Azathioprine
6-Mercaptopurine
Immunosuppressive Agents
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Prednisolone
Mycophenolic Acid
An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
Methyltransferases
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
Cyclosporine
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
Thioguanine
Prednisone
Colitis, Ulcerative
Drug Therapy, Combination
Graft Rejection
Immunosuppression
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Gastrointestinal Agents
Mesalamine
Antimetabolites
Aminosalicylic Acids
Cyclosporins
A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.
Treatment Outcome
Sulfasalazine
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).
Glucocorticoids
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Graft Survival
Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with membranous glomerulonephritis. (1/943)
A 33-year-old woman was admitted to our department for evaluation of liver dysfunction and proteinuria. A liver biopsy specimen showed ductular proliferation and moderate portal fibrosis indicating stage II primary biliary cirrhosis. A renal biopsy specimen showed mild to moderate mesangial cell proliferation without crescent formation or interstitial nephritis. Immunofluorescent staining revealed deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG), third component of complement (C3), and Clq on glomerular basement membranes. The findings indicated stage I membranous glomerulonephritis. Administration of ursodesoxycholic acid together with prednisolone, azathioprine, and dipyridamole decreased proteinuria and improved cholestatic liver dysfunction. (+info)Reduced kidney transplant rejection rate and pharmacoeconomic advantage of mycophenolate mofetil. (2/943)
BACKGROUND: Several multinational controlled clinical trials have shown that triple therapy immunosuppressive regimens which include mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporin A (CSA) and steroids (S) are superior compared with conventional regimens which include azathioprine (AZA), CSA and S, mainly because MMF reduces the rate of acute rejection episodes in the first 6 months after kidney transplantation. Post-marketing studies are useful to evaluate the general applicability and costs of MMF-based immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS: Based on the excellent results of the published controlled clinical trials, we have changed the standard triple therapy immunosuppressive protocol (AZA+CSA+S) to an MMF-based regimen (MMF+CSA+S) at our centre. To analyse the impact of this change in regimen, we have monitored 6-month patient and graft survival, rejection rate, serum creatinine and CSA levels, as well as the costs of the immunosuppressive and anti-rejection treatments, in 40 consecutive renal transplant recipients (MMF group) and have compared the data with 40 consecutive patients transplanted immediately prior to the change in regimen (AZA group). RESULTS: Recipient and donor characteristics were similar in the AZA and MMF groups. Patient survival (37/40; 92.5% in the AZA group vs 38/40; 95% in the MMF group), graft survival (36/40 vs 36/40; both 90%) and serum creatinine (137+/-56 vs 139+/-44 micromol/l) after 6 months were not significantly different. However, the rate of acute rejection episodes (defined as a rise in creatinine without other obvious cause and treated at least with pulse steroids) was significantly reduced with MMF from 60 to 20% (P=0.0005). The resulting cost for rejection treatment was lowered 8-fold (from sFr. 2113 to 259 averaged per patient) and the number of transplant biopsies was lowered > 3-fold in the MMF group. The cost for the immunosuppressive therapy was increased 1.5-fold with MMF (from sFr. 5906 to 9231 per patient for the first 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: The change from AZA to MMF resulted in a significant reduction in early rejection episodes, resulting in fewer diagnostic procedures and rehospitalizations. The optimal long-term regimen in terms of patient and pharmacoeconomic benefits remains to be defined. (+info)Long-term results of pancreas transplantation under tacrolius immunosuppression. (3/943)
BACKGROUND: The long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in pancreas transplantation has not yet been demonstrated. The observation of prolonged pancreatic graft function under tacrolimus would indicate that any potential islet toxicity is short-lived and clinically insignificant. We report herein the results of pancreas transplantation in patients receiving primary tacrolimus immunosuppression for a minimum of 2 years. METHODS: From July 4, 1994 until April 18, 1996, 60 patients received either simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (n=55), pancreas transplant only (n=4), or pancreas after kidney transplantation (n=1). Baseline immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus and steroids without antilymphocyte induction. Azathioprine was used as a third agent in 51 patients and mycophenolate mofetil in 9. Rejection episodes within the first 6 months occurred in 48 (80%) patients and were treated with high-dose corticosteroids. Antilymphocyte antibody was required in eight (13%) patients with steroid-resistant rejection. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 35.1+/-5.9 months (range: 24.3-45.7 months), 6-month and 1-, 2-, and 33-year graft survival is 88%, 82%, 80%, and 80% (pancreas) and 98%, 96%, 93%, and 91% (kidney), respectively. Six-month and 1-, 2-, and 3-year patient survival is 100%, 98%, 98%, and 96.5%. Mean fasting glucose is 91.6+/-13.8 mg/dl, and mean glycosylated hemoglobin is 5.1+/-0.7% (normal range: 4.3-6.1%). Mean tacrolimus dose is 6.5+/-2.6 mg/day and mean prednisone dose 2.0+/-2.9 mg/day at follow-up. Complete steroid withdrawal was possible in 31 (65%) of the 48 patients with functioning pancreases. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that tacrolimus is a safe and effective long-term primary agent in pancreas transplantation and provides excellent long-term islet function without evidence of toxicity while permitting steroid withdrawal in the majority of patients. (+info)Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. (4/943)
BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus has been used as a primary immunosuppressive agent in adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable outcomes. Methods. Between December 14, 1989 and December 31, 1996, 82 pediatric renal transplantations alone were performed under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression without induction anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy. Patients undergoing concomitant or prior liver and/or intestinal transplantation were not included in the analysis. The mean recipient age was 10.6+/-5.2 years (range: 0.7-17.9). Eighteen (22%) cases were repeat transplantations, and 6 (7%) were in patients with panel-reactive antibody levels over 40%. Thirty-four (41%) cases were with living donors, and 48 (59%) were with cadaveric donors. The mean donor age was 27.3+/-14.6 years (range: 0.7-50), and the mean cold ischemia time in the cadaveric cases was 26.5+/-8.8 hr. The mean number of HLA matches and mismatches was 2.8+/-1.2 and 2.9+/-1.3; there were five (6%) O-Ag mismatches. The mean follow-up was 4.0+/-0.2 years. RESULTS: The 1- and 4-year actuarial patient survival was 99% and 94%. The 1- and 4-year actuarial graft survival was 98% and 84%. The mean serum creatinine was 1.1+/-0.5 mg/dl, and the corresponding calculated creatinine clearance was 88+/-25 ml/min/1.73 m2. A total of 66% of successfully transplanted patients were withdrawn from prednisone. In children who were withdrawn from steroids, the mean standard deviation height scores (Z-score) at the time of transplantation and at 1 and 4 years were -2.3+/-2.0, -1.7+/-1.0, and +0.36+/-1.5. Eighty-six percent of successfully transplanted patients were not taking anti-hypertensive medications. The incidence of acute rejection was 44%; between December 1989 and December 1993, it was 63%, and between January 1994 and December 1996, it was 23% (P=0.0003). The incidence of steroid-resistant rejection was 5%. The incidence of delayed graft function was 5%, and 2% of patients required dialysis within 1 week of transplantation. The incidence of cytomegalovirus was 13%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 12%. The incidence of early Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was 9%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 4%. All of the early PTLD cases were treated successfully with temporary cessation of immunosuppression and institution of antiviral therapy, without patient or graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the short- and medium-term efficacy of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable patient and graft survival, routine achievement of steroid and anti-hypertensive medication withdrawal, gratifying increases in growth, and, with further experience, a decreasing incidence of both rejection and PTLD. (+info)Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease may be caused by myocarditis. (5/943)
BACKGROUND: The causal role of asymptomatic critical coronary artery obstruction in patients presenting with severe global biventricular dysfunction but no evidence of myocardial infarction is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 291 patients aged >40 years undergoing a noninvasive (2-dimensional echocardiography) and invasive (catheterization, coronary angiography, and biventricular endomyocardial biopsy, 6 to 8 samples/patient) cardiac study because of progressive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV) with global biventricular dysfunction and no history of myocardial ischemic events, 7 patients (2.4%; 7 men; mean age, 49+/-6.9 years) had severe coronary artery disease (3 vessels in 4 patients; 2 vessels in 1 patient, proximal occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery in 2 patients). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction by 2-dimensional echocardiography were 73+/-10.5 mm and 23+/-6.5%, respectively, and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction were 39+/-7 mm and 29+/-7.2%, respectively. Biopsy specimens showed extensive lymphocytic infiltrates with focal myocytolysis meeting the Dallas criteria for myocarditis in all patients (in 5 patients with and 2 patients without fibrosis). Cardiac autoantibodies were detected with indirect immunofluorescence in the serum of 2 patients with active myocarditis. The 2 patients with active inflammation received prednisone (1 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 4 weeks followed by 0.33 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) and azathioprine (2 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) in addition to conventional drug therapy for heart failure. At 8-month overall follow-up, cardiac volume and function improved considerably in immunosuppressed patients but remained unchanged in conventionally treated patients, of whom 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with severe asymptomatic coronary artery disease and no evidence of previous myocardial infarction may be caused by myocarditis. Histologic findings may influence the treatment. (+info)Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. (6/943)
BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract. Azathioprine is an effective agent in the management of chronic active Crohn's disease leading to long term remission of disease activity. Such treatment leads to limited efficacy or side effects in a small subset of patients. AIMS: To compare efficacy and side effects of treatment with azathioprine plus corticosteroids versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) plus corticosteroids in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease. METHODS: Seventy patients with chronic active Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) greater than 150) were randomised for treatment with azathioprine/cortisone or MMF/cortisone. Corticosteroid dosage was tapered according to a standard protocol. Disease activity was monitored by clinical scores after one, two, three, and six months. RESULTS: Treatment of patients with moderately active (CDAI 150-300) Crohn's disease with MMF/cortisone led to a significant reduction in clinical activity scores comparable to treatment with azathioprine/cortisone. Treatment of patients with highly active Crohn's disease (CDAI greater than 300) with MMF/cortisone caused significant suppression of clinical activity earlier than azathioprine/cortisone treatment. Treatment with MMF/cortisone was associated with few adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease with MMF plus cortisone appears to be effective and well tolerated and should be considered in patients allergic to azathioprine or in whom azathioprine has failed. (+info)Intestinal T lymphocytes of different rat strains in immunotoxicity. (7/943)
