DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesHealth Care
Azathioprine6-MercaptopurineImmunosuppressive AgentsPrednisoloneMycophenolic AcidMethyltransferasesInflammatory Bowel DiseasesCrohn DiseaseKidney TransplantationCyclosporineHepatitis, AutoimmuneThioguaninePrednisoneColitis, UlcerativeDrug Therapy, CombinationAdrenal Cortex HormonesGraft RejectionImmunosuppressionLeukopeniaMethylprednisoloneGastrointestinal AgentsMesalamineAntimetabolitesAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAminosalicylic AcidsCyclosporinsNiridazoleTreatment OutcomeSulfasalazineLupus NephritisGuanine NucleotidesPulse Therapy, DrugGlucocorticoidsThionucleotidesGraft SurvivalTacrolimus
Azathioprine
An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
6-Mercaptopurine
An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.
Immunosuppressive Agents
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Prednisolone
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
Mycophenolic Acid
An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
Methyltransferases
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
Kidney Transplantation
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Cyclosporine
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.
Thioguanine
An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.
Prednisone
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Graft Rejection
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
Immunosuppression
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Leukopenia
Methylprednisolone
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
Gastrointestinal Agents
Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.
Mesalamine
An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
Antimetabolites
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
Aminosalicylic Acids
A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.
Cyclosporins
A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.
Niridazole
An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.
Treatment Outcome
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Sulfasalazine
A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).
Guanine Nucleotides
Pulse Therapy, Drug
Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.
Glucocorticoids
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Thionucleotides
Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.
Graft Survival
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
Tacrolimus
A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.

Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with membranous glomerulonephritis. (1/943)

A 33-year-old woman was admitted to our department for evaluation of liver dysfunction and proteinuria. A liver biopsy specimen showed ductular proliferation and moderate portal fibrosis indicating stage II primary biliary cirrhosis. A renal biopsy specimen showed mild to moderate mesangial cell proliferation without crescent formation or interstitial nephritis. Immunofluorescent staining revealed deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG), third component of complement (C3), and Clq on glomerular basement membranes. The findings indicated stage I membranous glomerulonephritis. Administration of ursodesoxycholic acid together with prednisolone, azathioprine, and dipyridamole decreased proteinuria and improved cholestatic liver dysfunction.  (+info)

Reduced kidney transplant rejection rate and pharmacoeconomic advantage of mycophenolate mofetil. (2/943)

BACKGROUND: Several multinational controlled clinical trials have shown that triple therapy immunosuppressive regimens which include mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporin A (CSA) and steroids (S) are superior compared with conventional regimens which include azathioprine (AZA), CSA and S, mainly because MMF reduces the rate of acute rejection episodes in the first 6 months after kidney transplantation. Post-marketing studies are useful to evaluate the general applicability and costs of MMF-based immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS: Based on the excellent results of the published controlled clinical trials, we have changed the standard triple therapy immunosuppressive protocol (AZA+CSA+S) to an MMF-based regimen (MMF+CSA+S) at our centre. To analyse the impact of this change in regimen, we have monitored 6-month patient and graft survival, rejection rate, serum creatinine and CSA levels, as well as the costs of the immunosuppressive and anti-rejection treatments, in 40 consecutive renal transplant recipients (MMF group) and have compared the data with 40 consecutive patients transplanted immediately prior to the change in regimen (AZA group). RESULTS: Recipient and donor characteristics were similar in the AZA and MMF groups. Patient survival (37/40; 92.5% in the AZA group vs 38/40; 95% in the MMF group), graft survival (36/40 vs 36/40; both 90%) and serum creatinine (137+/-56 vs 139+/-44 micromol/l) after 6 months were not significantly different. However, the rate of acute rejection episodes (defined as a rise in creatinine without other obvious cause and treated at least with pulse steroids) was significantly reduced with MMF from 60 to 20% (P=0.0005). The resulting cost for rejection treatment was lowered 8-fold (from sFr. 2113 to 259 averaged per patient) and the number of transplant biopsies was lowered > 3-fold in the MMF group. The cost for the immunosuppressive therapy was increased 1.5-fold with MMF (from sFr. 5906 to 9231 per patient for the first 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: The change from AZA to MMF resulted in a significant reduction in early rejection episodes, resulting in fewer diagnostic procedures and rehospitalizations. The optimal long-term regimen in terms of patient and pharmacoeconomic benefits remains to be defined.  (+info)

Long-term results of pancreas transplantation under tacrolius immunosuppression. (3/943)

BACKGROUND: The long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in pancreas transplantation has not yet been demonstrated. The observation of prolonged pancreatic graft function under tacrolimus would indicate that any potential islet toxicity is short-lived and clinically insignificant. We report herein the results of pancreas transplantation in patients receiving primary tacrolimus immunosuppression for a minimum of 2 years. METHODS: From July 4, 1994 until April 18, 1996, 60 patients received either simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (n=55), pancreas transplant only (n=4), or pancreas after kidney transplantation (n=1). Baseline immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus and steroids without antilymphocyte induction. Azathioprine was used as a third agent in 51 patients and mycophenolate mofetil in 9. Rejection episodes within the first 6 months occurred in 48 (80%) patients and were treated with high-dose corticosteroids. Antilymphocyte antibody was required in eight (13%) patients with steroid-resistant rejection. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 35.1+/-5.9 months (range: 24.3-45.7 months), 6-month and 1-, 2-, and 33-year graft survival is 88%, 82%, 80%, and 80% (pancreas) and 98%, 96%, 93%, and 91% (kidney), respectively. Six-month and 1-, 2-, and 3-year patient survival is 100%, 98%, 98%, and 96.5%. Mean fasting glucose is 91.6+/-13.8 mg/dl, and mean glycosylated hemoglobin is 5.1+/-0.7% (normal range: 4.3-6.1%). Mean tacrolimus dose is 6.5+/-2.6 mg/day and mean prednisone dose 2.0+/-2.9 mg/day at follow-up. Complete steroid withdrawal was possible in 31 (65%) of the 48 patients with functioning pancreases. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that tacrolimus is a safe and effective long-term primary agent in pancreas transplantation and provides excellent long-term islet function without evidence of toxicity while permitting steroid withdrawal in the majority of patients.  (+info)

Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. (4/943)

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus has been used as a primary immunosuppressive agent in adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable outcomes. Methods. Between December 14, 1989 and December 31, 1996, 82 pediatric renal transplantations alone were performed under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression without induction anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy. Patients undergoing concomitant or prior liver and/or intestinal transplantation were not included in the analysis. The mean recipient age was 10.6+/-5.2 years (range: 0.7-17.9). Eighteen (22%) cases were repeat transplantations, and 6 (7%) were in patients with panel-reactive antibody levels over 40%. Thirty-four (41%) cases were with living donors, and 48 (59%) were with cadaveric donors. The mean donor age was 27.3+/-14.6 years (range: 0.7-50), and the mean cold ischemia time in the cadaveric cases was 26.5+/-8.8 hr. The mean number of HLA matches and mismatches was 2.8+/-1.2 and 2.9+/-1.3; there were five (6%) O-Ag mismatches. The mean follow-up was 4.0+/-0.2 years. RESULTS: The 1- and 4-year actuarial patient survival was 99% and 94%. The 1- and 4-year actuarial graft survival was 98% and 84%. The mean serum creatinine was 1.1+/-0.5 mg/dl, and the corresponding calculated creatinine clearance was 88+/-25 ml/min/1.73 m2. A total of 66% of successfully transplanted patients were withdrawn from prednisone. In children who were withdrawn from steroids, the mean standard deviation height scores (Z-score) at the time of transplantation and at 1 and 4 years were -2.3+/-2.0, -1.7+/-1.0, and +0.36+/-1.5. Eighty-six percent of successfully transplanted patients were not taking anti-hypertensive medications. The incidence of acute rejection was 44%; between December 1989 and December 1993, it was 63%, and between January 1994 and December 1996, it was 23% (P=0.0003). The incidence of steroid-resistant rejection was 5%. The incidence of delayed graft function was 5%, and 2% of patients required dialysis within 1 week of transplantation. The incidence of cytomegalovirus was 13%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 12%. The incidence of early Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was 9%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 4%. All of the early PTLD cases were treated successfully with temporary cessation of immunosuppression and institution of antiviral therapy, without patient or graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the short- and medium-term efficacy of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable patient and graft survival, routine achievement of steroid and anti-hypertensive medication withdrawal, gratifying increases in growth, and, with further experience, a decreasing incidence of both rejection and PTLD.  (+info)

Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease may be caused by myocarditis. (5/943)

BACKGROUND: The causal role of asymptomatic critical coronary artery obstruction in patients presenting with severe global biventricular dysfunction but no evidence of myocardial infarction is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 291 patients aged >40 years undergoing a noninvasive (2-dimensional echocardiography) and invasive (catheterization, coronary angiography, and biventricular endomyocardial biopsy, 6 to 8 samples/patient) cardiac study because of progressive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV) with global biventricular dysfunction and no history of myocardial ischemic events, 7 patients (2.4%; 7 men; mean age, 49+/-6.9 years) had severe coronary artery disease (3 vessels in 4 patients; 2 vessels in 1 patient, proximal occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery in 2 patients). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction by 2-dimensional echocardiography were 73+/-10.5 mm and 23+/-6.5%, respectively, and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction were 39+/-7 mm and 29+/-7.2%, respectively. Biopsy specimens showed extensive lymphocytic infiltrates with focal myocytolysis meeting the Dallas criteria for myocarditis in all patients (in 5 patients with and 2 patients without fibrosis). Cardiac autoantibodies were detected with indirect immunofluorescence in the serum of 2 patients with active myocarditis. The 2 patients with active inflammation received prednisone (1 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 4 weeks followed by 0.33 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) and azathioprine (2 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) in addition to conventional drug therapy for heart failure. At 8-month overall follow-up, cardiac volume and function improved considerably in immunosuppressed patients but remained unchanged in conventionally treated patients, of whom 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with severe asymptomatic coronary artery disease and no evidence of previous myocardial infarction may be caused by myocarditis. Histologic findings may influence the treatment.  (+info)

Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. (6/943)

BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract. Azathioprine is an effective agent in the management of chronic active Crohn's disease leading to long term remission of disease activity. Such treatment leads to limited efficacy or side effects in a small subset of patients. AIMS: To compare efficacy and side effects of treatment with azathioprine plus corticosteroids versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) plus corticosteroids in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease. METHODS: Seventy patients with chronic active Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) greater than 150) were randomised for treatment with azathioprine/cortisone or MMF/cortisone. Corticosteroid dosage was tapered according to a standard protocol. Disease activity was monitored by clinical scores after one, two, three, and six months. RESULTS: Treatment of patients with moderately active (CDAI 150-300) Crohn's disease with MMF/cortisone led to a significant reduction in clinical activity scores comparable to treatment with azathioprine/cortisone. Treatment of patients with highly active Crohn's disease (CDAI greater than 300) with MMF/cortisone caused significant suppression of clinical activity earlier than azathioprine/cortisone treatment. Treatment with MMF/cortisone was associated with few adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease with MMF plus cortisone appears to be effective and well tolerated and should be considered in patients allergic to azathioprine or in whom azathioprine has failed.  (+info)

Intestinal T lymphocytes of different rat strains in immunotoxicity. (7/943)

In order to study the intestinal mucosal immune cells, with emphasis on single T lymphocytes, an inventory was made of single and organized lymphocytes in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestines of untreated Wistar, Fischer 344, and Lewis rats. The single and organized lymphocytes were examined microscopically. In addition, the single lymphocytes in the epithelium (IEL) and lamina propria (LPL) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Next, the use of flow cytometry analysis was explored to detect changes in the IEL T-lymphocyte population in subacute oral studies with the immunomodulating agents azathioprine and hexachlorobenzene. Untreated random-bred Wistar rats exhibited a large interindividual variability in IEL composition, while the variability was small in inbred Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. The explorative study with the 2 model immunomodulating compounds demonstrated that hexachlorobenzene increased the number of intraepithelial T lymphocytes with CD8+ phenotype at the cost of T cells with CD4+ phenotype in Lewis rats. Azathioprine did not induce distinct effects on the percentages of IEL. The data indicate that the intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestines are a potential target for orally administered immunomodulating compounds and should therefore receive more attention in toxicologic pathology studies.  (+info)

Bone loss in long-term renal transplantation: histopathology and densitometry analysis. (8/943)

BACKGROUND: There is little information of the spectrum and factors implicated in the bone loss in long-term renal transplantation, and virtually no data using both histomorphometric and densitometric analysis. METHODS: Twenty-three males and 22 females (13 postmenopausal) were studied with a bone biopsy and densitometry. Sixteen patients were on cyclosporine A monotherapy, 20 on azathioprine + prednisolone, and 9 on cyclosporine A + prednisolone or triple therapy. The mean time after transplantation was 127 +/- 70 months. RESULTS: No group had a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population. Compared with sex-matched young controls, osteopenia was observed in all groups at the femoral neck (except premenopausal women and triple therapy) and in the triple-therapy group at the L1-L4 spine region. At the distal radius, osteopenia was found in all the groups. Histopathological diagnosis was mixed uremic osteodystrophy in 46.5%, adynamic bone in 23.2%, hyperparathyroid disease in 13.9%, and normal bone in 16.3%. The diagnosis was not different according to immunosuppressive therapy, but men tended to show more mixed uremic bone disease. There was no significant difference in BMD between histopathological subtypes. In general, patients showed slight osteoclast function increase, osteoblast function decrease, and marked retardation of dynamic parameters. The cyclosporine A monotherapy group had a significantly lower appositional rate than azathioprine + prednisolone. Men had a significantly lower bone volume than women, and premenopausal women had a significantly lower mineralizing surface than postmenopausal women and men. In the multivariate analysis, male gender, time after transplantation, old age, and time on dialysis prior to transplantation were significant predictive factors for a negative effect on bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term renal transplant-patients showed reduced BMD in both trabecular and cortical bone. This reduction in BMD was not as severe as in short-term reports and was associated with osteoclast stimulation, osteoblast suppression, and retardation of mineral apposition and bone formation rates. Bone mass loss was not different between the immunosuppression therapy groups. Male gender and age were the strongest predictive factors for low bone mass.  (+info)

