AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
AxotomyFacial Nerve InjuriesNerve RegenerationAxonsFacial NerveSciatic NerveDenervationNerve CrushGanglia, SpinalRetrograde DegenerationMotor NeuronsWallerian DegenerationGAP-43 ProteinOptic NerveRed NucleusNeurons, AfferentOptic Nerve InjuriesStilbamidinesRetinal Ganglion CellsAxonal TransportAutonomic Fibers, PostganglionicPeripheral NervesGanglia, SympatheticSelf MutilationNeurofilament ProteinsHypoglossal NerveNerve DegenerationRats, Sprague-DawleySuperior Cervical GanglionNeuronsSpinal NervesPeripheral Nerve InjuriesNissl BodiesHypoglossal Nerve InjuriesSchwann CellsGlossopharyngeal NerveNerve Growth FactorsSpinal CordSciatic NeuropathyLampreysNeuritesMuscle DenervationFemoral NeuropathyNeural ConductionSensory Receptor CellsIntermediate FilamentsCell SurvivalActivating Transcription Factor 3Time FactorsTrauma, Nervous SystemAplysiaMedial Forebrain BundleNeurotrophin 3Nerve Tissue ProteinsTubulinRhizotomyGalaninAutonomic Denervation
Axotomy
Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.
Facial Nerve Injuries
Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.
Nerve Regeneration
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Facial Nerve
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Sciatic Nerve
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Denervation
The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Nerve Crush
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Ganglia, Spinal
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Retrograde Degeneration
Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.
Motor Neurons
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.
GAP-43 Protein
A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.
Optic Nerve
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Red Nucleus
A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.
Neurons, Afferent
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Optic Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Stilbamidines
STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Axonal Transport
The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)
Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic
Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.
Peripheral Nerves
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
Ganglia, Sympathetic
Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.
Self Mutilation
The act of injuring one's own body to the extent of cutting off or permanently destroying a limb or other essential part of a body.
Neurofilament Proteins
Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)
Hypoglossal Nerve
The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Superior Cervical Ganglion
The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Spinal Nerves
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Nissl Bodies
Subcellular structures found in nerve cell bodies and DENDRITES. They consist of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH) and RIBOSOMES.
Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries
Traumatic injuries to the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE.
Schwann Cells
Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
Nerve Growth Factors
Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
Spinal Cord
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Sciatic Neuropathy
Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)
Lampreys
Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.
Neurites
In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.
Muscle Denervation
The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
Femoral Neuropathy
Disease involving the femoral nerve. The femoral nerve may be injured by ISCHEMIA (e.g., in association with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES), nerve compression, trauma, COLLAGEN DISEASES, and other disease processes. Clinical features include MUSCLE WEAKNESS or PARALYSIS of hip flexion and knee extension, ATROPHY of the QUADRICEPS MUSCLE, reduced or absent patellar reflex, and impaired sensation over the anterior and medial thigh.
Neural Conduction
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
Sensory Receptor Cells
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
Intermediate Filaments
Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.
Cell Survival
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Activating Transcription Factor 3
An activating transcription factor that plays a key role in cellular responses to GENOTOXIC STRESS and OXIDATIVE STRESS.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.
Aplysia
An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.
Medial Forebrain Bundle
A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.
Neurotrophin 3
A neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. It is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Rhizotomy
Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Galanin
A neuropeptide of 29-30 amino acids depending on the species. Galanin is widely distributed throughout the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and INTESTINES. There are various subtypes of GALANIN RECEPTORS implicating roles of galanin in regulating FOOD INTAKE; pain perception; memory; and other neuroendocrine functions.