In order to study the intestinal mucosal immune cells, with emphasis on single T lymphocytes, an inventory was made of single and organized lymphocytes in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestines of untreated Wistar, Fischer 344, and Lewis rats. The single and organized lymphocytes were examined microscopically. In addition, the single lymphocytes in the epithelium (IEL) and lamina propria (LPL) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Next, the use of flow cytometry analysis was explored to detect changes in the IEL T-lymphocyte population in subacute oral studies with the immunomodulating agents azathioprine and hexachlorobenzene. Untreated random-bred Wistar rats exhibited a large interindividual variability in IEL composition, while the variability was small in inbred Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. The explorative study with the 2 model immunomodulating compounds demonstrated that hexachlorobenzene increased the number of intraepithelial T lymphocytes with CD8+ phenotype at the cost of T cells with CD4+ phenotype in Lewis rats. Azathioprine did not induce distinct effects on the percentages of IEL. The data indicate that the intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestines are a potential target for orally administered immunomodulating compounds and should therefore receive more attention in toxicologic pathology studies. (+info)Bone loss in long-term renal transplantation: histopathology and densitometry analysis. (8/943)
BACKGROUND: There is little information of the spectrum and factors implicated in the bone loss in long-term renal transplantation, and virtually no data using both histomorphometric and densitometric analysis. METHODS: Twenty-three males and 22 females (13 postmenopausal) were studied with a bone biopsy and densitometry. Sixteen patients were on cyclosporine A monotherapy, 20 on azathioprine + prednisolone, and 9 on cyclosporine A + prednisolone or triple therapy. The mean time after transplantation was 127 +/- 70 months. RESULTS: No group had a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population. Compared with sex-matched young controls, osteopenia was observed in all groups at the femoral neck (except premenopausal women and triple therapy) and in the triple-therapy group at the L1-L4 spine region. At the distal radius, osteopenia was found in all the groups. Histopathological diagnosis was mixed uremic osteodystrophy in 46.5%, adynamic bone in 23.2%, hyperparathyroid disease in 13.9%, and normal bone in 16.3%. The diagnosis was not different according to immunosuppressive therapy, but men tended to show more mixed uremic bone disease. There was no significant difference in BMD between histopathological subtypes. In general, patients showed slight osteoclast function increase, osteoblast function decrease, and marked retardation of dynamic parameters. The cyclosporine A monotherapy group had a significantly lower appositional rate than azathioprine + prednisolone. Men had a significantly lower bone volume than women, and premenopausal women had a significantly lower mineralizing surface than postmenopausal women and men. In the multivariate analysis, male gender, time after transplantation, old age, and time on dialysis prior to transplantation were significant predictive factors for a negative effect on bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term renal transplant-patients showed reduced BMD in both trabecular and cortical bone. This reduction in BMD was not as severe as in short-term reports and was associated with osteoclast stimulation, osteoblast suppression, and retardation of mineral apposition and bone formation rates. Bone mass loss was not different between the immunosuppression therapy groups. Male gender and age were the strongest predictive factors for low bone mass. (+info)
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Azathioprine
... can cause birth defects. A 2003 population-based study in Denmark showed that the use of azathioprine and related ... "Azathioprine". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. "Azathioprine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (January 2012). "Azathioprine, Azathioprine Sodium". AHFS Drug Information 2012. ... with azathioprine, but the combination with other DMARDs is not recommended. Azathioprine has been used in the management of ...
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Mercaptopurine
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Ulcerative colitis
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Maltzman JS, Koretzky GA (April 2003). "Azathioprine: old drug, new actions". J. Clin. Invest. 111 (8): 1122-4. doi:10.1172/ ...
Pericarditis
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Purine analogue
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Cerebral vasculitis
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Joshi R, Singh S (July 2010). "Plica Neuropathica (Plica polonica) Following Azathioprine-induced Pancytopenia". International ...
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Colchicine, azathioprine, and NSAIDs have also been used. Garcia-Rodiguez JA, Pattullo A (2013). "Idiopathic granulomatous ...
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
Feathery degeneration is seen in PBC It can be a complication of azathioprine therapy. Vilgrain, V; Paradis, V; Van Wettere, M ... May 2005). "Azathioprine induced nodular regenerative hyperplasia in IBD patients". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 29 (5): 600-3. ... October 2007). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine". Gut. ... cytotoxic drugs like azathioprine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, antiretroviral drugs for HIV like didanosine and vitamin A. ...
Sarcoidosis
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... azathioprine. Quantum chemical study on the reaction of azathioprine with cysteine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. ... Explanation of the mechanism of azathioprine bioactivation by cysteine and glutathione molecules. Characterization of homo- and ...
Feline calicivirus
Corticosteroids or azathioprine may be used for polyarthritis. Stomatitis is very difficult to treat. Antibiotics, ...
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
This study found that the combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC increased the risk of death and hospitalizations and ... Raghu G, Anstrom KJ, King TE, Lasky JA, Martinez FJ (May 2012). "Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary ... to reduce the decline in VC and DLCO over 12 months of follow-up when used in combination with prednisone and azathioprine ( ...
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Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
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Drug discovery
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Nomination Summary for Azathioprine (N86319)
Azathioprine and breastfeeding. Are they compatible?
