard deviation height scores (Z-score) at the time of transplantation and at 1 and 4 years were -2.3+/-2.0, -1.7+/-1.0, and +0.36+/-1.5. Eighty-six percent of successfully transplanted patients were not taking anti-hypertensive medications. The incidence of acute rejection was 44%; between December 1989 and December 1993, it was 63%, and between January 1994 and December 1996, it was 23% (P=0.0003). The incidence of steroid-resistant rejection was 5%. The incidence of delayed graft function was 5%, and 2% of patients required dialysis within 1 week of transplantation. The incidence of cytomegalovirus was 13%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 12%. The incidence of early Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was 9%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 4%. All of the early PTLD cases were treated successfully with temporary cessation of immunosuppression and institution of antiviral therapy, without patient or graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the short- and medium-term efficacy of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable patient and graft survival, routine achievement of steroid and anti-hypertensive medication withdrawal, gratifying increases in growth, and, with further experience, a decreasing incidence of both rejection and PTLD.  (+info)

Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease may be caused by myocarditis. (5/943)

BACKGROUND: The causal role of asymptomatic critical coronary artery obstruction in patients presenting with severe global biventricular dysfunction but no evidence of myocardial infarction is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 291 patients aged >40 years undergoing a noninvasive (2-dimensional echocardiography) and invasive (catheterization, coronary angiography, and biventricular endomyocardial biopsy, 6 to 8 samples/patient) cardiac study because of progressive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV) with global biventricular dysfunction and no history of myocardial ischemic events, 7 patients (2.4%; 7 men; mean age, 49+/-6.9 years) had severe coronary artery disease (3 vessels in 4 patients; 2 vessels in 1 patient, proximal occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery in 2 patients). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction by 2-dimensional echocardiography were 73+/-10.5 mm and 23+/-6.5%, respectively, and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction were 39+/-7 mm and 29+/-7.2%, respectively. Biopsy specimens showed extensive lymphocytic infiltrates with focal myocytolysis meeting the Dallas criteria for myocarditis in all patients (in 5 patients with and 2 patients without fibrosis). Cardiac autoantibodies were detected with indirect immunofluorescence in the serum of 2 patients with active myocarditis. The 2 patients with active inflammation received prednisone (1 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 4 weeks followed by 0.33 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) and azathioprine (2 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) in addition to conventional drug therapy for heart failure. At 8-month overall follow-up, cardiac volume and function improved considerably in immunosuppressed patients but remained unchanged in conventionally treated patients, of whom 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with severe asymptomatic coronary artery disease and no evidence of previous myocardial infarction may be caused by myocarditis. Histologic findings may influence the treatment.  (+info)

Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. (6/943)

BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract. Azathioprine is an effective agent in the management of chronic active Crohn's disease leading to long term remission of disease activity. Such treatment leads to limited efficacy or side effects in a small subset of patients. AIMS: To compare efficacy and side effects of treatment with azathioprine plus corticosteroids versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) plus corticosteroids in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease. METHODS: Seventy patients with chronic active Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) greater than 150) were randomised for treatment with azathioprine/cortisone or MMF/cortisone. Corticosteroid dosage was tapered according to a standard protocol. Disease activity was monitored by clinical scores after one, two, three, and six months. RESULTS: Treatment of patients with moderately active (CDAI 150-300) Crohn's disease with MMF/cortisone led to a significant reduction in clinical activity scores comparable to treatment with azathioprine/cortisone. Treatment of patients with highly active Crohn's disease (CDAI greater than 300) with MMF/cortisone caused significant suppression of clinical activity earlier than azathioprine/cortisone treatment. Treatment with MMF/cortisone was associated with few adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease with MMF plus cortisone appears to be effective and well tolerated and should be considered in patients allergic to azathioprine or in whom azathioprine has failed.  (+info)

Intestinal T lymphocytes of different rat strains in immunotoxicity. (7/943)

In order to study the intestinal mucosal immune cells, with emphasis on single T lymphocytes, an inventory was made of single and organized lymphocytes in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestines of untreated Wistar, Fischer 344, and Lewis rats. The single and organized lymphocytes were examined microscopically. In addition, the single lymphocytes in the epithelium (IEL) and lamina propria (LPL) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Next, the use of flow cytometry analysis was explored to detect changes in the IEL T-lymphocyte population in subacute oral studies with the immunomodulating agents azathioprine and hexachlorobenzene. Untreated random-bred Wistar rats exhibited a large interindividual variability in IEL composition, while the variability was small in inbred Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. The explorative study with the 2 model immunomodulating compounds demonstrated that hexachlorobenzene increased the number of intraepithelial T lymphocytes with CD8+ phenotype at the cost of T cells with CD4+ phenotype in Lewis rats. Azathioprine did not induce distinct effects on the percentages of IEL. The data indicate that the intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestines are a potential target for orally administered immunomodulating compounds and should therefore receive more attention in toxicologic pathology studies.  (+info)

Bone loss in long-term renal transplantation: histopathology and densitometry analysis. (8/943)

BACKGROUND: There is little information of the spectrum and factors implicated in the bone loss in long-term renal transplantation, and virtually no data using both histomorphometric and densitometric analysis. METHODS: Twenty-three males and 22 females (13 postmenopausal) were studied with a bone biopsy and densitometry. Sixteen patients were on cyclosporine A monotherapy, 20 on azathioprine + prednisolone, and 9 on cyclosporine A + prednisolone or triple therapy. The mean time after transplantation was 127 +/- 70 months. RESULTS: No group had a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population. Compared with sex-matched young controls, osteopenia was observed in all groups at the femoral neck (except premenopausal women and triple therapy) and in the triple-therapy group at the L1-L4 spine region. At the distal radius, osteopenia was found in all the groups. Histopathological diagnosis was mixed uremic osteodystrophy in 46.5%, adynamic bone in 23.2%, hyperparathyroid disease in 13.9%, and normal bone in 16.3%. The diagnosis was not different according to immunosuppressive therapy, but men tended to show more mixed uremic bone disease. There was no significant difference in BMD between histopathological subtypes. In general, patients showed slight osteoclast function increase, osteoblast function decrease, and marked retardation of dynamic parameters. The cyclosporine A monotherapy group had a significantly lower appositional rate than azathioprine + prednisolone. Men had a significantly lower bone volume than women, and premenopausal women had a significantly lower mineralizing surface than postmenopausal women and men. In the multivariate analysis, male gender, time after transplantation, old age, and time on dialysis prior to transplantation were significant predictive factors for a negative effect on bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term renal transplant-patients showed reduced BMD in both trabecular and cortical bone. This reduction in BMD was not as severe as in short-term reports and was associated with osteoclast stimulation, osteoblast suppression, and retardation of mineral apposition and bone formation rates. Bone mass loss was not different between the immunosuppression therapy groups. Male gender and age were the strongest predictive factors for low bone mass.  (+info)

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TY - JOUR. T1 - Azathioprine Therapy in Polymyositis. AU - Benson, Merrill D.. AU - Aldo, Marlene A.. PY - 1973/10. Y1 - 1973/10. N2 - Four patients with polymyositis were treated with azathioprine. Each had been treated initially with prednisone and had become unresponsive or suffered severe complications of steroid therapy. Response to azathioprine therapy, as measured by improvement in muscle strength and decrease in serum enzyme levels, was favorable in all patients. Treatment with azathioprine permitted decrease in prednisone dosage with resultant resolution of steroid side effects. No important complications of azathioprine therapy were encountered. We advocate the use of azathioprine in the treatment of polymyositis.. AB - Four patients with polymyositis were treated with azathioprine. Each had been treated initially with prednisone and had become unresponsive or suffered severe complications of steroid therapy. Response to azathioprine therapy, as measured by improvement in muscle ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/azathioprine-therapy-in-polymyositis-2
A pilot study comparing hydrocortisone premedication to concomitant azathioprine treatment in preventing loss of response to...A pilot study comparing hydrocortisone premedication to concomitant azathioprine treatment in preventing loss of response to...
A pilot study comparing hydrocortisone premedication to concomitant azathioprine treatment in preventing loss of response to infliximab.
http://www.druglib.com/abstract/ma/mantzaris-gj_eur-j-gastroenterol-hepatol_20090900.html
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TPMT testing before azathioprine therapy? | Drug and Therapeutics BulletinTPMT testing before azathioprine therapy? | Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
Azathioprine has been in use for decades as an immunosuppressant treatment for various autoimmune diseases. It is a prodrug of mercaptopurine, a substance that is subsequently metabolised by several alternative pathways, one of which involves the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). Some people have deficiency of TPMT because of genetic mutations. This has been widely said to occur in around 3 in 1,000 individuals;1 however, studies in recent years have suggested a prevalence of up to 6 in 1,000.2,3 These people are at great risk of developing severe, potentially life-threatening bone marrow toxicity when treated with conventional doses of azathioprine or mercaptopurine. It is possible to test patients for TPMT activity before starting treatment with these drugs. Here we review the evidence about such testing, and discuss whether it should be used for patients being considered for azathioprine therapy. ...