Autonomic Denervation
The removal or interruption of some part of the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (1/532)

According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles.  (+info)

Central peptidergic neurons are hyperactive during collateral sprouting and inhibition of activity suppresses sprouting. (2/532)

Little is known regarding the effect of chronic changes in neuronal activity on the extent of collateral sprouting by identified CNS neurons. We have investigated the relationship between activity and sprouting in oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS). Uninjured MNS neurons undergo a robust collateral-sprouting response that restores the axon population of the neural lobe (NL) after a lesion of the contralateral MNS (). Simultaneously, lesioned rats develop chronic urinary hyperosmolality indicative of heightened neurosecretory activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sprouting MNS neurons are hyperactive by measuring changes in cell and nuclear diameters, OT and VP mRNA pools, and axonal cytochrome oxidase activity (COX). Each of these measures was significantly elevated during the period of most rapid axonal growth between 1 and 4 weeks after the lesion, confirming that both OT and VP neurons are hyperactive while undergoing collateral sprouting. In a second study the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of neuronal activity would interfere with the sprouting response was tested. Chronic hyponatremia (CH) was induced 3 d before the hypothalamic lesion and sustained for 4 weeks to suppress neurosecretory activity. CH abolished the lesion-induced increases in OT and VP mRNA pools and virtually eliminated measurable COX activity in MNS terminals. Counts of the total number of axon profiles in the NL revealed that CH also prevented axonal sprouting from occurring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased neuronal activity is required for denervation-induced collateral sprouting to occur in the MNS.  (+info)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (3/532)

Sensitivity to the pungent vanilloid, capsaicin, defines a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are mainly polymodal nociceptors. The recently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is activated by capsaicin and noxious heat. Using combined in situ hybridization and histochemical methods, we have characterized in sensory ganglia the expression of VR1 mRNA. We show that this receptor is almost exclusively expressed by neurofilament-negative small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells. Within this population, VR1 mRNA is detected at widely varying levels in both the NGF receptor (trkA)-positive, peptide-producing cells that elicit neurogenic inflammation and the functionally less characterized glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive cells that bind lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4). Cells without detectable levels of VR1 mRNA are found in both classes. A subpopulation of the IB4-binding cells that produce somatostatin has relatively low levels of VR1 mRNA. A previously uncharacterized population of very small cells that express the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and that do not label for trkA or IB4-binding has the highest relative levels of VR1 mRNA. The majority of small visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion also express VR1 mRNA, in conjunction with the BDNF receptor trkB but not trkA. Axotomy results in the downregulation of VR1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells. Our data emphasize the heterogeneity of VR1 mRNA expression by subclasses of small sensory neurons, and this may result in their differential sensitivity to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. Our results also indicate that peripherally derived trophic factors may regulate levels of VR1 mRNA.  (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (4/532)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.  (+info)

CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. (5/532)

PURPOSE: To investigate the in vivo effects of trophic factors on the axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. METHODS: The left optic nerve was transected intracranially or intraorbitally, and a peripheral nerve graft was apposed or sutured to the axotomized optic nerve to enhance regeneration. Trophic factors were applied intravitreally every 5 days. Animals were allowed to survive for 3 or 4 weeks. Regenerating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were labeled by applying the dye Fluoro-Gold to the distal end of the peripheral nerve graft 3 days before the animals were killed. RESULTS: Intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor substantially enhanced the regeneration of damaged axons into a sciatic nerve graft in both experimental conditions (intracranial and intraorbital optic nerve transections) but did not increase the survival of distally axotomized RGCs. Basic fibroblast growth factor and neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 failed to enhance axonal regeneration of distally axotomized RGCs. CONCLUSIONS: Neurons of the adult central nervous system can regenerate in response to trophic supply after injury, and ciliary neurotrophic factor is at least one of the trophic factors that can promote axonal regeneration of axotomized RGCs.  (+info)

Neurotrophin modulation of the monosynaptic reflex after peripheral nerve transection. (6/532)