Among several breastfed infants of mothers who were treated with Azathioprine failed to be detected in the blood nor side ... Azathioprine. Drug Summary. 2015 Full text (in our servers) *Huang VW, Habal FM. From conception to delivery: managing the ... Sau A, Clarke S, Bass J, Kaiser A, Marinaki A, Nelson-Piercy C. Azathioprine and breastfeeding: is it safe? BJOG. 2007 Abstract ... Azathioprine treatment during lactation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul;30(1):90-1; author reply 91. Abstract Full text (link ...
Azathioprine-related bone marrow toxicity and low activities of purine enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Figure - Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine - Volume 24, Number 5-May 2018 ...
Time courses of HEV viral load (A) and infliximab and azathioprine treatment (B) in pregnant woman with chronic hepatitis E who ... Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine Caroline Charre. , Christophe Ramière, ... Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine. ...
Azathioprine Withdrawal | RxISK
Ken Spriggs discusses the use of azathioprine for Crohns disease, and his own positive experience of stopping the drug. ... Methods: Patients who were in clinical remission on azathioprine for ≥42 months were randomized to continue azathioprine or to ... Conclusions: This study shows that azathioprine withdrawal is not equivalent to continued therapy with azathioprine for ... I was on Azathioprine for about 12 months, It was causing my feet to swell and gave me so much pain I could not walk for three ...
Azathioprine: Indication, Dosage, Side Effect, Precaution | MIMS Indonesia
Azathioprine: Belongs to the class of other immunosuppressants., ... Patient treated by azathioprine for IBD or ALL with NUDT15 CT ... McEvoy GK, Snow EK, Miller J et al (eds). Azathioprine, Azathioprine Sodium. AHFS Drug Information (AHFS DI) [online]. American ... Azathioprine, CID=2265, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Azathioprine (accessed on Jan. 21, 2020). ... Azathioprine. Source: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. ...
Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease | BMJ Case Reports
Azathioprine and alcohol | Crohn's Disease Forum
I started azathioprine on the 6th April 2016, I took 25mg for one week and have since been on 50mg. I have a hen party coming ... Hello, I started azathioprine on the 6th April 2016, I took 25mg for one week and have since been on 50mg. I have a hen party ... Imuran/Azathioprine/6-MP JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before ... I can confirm in the last 6 years Ive remained on azathioprine at 50 mg. I have had occasions where I have got black out drunk ...
Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and...
... azathioprine-treated patients. Time to kidney flare did not statistically differ (leflunomide: 16 months vs azathioprine: 14 ... Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1886-95.doi:10.1056/ ... Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and ... Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and ...
Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. | Gut
Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey. | Drug...
Azathioprine (AZA) is cleaved in vivo by glutathione to 6-mercpatopurine (6-MP). 6-MP plasma levels were measured by HPLC in ... Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey.. T L Ding ... Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey.. T L Ding ... Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey.. T L Ding ...
Reversal of UVA Skin Photosensitivity and DNA Damage in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Replacing Azathioprine. - Zurich Open...
Replacing azathioprine selectively reduced the skin photosensitivity to UVA, attenuated UVA-induced skin DNA damage, and is ... Replacing azathioprine selectively reduced the skin photosensitivity to UVA, attenuated UVA-induced skin DNA damage, and is ... Azathioprine is associated with enhanced skin photosensitivity to ultraviolet A (UVA) and leads to incorporation of 6- ... Azathioprine is associated with enhanced skin photosensitivity to ultraviolet A (UVA) and leads to incorporation of 6- ...
Azathioprine (Imuran) - Respiratory - Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust
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Hikma receives FDA approval for Azathioprine Sodium Injection | Hikma
Azathioprine Sodium Injection is a niche product and Hikma will be the first to re-introduce this product to the market. ... Azathioprine Sodium Injection is indicated as an adjunct for the prevention of rejection in renal homotransplantations. ... We are very pleased that azathioprine has been approved for the US market, and remain committed to prioritising the re- ... for Azathioprine Sodium Injection USP, 100mg/vial has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). ...
Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder: A rare association and role of azathioprine in the...
Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder: A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ... Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder: A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ... Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder : A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ... Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in mixed connective tissue disorder : A rare association and role of azathioprine in the ...
Azathioprine - MedsChat
Featuring active ingredients, dosages, related medications, and Azathioprine forums. ... Home › Drugs: A › Azathioprine Azathioprine. FDA Approved: * February 16, 1996. Pharm Company: * ROXANE. Category: ... azathioprine side effects do they last ?. hi Ive been on azathioprine now for nearly 3 weeks now 50mg to help with severe ... Azathioprine & the sun?. Does anyone else notice adverse affects from the sun when taking Azathioprine? Ive been taking it for ...
Liver Transplants: Practice Essentials, Orthotopic Liver Transplantation, Immunosuppressive Agents
Azathioprine. Azathioprine is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine. The drug inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, ... Azathioprine is metabolized in the liver and erythrocytes. Renal function has minor effects on levels. The drug causes a dose- ... Its mechanism of action is similar to that of azathioprine, but it does not cause as much bone marrow suppression. It works by ... How does azathioprine contribute to immunosuppression following liver transplantation?. How does everolimus contribute to ...
Lack of evidence of a beneficial effect of azathioprine in dogs treated with prednisolone for idiopathic immune-mediated...