https://dtb.bmj.com/content/47/1/9
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Azathioprine is well absorbed following oral administration. Maximum serum radioactivity occurs at 1 to 2 hours after oral 35S-azathioprine and decays with a half-life of 5 hours. This is not an estimate of the half-life of azathioprine itself, but is the decay rate for all 35S-containing metabolites of the drug. Because of extensive metabolism, only a fraction of the radioactivity is present as azathioprine. Usual doses produce blood levels of azathioprine, and of mercaptopurine derived from it, which are low (,1 mcg/mL). Blood levels are of little predictive value for therapy since the magnitude and duration of clinical effects correlate with thiopurine nucleotide levels in tissues rather than with plasma drug levels. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are moderately bound to serum proteins (30%) and are partially dialyzable. (See OVERDOSAGE).. Azathioprine is metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Both compounds are rapidly eliminated from blood and are oxidized or methylated in erythrocytes ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9ffe79a1-ac91-4a7b-a9e3-7c84bfa9ddf0
Alternative modes of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine therapy in lupus nephritis<...Alternative modes of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine therapy in lupus nephritis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Alternative modes of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine therapy in lupus nephritis. AU - Dinant, H. J.. AU - Decker, J. L.. AU - Klippel, J. H.. AU - Balow, J. E.. AU - Plotz, P. H.. AU - Steinberg, A. D.. PY - 1982. Y1 - 1982. N2 - Forty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis were studied in a randomized drug trial. Thirteen patients received prednisone only (Group 1), 16 received oral cyclophosphamide and oral azathioprine (1 mg/kg body weight/day of each initially) (Group 2), and 12 were given boluses of intravenous cyclophosphamide (0.5 to 1.0 g/m2 body surface area every 3 months) (Group 3). The mean observation period was 42 months (range 1 to 6.5 years). Renal function deteriorated in four of 12 patients in Group 1 and three of 27 patients in Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.114). By life-table analysis, 86% of the entire group survived 5 years after entry to the study. Marked hypertension, fluctuating changes in serum creatinine, erratic changes in ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/alternative-modes-of-cyclophosphamide-and-azathioprine-therapy-in-5
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Is azathioprine harmful to chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation? A long-term study on azathioprine withdrawal. -...Is azathioprine harmful to chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation? A long-term study on azathioprine withdrawal. -...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Initiating Azathioprine for Crohns Disease. AU - Levesque, Barrett G.. AU - Loftus, Jr, Edward Vincent. PY - 2012/5. Y1 - 2012/5. N2 - Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine are therapeutic options for patients with moderate to severe inflammatory Crohns disease. AZA has both a complex metabolism and potential for adverse events that can be clinically challenging. AZA has been shown to maintain remission and reduce corticosteroid use in patients with Crohns disease. There is heterogeneous thiopurine methyltransferase metabolism among patients, which has implications for clinical dosing and risk for adverse events. Routine thiopurine methyltransferase testing before the initiation of AZA will reduce early leukopenia and is mandatory to avoid potentially life-threatening myelotoxicity. Thiopurine metabolite assays may aid in the assessment of adherence and adverse events. Patients who do not respond to AZA therapy may benefit from the addition of biologic therapy or ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/initiating-azathioprine-for-crohns-disease
Combination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohns Disease | Doctors HospitalCombination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohns Disease | Doctors Hospital
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Imuran necessary before Humira - and/or during? - Crohns Disease - HealingWell.com ForumImuran necessary before Humira - and/or during? - Crohns Disease - HealingWell.com Forum
Ive been talking with my nurse practitioner. She really wants me to be on Humira, although my symptoms are currently not too bad. Everything else Ive tried (entocort, pred, asacol)-I had reactions to them. She wants to start me on Imuran for probably six months, then move to Humira. I know Ive read different things on here. Is it true that I should be on the Imuran first to suppress my immune system and have less likelihood of my body developing a resistance to the Humira? Do I need to stay on the Imuran all the while Im on the Humira? She made it sound like I should only be on Imuran for no longer than six months. I know Ive seen people on here that are on Imuran forever and a day and also people on Humira with no Imuran. She also said insurance likely wont approve Humira unless the Imuran is tried first ...
https://www.healingwell.com/community/default.aspx?f=17&m=991968
Sydney Research Online: The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)Sydney Research Online: The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
This work has been made available to the staff and students of the University of Sydney for the purposes of research and study only. It constitutes material that is held by the University for the purposes of reporting for HERDC and the ERA. This work may not be downloaded, copied and distributed to any third party ...
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While you are being treated with azathioprine, and after you stop treatment with it, do not have any immunizations (vaccines) without your doctors approval. Azathioprine may lower your bodys resistance and the vaccine may not work as well or you might get the infection the vaccine is meant to prevent. In addition, you should not be around other persons living in your household who receive live virus vaccines because there is a chance they could pass the virus on to you. Some examples of live vaccines include measles, mumps, influenza (nasal flu vaccine), poliovirus (oral form), rotavirus, and rubella. Do not get close to them and do not stay in the same room with them for very long. If you have questions about this, talk to your doctor ...
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Trial Comparing Infliximab and Infliximab and Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients With Crohn's Disease na�ve to Both...Trial Comparing Infliximab and Infliximab and Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients With Crohn's Disease na�ve to Both...
Crohns disease is characterized by inflammation (the changes that happen when tissues in the body are injured) and ulceration (open sores) of the intestines. Crohns disease is treated with medications that decrease inflammation, and reduce diarrhea, abdominal pain and other symptoms of Crohns disease. In addition, Crohns disease can be treated with medications that suppress the immune system (the body system involved in inflammation and infections) or with surgery. This study will investigate the effectiveness of infliximab and azathioprine in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Crohns disease. Infliximab is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of both Crohns disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Azathioprine, which is an investigational drug, has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of Crohns disease, but it is a well-established therapy that has been used for many years to treat Crohns disease. This study seeks to determine whether infliximab, azathioprine, or ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00094458
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Annals For Educators November 4 2014 | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of PhysiciansAnnals For Educators November 4 2014 | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
Manage azathioprine drug-drug interactions. Treatment with probenecid is indicated for this patient. Probenecid promotes renal urate excretion and is efficacious in patients who underexcrete uric acid (documented by a 24-hour urine collection) in the setting of a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (Its efficacy is limited in patients with significant decreases of estimated GFR.) Probenecid may increase the risk of kidney stones; therefore, patients taking probenecid must hydrate aggressively and may need to alkalinize their urine, and the drug should be used with caution in patients at high risk for stones (for example, a history of stones or tophaceous gout). This patient has frequent gout attacks in the setting of hyperuricemia and requires urate-lowering therapy. In this setting, probenecid would be both effective and compatible with this patients azathioprine treatment for granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Allopurinol and febuxostat each lower serum urate by inhibiting ...
https://annals.org/aim/pages/Annals_for_Educators_November_4_2014
Azathioprine - Mycophenolate mofetil - Page 2Azathioprine - Mycophenolate mofetil - Page 2
Hi. Angela from Australia here. Was diagnosed with Wegeners Gpa (severe)4 years ago or so. Had cyclophosamide infusions for first 6 mths or so alongwith usual high dose prednisone. Since that initial time have been on Azathioprine 200 mg and varying lower doses alongwith off and on pred. Doctors now realise the Azathioprine hasnt been working. Anca has been going up gradually. And have now prescribed mycophenolate mofetil 1000 mg daily which I start on Monday. They have also said I may
https://www.wegeners-granulomatosis.com/forum/threads/5952-Azathioprine-Mycophenolate-mofetil?s=b34ffd5162836428d4978f0cfb8e7a51&p=115195
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VANCOUVER, B.C.-Allopurinol can be prescribed safely to treat recurrent gout in renal transplant recipients who are receiving azathioprine.
http://www.renalandurologynews.com/world-congress-of-nephrology/allopurinol-can-be-used-safely-in-renal-transplant-patients-on-azathioprine/article/200321/
PTH-104 The Routine Measurement of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Results in Dose Optimisation in One Third of IBD Patients;...PTH-104 The Routine Measurement of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Results in Dose Optimisation in One Third of IBD Patients;...
Introduction Measuring azathioprine or mercaptopurine (AZA) metabolite levels 6-TGN and 6-MMPN allows identification of patients who are: 1. Non compliant with their medication, 2. On a sub-optimal doe, 3. On a supra-therapeutic dose, 4. Are preferentially metabolising azathioprine to methylated metabolites (6-MMPN:6-TGN ratio , 11).. Our own and others published data demonstrate that measuring metabolite levels in patients failing azathioprine therapy followed by appropriate changes in dosing and/or the addition of allopurinol (with 75% dose reduction in AZA) can result in clinical remission in the majority of patients 1. We report the outcome of the routine measurement of metabolite levels in patients treated with AZA who were in a clinical remission without side effects or abnormal liver function tests (LFTs).. ...
http://gut.bmj.com/content/62/Suppl_1/A253.1
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Azathioprine lowers your bodys immune system. The immune system helps your body fight infections. The immune system can also fight or reject a transplanted organ such as a liver or kidney. This is because the immune system treats the new organ as an invader. Azathioprine is used to prevent your body from rejecting a...
http://www.wellspan.org/health-library/Document.aspx?id=d00024a1
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Belimumab 10 mg/kg IV plus oral azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day; belimumab administered on Days 0, 14, 28, and then every 28 days until the end of the study. If the results in the double-blind period show that belimumab is safe and effective, then participants have the option to continue treatment with belimumab in a 6-month open-label extension phase. Patients who opt to participate in the extension will continue to receive belimumab 10 mg/kg IV every 28 plus oral azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day days for an additional 6 months ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01663623?recr=Open&cond=%22Wegener+Granulomatosis%22&rank=19
The risk of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis depends on genetic variants in the HLA gene region | GutThe risk of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis depends on genetic variants in the HLA gene region | Gut
Methods We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS, Stage 1) of thiopurine-induced pancreatitis, genotyping 55 UK and Dutch cases and comparing these with 5782 previously genotyped population controls. We genotyped cases using Illumina 670-Quad custom and 1M-Duo SNP arrays. In total, 535 753 SNPs passed quality controls in all Stage 1 samples with a further 384 513 SNPs available for 40 of the cases and 4936 of the controls from the UK. 43 SNPs from 32 independent genomic loci showing evidence of association with thiopurine-induced pancreatitis (PGWAS ,10−4) were included in the design of an autoimmune disease genotyping array (Illumina Immunochip) to facilitate follow-up genotyping. Follow-up (Stage 2) genotyping was performed in 13 New Zealand cases and 47 thiopurine-exposed IBD controls and 12 Spanish cases and 352 population controls.. ...
http://gut.bmj.com/content/60/Suppl_1/A60.2
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While you are being treated with azathioprine, and after you stop treatment with it, do not have any immunizations (vaccines) without your doctors approval. Azathioprine may lower your bodys resistance and the vaccine may not work as well or you might get the infection the vaccine is meant to prevent. In addition, you should not be around other persons living in your household who receive live virus vaccines because there is a chance they could pass the virus on to you. Some examples of live vaccines include measles, mumps, influenza (nasal flu vaccine), poliovirus (oral form), rotavirus, and rubella. Do not get close to them and do not stay in the same room with them for very long. If you have questions about this, talk to your doctor ...