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Azathioprine Therapy in Polymyositis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Azathioprine Therapy in Polymyositis. AU - Benson, Merrill D.. AU - Aldo, Marlene A.. PY - 1973/10. Y1 - 1973/10. N2 - Four patients with polymyositis were treated with azathioprine. Each had been treated initially with prednisone and had become unresponsive or suffered severe complications of steroid therapy. Response to azathioprine therapy, as measured by improvement in muscle strength and decrease in serum enzyme levels, was favorable in all patients. Treatment with azathioprine permitted decrease in prednisone dosage with resultant resolution of steroid side effects. No important complications of azathioprine therapy were encountered. We advocate the use of azathioprine in the treatment of polymyositis.. AB - Four patients with polymyositis were treated with azathioprine. Each had been treated initially with prednisone and had become unresponsive or suffered severe complications of steroid therapy. Response to azathioprine therapy, as measured by improvement in muscle ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/azathioprine-therapy-in-polymyositis-2
A pilot study comparing hydrocortisone premedication to concomitant azathioprine treatment in preventing loss of response to...A pilot study comparing hydrocortisone premedication to concomitant azathioprine treatment in preventing loss of response to...
A pilot study comparing hydrocortisone premedication to concomitant azathioprine treatment in preventing loss of response to infliximab.
http://www.druglib.com/abstract/ma/mantzaris-gj_eur-j-gastroenterol-hepatol_20090900.html
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TPMT testing before azathioprine therapy? | Drug and Therapeutics BulletinTPMT testing before azathioprine therapy? | Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
Azathioprine has been in use for decades as an immunosuppressant treatment for various autoimmune diseases. It is a prodrug of mercaptopurine, a substance that is subsequently metabolised by several alternative pathways, one of which involves the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). Some people have deficiency of TPMT because of genetic mutations. This has been widely said to occur in around 3 in 1,000 individuals;1 however, studies in recent years have suggested a prevalence of up to 6 in 1,000.2,3 These people are at great risk of developing severe, potentially life-threatening bone marrow toxicity when treated with conventional doses of azathioprine or mercaptopurine. It is possible to test patients for TPMT activity before starting treatment with these drugs. Here we review the evidence about such testing, and discuss whether it should be used for patients being considered for azathioprine therapy. ...
https://dtb.bmj.com/content/47/1/9
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Azathioprine is well absorbed following oral administration. Maximum serum radioactivity occurs at 1 to 2 hours after oral 35S-azathioprine and decays with a half-life of 5 hours. This is not an estimate of the half-life of azathioprine itself, but is the decay rate for all 35S-containing metabolites of the drug. Because of extensive metabolism, only a fraction of the radioactivity is present as azathioprine. Usual doses produce blood levels of azathioprine, and of mercaptopurine derived from it, which are low (,1 mcg/mL). Blood levels are of little predictive value for therapy since the magnitude and duration of clinical effects correlate with thiopurine nucleotide levels in tissues rather than with plasma drug levels. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are moderately bound to serum proteins (30%) and are partially dialyzable. (See OVERDOSAGE).. Azathioprine is metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Both compounds are rapidly eliminated from blood and are oxidized or methylated in erythrocytes ...
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Alternative modes of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine therapy in lupus nephritis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Alternative modes of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine therapy in lupus nephritis. AU - Dinant, H. J.. AU - Decker, J. L.. AU - Klippel, J. H.. AU - Balow, J. E.. AU - Plotz, P. H.. AU - Steinberg, A. D.. PY - 1982. Y1 - 1982. N2 - Forty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis were studied in a randomized drug trial. Thirteen patients received prednisone only (Group 1), 16 received oral cyclophosphamide and oral azathioprine (1 mg/kg body weight/day of each initially) (Group 2), and 12 were given boluses of intravenous cyclophosphamide (0.5 to 1.0 g/m2 body surface area every 3 months) (Group 3). The mean observation period was 42 months (range 1 to 6.5 years). Renal function deteriorated in four of 12 patients in Group 1 and three of 27 patients in Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.114). By life-table analysis, 86% of the entire group survived 5 years after entry to the study. Marked hypertension, fluctuating changes in serum creatinine, erratic changes in ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/alternative-modes-of-cyclophosphamide-and-azathioprine-therapy-in-5
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Is azathioprine harmful to chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation? A long-term study on azathioprine withdrawal. -...Is azathioprine harmful to chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation? A long-term study on azathioprine withdrawal. -...
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Malignancy Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including azathioprine, are at increased risk of developing lymphoma and other malignancies, particularly of the skin. Physicians should inform patients of the risk of malignancy with azathioprine. As usual for patients with increased risk for skin cancer, exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light should be limited by wearing protective clothing and using a sunscreen with a high protection factor. Post-transplant Renal transplant patients are known to have an increased risk of malignancy, predominantly skin cancer and reticulum cell or lymphomatous tumors. The risk of post-transplant lymphomas may be increased in patients who receive aggressive treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, including azathioprine. Therefore, immunosuppressive drug therapy should be maintained at the lowest effective levels. Rheumatoid Arthritis Information is available on the risk of malignancy with the use of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis (see ADVERSE ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d288e484-32fc-4b46-b504-d75a0fac8663
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Initiating Azathioprine for Crohns Disease<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Initiating Azathioprine for Crohns Disease. AU - Levesque, Barrett G.. AU - Loftus, Jr, Edward Vincent. PY - 2012/5. Y1 - 2012/5. N2 - Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine are therapeutic options for patients with moderate to severe inflammatory Crohns disease. AZA has both a complex metabolism and potential for adverse events that can be clinically challenging. AZA has been shown to maintain remission and reduce corticosteroid use in patients with Crohns disease. There is heterogeneous thiopurine methyltransferase metabolism among patients, which has implications for clinical dosing and risk for adverse events. Routine thiopurine methyltransferase testing before the initiation of AZA will reduce early leukopenia and is mandatory to avoid potentially life-threatening myelotoxicity. Thiopurine metabolite assays may aid in the assessment of adherence and adverse events. Patients who do not respond to AZA therapy may benefit from the addition of biologic therapy or ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/initiating-azathioprine-for-crohns-disease
Combination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohns Disease | Doctors HospitalCombination Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Newly Diagnosed Crohns Disease | Doctors Hospital
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Imuran necessary before Humira - and/or during? - Crohns Disease - HealingWell.com ForumImuran necessary before Humira - and/or during? - Crohns Disease - HealingWell.com Forum
Ive been talking with my nurse practitioner. She really wants me to be on Humira, although my symptoms are currently not too bad. Everything else Ive tried (entocort, pred, asacol)-I had reactions to them. She wants to start me on Imuran for probably six months, then move to Humira. I know Ive read different things on here. Is it true that I should be on the Imuran first to suppress my immune system and have less likelihood of my body developing a resistance to the Humira? Do I need to stay on the Imuran all the while Im on the Humira? She made it sound like I should only be on Imuran for no longer than six months. I know Ive seen people on here that are on Imuran forever and a day and also people on Humira with no Imuran. She also said insurance likely wont approve Humira unless the Imuran is tried first ...
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Sydney Research Online: The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
This work has been made available to the staff and students of the University of Sydney for the purposes of research and study only. It constitutes material that is held by the University for the purposes of reporting for HERDC and the ERA. This work may not be downloaded, copied and distributed to any third party ...
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Trial Comparing Infliximab and Infliximab and Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients With Crohn's Disease na�ve to Both...Trial Comparing Infliximab and Infliximab and Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients With Crohn's Disease na�ve to Both...
Crohns disease is characterized by inflammation (the changes that happen when tissues in the body are injured) and ulceration (open sores) of the intestines. Crohns disease is treated with medications that decrease inflammation, and reduce diarrhea, abdominal pain and other symptoms of Crohns disease. In addition, Crohns disease can be treated with medications that suppress the immune system (the body system involved in inflammation and infections) or with surgery. This study will investigate the effectiveness of infliximab and azathioprine in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Crohns disease. Infliximab is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of both Crohns disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Azathioprine, which is an investigational drug, has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of Crohns disease, but it is a well-established therapy that has been used for many years to treat Crohns disease. This study seeks to determine whether infliximab, azathioprine, or ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00094458
azathioprineazathioprine