Azathioprine would appear not to be beneficial as standard treatment for all cases of IMHA; however, a blinded, randomized ... Azathioprine is used as an immunosuppressant in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but this potentially toxic and ... the difference in outcome and survival of dogs with idiopathic IMHA treated with a protocol that included azathioprine and ... diagnosis and the response to therapy and survival were compared in dogs treated according to the prednisolone and azathioprine ...
Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation: The MYSS...
Mean 5-yr GFR difference between azathioprine and mycophenolate was 4.67 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.43 ... Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation: The MYSS ... Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation: The MYSS ... Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplantation : The MYSS ...
Azathioprine
... belongs to a class of drugs known as immunosuppressants, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or ... Azathioprine - Handling. How should I handle Azathioprine safely?. Azathioprine - Storage. How should I store Azathioprine ?. ... Azathioprine - Dosage and How to Use. How should Azathioprine be used?. Azathioprine tablets should be swallowed whole, with a ... Before taking Azathioprine , what precautions must I follow?. Azathioprine should be taken as prescribed by the doctor. It is ...
azathioprine
Posts about azathioprine written by Kristine Novak, PhD, Science Editor ... Tag Archives: azathioprine. Does Thiopurine Therapy Increase Cancer Risk?. Posted on October 28, 2013 by Kristine Novak, PhD, ... Posted in Cancer, GI Tract , Tagged 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cancer risk, colitis, DNA, EBV, IBD, immunosuppressant, ...
Imuran (Azathioprine)
Imuran or generic Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that may be prescribed to you to reduce the risk of rejection ... h1,IMURAN (AZATHIOPRINE),/h1, ,h2,Imuran Description,/h2, ,p, ... For those with an autoimmune disease, Imuran or Azathioprine ... IMURAN (AZATHIOPRINE). Imuran Description. Imuran or generic Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that may be ...
Azathioprine Suspension Compounded
Azathioprine Suspension is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ... Youre reviewing:Azathioprine Suspension Compounded. Your Rating. Quality. 1 star 2 stars 3 stars 4 stars 5 stars ... Azathioprine is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ... Azathioprine is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ...
Mylan-Azathioprine | RxHealthMed
Azathioprine belongs to the group of medications known as immunosuppressive agents. It is used to prevent the rejection of ... Do not use azathioprine if you are allergic to azathioprine or any ingredients of the medication. ... Azathioprine is available in tablet and injectable form.. When used to prevent kidney transplant rejection, azathioprine is ... Mylan-Azathioprine is no longer being manufactured for sale in Canada. For brands that may still be available, search under ...
MedsOnCue - Azathioprine - EN
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ImuranCyclosporine50mgTabletAbstractImmunosuppressantsRheumatoidRejectionAzasanEither by azathioprineEffects of azathioprineTherapy with azathioprineImmunosuppressantMedicationToxicityInflammatory bowel dTabletsInfliximabImmunosuppressive drugKidneyBone MarrowBelongs to a classMercaptopurineProdrugAllopurinolMedicationsUlcerative colitisTPMTLeukopeniaSevereClinicalDoseSodiumVersusCrohn'sSearchAspirinTreatmentPatientsInhibitorSymptomsPatientSide effectsPrescription
Imuran4
- Azathioprine (AZA), sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. (medschat.com)
- Imuran or generic Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that may be prescribed to you to reduce the risk of rejection after a solid organ transplant such as a liver, kidney, or lung. (discountdrugsfromcanada.com)
- For those with an autoimmune disease, Imuran or Azathioprine generic helps to decrease a misguided immune response so your joints, organs, or tissues are not under attack and allows you pain relief. (discountdrugsfromcanada.com)
- Imuran is also referred to by its drug name, azathioprine. (myrateam.com)
Cyclosporine5
- At the time of transplant, induction is achieved with high-dose corticosteroids and antithymocyte globulin or monoclonal antibody, followed by the addition of azathioprine and cyclosporine. (medscape.com)
- Long-term immunosuppression is usually maintained with cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. (medscape.com)
- The Mycophenolate Steroids Sparing (MYSS) study found that in renal transplant recipients who were on immunosuppressive therapy with the cyclosporine microemulsion Neoral, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was not better than azathioprine in preventing acute rejection at 21 mo after transplantation and was 15 times more expensive. (elsevier.com)
- In kidney transplantation, the long-term risk/benefit profile of MMF and azathioprine therapy in combination with cyclosporine Neoral is similar. (elsevier.com)
- Azathioprine, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate are used in the management of selected autoimmune diseases ( nephrotic syndrome of childhood and severe rheumatoid arthritis). (unboundmedicine.com)
50mg2
- Hello, I started azathioprine on the 6th April 2016, I took 25mg for one week and have since been on 50mg. (crohnsforum.com)
- hi I've been on azathioprine now for nearly 3 weeks now 50mg to help with severe eczema. (medschat.com)
Tablet2
- Azathioprine comes as a tablet to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Azathioprine is available in tablet and injectable form. (rxhealthmed.ca)
Abstract3
- I found myself browsing the second or third page of azathioprine related google results and an abstract about withdrawing from azathioprine when Crohn's is in remission. (rxisk.org)
- abstract = "Objective: To document a case of azathioprine hepatotoxicity confirmed by rechallenge. (edu.au)
- abstract = "This report describes a 15-year-old woman presenting posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) due to azathioprine. (elsevier.com)
Immunosuppressants3
- Azathioprine is in a class of medications called immunosuppressants. (medlineplus.gov)
- Azathioprine belongs to a class of drugs known as immunosuppressants. (usnpharmaceuticals.lk)