The effects of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and NT-4/5 on the function of axotomized group Ia afferents and motoneurons comprising the monosynaptic reflex pathway were investigated. The axotomized medial gastrocnemius (MG) nerve was provided with NT-3 or NT-4/5 for 8-35 d via an osmotic minipump attached to its central end at the time of axotomy. After this treatment, monosynaptic EPSPs were recorded intracellularly from MG or lateral gastrocnemius soleus (LGS) motoneurons in response to stimulation of the heteronymous nerve under pentobarbital anesthesia. Controls were preparations with axotomized nerves treated directly with vehicle; other axotomized controls were administered subcutaneous NT-3. Direct NT-3 administration (60 microgram/d) not only prevented the decline in EPSP amplitude from axotomized afferents (stimulate MG, record LGS) observed in axotomy controls but, after 5 weeks, led to EPSPs larger than those from intact afferents. These central changes were paralleled by recovery of group I afferent conduction velocity. Removal of NT-3 4-5 weeks after beginning treatment resulted in a decline of conduction velocity and EPSP amplitude within 1 week to values characteristic of axotomy. The increased synaptic efficacy after NT-3 treatment was associated with enhanced connectivity of single afferents to motoneurons. NT-4/5 induced modest recovery in group I afferent conduction velocity but not of the EPSPs they elicited. NT-3 or NT-4/5 had no effect on the properties of treated motoneurons or their monosynaptic EPSPs. We conclude that NT-3, and to a limited extent NT-4/5, promotes recovery of axotomized group Ia afferents but not axotomized motoneurons or the synapses on them.  (+info)

Ultrastructural analysis of ectopic synaptic boutons arising from peripherally regenerated primary afferent fibers. (7/532)

The central axons of peripherally regenerated Abeta primary sensory neurons were impaled in the dorsal columns of alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats 9-12 mo after axotomy. The adequate peripheral stimulus was determined, and the afferent fibers intracellularly stimulated while simultaneously recording the resulting cord dorsum potentials (CDPs). Fibers that successfully had reinnervated the skin responded to light tactile stimulation, and evoked CDPs that suggested dorsally located boutons were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Two HRP-stained regenerated Abeta afferent fibers were recovered that supported large numbers of axon collaterals and swellings in laminae I, IIo, and IIi. Sections containing the ectopic collateral fibers and terminals in the superficial dorsal horn were embedded in plastic. Analyses of serial ultrathin sections revealed that ectopic projections from both regenerated fibers supported numerous synaptic boutons filled with clear round vesicles, a few large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) and several mitochondria (>3). All profiles examined in serial sections (19) formed one to three asymmetric axo-dendritic contacts. Unmyelinated portions of ectopic fibers giving rise to en passant and terminal boutons often contained numerous clear round vesicles. Several boutons (47%) received asymmetric contacts from axon terminals containing pleomorphic vesicles. These results strongly suggest that regenerated Abeta fibers activated by light tactile stimuli support functional connections in the superficial dorsal horn that have distinct ultrastructural features. In addition, the appearance of LDCVs suggests that primary sensory neurons are capable of changing their neurochemical phenotype.  (+info)

Nature of the retrograde signal from injured nerves that induces interleukin-6 mRNA in neurons. (8/532)

In previous studies, interleukin-6 was shown to be synthesized in approximately one-third of lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons during the first week after nerve transection. In present studies, interleukin-6 mRNA was found to be induced also in axotomized facial motor neurons and sympathetic neurons. The nature of the signal that induces interleukin-6 mRNA in neurons after nerve injury was analyzed. Blocking of retrograde axonal transport by injection of colchicine into an otherwise normal nerve did not induce interleukin-6 mRNA in primary sensory neurons, but injection of colchicine into the nerve stump prevented induction of interleukin-6 mRNA by nerve transection. Therefore, it was concluded that interleukin-6 is induced by an injury factor arising from the nerve stump rather than by interruption of normal retrograde trophic support from target tissues or distal nerve segments. Next, injection into the nerve of a mast cell degranulating agent was shown to stimulate interleukin-6 mRNA in sensory neurons and systemic administration of mast cell stabilizing agents to mitigate the induction of interleukin-6 mRNA in sensory neurons after nerve injury. These data implicate mast cells as one possible source of the factors that lead to induction of interleukin-6 mRNA after nerve injury. In search of a possible function of inducible interelukin-6, neuronal death after nerve transection was assessed in mice with null deletion of the interleukin-6 gene. Retrograde death of neurons in the fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion was 45% greater in knockout than in wild-type mice. Thus, endogenous interleukin-6 contributes to the survival of axotomized neurons.  (+info)

The effect of ganglion cell axotomy on other cells in the porcine retina [electronic resource] / - OpenThesisThe effect of ganglion cell axotomy on other cells in the porcine retina [electronic resource] / - OpenThesis
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axotomy and death on the thickness of the inner plexiform (IPL), inner nuclear (INL), and outer plexiform layers (OPL), as well as the densities of short- (S) and middle-to-long-wavelength (M/L) cones in the porcine retina. Unilateral, peripapillary RGC axotomy was performed in six domestic pigs using an argon laser. In eight additional pigs the optic nerve was surgically transected. With the exception of two eyes that underwent sham surgeries, the contralateral eyes were not treated and served as controls. Damage to the retinal vasculature was ruled out with fluorescein angiography. Nine months later the retinas were flat mounted, and biopsies were taken at four retinal locations. Cone densities were determined with anti-visual pigment antibodies, COS-1 for M/L and OS-2 for S pigment. Semithin cross sections were made through all biopsies to measure the thickness of the retinal layers. The effect of ...