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Imuran and Remicade - Ulcerative Colitis - HealingWell.com ForumImuran and Remicade - Ulcerative Colitis - HealingWell.com Forum
Im on both. I actually started the Remicade first because I needed to get out of a severe flare - FAST! Then I started the Imuran. Its pretty common practice to be on both from what I understand because the azathioprine helps to reduce the risk of building up antibodies to the mouse proteins in the Remicade - thus rendering the Remicade useless. Ive been on the Remicade for 2+ years and the azathioprine slightly less than that. Ive been doing great! My doc is hoping to wean me off the Remicade completely (not before Humira is approved in case Remicade wont work 2nd time around) and leave me on the Azathioprine. He likes it better this way because he feels there is more long term data on the aza than on the Remicade.. Good luck! Hope it works as well for you as it does for me! :). ...
https://www.healingwell.com/community/default.aspx?f=38&m=1051255
The Hospital for Sick Children - Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancyThe Hospital for Sick Children - Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancy
Several studies and large case series investigated pregnancy outcomes of women exposed to AZA and other immunosuppressants during pregnancy. Most women exposed to AZA during pregnancy were treated following renal transplantation. In more than 400 reported pregnancies, there were very few anomalies reported.5 7 The rate of malformation was not higher than would be expected in the general population and there was no pattern or consistency in the malformations that occurred.. A study of 42 pregnancies of women with autoimmune hepatitis reported that 14 of the pregnancies were exposed to AZA.8 There were no significant differences in the outcomes of these pregnancies versus pregnancies exposed to other drugs. While a small Danish cohort study suggested an increased risk of malformations, prematurity, and perinatal mortality following maternal use of AZA or 6-mercaptopurine during the first trimester of pregnancy,9 the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry in 2002 did not report increased ...
http://motherisk.org/prof/updatesDetail.jsp?content_id=968
Nausea and Imuran - Crohns Disease Forum - Support group and forum for Crohns Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, and other IBDNausea and Imuran - Crohns Disease Forum - Support group and forum for Crohns Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, and other IBD
Ive been having really bad nausea for about a week, especially an hour after I eat or drink anything (other than water). I spoke to a doctor last night and he thinks it could be my Imuran. I went up from 200 to 250mg a day a month ago and I have increased my Humira from once every two weeks to once a week. The doc told me to stop taking the Imuran and that if that was the problem, I should start feeling better in 24 hours. So I didnt take it last night or today, and I still feel just as sick. Its been like 18 hours so far. Im wondering if anyone has had bad nausea from Imuran and if so, how long it took them to feel normal after stopping to take it. Also, did you get sick an hour after eating or drinking anything? That is the time frame for me which is much less than it takes for food to get to where my Crohns problems are (terminal ileum). Im seeing a doctor tomorrow afternoon but would love to hear other peoples related experiences ...
http://www.crohnsforum.com/showthread.php?t=53393
CellCept Beats Azathioprine in Lupus Nephritis | Medpage TodayCellCept Beats Azathioprine in Lupus Nephritis | Medpage Today
Maintenance therapy with the immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) was superior to azathioprine in preventing renal relapse among patients with lupus, an international phase III tri
https://www.medpagetoday.com/rheumatology/lupus/29759
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Monitoring of azathioprine metabolites in pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis.Monitoring of azathioprine metabolites in pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
Azathioprine is commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Few data are available on drug monitoring of azathioprine metabolites in patients with AIH, especially in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate i
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Monitoring-Azathioprine-Metabolites-in-Pediatric/20479703.html
Regimens for Treatment of Lupus Nephritis | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of PhysiciansRegimens for Treatment of Lupus Nephritis | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
To the editor: In his discussion in the National Institutes of Health conference Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Evolving Concepts (1), Dr. Klippel compares several regimens for the treatment of lupus nephritis: unspecified but modest amounts of prednisone with either azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine plus cyclophosphamide, or itermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide, and modest amounts of prednisone alone. He concludes that azathioprine plus cyclophosphamide and intravenous cyclophosphamide may reduce the progression of renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.. His data, however, may be organized as in Table 1, which considers only the preservation of renal function and suggests the following conclusions: cytotoxic drugs ...
http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/693826/regimens-treatment-lupus-nephritis
TPMT Testing before starting Imuran / Azathioprine - Crohns Disease Forum - Support group and forum for Crohns Disease,...TPMT Testing before starting Imuran / Azathioprine - Crohns Disease Forum - Support group and forum for Crohns Disease,...
Thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) is an enzyme catalysing the methylation of 6-MP, competing with xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) to determine the amount of 6-MP metabolised to cytotoxic thioguanine nucleotides. Allelic polymorphisms in the TPMT gene predict the activity of the enzyme such that 1 in 10 of the population are heterozygous and have approximately 50% of normal activity, whilst 1 in 300 are completely deficient. As a result, these individuals are at high risk of severe myelosuppression. Conversely, individuals with very high levels of TPMT activity are hyper-methylators in whom clinical response is less likely. Prior knowledge of TPMT status avoids exposure of individuals with zero TPMT to potentially fatal treatment with AZA or 6-MP and provides one of the best examples of predictive pharmacogenetics in therapeutics. This article reviews literature on the role of TPMT measurement prior to treatment with thiopurines and provides ...
http://www.crohnsforum.com/showthread.php?p=354247
Antibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohns diseaseAntibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohns disease
Antibiotics are useful to induce a short-term response in perianal Crohns disease, and may provide a bridging strategy to azathioprine, which seems to be essential for the maintenance of fistula improvement.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14653831/?dopt=Abstract
Azathioprine and mesalamine Drug Interactions - Drugs.comAzathioprine and mesalamine Drug Interactions - Drugs.com
A Moderate Drug Interaction exists between azathioprine and mesalamine. View detailed information regarding this drug interaction.
https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/azathioprine-with-mesalamine-296-0-2336-0.html
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Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: highlighting pediatric differences in ibdPediatric inflammatory bowel disease: highlighting pediatric differences in ibd
Immunomodulators (6-Mercaptopurine, Azathioprine, Methotrexate) Crohn diseaseInduction of remission Because of its delay in efficacy, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) andazathioprine (AZA) are not used for induction of remission; however, they are oftenused in conjunction with corticosteroids or other therapy used to induce remissionwith the knowledge that by the time corticosteroids are weaned, 6-MP and AZA willbe effective in maintaining remission A Cochrane review concluded efficacy for methotrexate in induction of remission in CD based on one study.Methotrexate has demonstrated efficacy in inducing remis-sion after failure of induction therapy with steroids in one large double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study (n 5 141) when compared with placebo.Other smallerstudies did not show a significant difference. In children, only retrospective studieshave been conducted. One retrospective, multicenter study (n 5 61) demonstratedimprovement in disease or complete remission in 80% of children who ...
http://pdfdrug.com/m/meteo.mcgill.ca1.html
Can the hcg diet or antibiotics cause sweets syndrome? Can imuran be taken while on hcg injections?Can the hcg diet or antibiotics cause sweets syndrome? Can imuran be taken while on hcg injections?
Question - Can the hcg diet or antibiotics cause sweets syndrome? Can imuran be taken while on hcg injections?. Ask a Doctor about uses, dosages and side-effects of Imuran, Ask an Endocrinologist
http://www.healthcaremagic.com/premiumquestions/Can-the-hcg-diet-or-antibiotics-cause-sweets-syndrome-Can-imuran-be-taken-while-on-hcg-injections/22210
Case Report: Polyarthritis and meningitis in a nine month old Basset Hound - Downs Veterinary ReferralsCase Report: Polyarthritis and meningitis in a nine month old Basset Hound - Downs Veterinary Referrals
The clinical signs and laboratory findings were indicative of meningitis with concurrent non-erosive polyarthritis. There was no evidence of underlying infectious, inflammatory or neoplastic disease and drug reaction was excluded given the lack of history of recent drug exposure or vaccination prior to disease onset. A primary immune-mediated meningitis-arthritis syndrome was therefore most likely.. Management and follow up. Treatment with immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone (1mg/kg po bid) was started along with gastroprotectants (sucralfate 1g po tid). This resulted in a marked improvement in demeanour and reduced neck pain. However, a markedly stiff gait remained. The prednisolone dose was gradually increased to 2mg/kg twice daily and azathioprine therapy (2mg/kg po eod) was added with weekly monitoring of the haematology. The dog continued to make steady improvement over the next few weeks and drug therapy was slowly tapered and withdrawn over the following six months. Two months ...
http://www.downsvetreferrals.co.uk/case-report-polyarthritis-meningitis-syndrome/
The Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Ingenta ConnectThe Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Ingenta Connect
In the absence of treatment, the prognosis is very poor with a 60% three year mortality. There are guidelines on the indications for treatment and some groups of patients may not require treatment. The main element of treatment is prednisolone which decreases the 3 year mortality to 10%. Prednisolone is tapered down to 5-10 mg per day, as monotherapy or in combination with azathioprine. Approximately 80% of patients will respond to therapy with prednisolone with or without azathioprine and this should be given for at least 2 years ...
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/ccp/2012/00000007/00000004/art00007
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Diarrhoea is commonest; other gastroin- agement of gout purchase kamagra super paypal erectile dysfunction due to old age, is involved in the catabolism of azathio- testinal disturbances purchase genuine kamagra super on-line erectile dysfunction va benefits, hepatitis purchase genuine kamagra super online impotence group, leucopenia buy 160mg kamagra super free shipping, alopecia buy cheap kamagra chewable 100 mg online, hyper- prine. In the event of a serious azathioprine may result in profound myelosuppression adverse event, the elimination of leflunomide can be accel- and should be avoided. Oral cyclophosphamide is less frequently used due to the larger cumulative dose and thus increased risk The calcineurin inhibitors ciclosporin and tacrolimus in- of long-term toxicities. Other adverse effects are highly sig- orally to prevent rejection after solid organ transplantation nificant and include bone marrow toxicity and consequent and in chronic inflammatory disorders including cutane- ...