- Treatment with immunosuppressants such as rituximab, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide resulted in a marked reduction in antibody levels and relapse rates. (ox.ac.uk)
Rheumatoid6
- If you are taking azathioprine to treat rheumatoid arthritis, your doctor may start you on a low dose and gradually increase your dose after 6-8 weeks and then not more than once every 4 weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
- Azathioprine controls rheumatoid arthritis but does not cure it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Objectives Previous studies have compared mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis (LN). Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (bmj.com)
- Azathioprine prevents rejection of kidney transplant and reduces the inflammation and pain in rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing the body's natural defense, or immune system. (rxhealthmed.ca)
- For treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, azathioprine is usually given at a dose of approximately 1 mg per kilogram of body weight (50 mg to 100 mg) per day by mouth, in a single daily dose or on a twice-daily schedule. (rxhealthmed.ca)
- Azathioprine is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. (usnpharmaceuticals.lk)
Rejection7
- Azathioprine is used with other medications to prevent transplant rejection (attack of the transplanted organ by the immune system) in people who received kidney transplants. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you are taking azathioprine to prevent kidney transplant rejection, your doctor may start you on a high dose and decrease your dose gradually as your body adjusts to the transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
- Azathioprine (AZA) is widely used in clinical practice for preventing graft rejection in organ transplantations and various autoimmune and dermatological diseases with documented unpredictable hepatotoxicity. (hindawi.com)
- Azathioprine (AZA), prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine, is widely used as an immunosuppressant for several diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune diseases and following transplantation to avoid organ rejection [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Azathioprine Sodium Injection is indicated as an adjunct for the prevention of rejection in renal homotransplantations. (hikma.com)
- When used to prevent kidney transplant rejection, azathioprine is usually started on the day of transplant with an intravenous (into the vein) injection. (rxhealthmed.ca)
- Azathioprine is used to prevent organ rejection in people who have received a kidney transplant. (usnpharmaceuticals.lk)
Azasan1
- Azathioprine is also sold under the brand name Azasan. (myrateam.com)
Either by azathioprine2
- Skin photosensitivity to UVA and UVB was measured in 48 kidney transplant patients immunosuppressed either by azathioprine (n = 32) or mycophenolate (n = 16). (uzh.ch)
- However, in vitro enzymatic assays ruled out direct inhibition of WspR DGC activity either by azathioprine or by its metabolic derivative 2-amino-6-mercapto-purine riboside. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Effects of azathioprine1
- 25. Seymour RA, Smith DG, Rogers SR. The comparative effects of azathioprine and cyclosporin on some gingival health parameters of renal transplant patients. (bvsalud.org)
Therapy with azathioprine2
- Conclusions: This study shows that azathioprine withdrawal is not equivalent to continued therapy with azathioprine for maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn's disease who have been in remission on azathioprine for ≥3.5 years. (rxisk.org)
- The standard treatment protocol was revised from one including combined therapy with azathioprine and prednisolone to one including prednisolone monotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunosuppressant2
- Azathioprine is used as an immunosuppressant in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but this potentially toxic and carcinogenic drug has not been proven to be beneficial. (biomedcentral.com)
- In fact a large study showed that patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine (a strong immunosuppressant) did worse than those not treated at all. (pulmonaryfibrosismd.com)
Medication3
- Some teenage and young adult males who took azathioprine alone or with another medication called a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker to treat Crohn's disease (a condition in which the body attacks the lining of the digestive tract causing pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever) or ulcerative colitis (a condition which causes swelling and sores in the lining of the colon [large intestine] and rectum) developed hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL). (medlineplus.gov)
- Azathioprine is a prescription medication used in dogs and cats for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (cfspharmacy.pharmacy)
- Do not use azathioprine if you are allergic to azathioprine or any ingredients of the medication. (rxhealthmed.ca)
Toxicity6
- Alcohol may interact with Azathioprine and increase the risk of liver toxicity. (skh.com.sg)
- NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Across multiple disease settings, patients with the rs2814778-CC genotype face a higher risk of stopping azathioprine due to hematopoietic toxicity and receiving lower doses of thiopurines, regardless of race, a new study suggests. (medscape.com)
- Azathioprine is widely used to treat a variety of illnesses, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), despite being associated with hematopoietic toxicity. (medscape.com)
- It's been observed that Black patients discontinue azathioprine for hematopoietic toxicity at a higher rate than white patients. (medscape.com)
- The rate of stopping azathioprine due to hematopoietic toxicity was nearly three-fold higher in patients with the CC genotype than peers with the TT or TC genotype (hazard ratio, 2.92) and the risk remained significant after adjustment for race and was evident across multiple diseases. (medscape.com)
- Toxicity of azathioprine: why and when? (cdc.gov)
Inflammatory bowel d1
- Patient treated by azathioprine for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with NUDT15 CC genotype may have reduced, but not absent risk of developing leucopenia, neutropenia or alopecia. (mims.com)
Tablets2
- Azathioprine tablets should be swallowed whole, with a glass of water. (skh.com.sg)