http://www.openthesis.org/documents/effect-ganglion-cell-axotomy-other-408075.html
Axotomy - WikipediaAxotomy - Wikipedia
A traumatic brain injury is defined as a blunt non-missile penetrating or missile injury to the head.[10] It has been shown that the extent of the damage incurred after a head trauma correlates more directly with the amount of deformation incurred by the brain than the amount of stress per area applied to the head. There are two modes of axotomy that can occur as a result of a TBI. Primary axotomy occurs immediately and is characterized as complete mechanical transaction of axons. More often, secondary axotomy occurs, evolving over time and ultimately leading to disconnection. While this type of injury is often irreversible, the axons do occasionally recover. Researchers are currently working towards utilizing this potential for recovery to develop therapies for patients suffering from traumatic brain injuries. These therapies rely on the scientific understanding of the axotomy response. Two mechanisms that aid in the reinnervation process are acute inflammation and the activation of molecules ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axotomy
Purpose. in 96-well plates. RGC viability was evaluated after 1 toPurpose. in 96-well plates. RGC viability was evaluated after 1 to
Purpose. in 96-well plates. RGC viability was evaluated after 1 to 3 times by MTT assay. Activation of TrkB and signaling substances was confirmed by European blot evaluation SU-5402 downstream. Intravitreal shots of 29D7 had been performed after optic nerve axotomy and following RGC success was quantified using β-III tubulin immunostaining. Regeneration was evaluated using retrograde fluorogold tracing within an optic nerve-peripheral nerve graft model. Outcomes. Just like brain-derived neurotrophic element (BDNF) the 29D7 antibody highly promoted RGC success and neurite development in vitro weighed against medium only or control IgG. Forskolin which weakly backed RGC success alone potentiated the result of 29D7. Intravitreal shot of 29D7 improved RGC success however not regeneration in vivo 14 days after optic nerve damage. Conclusions. Collectively these results demonstrate the prospect of antibody-mediated TrkB agonism like a potential restorative method of enhance RGC success after optic ...
http://biomaterials-2011-dfg-nsf-conference.com/purpose-in-96-well-plates-rgc-viability-was-evaluated-after-1-to/
A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studiesA microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies
Understanding the basic mechanisms of neural regeneration after injury is a pre-requisite for developing appropriate treatments. Traditional approaches to model axonal lesions, such as high intensity power laser ablation or sharp metal scratching, are complex to implement, have low throughputs, and generate cuts that are difficult to modulate. We present here a novel reproducible microfluidic approach to model in vitro mechanical lesion of tens to hundreds of axons simultaneously in a controlled manner. The dimensions of the induced axonal injury and its distance from the neuronal cell body are precisely controlled while preserving both the proximal and distal portions of axons. We have observed that distal axons undergo Wallerianlike anterograde degeneration after axotomy; in contrast, proximal portions of the axons remain un-degenerated, possessing the potential to re-grow. More importantly, surpassing the previous axotomy methods performed in petridish in which local microenvironments cannot ...
http://www.recercat.cat/handle/2072/258147
c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury - De Felipe - 2001 -...c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury - De Felipe - 2001 -...