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NephrologyNephrology
A middle aged patient with a hx of cirrhosis secondary to autoimmune hepatitis on azathioprine and prednisone who presented with acute on chronic abdominal pain called to the ED for Gram Negative bacteremia. CT abdomen demonstrated thrombi within the peripheral branches of the portal venous system consistent with pylephlebitis. The patient was treated with antibiotics and the decision was made to not anticoagulate.. Learning Points. -Anticoagulation for pylephlebitis is NOT recommended unless there is evidence of progression of thrombosis or fever or bacteremia despite antibiotic therapy. -The most common predisposing infections leading to pylephlebitis are diverticulitis and appendicitis.. ...
https://kaisersf.wordpress.com/category/nephrology/
CyclosporineCyclosporine
Another name for cyclosporine would be its active metabolite, cyclic undecapeptide. To study it chemically, it is made up of 11 amino acids, 10 that were known, and one of which was unknown. These amino acids are hydrophobic, neutral, and able to be dissolved in nearly every organic material except water and hexane.. The benefits of cyclosporine is that it doesnt effect the bone marrow like other previous immunosuppressant drugs do. One of the first drugs used in organ transplantation would be Azathioprine combined with corticosteroids. Azathioprine stops cell growth in all cells, which is bad because it then inhibits bone marrow. Besides effecting the bone marrow, there are other side effects as well. Some of these would include increased vulnerability to infections, hepatotoxicity (chemically caused liver damage), nausea, and vomiting. The corticosteroids inhibit lymphocytes and act as an anti-inflammatory. The side effects of this drug are diabetes and avascular necrosis in the bone (where ...
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/wells_kend/cyclosporine.htm
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GastroHep News StoryGastroHep News Story
The team included studies if they evaluated postoperative complications and defined exposure to individual immunomodulators.. All 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria were observational studies.. The team noted that 2 studies were reported only in abstract form.. A further 5 studies reported risks associated with azathioprine, 5 reported risks associated with cyclosporine, and 3 reported risks associated with infliximab.. The team observed that none of the studies showed an increased risk of either total or infectious complications associated with immunomodulator use.. However, subgroup analysis in 1 study suggested increased rates of anastomotic complications and reoperation associated with azathioprine.. Dr Subramanians team commented, Available evidence does not suggest an increased rate of postoperative complications associated with immunomodulator use. ...
https://www.gastrohep.com/news/news.asp?id=54448
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Mayo Clinic Laboratory and Pathology Research Roundup: Nov. 14 - InsightsMayo Clinic Laboratory and Pathology Research Roundup: Nov. 14 - Insights
A 33-year-old man with Crohn disease had been treated with azathioprine for 10 years and azathioprine/adalimumab for 9 months when he began experiencing fevers, fatigue, splenomegaly, and weight loss (20 lb in 6 months). Besides anemia and thrombocytopenia, his peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate smears showed blastoid cells that were intermediate to large in size and had fine chromatin, prominent nucleoli, and irregular nuclear contours. View the case. The case was published in Blood.. ...
https://news.mayomedicallaboratories.com/2016/11/14/mayo-clinic-laboratory-and-pathology-research-roundup-nov-14/
Azathioprine Acts upon Rat Hepatocyte Mitochondria and Stress-Activated Protein Kinases Leading to Necrosis: Protective Role of...Azathioprine Acts upon Rat Hepatocyte Mitochondria and Stress-Activated Protein Kinases Leading to Necrosis: Protective Role of...
Thank you for sharing this Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics article.. NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.. ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/311/2/668.full
Mackin, AndrewMackin, Andrew
Special Interests. Research - Specific research interest in small animal hematology and hemostasis. Particular areas of research in these fields include evaluation of platelet numbers and function in both dogs and cats, methods of bone marrow collection, feline blood types, transfusion medicine, the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of red blood cell thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity in dogs receiving azathioprine and evaluation of the effects of cyclosporine on hemostasis and platelet function using viscoelastometry, point-of-care platelet function analysis and flow cytometric markers of platelet activation, and of cyclosporine, dexamethasone, dantrolene, mycophenolate and other newer immunosuppressive agents on the immune system using tools such as flow cytometric and PCR analysis of markers of T-cell function.. Teaching - Strong interest in providing effective clinical training of veterinary students, interns, residents, and practicing veterinarians. Continuing education ...
http://www.cvm.msstate.edu/about/faculty-staff/27-faculty-bio/faculty-basic-sciences/151-george-eli-howell
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azathioprine - General Practice Notebookazathioprine - General Practice Notebook
The content herein is provided for informational purposes and does not replace the need to apply professional clinical judgement when diagnosing or treating any medical condition. A licensed medical practitioner should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Copyright 2021 Oxbridge Solutions Ltd®. Any distribution or duplication of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. Oxbridge Solutions Ltd® receives funding from advertising but maintains editorial independence. GPnotebook stores small data files on your computer called cookies so that we can recognise you and provide you with the best service. If you do not want to receive cookies please do not use GPnotebook ...
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Azathioprine | Daviss Drug Guide for Rehabilitation Professionals | F.A. Davis PT Collection | McGraw-Hill MedicalAzathioprine | Daviss Drug Guide for Rehabilitation Professionals | F.A. Davis PT Collection | McGraw-Hill Medical
Monitor signs of Raynauds phenomenon as indicated by decreased circulation to the fingers and toes resulting in pain, numbness, swelling, and color changes in the affected digits. Report these signs to the physician, and educate patient about how to avoid the onset of symptoms (keep hands warm, avoid caffeine, stress, and other triggers). ...
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Health Resources | Logansport Memorial HospitalHealth Resources | Logansport Memorial Hospital
Ganciclovir may lower the number of all types of cells in your blood, causing serious and life-threatening problems. Tell your doctor if you have or have ever had anemia (red blood cells do not bring enough oxygen to all parts of the body); neutropenia (less than normal number of white blood cells); thrombocytopenia (less than normal number of platelets); or other blood or bleeding problems. Tell your doctor if you have ever developed blood problems as a side effect of any medication. Tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are taking or have taken any of the following medications: anticoagulants (blood thinners) such as warfarin (Coumadin);cancer chemotherapy medications; dapsone; flucytosine (Ancobon); heparin; immunosuppressants such as azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), sirolimus (Rapamune), and tacrolimus (Prograf); interferons (Infergen, Intron A, PEGASYS, PEG-Intron, Roferon-A); medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus ...
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The use of cyclosporin A (CyA) with a protocol designed to avoid the effects of nephrotoxicity resulted in a one-year survival of 86% in recipients of renal allografts from unmatched cadaveric donors. The drug also controlled rejection of liver and pancreatic allografts. It was possible to change patients initially treated with CyA to azathioprine and corticosteroids and vice versa, thus enlarging the potential value of CyA in organ allografting. Of 34 recipients of renal allografts, 29 were currently receiving only CyA as immunosuppressive treatment. Twelve patients never required any adjuvant steroid treatment. These results suggest that CyA is an effective immunosuppressant, and if used with care side effects need not be severe. ...
http://www.bmj.com/content/282/6268/934
Tufts Medical Center | Eosinophilic Gastritis 20180662Tufts Medical Center | Eosinophilic Gastritis 20180662
Use during the 30 days before Screening (or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer) or use during the Screening period of any medications that may interfere with the study with as immunosuppressive or immunodulatory drugs (including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, anti-TNF, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-5 receptor, dupilumab, anti-IgE antibodies, omalizumab) or systemic corticosteroids with a daily dose ,10mg of prednisone or equivalent ...
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We report the pregnancy of a 35 year old diabetic woman with a positive Australia antigen, 3 years after a successful cadaver kidney transplant. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone, azathioprine and cyclosporine was ...
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When Imuran turns on you. : CrohnsDiseaseWhen Imuran turns on you. : CrohnsDisease
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226 Relapses of lupus nephritis - risk factors, incidence and impact of outcome | Lupus Science & Medicine226 Relapses of lupus nephritis - risk factors, incidence and impact of outcome | Lupus Science & Medicine
Results 218 (70,64%) of 276 SLE patients with biopsy proven LN (class I-18 patients, class II-45, class III-56, class IV-75, class V-54, class VI-2, mixed forms - 26) achieved either CR (55,8%) or PR (23,2%). 47 patients had one flare, 36 - two, 27 - three, 17≥4 flares. The maintenance immunomodulating drugs at the time of flare was low dose corticosteroids and/or azathioprine. Non-adherence to treatment at time of relapse was documented in 26 patients. ...
http://lupus.bmj.com/content/4/Suppl_1/A103
If I Have Both Lupus and MS, How Does My Doctor Know What Treatment To Use?If I Have Both Lupus and MS, How Does My Doctor Know What Treatment To Use?
In my opinion immunosuppressant and anti-CD20 therapy (rituximab) is the preferred option for these patients. The actual therapy recommended will depend on the situation but could include periodic steroids, azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide or rituximab. A newer therapy for MS called teriflunimide (Aubagio) could be strongly considered as well because of its mechanism of action. Many patients end up on combination therapies that may include Copaxone plus one of the agents previously mentioned ...
http://www.healthcarejourney.com/q--a-for-virtual-ms-center/if-i-have-both-lupus-and-ms-how-does-my-doctor-know-what-treatment-to-use
Austin, Richard CAustin, Richard C
Azathioprine and prednisone in the treatment of adults with lupus nephritis. Clinical, histological, and immunological changes with therapy.. Medicine; analytical reviews of general medicine, neurology, psychiatry, dermatology, and pediatries Medicine. 49:411-432. 1970 ...