- Niksan Pharmaceutical Is Only Leading Manufacturer, Exporter, Suppliers, Distributor, Trader And Dealer Who Proving High Standard Quality Azathioprine 50 Mg Tablets. (niksanpharmaceutical.co.in)
Infliximab5
- Time courses of HEV viral load (A) and infliximab and azathioprine treatment (B) in pregnant woman with chronic hepatitis E who was undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for ulcerative colitis. (cdc.gov)
- In the SONIC trial , more than 500 adults with moderate to severe Crohn's disease were randomized to receive infliximab monotherapy, azathioprine monotherapy or combination treatment with both medications. (the-rheumatologist.org)
- At week 26 of follow-up, 57% of patients in the combination group achieved steroid-free remission vs. 44% in the infliximab monotherapy group and 30% in the azathioprine monotherapy group. (the-rheumatologist.org)
- In the case of severe inflammation, treatment with purine analogue (azathioprine), TNF-alpha inhibitor (infliximab, adalimumab), or integrin inhibitor (vedolizumab) may be initiated. (lww.com)
- 37 women were on 5ASA, 20 Azathioprine, 5 Infliximab, 4 Adalimumab and 2 on combination Azathioprine-Anti-TNF-Ab. (bmj.com)
Immunosuppressive drug3
- Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (bmj.com)
- The immunosuppressive drug azathioprine inhibits biosynthesis of the bacterial signal molecule cyclic-di-GMP by interfering with intracellular nucleotide pool availability. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- We found that azathioprine, an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of Crohn's disease, was able to inhibit WspR-dependent c-di-GMP biosynthesis in bacterial cells. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Kidney6
- If you have had a kidney transplant, there may be a higher risk that you will develop cancer even if you do not take azathioprine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Kidney flares were observed in 17 (15.7%) leflunomide-treated patients and 19 (17.8%) azathioprine-treated patients. (bmj.com)
- Time to kidney flare did not statistically differ (leflunomide: 16 months vs azathioprine: 14 months, p=0.676). (bmj.com)
- Reversal of UVA Skin Photosensitivity and DNA Damage in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Replacing Azathioprine. (uzh.ch)
- In view of the cost, standard immunosuppression regimens for kidney transplantation should perhaps include azathioprine rather than MMF. (elsevier.com)
- More than 1 in azathioprine and allopurinol together 7 American adults are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects how well kidneys function. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
Bone Marrow1
- Azathioprine can cause a decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow, which may cause serious or life-threatening infections. (medlineplus.gov)
Belongs to a class1
- Azathioprine belongs to a class of medicines called disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). (skh.com.sg)
Mercaptopurine2
- Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the rhesus monkey. (aspetjournals.org)
- Adalimumab is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. (ecco-ibd.eu)
Prodrug1
- Azathioprine is a prodrug that forms thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs) which exerts cytotoxic effects. (mims.com)
Allopurinol8
- Breastfeeding has read what he said many benefits for baby and mom azathioprine and allopurinol together . (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- Stress, fear, azathioprine and allopurinol together and sadness after a traumatic event are common. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- To stay safe during a tornado, prepare a plan and an emergency kit, stay aware of weather conditions during thunderstorms, know the best azathioprine and allopurinol together places to shelter both indoors and outdoors, and always protect your head. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most dangerous industries, with farmers being at very high risk for serious flu complications azathioprine and allopurinol together. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- Infections can put you their explanation and azathioprine and allopurinol together your family can do to be more active from home. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- Clean hands can protect you azathioprine and allopurinol together from serious infections while you are diagnosed with CKD. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- Learn about CHDs and azathioprine and allopurinol together about Caden, a child living with a heart defect. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
- Damaged inner ear azathioprine and allopurinol together cells (stereocilia) do not grow back. (standrewsmarthoma.org)
Medications1
- Maybe my other medications cause it, but I didn't remember this before azathioprine tbh. (crohnsforum.com)
Ulcerative colitis1
- Azathioprine has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, but doctors may sometimes prescribe azathioprine to treat these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
TPMT2
- Genetic testing for TPMT prior to initiation of treatment with azathioprine is recommended. (mims.com)
- Association Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase (TPMT) Genetic Variants and Infection in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients Treated With Azathioprine: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. (cdc.gov)
Leukopenia1
- Based on their results, as well as currently available information for the rs2814778-CC genotypes, the authors recommend that testing for the Duffy-null phenotype be considered in all patients before starting azathioprine or if leukopenia is detected while a patient is taking azathioprine. (medscape.com)
Severe4
- Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. (bmj.com)
- Glucocorticoids are the main component of the immunosuppressive treatment of canine idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), but cytotoxic drugs such as azathioprine are advised for severe disease, such as cases with intravascular hemolysis or autoagglutination, and if the disease is refractory to glucocorticoids alone [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Medicines such as Febuxostat should not be taken together with Azathioprine as they might increase the chance of you experiencing severe side effects. (skh.com.sg)