De Felipe, C. and Belmonte, C. (1999), c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11: 899-906. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00498.x ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00498.x/references
INT310857 - wiki-painINT310857 - wiki-pain
The present study shows that peripheral nerve injury induces PAP-II expression in peripherin-containing small DRG neurons which mostly expressed neither CGRP nor IB4, followed by a shift to NPY-containing large DRG neurons 14 days after peripheral axotomy ...
http://gnteam.cs.manchester.ac.uk/demos/wiki-pain/vhosts/wikipaints/mediawiki-1.19.1/index.php/INT310857
Neurotrophin-4 modulates the mechanotransducer Cav3.2 T-type calcium current in mice down-hair neurons | Biochemical JournalNeurotrophin-4 modulates the mechanotransducer Cav3.2 T-type calcium current in mice down-hair neurons | Biochemical Journal
The T-type Ca2+ channel Cav3.2 is expressed in nociceptive and mechanosensitive sensory neurons. The mechanosensitive D-hair (down-hair) neurons, which innervate hair follicles, are characterized by a large-amplitude Cav3.2 T-current involved in the amplification of slow-moving stimuli. The molecules and signalling pathways that regulate T-current expression in mechanoreceptors are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of NT-4 (neurotrophin-4) on Cav3.2 T-current expression in D-hair neurons in vitro. Interruption of the supply of NT-4 with peripheral nerve axotomy induced a non-transcriptional decrease in the T-current amplitude of fluorogold-labelled axotomized sensory neurons. The T-current amplitude was restored by incubation with NT-4. Deletion of NT-4 through genetic ablation resulted in a similar selective loss of the large-amplitude T-current in NT-4−/− sensory neurons, which was rescued by the addition of NT-4. NT-4 had no effect on the T-current in ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/441/1/463
TrkA activation is sufficient to rescue axotomized cholinergic neuronsTrkA activation is sufficient to rescue axotomized cholinergic neurons
To test the molecular nature of the NGF receptor responsible for the ability of NGF to rescue septal cholinergic neurons following axotomy, we infused polyclonal antibodies that act as specific agonists of trkA (RTA) into the lateral ventricle of fimbria-fornix lesioned animals. Rats receiving chron …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8785062/?dopt=Abstract
Particle-Mediated Gene Transfer in Retinal Explant Cultures as a Model for Studying Neurite Remodelling After Axotomy | IOVS |...Particle-Mediated Gene Transfer in Retinal Explant Cultures as a Model for Studying Neurite Remodelling After Axotomy | IOVS |...
Retinas were isolated from Brown Norwegian male rats 9-12 weeks of age and cultured on 0.4 µm Millicell culture plate inserts in Neurobasal-A medium at 37ºC in 5% CO2. A Helios gene gun system was used for particle-mediated transfer of a YFP-expressing plasmid to RGCs. Retinal explants were treated with a broad-spectrum, irreversible caspase inhibitor (Boc-D-FMK) to prevent apoptosis. The morphology of RGCs was observed by confocal microscopy. ...
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2381285
Removal of the Potassium Chloride Co-Transporter from the Somatodendritic Membrane of Axotomized Motoneurons Is Independent of...Removal of the Potassium Chloride Co-Transporter from the Somatodendritic Membrane of Axotomized Motoneurons Is Independent of...
The authors examined the mechanisms of KCC2 down-regulation in axotomized spinal motor neurons with and without reinnervation of muscle. They first established a system to measure KCC2 expression throughout somatodendritic membranes. Next, they used genetic approaches to demonstrate that microglia, BDNF, and TrKB are not responsible for the KCC2 down-regulation caused by sciatic transection; instead, KCC2 is dependent on neuromuscular innervation. Overall, the reviewers felt that the study is well done and includes a comprehensive set of experiments addressing fundamental questions related to factors contributing to the downregulation of KCC2 expression in motor neurons. However, reviewers and the reviewing editor agreed that there are a few issues to be addressed before further considering this work for publication. Major considerations are on the interpretation of the results for KCC2 regulation mechanism, neuron types expressing KCC2 (and not expressing), and KCC2 internalization vs. protein ...
https://www.eneuro.org/content/6/5/ENEURO.0172-19.2019.full
Publications | National Center for Adaptive NeurotechnologiesPublications | National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies
Chen Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Sun C, English AW, Wolpaw J, et al.. H-reflex up-conditioning encourages recovery of EMG activity and H-reflexes after sciatic nerve transection and repair in rats. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience [Internet]. 2010;30:16128-16136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123559 ...