I like to think that Im a good patient. I very rarely forget to take my medication; I always turn up for appointments; I try to enter the consulting room with a positive attitude and clutching a list of questions.. …but Im also a difficult patient. I think its true of any IBD patient that we are difficult because it is likely that on first presentation to our GP our symptoms could have a number of possible explanations. At least more doctors are becoming aware of IBD as an avenue for investigation. It took 8 months for my positive diagnosis of Crohns disease, via nerves and spastic colon along the way.. The difficulty continued. My platelet count dropped dramatically (thrombocytopenia). The most likely explanation? It was the azathioprine. So I stopped the azathioprine, my platelets showed no improvement and I ended up having surgery to remove a stricture.. Azathioprine is known to potentially affect the blood which is why we should have regular blood tests when taking it. Although ...
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Annals For Educators November 4 2014 | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of PhysiciansAnnals For Educators November 4 2014 | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
Manage azathioprine drug-drug interactions. Treatment with probenecid is indicated for this patient. Probenecid promotes renal urate excretion and is efficacious in patients who underexcrete uric acid (documented by a 24-hour urine collection) in the setting of a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (Its efficacy is limited in patients with significant decreases of estimated GFR.) Probenecid may increase the risk of kidney stones; therefore, patients taking probenecid must hydrate aggressively and may need to alkalinize their urine, and the drug should be used with caution in patients at high risk for stones (for example, a history of stones or tophaceous gout). This patient has frequent gout attacks in the setting of hyperuricemia and requires urate-lowering therapy. In this setting, probenecid would be both effective and compatible with this patients azathioprine treatment for granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Allopurinol and febuxostat each lower serum urate by inhibiting ...
https://annals.org/aim/pages/Annals_for_Educators_November_4_2014
Azathioprine - Mycophenolate mofetil - Page 2Azathioprine - Mycophenolate mofetil - Page 2
Hi. Angela from Australia here. Was diagnosed with Wegeners Gpa (severe)4 years ago or so. Had cyclophosamide infusions for first 6 mths or so alongwith usual high dose prednisone. Since that initial time have been on Azathioprine 200 mg and varying lower doses alongwith off and on pred. Doctors now realise the Azathioprine hasnt been working. Anca has been going up gradually. And have now prescribed mycophenolate mofetil 1000 mg daily which I start on Monday. They have also said I may
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Royal jelly attenuates azathioprine induced toxicity in ratsRoyal jelly attenuates azathioprine induced toxicity in rats
In the present study, we investigated the potential protective effects of royal jelly against azathioprine-induced toxicity in rat. Intraperitoneal administration of azathioprine (50 mg/kgB.W.) induced a significant decrease in RBCs count, Hb concentration, PCV%, WBCs count, differential count and p …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24444696/
The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review. - Nuffield Department of...
BACKGROUND: There are limited data on factors predicting response to azathioprine and uncertainty regarding the optimal duration of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The notes of patients attending the Oxford IBD clinic from 1968 to 1999 were reviewed. Remission was defined as no need for oral steroids for at least three months and relapse was defined as active disease requiring steroids. RESULTS: A total of 622 of 2205 patients were treated with azathioprine (272 Crohns disease, 346 ulcerative colitis, and four indeterminate colitis). Mean duration of the initial course of treatment was 634 days. The overall remission rates were 45% for Crohns disease and 58% for ulcerative colitis. For the 424 patients who received more than six months of treatment, remission rates were 64% and 87%, respectively. Factors favouring remission were ulcerative colitis (p=0.0001), lower white blood cell (WBC) or neutrophil count (p=0.0001), higher mean cell volume (p=0.0001), and older age (p=0.05). For Crohns disease,
https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/135568
Allopurinol Can Be Used Safely in Renal Transplant Patients on Azathioprine - Renal and Urology NewsAllopurinol Can Be Used Safely in Renal Transplant Patients on Azathioprine - Renal and Urology News
VANCOUVER, B.C.-Allopurinol can be prescribed safely to treat recurrent gout in renal transplant recipients who are receiving azathioprine.
http://www.renalandurologynews.com/world-congress-of-nephrology/allopurinol-can-be-used-safely-in-renal-transplant-patients-on-azathioprine/article/200321/
PTH-104 The Routine Measurement of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Results in Dose Optimisation in One Third of IBD Patients;...PTH-104 The Routine Measurement of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Results in Dose Optimisation in One Third of IBD Patients;...
Introduction Measuring azathioprine or mercaptopurine (AZA) metabolite levels 6-TGN and 6-MMPN allows identification of patients who are: 1. Non compliant with their medication, 2. On a sub-optimal doe, 3. On a supra-therapeutic dose, 4. Are preferentially metabolising azathioprine to methylated metabolites (6-MMPN:6-TGN ratio , 11).. Our own and others published data demonstrate that measuring metabolite levels in patients failing azathioprine therapy followed by appropriate changes in dosing and/or the addition of allopurinol (with 75% dose reduction in AZA) can result in clinical remission in the majority of patients 1. We report the outcome of the routine measurement of metabolite levels in patients treated with AZA who were in a clinical remission without side effects or abnormal liver function tests (LFTs).. ...
http://gut.bmj.com/content/62/Suppl_1/A253.1
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Azathioprine in the treatment of Autoimmune Blistering diseases | International Pemphigus Pemphigoid Foundation (IPPF)Azathioprine in the treatment of Autoimmune Blistering diseases | International Pemphigus Pemphigoid Foundation (IPPF)
Although there are no standard guidelines for the treatment of autoimmune blistering diseases, azathioprine has shown good efficacy in acquired autoimmune blistering diseases, and is well tolerated. Side effects of azathioprine normally occur in mild variants. Severe reactions are due to reduced thiopurine S
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Side Effects of Imuran (Azathioprine)Side Effects of Imuran (Azathioprine)
A list of the side effects of Azathioprine (also called Imuran), a medication that is used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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AZATHIOPRINE - TownDrugStoreAZATHIOPRINE - TownDrugStore
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azathioprine - WellSpan Health Libraryazathioprine - WellSpan Health Library
Azathioprine lowers your bodys immune system. The immune system helps your body fight infections. The immune system can also fight or reject a transplanted organ such as a liver or kidney. This is because the immune system treats the new organ as an invader. Azathioprine is used to prevent your body from rejecting a...
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Can mothers breastfeed while taking azathioprine? - SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service - The first stop for professional...Can mothers breastfeed while taking azathioprine? - SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service - The first stop for professional...
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Belimumab in Remission of VASculitis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govBelimumab in Remission of VASculitis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Belimumab 10 mg/kg IV plus oral azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day; belimumab administered on Days 0, 14, 28, and then every 28 days until the end of the study. If the results in the double-blind period show that belimumab is safe and effective, then participants have the option to continue treatment with belimumab in a 6-month open-label extension phase. Patients who opt to participate in the extension will continue to receive belimumab 10 mg/kg IV every 28 plus oral azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day days for an additional 6 months ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01663623?recr=Open&cond=%22Wegener+Granulomatosis%22&rank=19
The risk of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis depends on genetic variants in the HLA gene region | GutThe risk of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis depends on genetic variants in the HLA gene region | Gut
Methods We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS, Stage 1) of thiopurine-induced pancreatitis, genotyping 55 UK and Dutch cases and comparing these with 5782 previously genotyped population controls. We genotyped cases using Illumina 670-Quad custom and 1M-Duo SNP arrays. In total, 535 753 SNPs passed quality controls in all Stage 1 samples with a further 384 513 SNPs available for 40 of the cases and 4936 of the controls from the UK. 43 SNPs from 32 independent genomic loci showing evidence of association with thiopurine-induced pancreatitis (PGWAS ,10−4) were included in the design of an autoimmune disease genotyping array (Illumina Immunochip) to facilitate follow-up genotyping. Follow-up (Stage 2) genotyping was performed in 13 New Zealand cases and 47 thiopurine-exposed IBD controls and 12 Spanish cases and 352 population controls.. ...
http://gut.bmj.com/content/60/Suppl_1/A60.2
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Management of Crohns diseaseManagement of Crohn's disease
Azathioprine and 6-MP may be useful for the following indications: Maintenance therapy with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine ... Azathioprine is listed by the United States FDA as a human carcinogen. However, it confers considerably less morbidity and ... Azathioprine treatment may lead to rare but life-threatening side effects. The rare side effects include leukopenia or ... "Azathioprine. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition" (PDF). ntp.niehs.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-17. Hanauer, Stephen B; ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_vasculitis
Polish plaitPolish plait
Joshi R, Singh S (July 2010). "Plica Neuropathica (Plica polonica) Following Azathioprine-induced Pancytopenia". International ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_plait
Granulomatous mastitisGranulomatous mastitis
Colchicine, azathioprine, and NSAIDs have also been used. Garcia-Rodiguez JA, Pattullo A (2013). "Idiopathic granulomatous ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatous_mastitis
Nodular regenerative hyperplasiaNodular regenerative hyperplasia