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Human γδ T-cell control of mucosal immunity and inflammation -ORCAHuman γδ T-cell control of mucosal immunity and inflammation -ORCA
Human γδ T-cells include some of the most common antigen-specific cell types in peripheral blood and are enriched yet further at mucosal barrier sites where microbial infection and tumors often originate. While the γδ T-cell compartment includes multiple subsets with highly flexible effector functions, human mucosal tissues are dominated by host stress-responsive Vδ1+ T-cells and microbe-responsive Vδ2+ T-cells. Widely recognized for their potent cytotoxicity, emerging data suggest that γδ T-cells also exert strong influences on downstream adaptive immunity to pathogens and tumors, in particular via activation of antigen-presenting cells and/or direct stimulation of other mucosal leukocytes. These unique functional attributes and lack of MHC restriction have prompted considerable interest in therapeutic targeting of γδ T-cells. Indeed, several drugs already in clinical use, including vedolizumab, infliximab, and azathioprine, likely owe their efficacy in part to modulation of γδ ...
http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111314/
Dr Emmanouil Tsochatzis | Staff A-Z | Services | The Royal FreeDr Emmanouil Tsochatzis | Staff A-Z | Services | The Royal Free
Manousou P, Cholongitas E, Samonakis D, Tsochatzis E, Corbani A, Dhillon AP, Davidson J, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Patch D, OBeirne J, Thorburn D, Luong T, Rolles K, Davidson B, McCormick PA, Hayes P, Burroughs AK. «Reduced fibrosis in recurrent HCV with tacrolimus, azathioprine and steroids versus tacrolimus: randomised trial long term outcomes» Gut. 2014; 63: 1005- ...
https://www.royalfree.nhs.uk/services/staff-a-z/dr-emmanouil-tsochatzis/
The patient was brought to the ER and then admitted because of acute alcoholThe patient was brought to the ER and then admitted because of acute alcohol
need the icd 9 diagnosis code and ms drg along with the icd 10 and icd 10 pcs codes what code is assigned for a patient admistted for azathioprine I drug induced aplastic anemia the patient has peripheral neuropathy of multiple joints ...
https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1383327324
Compendio di diritto dell unione europea - Latest Version № 40164504Compendio di diritto dell unione europea - Latest Version № 40164504
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Univasc Drug InteractionsUnivasc Drug Interactions
NSAIDs, diuretics, and azathioprine are some of the drugs that can interact with Univasc. This eMedTV segment offers a more complete list of medications that can interfere with Univasc and explains the possible consequences of these interactions.
http://blood-pressure.emedtv.com/univasc/univasc-drug-interactions.html
53 Gynecologist Interview Questions and Answers53 Gynecologist Interview Questions and Answers
Tell us is Some Bleeding Normal When Starting Hormone Replacement Therapy? Tell us in Scanning Report Of My Wife At Gender Column It Is Written As Iii, What Is The Meaning? Tell us what qualities should a resident medical officer posses? Which ones do you have and which ones do you lack? Please explain have you ever participated in patient education? Do you know what Is Azathioprine?
http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Questions.php?sc=Gynecologist
Oxfordshire Clinical Commissioning Group FormularyOxfordshire Clinical Commissioning Group Formulary
Looking for AZATHIOPRINE Suspension 50 mg in 5mL found 0 matches, a search for alternative matches has been performed and any results found are shown below. ...
http://oxfordshireformulary.nhs.uk/searchresultsAlternative.asp?SearchVar=AZATHIOPRINE%20Suspension%2050%20mg%20in%205mL
MercaptopurineMercaptopurine
Azathioprine Tioguanine "Mercaptopurine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 ... Nørgård B, Pedersen L, Fonager K, Rasmussen SN, Sørensen HT (March 2003). "Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a ... April 2014). "Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: a role for glutathione-S-transferase?". World ... or the related azathioprine) showed a seven-fold incidence of fetal abnormalities as well as a 20-fold increase in miscarriage ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaptopurine
PericarditisPericarditis
Azathioprine has also been used. Surgical removal of the pericardium, pericardiectomy, may be used in severe cases and where ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis
Purine analoguePurine analogue
Azathioprine is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. A prodrug, it is widely used in transplantation to control ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_analogue
Cerebral vasculitisCerebral vasculitis
50% of patients respond to corticosteroid therapy alone in early phases Methotrexate or Azathioprine are an alternative to ... Cyclophosphamide Azathioprine Mycophenolate mofetil "Cerebral Vasculitis". Prime Health Channel. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 1 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_vasculitis
ADAMTS7ADAMTS7
Therapy with steroid-free immunosuppressant azathioprine]". Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAMTS7
Cogan syndromeCogan syndrome
These immunosuppressive drugs include methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine or azathioprine. In some cases, combinations ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogan_syndrome
NitrosoprodenafilNitrosoprodenafil
... because of the structural similarity with the mutagenic azathioprine. The final confirmation of the azathioprine/aildenafil ... who suggested the structure was an azathioprine/aildenafil hybrid. This newly suggested structure was dubbed 'mutaprodenafil' ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosoprodenafil
Prurigo nodularisPrurigo nodularis
Another drug a physician may administer is Apo-Azathioprine. Azathioprine, also known by its brand name Imuran, is an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prurigo_nodularis
Eosinophilic myocarditisEosinophilic myocarditis
... azathioprine or cyclophosphamide, as adjuncts to, or replacements for, corticosteroids. However, individuals with an underlying ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic_myocarditis
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy-associated conditionsGluten-sensitive enteropathy-associated conditions
2003). "Azathioprine and prednisone combination therapy in refractory coeliac disease". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 18 (5): 487- ... Some RCD1 patients have been treated successfully with immunosuppressants (azathioprine, prednisone) when caught early. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-sensitive_enteropathy–associated_conditions
Lupus nephritisLupus nephritis
It also works better than azathioprine with corticosteroids for maintenance therapy. A 2016 network meta-analysis, which ... and the immune suppressant azathioprine with corticosteroids. MMF and cyclophosphamide with corticosteroids are equally ... included 32 RCTs of lupus nephritis, demonstrated that tacrolimus and MMF followed by azathioprine maintenance were associated ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_nephritis
Pulmonary-renal syndromePulmonary-renal syndrome
... and azathioprine. Plasmapheresis can be used in some circumstances.[citation needed] West, SC; Arulkumaran, N; Ind, PW; Pusey, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary-renal_syndrome
Uterus transplantationUterus transplantation
A regimen of triple immuno-suppression was used with tacrolimus, azathioprine, and corticosteroids. Three mild rejection ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus_transplantation
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitisEosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Remission can be maintained with a less toxic drug, such as azathioprine or methotrexate. On 12 December 2017, the FDA approved ... This is typically glucocorticoids, followed by other agents such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine. Eosinophilic ... such as azathioprine and cyclophosphamide). In many cases, the disease can be put into a type of chemical remission through ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis
AllopurinolAllopurinol
Drug interactions are extensive, and are as follows: Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: Azathioprine is metabolised to 6- ... Ansari A, Patel N, Sanderson J, O'Donohue J, Duley JA, Florin TH (March 2010). "Low-dose azathioprine or mercaptopurine in ... Ansari AR, Duley JA (March 2012). "Azathioprine co-therapy with allopurinol for inflammatory bowel disease: trials and ... Bradford K, Shih DQ (October 2011). "Optimizing 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine therapy in the management of inflammatory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopurinol
Joseph MurrayJoseph Murray
Together, they tailored the new drug Imuran (generic azathioprine) for use in transplants. The discovery of Imuran and other ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray
Statin-associated autoimmune myopathyStatin-associated autoimmune myopathy
More severe cases require the use of combined methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate with corticosteroids. Severe cases ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin-associated_autoimmune_myopathy
Granulomatosis with polyangiitisGranulomatosis with polyangiitis
Less toxic immunosuppressing medications such as rituximab, methotrexate, azathioprine, leflunomide, or mycophenolate mofetil ... such as rituximab or cyclophosphamide and high-dose corticosteroids to control the symptoms of the disease and azathioprine, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis
Adverse drug reactionAdverse drug reaction
... abnormal thiopurine S-methyltransferase may affect the metabolism of the thiopurine drugs mercaptopurine and azathioprine. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction
Pemphigus vulgarisPemphigus vulgaris
Intravenous immunoglobulin, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide have also been used with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris
Hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia
In steroid resistant cases, consideration can be given to rituximab or addition of an immunosuppressant (azathioprine, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia
Molecular mimicryMolecular mimicry
Alternatively, treatment with immunosuppressive drugs such as ciclosporin and azathioprine has also been used as a possible ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mimicry
Tolosa-Hunt syndromeTolosa-Hunt syndrome
... such as methotrexate or azathioprine). Radiotherapy has also been proposed. The prognosis of THS is usually considered good. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolosa–Hunt_syndrome
Autoimmune pancreatitisAutoimmune pancreatitis
Immunomodulators such as azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurine have been shown to extend remission of autoimmune pancreatitis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_pancreatitis
Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitisCutaneous small-vessel vasculitis
Immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate and azathioprine may be used in truly refractory cases not responsive to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis
ScleritisScleritis
If disease control is inadequate with steroids alone, immunosuppressives (Eg: cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleritis
Microscopic polyangiitisMicroscopic polyangiitis
... such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine. Plasmapheresis may also be indicated in the acute setting to remove ANCA antibodies.[ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_polyangiitis
Canine discoid lupus erythematosusCanine discoid lupus erythematosus
... azathioprine, or chlorambucil. Treatment is often lifelong, but there is a good prognosis for long-term remission. Alaskan ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_discoid_lupus_erythematosus
Relapsing polychondritisRelapsing polychondritis
Corticosteroid-sparing medications such as azathioprine or methotrexate may be used to minimize steroid doses and limit the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapsing_polychondritis
Drug-induced aseptic meningitisDrug-induced aseptic meningitis
Zimelidine (SSRI that is no longer available) Azathioprine Methotrexate Allopurinol Ranitidine Meningitis, whether acute or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug-induced_aseptic_meningitis
AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Azathioprine6-MercaptopurineImmunosuppressive AgentsPrednisoloneMycophenolic AcidMethyltransferasesInflammatory Bowel DiseasesCrohn DiseaseKidney TransplantationCyclosporineHepatitis, AutoimmuneThioguaninePrednisoneColitis, UlcerativeDrug Therapy, CombinationAdrenal Cortex HormonesGraft RejectionImmunosuppressionLeukopeniaMethylprednisoloneGastrointestinal AgentsMesalamineAntimetabolitesAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAminosalicylic AcidsCyclosporinsNiridazoleTreatment OutcomeSulfasalazineLupus NephritisGuanine NucleotidesPulse Therapy, DrugGlucocorticoidsThionucleotidesGraft SurvivalTacrolimusTabletsHeart TransplantationOrgan TransplantationArthritis, RheumatoidAntirheumatic AgentsSteroidsDrug InteractionsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalLupus Erythematosus, SystemicNephritisDrug OverdoseAcetaminophenAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticLibrary ServicesLibraries, MedicalImmune SystemImmunity, Innate
Azathioprine tabletsAzathioprine tablets
AZATHIOPRINE (ay za THYE oh preen) suppresses the immune system. It is used to prevent organ rejection after a transplant. ... Azathioprine tablets. What is this medicine?. AZATHIOPRINE (ay za THYE oh preen) suppresses the immune system. It is used to ... an unusual or allergic reaction to azathioprine, other medicines, lactose, foods, dyes, or preservatives ...