- Conclusion: Azathioprine rechallenge in a patient who has experienced initial hepatotoxicity may lead to recurrence which is potentially more severe. (edu.au)
Clinical3
- Methods: Patients who were in clinical remission on azathioprine for ≥42 months were randomized to continue azathioprine or to receive an equivalent placebo for 18 months. (rxisk.org)
- Clinical features: A 50-year-old female with nodular scleritis of her left eye was treated with azathioprine as a steroid sparing agent. (edu.au)
- We diagnosed as PRES due to azathioprine because of clinical course and MRI findings. (elsevier.com)
Dose2
- Patient treated by azathioprine for IBD or ALL with NUDT15 CT or TT genotype are unable to tolerate usual dose of azathioprine and have higher risk of leucopenia, neutropenia or alopecia. (mims.com)
- The mean minimal erythema dose to UVA on azathioprine was twofold lower than on mycophenolate. (uzh.ch)
Sodium1
- Azathioprine Sodium Injection is a niche product and Hikma will be the first to re-introduce this product to the market. (hikma.com)
Versus3
- The aim of this investigator-initiated study was to compare the efficacy and safety of leflunomide versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for LN. (bmj.com)
- The aim of this study was to determine the difference in outcome and survival of dogs with idiopathic IMHA treated with a protocol that included azathioprine and prednisolone versus a protocol that included prednisolone alone. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the outcome and survival of dogs with idiopathic IMHA treated according to a protocol including azathioprine and prednisolone (AP) versus a protocol including prednisolone alone (P). (biomedcentral.com)
Crohn's3
- Background & Aims: An open study reported that patients with Crohn's disease in remission who have taken azathioprine for longer than 3.5 years are at low risk of relapse when azathioprine is discontinued. (rxisk.org)
- Based on the evidence here's the conclusion I would think is more responsible to give a Crohn's patient: There was as trial done which included a fairly small number of patients and it showed that if you've been in remission (a Crohn's Disease Activity Index score of less than 150) for at least 42 months and are still taking azathioprine then you can consider stopping. (rxisk.org)
- Our results indicate that azathioprine can prevent biofilm formation in E. coli through inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis and suggest that such inhibition might contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Search1
- For brands that may still be available, search under azathioprine. (rxhealthmed.ca)
Aspirin1
- This is particularly true for people taking statins, but can be found taking anything from aspirin to azathioprine . (rxisk.org)
Treatment1
- We previously reported on the treatment of dogs with idiopathic IMHA with an immunosuppressive protocol consisting of azathioprine and prednisolone, at that time the standard treatment in our clinic [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients11
- Results: Forty patients were randomly assigned to receive azathioprine and 43 to receive placebo. (rxisk.org)
- At 18 months, 3 patients had a relapse in the azathioprine group, and 9 had a relapse in the placebo group. (rxisk.org)
- Further consider you're one of the 34 patients in the placebo group who remained in remission for 18 months and then your doctor tells you that you were in the placebo group but to start taking your azathioprine again. (rxisk.org)
- Patients who achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) were randomised to receive prednisone in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine as maintenance therapy for 36 months. (bmj.com)
- Results A total of 215 patients were randomly allocated to the leflunomide group (n=108) and azathioprine group (n=107). (bmj.com)
- Extrarenal flare occurred in two patients from the azathioprine group and one patient from the leflunomide group. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions The efficacy and safety profile of leflunomide are non-inferior to azathioprine for maintenance therapy of LN. Leflunomide may provide a new candidate for maintenance therapy in patients with LN. (bmj.com)
- In 23 patients, azathioprine was subsequently replaced by mycophenolate and skin photosensitivity, DNA 6-TG content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and susceptibility to UVA-induced DNA damage were monitored for up to 2 years. (uzh.ch)
- We are very pleased that azathioprine has been approved for the US market, and remain committed to prioritising the re-introduction of Bedford products for patients in need. (hikma.com)
- The MYSS Follow-up Study, an extension of MYSS, was aimed at comparing long-term outcome of 248 MYSS patients according to their original randomization to MMF (1 g twice daily) or azathioprine (75 to 100 mg/d). (elsevier.com)
- Basing decisions for many Black patients based on low leukocyte counts rather than genotype could lead to unnecessary stopping or inappropriate dosing of azathioprine, they point out. (medscape.com)
Inhibitor1
- Azathioprine is an inhibitor of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase, an enzyme involved in purine biosynthesis, which suggests that inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis by azathioprine may be due to perturbation of intracellular nucleotide pools. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Symptoms2
- It usually takes between 1 and 3 months to notice any improvement in symptoms after starting azathioprine. (skh.com.sg)
- Signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity recurred within 3 days and resolved rapidly after cessation of azathioprine. (edu.au)
Patient1
- Patient may be able to tolerate higher doses of azathioprine. (mims.com)
Side effects4
- azathioprine side effects in more detail. (drugs.com)
- Among several breastfed infants of mothers who were treated with Azathioprine failed to be detected in the blood nor side effects were found. (e-lactancia.org)
- What side effects can Azathioprine cause? (skh.com.sg)
- Side effects may occur when taking Azathioprine, but the majority of these effects tend to resolve spontaneously. (skh.com.sg)
Prescription2
- There are 12 Medicare Advantage Plans with additional prescription drug coverage for Azathioprine available to residents in Arizona. (medicarehelp.org)
- Yes, the majority of Medicare Prescription Plans do require prior authorization from your doctor for Azathioprine. (medicarehelp.org)