Feathery degeneration is seen in PBC It can be a complication of azathioprine therapy. Vilgrain, V; Paradis, V; Van Wettere, M ... May 2005). "Azathioprine induced nodular regenerative hyperplasia in IBD patients". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 29 (5): 600-3. ... October 2007). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine". Gut. ... cytotoxic drugs like azathioprine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, antiretroviral drugs for HIV like didanosine and vitamin A. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodular_regenerative_hyperplasia
SarcoidosisSarcoidosis
Azathioprine treatment can also lead to liver damage. However, the risk of infection appears to be about 40% lower in those ... Medications such as methotrexate, chloroquine, or azathioprine may occasionally be used in an effort to decrease the side ... Antimetabolites, also categorized as steroid-sparing agents, such as azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolic acid, and ... "Infection risk in sarcoidosis patients treated with methotrexate compared to azathioprine: A retrospective 'target trial' ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis
Marcin HoffmannMarcin Hoffmann
... azathioprine. Quantum chemical study on the reaction of azathioprine with cysteine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. ... Explanation of the mechanism of azathioprine bioactivation by cysteine and glutathione molecules. Characterization of homo- and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Hoffmann
Feline calicivirusFeline calicivirus
Corticosteroids or azathioprine may be used for polyarthritis. Stomatitis is very difficult to treat. Antibiotics, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_calicivirus
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
This study found that the combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC increased the risk of death and hospitalizations and ... Raghu G, Anstrom KJ, King TE, Lasky JA, Martinez FJ (May 2012). "Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary ... to reduce the decline in VC and DLCO over 12 months of follow-up when used in combination with prednisone and azathioprine ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis
ADAMTS7ADAMTS7
Therapy with steroid-free immunosuppressant azathioprine]". Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAMTS7
Cogan syndromeCogan syndrome
These immunosuppressive drugs include methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine or azathioprine. In some cases, combinations ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogan_syndrome
Lymphomatoid granulomatosisLymphomatoid granulomatosis
... with case reports of methotrexate and azathioprine), infections such as HIV or chronic viral hepatitis or endogenous T cell ... "Rituximab for pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis which developed as a complication of methotrexate and azathioprine therapy ... "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with azathioprine therapy in Crohn disease". BMC Gastroenterology. 14: 127. doi:10.1186/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphomatoid_granulomatosis
Drug discoveryDrug discovery
... azathioprine) that allowed human organ transplantation; the first drug to induce remission of childhood leukemia; pivotal anti- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery
Peliosis hepatisPeliosis hepatis
Withdrawal of azathioprine leads to remission in kidney transplant; bacillary peliosis responds to antibiotics. In rare ... Haboubi NY, Ali HH, Whitwell HL, Ackrill P (1988). "Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced ... Drugs and toxins: Corticosteroids, androgens, azathioprine, tamoxifen The pathogenesis of peliosis hepatis is unknown. Several ... can be related to azathioprine or cyclosporine use, and may be associated with increased risk of transplant rejection. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis
Immunosuppressive drugImmunosuppressive drug
Calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine have been linked with post-transplant malignancies and skin cancers in organ transplant ... Azathioprine (Prometheus' Imuran), is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. It is extensively used to control ... These include: folic acid analogues, such as methotrexate purine analogues, such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine pyrimidine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug
DermatitisDermatitis
The most commonly used are ciclosporin, azathioprine, and methotrexate. Dupilumab is a new medication that improves eczema ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis
IMPDH1IMPDH1
Roberts RL, Gearry RB, Barclay ML, Kennedy MA (2007). "IMPDH1 promoter mutations in a patient exhibiting azathioprine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMPDH1
NitrosoprodenafilNitrosoprodenafil
... because of the structural similarity with the mutagenic azathioprine. The final confirmation of the azathioprine/aildenafil ... who suggested the structure was an azathioprine/aildenafil hybrid. This newly suggested structure was dubbed 'mutaprodenafil' ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosoprodenafil
Mycophenolic acidMycophenolic acid
Compared with azathioprine it has higher incidence of diarrhea, and no difference in risk of any of the other side effects in ... Mycophenolate is potent and can, in many contexts, be used in place of the older anti-proliferative azathioprine. It is usually ... Mycophenolic acid is 15 times more expensive than azathioprine. Common adverse drug reactions (≥ 1% of people) include diarrhea ... November 2011). "Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis". The New England Journal of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid
Uveitic glaucomaUveitic glaucoma
Immunosuppressive agents include T-cell inhibitors such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus; antimetabolites such as azathioprine, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitic_glaucoma
Prurigo nodularisPrurigo nodularis
Another drug a physician may administer is Apo-Azathioprine. Azathioprine, also known by its brand name Imuran, is an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prurigo_nodularis
ArteritisArteritis
Commonly used cytotoxic agents include azathioprine, methotrexate, or cyclophosphamide. The dose of glucocorticoid medication ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteritis
Kidney transplantationKidney transplantation
These include: azathioprine and mycophenolate, and ciclosporin and tacrolimus. The indication for kidney transplantation is end ... Some recipients may instead take ciclosporin, sirolimus, or azathioprine. The risk of early rejection of the transplanted ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantation
Lemelson-MIT PrizeLemelson-MIT Prize
azathioprine (Imuran), the first immunosuppressive agent, used for organ transplants. allopurinol (Zyloprim), for gout. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemelson–MIT_Prize
Evaluation of Azathioprine-Induced Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Rat Hepatocyte SystemEvaluation of Azathioprine-Induced Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Rat Hepatocyte System
Azathioprine (AZA) is widely used in clinical practice for preventing graft rejection in organ transplantations and various ... Evaluation of Azathioprine-Induced Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Rat Hepatocyte System. Abdullah Al Maruf. ,1Luke Wan. ,1and ... N. Kaplowitz, "Interaction of azathioprine and glutathione in the liver of the rat," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental ... M. J. Tapner, B. E. Jones, W. M. Wu, and G. C. Farrell, "Toxicity of low dose azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in rat ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/379748/
Azathioprine: MedlinePlus Drug InformationAzathioprine: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Azathioprine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Azathioprine comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken once or twice a day after meals. Take azathioprine at ... Before taking azathioprine,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to azathioprine, any other medications, or ... Continue to take azathioprine even if you feel well. Do not stop taking azathioprine without talking to your doctor. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682167.html
AzathioprineAzathioprine
This page includes the following topics and synonyms: Azathioprine, Imuran.
https://fpnotebook.com/mobile/Surgery/Pharm/Azthprn.htm
Azathioprine vs Humira Comparison - Drugs.comAzathioprine vs Humira Comparison - Drugs.com
Compare Azathioprine vs Humira head-to-head with other drugs for uses, ratings, cost, side effects and interactions. ... Comparing Azathioprine vs Humira. View side-by-side comparisons of medication uses, ratings, cost, side effects and ... Azathioprine has an average rating of 6.0 out of 10 from a total of 120 ratings on Drugs.com. 48% of reviewers reported a ...
https://www.drugs.com/compare/azathioprine-vs-humira
Nomination Summary for Azathioprine (N86319)Nomination Summary for Azathioprine (N86319)
Nomination Summary for Nomination Summary for Azathioprine (N86319). Nomination Summary for Azathioprine (N86319). Nominated ...
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/getinvolved/nominate/summary/nm-n86319.html
Azathioprine and breastfeeding. Are they compatible?Azathioprine and breastfeeding. Are they compatible?
Among several breastfed infants of mothers who were treated with Azathioprine failed to be detected in the blood nor side ... Azathioprine. Drug Summary. 2015 Full text (in our servers) *Huang VW, Habal FM. From conception to delivery: managing the ... Sau A, Clarke S, Bass J, Kaiser A, Marinaki A, Nelson-Piercy C. Azathioprine and breastfeeding: is it safe? BJOG. 2007 Abstract ... Azathioprine treatment during lactation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul;30(1):90-1; author reply 91. Abstract Full text (link ...
https://e-lactancia.org/breastfeeding/azathioprine/product/
Azathioprine-related bone marrow toxicity and low activities of purine enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritisAzathioprine-related bone marrow toxicity and low activities of purine enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
... Arthritis ... Objective: Azathioprine (AZA) metabolism largely parallels the endogenous purine pathways. To date, thiopurine ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7818564/?dopt=Abstract
Figure - Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine - Volume 24, Number 5-May 2018 ...
Time courses of HEV viral load (A) and infliximab and azathioprine treatment (B) in pregnant woman with chronic hepatitis E who ... Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine Caroline Charre. , Christophe Ramière, ... Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine. ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/5/17-1845-f1
Azathioprine Withdrawal | RxISKAzathioprine Withdrawal | RxISK
Ken Spriggs discusses the use of azathioprine for Crohns disease, and his own positive experience of stopping the drug. ... Methods: Patients who were in clinical remission on azathioprine for ≥42 months were randomized to continue azathioprine or to ... Conclusions: This study shows that azathioprine withdrawal is not equivalent to continued therapy with azathioprine for ... I was on Azathioprine for about 12 months, It was causing my feet to swell and gave me so much pain I could not walk for three ...
https://rxisk.org/azathioprine-withdrawal/?replytocom=28381