https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/family-resources-library/azathioprine-tablets
Further Experience with Azathioprine in Rheumatoid Arthritis | The BMJFurther Experience with Azathioprine in Rheumatoid Arthritis | The BMJ
Further Experience with Azathioprine in Rheumatoid Arthritis Br Med J 1971; 4 :463 ... Azathioprine has been shown to reduce the steroid requirements of patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-seven ... There was no evidence that azathioprine prevented radiological deterioration. No deaths occurred and toxic effects always ... Further Experience with Azathioprine in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Br Med J 1971; 4 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.4.5785.463 ( ...
http://www.bmj.com/content/4/5785/463
CellCept Beats Azathioprine in Lupus Nephritis | Medpage TodayCellCept Beats Azathioprine in Lupus Nephritis | Medpage Today
... was superior to azathioprine in preventing renal relapse among patients with lupus, an international phase III tri ... One patient in the azathioprine group died following a car accident and one in that group developed uterine carcinoma in situ. ... Source Reference: Dooley M, et al "Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis" N Engl J Med ... Rates of treatment failure were 32.4% in the azathioprine group and 16.4% in the mycophenolate mofetil group, while renal ...
https://www.medpagetoday.com/rheumatology/lupus/29759
Imuran (Azathioprine) Side effects, Images, Uses, Dosage, Overdose at RxListImuran (Azathioprine) Side effects, Images, Uses, Dosage, Overdose at RxList
Azathioprine)? Learn about drug imprint, side effects, uses (treating), dosage, interaction, overdose, and warnings. ... Generic Name: azathioprine. *What is azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)?. *What are the possible side effects of azathioprine ( ... Azathioprine is also used to treat symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.. Azathioprine may also be used for purposes not listed in ... What is azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)?. Azathioprine weakens your bodys immune system, to help keep it from "rejecting" a ...
https://www.rxlist.com/imuran-drug/patient-images-side-effects.htm
azathioprine - WellSpan Health Libraryazathioprine - WellSpan Health Library
Azathioprine is used to prevent your body from rejecting a... ... Azathioprine lowers your bodys immune system. The immune ... What is the most important information I should know about azathioprine?. Some people using azathioprine have developed a rare ... Azathioprine can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. You should not breast-feed while you are using azathioprine ... What is azathioprine?. Azathioprine lowers your bodys immune system. The immune system helps your body fight infections. The ...
http://www.wellspan.org/health-library/Document.aspx?id=d00024a1
Side Effects of Imuran (Azathioprine)Side Effects of Imuran (Azathioprine)
A list of the side effects of Azathioprine (also called Imuran), a medication that is used in the treatment of inflammatory ... What Is Imuran (Azathioprine)? Imuran (azathioprine) is a type of immunosuppressive antimetabolite drug. Imuran may be ... Side Effects of Imuran (Azathioprine) Certain side effects should be reported to your physician right away.. By ... According to a study published in 2010, taking azathioprine was associated with a greater risk of lymphomas but not other types ...
https://www.verywellhealth.com/side-effects-of-imuran-azathioprine-1941760
The Hospital for Sick Children - Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancyThe Hospital for Sick Children - Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancy
Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancy. Aniket Natekar, Anna Pupco, MD, Pina Bozzo and Gideon Koren, MD, FRCPC, FACMT ... Azathioprine (AZA) is a cytotoxic antimetabolite that is used to inhibit purine synthesis, which is especially important for ... Azathioprine during pregnancy. Several studies and large case series investigated pregnancy outcomes of women exposed to AZA ... Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17(6):827-34. ...
http://motherisk.org/prof/updatesDetail.jsp?content_id=968
Combination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohns Disease | Doctors HospitalCombination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohn's Disease | Doctors Hospital
Learn more about Combination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohns Disease at Doctors Hospital of Augusta ... Group A: Received the new treatment with 3 infusions of infliximab plus azathioprine. If the new treatment was not helpful ... The study reviewed the effects that Infliximab (an anti-tumor necrosis factor medication) and azathioprine (suppresses immune ... Patients were given azathioprine and infliximab if symptoms worsened after corticosteroid use. ...
https://doctors-hospital.net/hl/?/270433/Combination-Infliximab-Plus-Azathioprine-for-Newly-Diagnosed-Crohn%E2%80%99s-Disease&com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1
Allopurinol Can Be Used Safely in Renal Transplant Patients on Azathioprine - Renal and Urology NewsAllopurinol Can Be Used Safely in Renal Transplant Patients on Azathioprine - Renal and Urology News
Allopurinol can be prescribed safely to treat recurrent gout in renal transplant recipients who are receiving azathioprine. ... Azathioprine was reintroduced three weeks later at half the dose and it was tolerated. Overall, white cell counts, hemoglobin ... Allopurinol Can Be Used Safely in Renal Transplant Patients on Azathioprine. Share this content: *facebook ... Patients already receiving azathioprine for immunosuppression are frequently denied definitive treatment with allopurinol ...
http://www.renalandurologynews.com/world-congress-of-nephrology/allopurinol-can-be-used-safely-in-renal-transplant-patients-on-azathioprine/article/200321/
Azathioprine in the treatment of Autoimmune Blistering diseases | International Pemphigus Pemphigoid Foundation (IPPF)Azathioprine in the treatment of Autoimmune Blistering diseases | International Pemphigus Pemphigoid Foundation (IPPF)
Side effects of azathioprine normally occur in mild variants. Severe reactions are due to reduced thiopurine S ... azathioprine has shown good efficacy in acquired autoimmune blistering diseases, and is well tolerated. ... whereas Japanese should be screened for ITPA activity before therapy with azathioprine is started. Azathioprine is clinically ... Side effects of azathioprine normally occur in mild variants. Severe reactions are due to reduced thiopurine S- ...
http://www.pemphigus.org/azathioprine-in-the-treatment-of-autoimmune-blistering-diseases/
Azathioprine: MedlinePlus Drug InformationAzathioprine: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Azathioprine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Azathioprine comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken once or twice a day after meals. Take azathioprine at ... Before taking azathioprine,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to azathioprine, any other medications, or ... Continue to take azathioprine even if you feel well. Do not stop taking azathioprine without talking to your doctor. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682167.html
Azathioprine (Imuran)Azathioprine (Imuran)
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medicine used to stop your immune system from attacking parts of your body - get trusted ... Azathioprine (Imuran). Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medicine used to stop your immune system from attacking parts of ... What is azathioprine used for?. Doctors prescribe azathioprine to reduce the activity of the immune system in autoimmune ... How do I take azathioprine?. *Azathioprine tablets should be taken with or after food. Swallow them with a glass of water. ...
https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/a6904/imuran-azathioprine/
Azathioprine (Imuran)Azathioprine (Imuran)
Information for patients and caregivers on Azathioprine (Imuran) such as usages, common dosages, drug interactions and possible ... Azathioprine (Imuran) Azathioprine (Imuran) is a drug used in certain autoimmune conditions (diseases where the bodys natural ... Less often, azathioprine may cause damage to the liver, pancreas, or an allergic reaction that may include a flu-like illness ... Azathioprine is usually taken orally (in doses between 50 - 150 mg), once or divided twice daily. The initial dose for ...
https://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Treatments/Azathioprine-Imuran
Low-Dose Azathioprine for Myasthenia GravisLow-Dose Azathioprine for Myasthenia Gravis
Immunosuppression with azathioprine in PSC and MG with progressively increasing high antibody titers is feasible, safe, and ... Successful Low-dose Azathioprine for Myasthenia Gravis Despite Hepatopathy from Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Case Report. ... Cite this: Successful Low-dose Azathioprine for Myasthenia Gravis Despite Hepatopathy from Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/733897_4
Imuran (Azathioprine) QuestionImuran (Azathioprine) Question
My doc finally put me on azathioprine a month ago (50mg) and... ... I took 50mg azathioprine when I used it in combination with ... Azathioprine/Imuran dosing is weight based. You should have 1.5 - 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. A 120 lb person would have a ... Yes Asacol HD 800mg tablets I take 6 a day at one point I was taking 8 a day but reduced it once I started the azathioprine.. I ... Therapeutic dose of azathioprine for 109 lbs is 75 - 125 mg. I would add rectal meds at a minimum. If your inflammation is ...
https://www.healingwell.com/community/default.aspx?f=38&m=4184920&g=4185136
DailyMed - AZATHIOPRINE tabletDailyMed - AZATHIOPRINE tablet
The use of azathioprine tablets in nursing mothers is not recommended. Azathioprine or its metabolites are transferred at low ... Azathioprine tablets should not be given to patients who have shown hypersensitivity to the drug. Azathioprine tablets should ... Azathioprine tablets can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Azathioprine tablets should not be given ... The father was on long-term azathioprine therapy. 16 Benefit versus risk must be weighed carefully before use of azathioprine ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d&audience=consumer
Azathioprine (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo ClinicAzathioprine (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo Clinic
Azathioprine may lower your bodys resistance and the vaccine may not work as well or you might get the infection the vaccine ... Using azathioprine after these medicines may increase your risk for unwanted effects. Talk to your doctor if you have questions ... Azathioprine can temporarily lower the number of white blood cells in your blood, increasing the chance of getting an infection ... While you are being treated with azathioprine, and after you stop treatment with it, do not have any immunizations (vaccines) ...
https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/azathioprine-oral-route/precautions/drg-20067180
Azathioprine-Allopurinol Interaction: Danger!Azathioprine-Allopurinol Interaction: Danger!