https://www.neurotechcenter.org/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=3337
What Is Nerve Transection? (with pictures)What Is Nerve Transection? (with pictures)
Nerve transection is a condition in which nerve fibers that run throughout the body are cut. There are several common causes of...
https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-nerve-transection.htm
Autophagy promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy in miceAutophagy promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy in mice
Autophagy is an essential recycling pathway implicated in neurodegeneration either as a pro-survival or a pro-death mechanism. Its role after axonal injury is still uncertain. Axotomy of the optic nerve is a classical model of neurodegeneration. It induces retinal ganglion cell death, a process also occurring in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. We analyzed autophagy induction and cell survival following optic nerve transection (ONT) in mice. Our results demonstrate activation of autophagy shortly after axotomy with autophagosome formation, upregulation of the autophagy regulator Atg5 and apoptotic death of 50% of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after 5 days. Genetic downregulation of autophagy using knockout mice for Atg4B (another regulator of autophagy) or with specific deletion of Atg5 in retinal ganglion cells, using the Atg5flox/flox mice reduces cell survival after ONT, whereas pharmacological induction of autophagy in vivo increases the number of surviving cells. In conclusion, ...
http://www.sebbm.es/web/en/science-for-society/article-of-the-month/689-autophagy-promotes-survival-of-retinal-ganglion-cells-after-optic-nerve-axotomy-in-mice
Molecular and histological changes in the dLGN and cortices and their time-course secondary to trans-synaptic degeneration...Molecular and histological changes in the dLGN and cortices and their time-course secondary to trans-synaptic degeneration...
Purpose: Anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration along the visual pathway has been observed in glaucomatous patients and experimental glaucoma models. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms and extent of trans-synaptic changes in the visual system as well as in the distant somatosensory cortex using a rodent model of optic nerve axotomy. It is known that the rat primary somatosensory centre has structural and functional inter-linkages with the visual cortex.. Methods: Optic nerve injury in the form of axotomy was performed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were sacrificed at regular time points and tissues harvested. Immunoblotting followed by densitometric analysis was used to determine the phosphorylation profile of Akt in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the visual cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The neuronal cell size and cell density were measured using Nissl staining. The prevalence of apoptosis was characterized by terminal ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2146006
Plus itPlus it
The effect of a change in neurofilament (NF) and tubulin gene expression on the elongation of axonal sprouts by adult rat sensory neurons was examined. Distal sciatic nerve crush axotomy was used to initiate changes in cytoskeletal gene expression in lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In situ hybridization of DRG neurons with 35S- labeled cDNA probes revealed a significant reduction in the level of mRNAs for the low-molecular weight-NF protein and a significant increase in the level of beta tubulin mRNAs by 2 weeks after axotomy. A novel modification of the axonal transport paradigm was used to examine the biochemical composition of the regenerating axons formed by primed and unprimed DRG neurons. Primed neurons (which had sustained a crush axotomy of the distal sciatic nerve 2 weeks earlier) and unprimed (normal) neurons were labeled by microinjection of 35S-methionine and then stimulated to regenerate axons by a crush located very close to the DRG. In this paradigm, axonal sprouts that ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/8/2645
Evidence that activation of P2X7R does not exacerbate neuronal death after optic nerve transection and focal cerebral ischemia...Evidence that activation of P2X7R does not exacerbate neuronal death after optic nerve transection and focal cerebral ischemia...
Evidence that activation of P2X7R does not exacerbate neuronal death after optic nerve transection and focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol. 2017 Jun 29;: Authors: Caglayan B, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Yalcin E, Beker M, Kelestemur T, Sertel E, Ozturk G, Kilic U, Sahin F, Kilic E Abstract Conflicting data in the literature about the function of P2X7R in survival following...
https://medworm.com/369224859/evidence-that-activation-of-p2x7r-does-not-exacerbate-neuronal-death-after-optic-nerve-transection-a/
Corticospinal neurons up-regulate a range of growth-associated genes following intracortical, but not spinal, axotomy. -...Corticospinal neurons up-regulate a range of growth-associated genes following intracortical, but not spinal, axotomy. -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925005?dopt=Abstract
Laminotomy for Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Access and Injection in Swine | Protocol (Translated to Hindi)Laminotomy for Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Access and Injection in Swine | Protocol (Translated to Hindi)
हम सूअर में laminotomy के लिए एक विधि का वर्णन है कि intraganglionic इंजेक्शन के लिए काष्ठ पृष्ठीय रूट गैंग्लिया (डीआरजी) तक पहुंच...