Azathioprine: Indication, Dosage, Side Effect, Precaution | MIMS IndonesiaAzathioprine: Indication, Dosage, Side Effect, Precaution | MIMS Indonesia
Azathioprine: Belongs to the class of other immunosuppressants., ... Patient treated by azathioprine for IBD or ALL with NUDT15 CT ... McEvoy GK, Snow EK, Miller J et al (eds). Azathioprine, Azathioprine Sodium. AHFS Drug Information (AHFS DI) [online]. American ... Azathioprine, CID=2265, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Azathioprine (accessed on Jan. 21, 2020). ... Azathioprine. Source: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. ...
https://www.mims.com/indonesia/drug/info/azathioprine?mtype=generic
Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcets disease | BMJ Case ReportsSevere cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease | BMJ Case Reports
Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Although AZA is ...
https://casereports.bmj.com/content/12/3/e226340
Azathioprine and alcohol | Crohns Disease ForumAzathioprine and alcohol | Crohn's Disease Forum
I started azathioprine on the 6th April 2016, I took 25mg for one week and have since been on 50mg. I have a hen party coming ... Hello, I started azathioprine on the 6th April 2016, I took 25mg for one week and have since been on 50mg. I have a hen party ... Imuran/Azathioprine/6-MP JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before ... I can confirm in the last 6 years Ive remained on azathioprine at 50 mg. I have had occasions where I have got black out drunk ...
https://crohnsforum.com/threads/azathioprine-and-alcohol.77726/
Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and...Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and...
... azathioprine-treated patients. Time to kidney flare did not statistically differ (leflunomide: 16 months vs azathioprine: 14 ... Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1886-95.doi:10.1056/ ... Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and ... Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and ...
https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/11/1549?rss=1&ssource=mfr
Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohns disease with azathioprine. | GutFatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. | Gut
Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohns disease with azathioprine. ... Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohns disease with azathioprine. ...
https://gut.bmj.com/content/36/2/311.alerts
Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey. | Drug...Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey. | Drug...
Azathioprine (AZA) is cleaved in vivo by glutathione to 6-mercpatopurine (6-MP). 6-MP plasma levels were measured by HPLC in ... Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey.. T L Ding ... Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey.. T L Ding ... Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey.. T L Ding ...
https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/7/6/373?ijkey=381c366af00e5b695e4504906c28c5d3c8551683&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Reversal of UVA Skin Photosensitivity and DNA Damage in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Replacing Azathioprine. - Zurich Open...Reversal of UVA Skin Photosensitivity and DNA Damage in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Replacing Azathioprine. - Zurich Open...
Replacing azathioprine selectively reduced the skin photosensitivity to UVA, attenuated UVA-induced skin DNA damage, and is ... Replacing azathioprine selectively reduced the skin photosensitivity to UVA, attenuated UVA-induced skin DNA damage, and is ... Azathioprine is associated with enhanced skin photosensitivity to ultraviolet A (UVA) and leads to incorporation of 6- ... Azathioprine is associated with enhanced skin photosensitivity to ultraviolet A (UVA) and leads to incorporation of 6- ...
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/51702/
Azathioprine (Imuran) - Respiratory - Northern Devon Healthcare NHS TrustAzathioprine (Imuran) - Respiratory - Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust
This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience ...
https://www.northdevonhealth.nhs.uk/2013/06/azathioprine-imuran/
Hikma receives FDA approval for Azathioprine Sodium Injection | Hikma
Azathioprine Sodium Injection is a niche product and Hikma will be the first to re-introduce this product to the market. ... Azathioprine Sodium Injection is indicated as an adjunct for the prevention of rejection in renal homotransplantations. ... We are very pleased that azathioprine has been approved for the US market, and remain committed to prioritising the re- ... for Azathioprine Sodium Injection USP, 100mg/vial has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). ...
https://www.hikma.com/newsroom/article-i2227-hikma-receives-fda-approval-for-azathioprine-sodium-injection/
Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder: A rare association and role of azathioprine in the...
Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder: A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ... Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder: A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ... Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder : A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ... Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder : A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ulcerative-pyoderma-gangrenosum-in-mixed-connective-tissue-disord
Azathioprine - MedsChatAzathioprine - MedsChat
Featuring active ingredients, dosages, related medications, and Azathioprine forums. ... Home › Drugs: A › Azathioprine Azathioprine. FDA Approved: * February 16, 1996. Pharm Company: * ROXANE. Category: ... azathioprine side effects do they last ?. hi Ive been on azathioprine now for nearly 3 weeks now 50mg to help with severe ... Azathioprine & the sun?. Does anyone else notice adverse affects from the sun when taking Azathioprine? Ive been taking it for ...
https://www.medschat.com/Drugs/Azathioprine/
Liver Transplants: Practice Essentials, Orthotopic Liver Transplantation, Immunosuppressive AgentsLiver Transplants: Practice Essentials, Orthotopic Liver Transplantation, Immunosuppressive Agents
Azathioprine. Azathioprine is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine. The drug inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, ... Azathioprine is metabolized in the liver and erythrocytes. Renal function has minor effects on levels. The drug causes a dose- ... Its mechanism of action is similar to that of azathioprine, but it does not cause as much bone marrow suppression. It works by ... How does azathioprine contribute to immunosuppression following liver transplantation?. How does everolimus contribute to ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/776313-18716/what-are-the-clinical-signs-of-acute-rejection-following-liver-transplantation
Lack of evidence of a beneficial effect of azathioprine in dogs treated with prednisolone for idiopathic immune-mediated...Lack of evidence of a beneficial effect of azathioprine in dogs treated with prednisolone for idiopathic immune-mediated...
Azathioprine would appear not to be beneficial as standard treatment for all cases of IMHA; however, a blinded, randomized ... Azathioprine is used as an immunosuppressant in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but this potentially toxic and ... the difference in outcome and survival of dogs with idiopathic IMHA treated with a protocol that included azathioprine and ... diagnosis and the response to therapy and survival were compared in dogs treated according to the prednisolone and azathioprine ...
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-7-15
Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation: The MYSS...
Mean 5-yr GFR difference between azathioprine and mycophenolate was 4.67 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.43 ... Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation: The MYSS ... Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation: The MYSS ... Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation : The MYSS ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/mycophenolate-mofetil-versus-azathioprine-for-prevention-of-chron
AzathioprineAzathioprine
... belongs to a class of drugs known as immunosuppressants, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or ... Azathioprine - Handling. How should I handle Azathioprine safely?. Azathioprine - Storage. How should I store Azathioprine ?. ... Azathioprine - Dosage and How to Use. How should Azathioprine be used?. Azathioprine tablets should be swallowed whole, with a ... Before taking Azathioprine , what precautions must I follow?. Azathioprine should be taken as prescribed by the doctor. It is ...
https://www.skh.com.sg/patient-care/medicine/azathioprine
azathioprineazathioprine
Posts about azathioprine written by Kristine Novak, PhD, Science Editor ... Tag Archives: azathioprine. Does Thiopurine Therapy Increase Cancer Risk?. Posted on October 28, 2013 by Kristine Novak, PhD, ... Posted in Cancer, GI Tract , Tagged 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cancer risk, colitis, DNA, EBV, IBD, immunosuppressant, ...
https://agajournals.wordpress.com/tag/azathioprine/
Imuran (Azathioprine)Imuran (Azathioprine)
Imuran or generic Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that may be prescribed to you to reduce the risk of rejection ... h1,IMURAN (AZATHIOPRINE),/h1, ,h2,Imuran Description,/h2, ,p, ... For those with an autoimmune disease, Imuran or Azathioprine ... IMURAN (AZATHIOPRINE). Imuran Description. Imuran or generic Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that may be ...
https://discountdrugsfromcanada.com/imuran-azathioprine.html
Azathioprine Suspension CompoundedAzathioprine Suspension Compounded
Azathioprine Suspension is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ... Youre reviewing:Azathioprine Suspension Compounded. Your Rating. Quality. 1 star 2 stars 3 stars 4 stars 5 stars ... Azathioprine is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ... Azathioprine is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ...
https://www.cfspharmacy.pharmacy/azathioprine-suspension-compounded
Mylan-Azathioprine | RxHealthMedMylan-Azathioprine | RxHealthMed
Azathioprine belongs to the group of medications known as immunosuppressive agents. It is used to prevent the rejection of ... Do not use azathioprine if you are allergic to azathioprine or any ingredients of the medication. ... Azathioprine is available in tablet and injectable form.. When used to prevent kidney transplant rejection, azathioprine is ... Mylan-Azathioprine is no longer being manufactured for sale in Canada. For brands that may still be available, search under ...
https://www.rxhealthmed.ca/medication_search/mylan-azathioprine/
MedsOnCue - Azathioprine - EN
If you are having a medical emergency, please use your phone to call 9-1-1. If you have questions regarding your prescription or any other medications, please press the "Connect Me" button to speak to your pharmacy team. If you have questions regarding the use of this website, please submit all inquiries to [email protected] VUCA ...
http://www.medsoncue.com/Video/zwvddcCwtg86AfFsCHnsm/en