If co-prescription unavoidable: reduce azathioprine dose, monitor blood count. Concomitant use of azathioprine and allopurinol ... When azathioprine is initiated, the prescriber should check that the patient is not taking allopurinol. The patient should be ... Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent. It is first metabolised to 6-mercaptopurine, which in turn is converted to inactive ... Allopurinol and azathioprine should not be co-prescribed unless the combination cannot be avoided. Allopurinol interferes with ...
https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/puarticles/azathioprine.htm
DailyMed - AZATHIOPRINE- azathioprine tabletDailyMed - AZATHIOPRINE- azathioprine tablet
AZATHIOPRINE- azathioprine tablet To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader ... The use of azathioprine tablets in nursing mothers is not recommended. Azathioprine or its metabolites are transferred at low ... Azathioprine tablets should not be given to patients who have shown hypersensitivity to the drug. Azathioprine tablets should ... Azathioprine tablets can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Azathioprine tablets should not be given ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d
Azathioprine | SpringerLinkAzathioprine | SpringerLink
Sweet syndrome: A rare feature of ANCA-associated vasculitis or unusual consequence of azathioprine-induced treatment. Allergy ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40278-018-55531-x
Glossary: azathioprineGlossary: azathioprine
azathioprine a drug that interferes with the growth of T-lymphocytes, the specialized white blood cells which are primarily ...
http://www.transweb.org/journey/recip_journey/glossary/blue/azathioprine.html
Interactions between Bactrim Oral and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-azathioprine-mercaptopurineInteractions between Bactrim Oral and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-azathioprine-mercaptopurine
WebMD provides information about interactions between Bactrim Oral and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-azathioprine- ... 2.Imuran (azathioprine) US prescribing information. Prometheus Laboratories Inc. February, 2014.. *3.Hulme B, Reeves DS. ... Azathioprine; Mercaptopurine/Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as ... Co-trimoxazole and azathioprine: a safe combination. Br Med J 1974 Oct 5;4(5935):15-6. ...
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5213-9071/bactrim-oral/sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-1731/dmtitle-sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-azathioprine-mercaptopurine/intrtype-drug
Azathioprine: Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and MoreAzathioprine: Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More
Azathioprine oral tablet is a prescription medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Its also used to keep your immune ... Highlights for azathioprine. *Azathioprine oral tablet is available as brand-name drugs and as a generic drug. Brand names: ... What is azathioprine?. Azathioprine is a prescription medication. It comes in two forms: an oral tablet and an injectable ... Azathioprine may interact with other medications. Azathioprine oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or ...
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Azathioprine and mesalamine Drug Interactions - Drugs.comAzathioprine and mesalamine Drug Interactions - Drugs.com
A Moderate Drug Interaction exists between azathioprine and mesalamine. View detailed information regarding this drug ... Using azaTHIOprine together with mesalamine may increase the effects of azaTHIOprine. Contact your doctor if you experience ...
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Response to azathioprine in ulcerative colitis | SpringerLinkResponse to azathioprine in ulcerative colitis | SpringerLink
Mackay, I.R., Wall, A.J. & Goldstein, G. Response to azathioprine in ulcerative colitis. Digest Dis Sci 11, 536-545 (1966). ... U.S.A.) Inc., for generous supplies of azathioprine (Imuran).. Aided by a grant from The National Health and Medical Research ... were treated with the immunosuppressive drugs 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine, mostly on a long-term basis. Six of the 7 ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02233565
Experiences with Azathioprine - Ulcerative ColitisExperiences with Azathioprine - Ulcerative Colitis
Azathioprine 200mg 1xday nightly; Calcium and Vit D 500mg 3xday, Multi Vit, Folic Acid 400mg 2xday, Prilosec, Probiotics. ... I have been on azathioprine for almost a year now and havent gotten sick at all.. 26y old male medically disharged USAF veteran ... Borody wanted me to go on azathioprine before trying the fecal infusions. The thinking was that I would need to stop taking 5- ... Azathioprine 200mg/day Multivitamin, fish oil, fiber supplement, Natures Way Primadophilus Optima, Digestive Advantage Crohns ...
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Azathioprine: uses & side-effects | PatientsLikeMeAzathioprine: uses & side-effects | PatientsLikeMe
Find treatment reviews for Azathioprine from other patients. Learn from their experiences about effectiveness, side effects and ... Showing 3 of 15 patient evaluations for Azathioprine Previous page 1 2 3 4 5 Next page ... I developed lymphoma as a result of the azathioprine, but the chances of getting this are greater for the newer medications. I ...
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Azathioprine Tablets: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.comAzathioprine Tablets: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com
Easy-to-read patient leaflet for Azathioprine Tablets. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions, and ... For all uses of this medicine (azathioprine tablets): *If you have an allergy to azathioprine or any other part of this ... How is this medicine (Azathioprine Tablets) best taken?. Use this medicine (azathioprine tablets) as ordered by your doctor. ... What are some things I need to know or do while I take Azathioprine Tablets?. *Tell all of your health care providers that you ...
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Azathioprine: Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterAzathioprine: Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
If your child has an allergy to azathioprine or any other part of this drug. ...
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Azasan (azathioprine): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & UsesAzasan (azathioprine): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & Uses
... azathioprine) may treat, uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related ... Azathioprine is chemically 1H-purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-. The structural formula of azathioprine is: ... AZASAN® (azathioprine) can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. AZASAN® (azathioprine) should not be given ... Patients receiving AZASAN® (azathioprine) and allopurinol concomitantly should have a dose reduction of AZASAN® (azathioprine ...
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Methotrexate and Azathioprine Equivalent for Vasculitis Maintenance | Medpage TodayMethotrexate and Azathioprine Equivalent for Vasculitis Maintenance | Medpage Today
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Azathioprine (Intravenous Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo ClinicAzathioprine (Intravenous Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/azathioprine-intravenous-route/description/drg-20074978
Azathioprine - DrugBankAzathioprine - DrugBank
Azathioprine is used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and as an immunosuppressant in the prevention ... Azathioprine is a prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine, first synthesized in 1956 by Gertrude Elion, William Lange, and George Hitchings ... Oral azathioprine is well absorbed, with a Tmax of 1-2h.12 Further data regarding the absorption of azathioprine is not readily ... Azathioprine. Accession Number. DB00993 (APRD00811) Type. Small Molecule. Groups. Approved. Description. Azathioprine is a ...
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Azathioprine | Eczema Treatment | Eczema.orgAzathioprine | Eczema Treatment | Eczema.org
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug for people with severe atopic eczema that is unresponsive to topical treatment. It is ... When is azathioprine used?. Azathioprine is mainly used in the UK to treat people with severe atopic eczema that is ... Those taking azathioprine are advised not to breastfeed.. Can I have immunisation vaccines while taking azathioprine?. Live ... How does azathioprine work?. Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug that is also known as an antimetabolite. It interferes ...