https://www.jove.com/v/56434?language=Hindi
Expression of auxiliary beta subunits of sodium channels in primary afferent neurons and the effect of nerve injury | Read by...Expression of auxiliary beta subunits of sodium channels in primary afferent neurons and the effect of nerve injury | Read by...
Multiple voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary mediators of cell excitability. They are multimers that consist of the pore-forming alpha subunit and auxiliary beta subunits. Although ion permeability and voltage sensing are primarily determined by the alpha subunit, beta subunits are important modulators of sodium channel function. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of axotomy on the expression of beta subunits (beta(1), beta(2) and beta(3)) and coexpression of Na(v)1.3 and beta(3) subunits in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). We used sciatic nerve transection models or spared nerve injury (SNI) models in the rat. In reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, there were no significant differences between contralateral and ipsilateral DRGs of beta(1) and beta(2) mRNA 3 days after axotomy. beta(3) mRNA expression in ipsilateral DRGs increased significantly compared with contralateral DRGs 3 days after axotomy. In in situ hybridization histochemistry, beta(1) ...
https://read.qxmd.com/read/14522002/expression-of-auxiliary-beta-subunits-of-sodium-channels-in-primary-afferent-neurons-and-the-effect-of-nerve-injury
Glycosylation Alters Steady-State Inactivation of Sodium Channel Nav1.9/NaN in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Is...Glycosylation Alters Steady-State Inactivation of Sodium Channel Nav1.9/NaN in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Is...
Animals. Adult, timed-pregnant and postnatal [postnatal day 0 (P0), P2, P3, P4, P7, and P21] Sprague Dawley rats were used to harvest tissue. Adult Sprague Dawley female rats were used to investigate the effect of axotomy on Nav1.9 protein levels. Axotomy was performed as described previously (Dib-Hajj et al., 1996, 1998). Briefly, Sprague Dawley female rats were anesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p). Sciatic nerves at midthigh level were exposed on the right side, ligated with 4-0 sutures proximal to the pyriform ligament, transected, and placed in a silicon cuff to prevent regeneration (Fitzgerald et al., 1985). Fourteen days after axotomy, the rats were anesthetized, and control (contralateral) and injured (ipsilateral) L4/L5 DRG were removed for analysis. Experiments were performed in accordance with NIH guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.. Preparation of membrane fraction. The fourth and fifth lumber DRG (L4 and L5), trigeminal ganglia, ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/24/9629?ijkey=01f138bc0e848b5449bd0f1edb8386a2a8584b7f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Cell type-specific changes of the membrane properties of peripherally- axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model...Cell type-specific changes of the membrane properties of peripherally- axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cell type-specific changes of the membrane properties of peripherally- axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. AU - Kim, Y. I.. AU - Na, H. S.. AU - Kim, S. H.. AU - Han, H. C.. AU - Yoon, Y. W.. AU - Sung, B.. AU - Nam, H. J.. AU - Shin, S. L.. AU - Hong, S. K.. PY - 1998/5/21. Y1 - 1998/5/21. N2 - Recent evidence indicates that neuropathic pain from partial peripheral nerve injury is maintained by electrophysiologically abnormal signals from injured sensory neurons. To gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying this electrophysiological abnormality, we examined the effects of S1 spinal nerve transection on the membrane properties of S1 dorsal root ganglion neurons one to two weeks after injury. This injury produced significant action potential broadening [40% (1 ms) in C-, 149% (1.5 ms) in Aδ- and 84% (0.5 ms) in Aα/β-cells], which was primarily due to the enhancement of the shoulder appearing on the falling phase of the action ...