ImuranCyclosporine50mgTabletAbstractImmunosuppressantsRheumatoidRejectionAzasanEither by azathioprineEffects of azathioprineTherapy with azathioprineImmunosuppressantMedicationToxicityInflammatory bowel dTabletsInfliximabImmunosuppressive drugKidneyBone MarrowBelongs to a classMercaptopurineProdrugAllopurinolMedicationsUlcerative colitisTPMTLeukopeniaSevereClinicalDoseSodiumVersusCrohn'sSearchAspirinTreatmentPatientsInhibitorSymptomsPatientSide effectsPrescription
Imuran4
  • Azathioprine (AZA), sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. (medschat.com)
  • Imuran or generic Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that may be prescribed to you to reduce the risk of rejection after a solid organ transplant such as a liver, kidney, or lung. (discountdrugsfromcanada.com)
  • For those with an autoimmune disease, Imuran or Azathioprine generic helps to decrease a misguided immune response so your joints, organs, or tissues are not under attack and allows you pain relief. (discountdrugsfromcanada.com)
  • Imuran is also referred to by its drug name, azathioprine. (myrateam.com)
Cyclosporine5
  • At the time of transplant, induction is achieved with high-dose corticosteroids and antithymocyte globulin or monoclonal antibody, followed by the addition of azathioprine and cyclosporine. (medscape.com)
  • Long-term immunosuppression is usually maintained with cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. (medscape.com)
  • The Mycophenolate Steroids Sparing (MYSS) study found that in renal transplant recipients who were on immunosuppressive therapy with the cyclosporine microemulsion Neoral, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was not better than azathioprine in preventing acute rejection at 21 mo after transplantation and was 15 times more expensive. (elsevier.com)
  • In kidney transplantation, the long-term risk/benefit profile of MMF and azathioprine therapy in combination with cyclosporine Neoral is similar. (elsevier.com)
  • Azathioprine, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate are used in the management of selected autoimmune diseases ( nephrotic syndrome of childhood and severe rheumatoid arthritis). (unboundmedicine.com)
50mg2
  • Hello, I started azathioprine on the 6th April 2016, I took 25mg for one week and have since been on 50mg. (crohnsforum.com)
  • hi I've been on azathioprine now for nearly 3 weeks now 50mg to help with severe eczema. (medschat.com)
Tablet2
Abstract3
  • I found myself browsing the second or third page of azathioprine related google results and an abstract about withdrawing from azathioprine when Crohn's is in remission. (rxisk.org)
  • abstract = "Objective: To document a case of azathioprine hepatotoxicity confirmed by rechallenge. (edu.au)
  • abstract = "This report describes a 15-year-old woman presenting posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) due to azathioprine. (elsevier.com)
Immunosuppressants3
  • Azathioprine is in a class of medications called immunosuppressants. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Azathioprine belongs to a class of drugs known as immunosuppressants. (usnpharmaceuticals.lk)
  • Treatment with immunosuppressants such as rituximab, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide resulted in a marked reduction in antibody levels and relapse rates. (ox.ac.uk)
Rheumatoid6
  • If you are taking azathioprine to treat rheumatoid arthritis, your doctor may start you on a low dose and gradually increase your dose after 6-8 weeks and then not more than once every 4 weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Azathioprine controls rheumatoid arthritis but does not cure it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Objectives Previous studies have compared mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis (LN). Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (bmj.com)
  • Azathioprine prevents rejection of kidney transplant and reduces the inflammation and pain in rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing the body's natural defense, or immune system. (rxhealthmed.ca)
  • For treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, azathioprine is usually given at a dose of approximately 1 mg per kilogram of body weight (50 mg to 100 mg) per day by mouth, in a single daily dose or on a twice-daily schedule. (rxhealthmed.ca)
  • Azathioprine is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. (usnpharmaceuticals.lk)
Rejection7
  • Azathioprine is used with other medications to prevent transplant rejection (attack of the transplanted organ by the immune system) in people who received kidney transplants. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you are taking azathioprine to prevent kidney transplant rejection, your doctor may start you on a high dose and decrease your dose gradually as your body adjusts to the transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Azathioprine (AZA) is widely used in clinical practice for preventing graft rejection in organ transplantations and various autoimmune and dermatological diseases with documented unpredictable hepatotoxicity. (hindawi.com)
  • Azathioprine (AZA), prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine, is widely used as an immunosuppressant for several diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune diseases and following transplantation to avoid organ rejection [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Azathioprine Sodium Injection is indicated as an adjunct for the prevention of rejection in renal homotransplantations. (hikma.com)
  • When used to prevent kidney transplant rejection, azathioprine is usually started on the day of transplant with an intravenous (into the vein) injection. (rxhealthmed.ca)
  • Azathioprine is used to prevent organ rejection in people who have received a kidney transplant. (usnpharmaceuticals.lk)
Azasan1
  • Azathioprine is also sold under the brand name Azasan. (myrateam.com)
Either by azathioprine2
  • Skin photosensitivity to UVA and UVB was measured in 48 kidney transplant patients immunosuppressed either by azathioprine (n = 32) or mycophenolate (n = 16). (uzh.ch)
  • However, in vitro enzymatic assays ruled out direct inhibition of WspR DGC activity either by azathioprine or by its metabolic derivative 2-amino-6-mercapto-purine riboside. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Effects of azathioprine1
  • 25. Seymour RA, Smith DG, Rogers SR. The comparative effects of azathioprine and cyclosporin on some gingival health parameters of renal transplant patients. (bvsalud.org)
Therapy with azathioprine2
  • Conclusions: This study shows that azathioprine withdrawal is not equivalent to continued therapy with azathioprine for maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn's disease who have been in remission on azathioprine for ≥3.5 years. (rxisk.org)
  • The standard treatment protocol was revised from one including combined therapy with azathioprine and prednisolone to one including prednisolone monotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunosuppressant2
  • Azathioprine is used as an immunosuppressant in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but this potentially toxic and carcinogenic drug has not been proven to be beneficial. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In fact a large study showed that patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine (a strong immunosuppressant) did worse than those not treated at all. (pulmonaryfibrosismd.com)
Medication3
  • Some teenage and young adult males who took azathioprine alone or with another medication called a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker to treat Crohn's disease (a condition in which the body attacks the lining of the digestive tract causing pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever) or ulcerative colitis (a condition which causes swelling and sores in the lining of the colon [large intestine] and rectum) developed hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Azathioprine is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (cfspharmacy.pharmacy)
  • Do not use azathioprine if you are allergic to azathioprine or any ingredients of the medication. (rxhealthmed.ca)
Toxicity6
  • Alcohol may interact with Azathioprine and increase the risk of liver toxicity. (skh.com.sg)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Across multiple disease settings, patients with the rs2814778-CC genotype face a higher risk of stopping azathioprine due to hematopoietic toxicity and receiving lower doses of thiopurines, regardless of race, a new study suggests. (medscape.com)
  • Azathioprine is widely used to treat a variety of illnesses, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), despite being associated with hematopoietic toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • It's been observed that Black patients discontinue azathioprine for hematopoietic toxicity at a higher rate than white patients. (medscape.com)
  • The rate of stopping azathioprine due to hematopoietic toxicity was nearly three-fold higher in patients with the CC genotype than peers with the TT or TC genotype (hazard ratio, 2.92) and the risk remained significant after adjustment for race and was evident across multiple diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Toxicity of azathioprine: why and when? (cdc.gov)
Inflammatory bowel d1
  • Patient treated by azathioprine for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with NUDT15 CC genotype may have reduced, but not absent risk of developing leucopenia, neutropenia or alopecia. (mims.com)
Tablets2
  • Azathioprine tablets should be swallowed whole, with a glass of water. (skh.com.sg)
  • Niksan Pharmaceutical Is Only Leading Manufacturer, Exporter, Suppliers, Distributor, Trader And Dealer Who Proving High Standard Quality Azathioprine 50 Mg Tablets. (niksanpharmaceutical.co.in)
Infliximab5
  • Time courses of HEV viral load (A) and infliximab and azathioprine treatment (B) in pregnant woman with chronic hepatitis E who was undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for ulcerative colitis. (cdc.gov)
  • In the SONIC trial , more than 500 adults with moderate to severe Crohn's disease were randomized to receive infliximab monotherapy, azathioprine monotherapy or combination treatment with both medications. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • At week 26 of follow-up, 57% of patients in the combination group achieved steroid-free remission vs. 44% in the infliximab monotherapy group and 30% in the azathioprine monotherapy group. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • In the case of severe inflammation, treatment with purine analogue (azathioprine), TNF-alpha inhibitor (infliximab, adalimumab), or integrin inhibitor (vedolizumab) may be initiated. (lww.com)
  • 37 women were on 5ASA, 20 Azathioprine, 5 Infliximab, 4 Adalimumab and 2 on combination Azathioprine-Anti-TNF-Ab. (bmj.com)
Immunosuppressive drug3
  • Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (bmj.com)
  • The immunosuppressive drug azathioprine inhibits biosynthesis of the bacterial signal molecule cyclic-di-GMP by interfering with intracellular nucleotide pool availability. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
  • We found that azathioprine, an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of Crohn's disease, was able to inhibit WspR-dependent c-di-GMP biosynthesis in bacterial cells. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Kidney6