https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/treatments-for-eczema/azathioprine/
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AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Azathioprine6-MercaptopurineImmunosuppressive AgentsPrednisoloneMycophenolic AcidMethyltransferasesInflammatory Bowel DiseasesCrohn DiseaseKidney TransplantationCyclosporineHepatitis, AutoimmuneThioguaninePrednisoneColitis, UlcerativeDrug Therapy, CombinationAdrenal Cortex HormonesGraft RejectionImmunosuppressionLeukopeniaMethylprednisoloneGastrointestinal AgentsMesalamineAntimetabolitesAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAminosalicylic AcidsCyclosporinsNiridazoleTreatment OutcomeSulfasalazineLupus NephritisGuanine NucleotidesPulse Therapy, DrugGlucocorticoidsThionucleotidesGraft SurvivalTacrolimusTabletsHeart TransplantationOrgan TransplantationArthritis, RheumatoidAntirheumatic AgentsSteroidsDrug InteractionsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalLupus Erythematosus, SystemicNephritisDrug OverdoseAcetaminophenAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticLibrary ServicesLibraries, MedicalImmune SystemImmunity, Innate
ImuranRheumatoid arthritisTake azathioprineMycophenolate mofetilUlcerative colitisTabletsInduction of RemissionCorticosteroidsMercaptopurineDosesRemissionAllopurinolAbstractThiopurine methyltransferaseLupusInfliximabTransplantTHYEDosageEffect of azathioprineTPMTImmunosuppressantPregnancyPrednisoneHypersensitivity syndromeSymptomsImmuneDrugTherapyPregnantSevereAdverse
Imuran9
  • What is azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)? (rxlist.com)
  • What are the possible side effects of azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)? (rxlist.com)
  • What is the most important information I should know about azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)? (rxlist.com)
  • What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)? (rxlist.com)
  • How should I take azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)? (rxlist.com)
  • Imuran (azathioprine) is a type of immunosuppressive antimetabolite drug. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Azathioprine, sometimes known by other names such as Imuran or Azapress, is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) . (versusarthritis.org)
  • Retrieved 19 October In several studies, frequency of relapse associated with azathioprine has imuran generic price decision analysis, which suggests that the benefits. (thedomains.com)
  • The immunosuppressives skinned most often for the exclusivity of lupus are azathioprine Imuran, mycophenolate Cellcept, and cyclosporine Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf. (thedomains.com)
Rheumatoid arthritis4
  • Azathioprine is also used to treat symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis . (rxlist.com)
  • You should not use azathioprine to treat rheumatoid arthritis if you are pregnant. (rxlist.com)
  • For rheumatoid arthritis, azathioprine is taken on a daily basis. (rxlist.com)
  • If you are taking azathioprine to treat rheumatoid arthritis, your doctor may start you on a low dose and gradually increase your dose after 6-8 weeks and then not more than once every 4 weeks. (planetdrugsdirect.com)
Take azathioprine3
Mycophenolate mofetil5
  • Explain that maintenance therapy with the immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) was superior to azathioprine in preventing treatment failure among patients with lupus nephritis. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Maintenance therapy with the immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) was superior to azathioprine in preventing renal relapse among patients with lupus, an international phase III trial showed. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Compared with patients randomized to azathioprine, those receiving mycophenolate mofetil had a hazard ratio for treatment failure of 0.44 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.77, P =0.003), according to Mary Anne Dooley, MD, of the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, and colleagues. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Rates of treatment failure were 32.4% in the azathioprine group and 16.4% in the mycophenolate mofetil group, while renal failure rates were 23.4% and 12.9%, respectively. (medpagetoday.com)
  • However, many patients continued to improve throughout the 36 months of the continuation phase, with 62.1% and 59.5% of those in the mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine groups, respectively, eventually achieving complete remission. (medpagetoday.com)
Ulcerative colitis2
  • Some teenage and young adult males who took azathioprine alone or with another medication called a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker to treat Crohn's disease (a condition in which the body attacks the lining of the digestive tract causing pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever) or ulcerative colitis (a condition which causes swelling and sores in the lining of the colon [large intestine] and rectum) developed hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL). (planetdrugsdirect.com)
  • Azathioprine has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, but doctors may sometimes prescribe azathioprine to treat these conditions. (planetdrugsdirect.com)
Tablets1
Induction of Remission1
  • Therefore, the authors concluded that "addition of azathioprine to glucocorticoids for the induction of remission of nonsevere SNVs does not improve remission rates, lower relapse risk, spare steroids, or diminish the EGPA asthma/rhinosinusitis exacerbation rate. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
Corticosteroids1
  • Information gathered after 6 months and at one year, showed that those who took the new treatment (infliximab and azathioprine) were significantly less dependent on corticosteroids and were in disease remission. (doctors-hospital.net)
Mercaptopurine2
  • 2 , 3 These people are at great risk of developing severe, potentially life-threatening bone marrow toxicity when treated with conventional doses of azathioprine or mercaptopurine. (bmj.com)
  • Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine are therapeutic options for patients with moderate to severe inflammatory Crohn's disease. (elsevier.com)
Doses2
  • Dr. Shear says that in his practice, he frequently uses azathioprine in steroid-sparing regimens to help minimize patients' doses of prednisone, which can cause many worrisome side effects, or to transition patients off prednisone entirely. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • If genetic tests reveal that a patient has normal thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of azathioprine, the patient can take normal azathioprine doses without developing serious bone marrow toxicity, he says. (dermatologytimes.com)
Remission6
  • Other agents that have been used for induction and remission include glucocorticoids and azathioprine, but these drugs also are associated with long-term toxicities and limited efficacy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The addition of azathioprine, an immunosuppressant, to a glucocorticoid treatment regimen does not improve remission rates for patients with non-severe systemic necrotizing vasculitides (SNVs), a new study shows. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
  • To address this, a group of researchers conducted a clinical trial ( NCT00647166 ) to determine whether adding azathioprine to glucocorticoids to treat non-severe SNVs could improve the sustained remission rate. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
  • At 24 months, 47.8 percent of those on azathioprine failed to achieve remission or had a relapse, compared to 49 percent of those receiving placebo, indicating essentially no change in remission rates. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
  • The rates were also similar when looking at the initial remission rates, which were 95.7 percent vs. 87.8 percent, as well as the total relapse rates which were 44.2 percent for those on azathioprine versus 40.5 percent for those on placebo. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
  • The absence of azathioprine efficacy in sustaining remission could not be attributed to either a low dose or a short duration, as the dose given is usually administered in clinical practice and most patients were still taking azathioprine at 12 months. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
Allopurinol1
  • Patients taking allopurinol also must avoid taking azathioprine, because allopurinol can produce severe hematological side effects, Dr. Shear says. (dermatologytimes.com)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Four patients with polymyositis were treated with azathioprine. (elsevier.com)
Thiopurine methyltransferase1
  • Before prescribing azathioprine, your doctor will order a blood test for an enzyme called TPMT, also known as thiopurine methyltransferase (thio-pew-reen meth-ile-trans-fe-raise). (versusarthritis.org)
Lupus2
  • Participants had active lupus nephritis at baseline, and those that responded to 24 weeks of induction therapy with oral mycophenolate or intravenous cyclophosphamide were assigned to receive maintenance therapy with either mycophenolate (1 g twice daily) or azathioprine (2 mg/kg/day). (medpagetoday.com)
  • On a secondary endpoint that defined treatment failure more broadly to include other events such as an extrarenal lupus flare or study withdrawal, mycophenolate again was superior, with a failure rate of 42.2% compared with 56.8% of the azathioprine group (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.97, P =0.03). (medpagetoday.com)
Infliximab3
  • The study reviewed the effects that Infliximab (an anti-tumor necrosis factor medication) and azathioprine (suppresses immune system) have against the disease. (doctors-hospital.net)
  • Group A: Received the new treatment with 3 infusions of infliximab plus azathioprine. (doctors-hospital.net)
  • Patients were given azathioprine and infliximab if symptoms worsened after corticosteroid use. (doctors-hospital.net)
Transplant3
  • When given for kidney transplant, azathioprine is usually given right before or on the day of transplant. (rxlist.com)
  • Azathioprine is used with other medications to prevent transplant rejection (attack of the transplanted organ by the immune system) in people who received kidney transplants. (planetdrugsdirect.com)
  • Azathioprine is convenient to treat erectile arthritis and pain renal transplant rejection. (thedomains.com)
THYE1
Dosage1
  • Treatment with azathioprine permitted decrease in prednisone dosage with resultant resolution of steroid side effects. (elsevier.com)
Effect of azathioprine1
  • Case report Results/Discussion: Systemic hypersensitivity is a rare side effect of azathioprine. (aurorahealthcare.org)
TPMT5
  • TPMT testing before azathioprine therapy? (bmj.com)
  • Dr. Shear says he recommends genetic testing for TPMT in all patients who are considering azathioprine. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • TPMT helps to break down and remove azathioprine from the body. (versusarthritis.org)
  • Low levels of TPMT may mean there is a slightly increased risk of side effects from azathioprine, so your doctor may suggest a lower dose. (versusarthritis.org)
  • If the TPMT result is very low, azathioprine may not be the right medication for you, and your doctor will discuss other treatment options. (versusarthritis.org)
Immunosuppressant1
  • Azathioprine has been in use for decades as an immunosuppressant treatment for various autoimmune diseases. (bmj.com)
Pregnancy3
  • The monograph also mentions that pregnancy should be avoided while on azathioprine, and that azathioprine can cause fetal harm. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • In truth, Dr. Shear says that according to Motherisk, the world's largest program for tracking drug use in pregnancy, 'Azathioprine is not a teratogen. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Rituxan didn't work for me, neither did CellCept or methotrexate, and after my pregnancy, neither did azathioprine. (wegeners-granulomatosis.com)
Prednisone2
  • Thirteen patients received prednisone only (Group 1), 16 received oral cyclophosphamide and oral azathioprine (1 mg/kg body weight/day of each initially) (Group 2), and 12 were given boluses of intravenous cyclophosphamide (0.5 to 1.0 g/m 2 body surface area every 3 months) (Group 3). (elsevier.com)
  • Treatment was started with Azathioprine and Prednisone.On examination, patient looked ill and was having severe rigors and high grade fevers. (aurorahealthcare.org)
Hypersensitivity syndrome1
  • Dr. Shear says he also counsels patients that if they develop flulike symptoms that disappear a day or two after stopping azathioprine - which can indicate azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome - they must not resume taking it. (dermatologytimes.com)
Symptoms2
  • Keep using azathioprine as directed and tell your doctor if your symptoms have not improved after 12 weeks of use. (rxlist.com)
  • We suspected hypersensitivity to azathioprine in this patient due to: timing of initiation of azathioprine, presence of above-mentioned symptoms and improvement after discontinuation of azathioprine. (aurorahealthcare.org)
Immune2
Drug3
  • If a patient on azathioprine becomes pregnant, 'The monograph says azathioprine is a category D drug, which means she shouldn't use it. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Azathioprine is a very effective drug for many patients with arthritis. (versusarthritis.org)
  • Before starting azathioprine you might need to be checked for previous hepatitis B or C infections, as this drug can increase the risk of these infections starting up again. (versusarthritis.org)
Therapy4
  • Here we review the evidence about such testing, and discuss whether it should be used for patients being considered for azathioprine therapy. (bmj.com)
  • Response to azathioprine therapy, as measured by improvement in muscle strength and decrease in serum enzyme levels, was favorable in all patients. (elsevier.com)
  • No important complications of azathioprine therapy were encountered. (elsevier.com)
  • Aldo, Marlene A. / Azathioprine Therapy in Polymyositis . (elsevier.com)
Pregnant1
Severe2
  • Although azathioprine requires caution and ongoing patient monitoring, some say their side effects are less severe than many patients - and some dermatologists - think. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • In terms of adverse events, 47.8 percent of patients in the azathioprine arm experienced one or more severe adverse events, compared to 46.2 percent in the placebo arm, indicating little or no difference between the groups. (ancavasculitisnews.com)
Adverse1
  • Another difference in adverse events was that leukopenia was significantly more common in the azathioprine group ( P =0.06). (medpagetoday.com)
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DailyMed - AZATHIOPRINE SODIUM injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution
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Imuran (Azathioprine) Side effects, Images, Uses, Dosage, Overdose at RxList
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Transplant - Special legal and ethical problems | Britannica
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Treatment: Management of Itching, Surgery, Drugs & Side Effects
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Which medications in the drug class Immunomodulators are used in the treatment of Atopic Dermatitis?
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Azathioprine: Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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