  • If you have had a kidney transplant, there may be a higher risk that you will develop cancer even if you do not take azathioprine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Kidney flares were observed in 17 (15.7%) leflunomide-treated patients and 19 (17.8%) azathioprine-treated patients. (bmj.com)
  • Time to kidney flare did not statistically differ (leflunomide: 16 months vs azathioprine: 14 months, p=0.676). (bmj.com)
  • Reversal of UVA Skin Photosensitivity and DNA Damage in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Replacing Azathioprine. (uzh.ch)
  • In view of the cost, standard immunosuppression regimens for kidney transplantation should perhaps include azathioprine rather than MMF. (elsevier.com)
  • More than 1 in azathioprine and allopurinol together 7 American adults are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects how well kidneys function. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
Bone Marrow1
  • Azathioprine can cause a decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow, which may cause serious or life-threatening infections. (medlineplus.gov)
Belongs to a class1
  • Azathioprine belongs to a class of medicines called disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). (skh.com.sg)
Mercaptopurine2
  • Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Adalimumab is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. (ecco-ibd.eu)
Prodrug1
  • Azathioprine is a prodrug that forms thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs) which exerts cytotoxic effects. (mims.com)
Allopurinol8
  • Breastfeeding has read what he said many benefits for baby and mom azathioprine and allopurinol together . (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • Stress, fear, azathioprine and allopurinol together and sadness after a traumatic event are common. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • To stay safe during a tornado, prepare a plan and an emergency kit, stay aware of weather conditions during thunderstorms, know the best azathioprine and allopurinol together places to shelter both indoors and outdoors, and always protect your head. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most dangerous industries, with farmers being at very high risk for serious flu complications azathioprine and allopurinol together. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • Infections can put you their explanation and azathioprine and allopurinol together your family can do to be more active from home. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • Clean hands can protect you azathioprine and allopurinol together from serious infections while you are diagnosed with CKD. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • Learn about CHDs and azathioprine and allopurinol together about Caden, a child living with a heart defect. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
  • Damaged inner ear azathioprine and allopurinol together cells (stereocilia) do not grow back. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
Medications1
  • Maybe my other medications cause it, but I didn't remember this before azathioprine tbh. (crohnsforum.com)
Ulcerative colitis1
  • Azathioprine has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, but doctors may sometimes prescribe azathioprine to treat these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
TPMT2
  • Genetic testing for TPMT prior to initiation of treatment with azathioprine is recommended. (mims.com)
  • Association Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase (TPMT) Genetic Variants and Infection in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients Treated With Azathioprine: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. (cdc.gov)
Leukopenia1
  • Based on their results, as well as currently available information for the rs2814778-CC genotypes, the authors recommend that testing for the Duffy-null phenotype be considered in all patients before starting azathioprine or if leukopenia is detected while a patient is taking azathioprine. (medscape.com)
Severe4
  • Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. (bmj.com)
  • Glucocorticoids are the main component of the immunosuppressive treatment of canine idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but cytotoxic drugs such as azathioprine are advised for severe disease, such as cases with intravascular hemolysis or autoagglutination, and if the disease is refractory to glucocorticoids alone [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Medicines such as Febuxostat should not be taken together with Azathioprine as they might increase the chance of you experiencing severe side effects. (skh.com.sg)
  • Conclusion: Azathioprine rechallenge in a patient who has experienced initial hepatotoxicity may lead to recurrence which is potentially more severe. (edu.au)
Clinical3
  • Methods: Patients who were in clinical remission on azathioprine for ≥42 months were randomized to continue azathioprine or to receive an equivalent placebo for 18 months. (rxisk.org)
  • Clinical features: A 50-year-old female with nodular scleritis of her left eye was treated with azathioprine as a steroid sparing agent. (edu.au)
  • We diagnosed as PRES due to azathioprine because of clinical course and MRI findings. (elsevier.com)
Dose2
  • Patient treated by azathioprine for IBD or ALL with NUDT15 CT or TT genotype are unable to tolerate usual dose of azathioprine and have higher risk of leucopenia, neutropenia or alopecia. (mims.com)
  • The mean minimal erythema dose to UVA on azathioprine was twofold lower than on mycophenolate. (uzh.ch)
Sodium1
  • Azathioprine Sodium Injection is a niche product and Hikma will be the first to re-introduce this product to the market. (hikma.com)
Versus3
  • The aim of this investigator-initiated study was to compare the efficacy and safety of leflunomide versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for LN. (bmj.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the difference in outcome and survival of dogs with idiopathic IMHA treated with a protocol that included azathioprine and prednisolone versus a protocol that included prednisolone alone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the outcome and survival of dogs with idiopathic IMHA treated according to a protocol including azathioprine and prednisolone (AP) versus a protocol including prednisolone alone (P). (biomedcentral.com)
Crohn's3
  • Background & Aims: An open study reported that patients with Crohn's disease in remission who have taken azathioprine for longer than 3.5 years are at low risk of relapse when azathioprine is discontinued. (rxisk.org)
  • Based on the evidence here's the conclusion I would think is more responsible to give a Crohn's patient: There was as trial done which included a fairly small number of patients and it showed that if you've been in remission (a Crohn's Disease Activity Index score of less than 150) for at least 42 months and are still taking azathioprine then you can consider stopping. (rxisk.org)
  • Our results indicate that azathioprine can prevent biofilm formation in E. coli through inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis and suggest that such inhibition might contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Search1
  • For brands that may still be available, search under azathioprine. (rxhealthmed.ca)
Aspirin1
  • This is particularly true for people taking statins, but can be found taking anything from aspirin to azathioprine . (rxisk.org)
Treatment1
  • We previously reported on the treatment of dogs with idiopathic IMHA with an immunosuppressive protocol consisting of azathioprine and prednisolone, at that time the standard treatment in our clinic [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients11
  • Results: Forty patients were randomly assigned to receive azathioprine and 43 to receive placebo. (rxisk.org)
  • At 18 months, 3 patients had a relapse in the azathioprine group, and 9 had a relapse in the placebo group. (rxisk.org)
  • Further consider you're one of the 34 patients in the placebo group who remained in remission for 18 months and then your doctor tells you that you were in the placebo group but to start taking your azathioprine again. (rxisk.org)
  • Patients who achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) were randomised to receive prednisone in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine as maintenance therapy for 36 months. (bmj.com)
  • Results A total of 215 patients were randomly allocated to the leflunomide group (n=108) and azathioprine group (n=107). (bmj.com)
  • Extrarenal flare occurred in two patients from the azathioprine group and one patient from the leflunomide group. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions The efficacy and safety profile of leflunomide are non-inferior to azathioprine for maintenance therapy of LN. Leflunomide may provide a new candidate for maintenance therapy in patients with LN. (bmj.com)
  • In 23 patients, azathioprine was subsequently replaced by mycophenolate and skin photosensitivity, DNA 6-TG content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and susceptibility to UVA-induced DNA damage were monitored for up to 2 years. (uzh.ch)
  • We are very pleased that azathioprine has been approved for the US market, and remain committed to prioritising the re-introduction of Bedford products for patients in need. (hikma.com)
  • The MYSS Follow-up Study, an extension of MYSS, was aimed at comparing long-term outcome of 248 MYSS patients according to their original randomization to MMF (1 g twice daily) or azathioprine (75 to 100 mg/d). (elsevier.com)
  • Basing decisions for many Black patients based on low leukocyte counts rather than genotype could lead to unnecessary stopping or inappropriate dosing of azathioprine, they point out. (medscape.com)
Inhibitor1
  • Azathioprine is an inhibitor of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase, an enzyme involved in purine biosynthesis, which suggests that inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis by azathioprine may be due to perturbation of intracellular nucleotide pools. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Symptoms2
  • It usually takes between 1 and 3 months to notice any improvement in symptoms after starting azathioprine. (skh.com.sg)
  • Signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity recurred within 3 days and resolved rapidly after cessation of azathioprine. (edu.au)
Patient1
  • Patient may be able to tolerate higher doses of azathioprine. (mims.com)
Side effects4
  • azathioprine side effects in more detail. (drugs.com)
  • Among several breastfed infants of mothers who were treated with Azathioprine failed to be detected in the blood nor side effects were found. (e-lactancia.org)
  • What side effects can Azathioprine cause? (skh.com.sg)
  • Side effects may occur when taking Azathioprine, but the majority of these effects tend to resolve spontaneously. (skh.com.sg)
Prescription2
  • There are 12 Medicare Advantage Plans with additional prescription drug coverage for Azathioprine available to residents in Arizona. (medicarehelp.org)
  • Yes, the majority of Medicare Prescription Plans do require prior authorization from your doctor for Azathioprine. (medicarehelp.org)
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