https://koreauniv.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cell-type-specific-changes-of-the-membrane-properties-of-peripher
5-HTr Expression in Primary Trigeminal Neuron Following Injury5-HTr Expression in Primary Trigeminal Neuron Following Injury
Trigeminal ganglia neurons significantly affect the amplitude and type of 5-HT receptor gene expression following activation of their axon terminals and sensitisation by painful stimuli. Moreover, these neurons significantly alter gene expression in cytoskeletal proteins following injury. The aim of the present study was to determine whether peripheral and/or central deafferenting lesions affect gene expression in serotonergic receptors that are involved in pain transmission. Adult rats were subjected to unilateral ablation of the facial sensory and motor cortices. Fifteen days after the surgery, degeneration of the cortico-trigeminal pathway was observed. Presynaptic deafferentation of the primary trigeminal neurons and central afferents of the contralateral ganglia was conducted. As a consequence of the excision of the meninges covering the ablated cortices, the peripheral axotomy of the trigeminal-vascular primary neurons of the ipsi-lateral side was induced. Serotonergic receptor (5-HT5A/5B/1B/1D/1F
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=25204
New tool to identify and control neuronsNew tool to identify and control neurons
Researchers at Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience develop a technique to visualize and control the neural activities that underlie behavior Since
https://www.maxplanckflorida.org/news-and-media/news/new-tool-to-identify-and-control-neurons/
Heterogeneous spine loss in layer 5 cortical neurons after spinal cord injury - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveHeterogeneous spine loss in layer 5 cortical neurons after spinal cord injury - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
A large thoracic spinal cord injury disconnects the hindlimb (HL) sensory-motor cortex from its target, the lumbar spinal cord. The fate of the synaptic structures of the axotomized cortical neurons is not well studied. We evaluated the density of spines on axotomized corticospinal neurons at 3, 7, and 21 days after the injury in adult mice expressing yellow fluorescence protein in a subset of layer 5 neurons. Spine density of the dendritic segment proximal to the soma (in layer 5) declined as early as 3 days after injury, far preceding the onset of somatic atrophy. In the distal segment (in layer 2/3), spine loss was slower and less severe than in the proximal segment. Axotomy of corticospinal axons in the brainstem (pyramidotomy) induced a comparable reduction of spine density, demonstrating that the loss is not restricted to the neurons axotomized in the thoracic spinal cord. Surprisingly, in both forms of injury, the spine density of putative non-axotomized layer 5 neurons was reduced as ...
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/54806/
Inhibiting Axon Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Acute Brain Injury Th by Nils HenningerInhibiting Axon Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Acute Brain Injury Th by Nils Henninger
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Annually, 150 to 200/1,000,000 people become disabled as a result of brain trauma. Axonal degeneration is a critical, early event following TBI of all severities but whether axon degeneration is a driver of TBI remains unclear. Molecular pathways underlying the pathology of TBI have not been defined and there is no efficacious treatment for TBI. Despite this significant societal impact, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that actively drive axon degeneration in any context and particularly following TBI. Although severe brain injury may cause immediate disruption of axons (primary axotomy), it is now recognized that the most frequent form of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is mediated by a cascade of events that ultimately result in secondary axonal disconnection (secondary axotomy) within hours to days. Proposed mechanisms include immediate post-traumatic cytoskeletal destabilization as a direct result of
https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/900/
WldS prevents axon degeneration through increased mitochondrial flux and enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering. | PassportWldS prevents axon degeneration through increased mitochondrial flux and enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering. | Passport
Wld(S) (slow Wallerian degeneration) is a remarkable protein that can suppress Wallerian degeneration of axons and synapses, but how it exerts this effect remains unclear. Here, using Drosophila and mouse models, we identify mitochondria as a key site of action for Wld(S) neuroprotective function. Targeting the NAD(+) biosynthetic enzyme Nmnat to mitochondria was sufficient to fully phenocopy Wld(S), and Wld(S) was specifically localized to mitochondria in synaptic preparations from mouse brain. Axotomy of live wild-type axons induced a dramatic spike in axoplasmic Ca(2+) and termination of mitochondrial movement-Wld(S) potently suppressed both of these events. Surprisingly, Wld(S) also promoted increased basal mitochondrial motility in axons before injury, and genetically suppressing mitochondrial motility in vivo dramatically reduced the protective effect of Wld(S). Intriguingly, purified mitochondria from Wld(S) mice exhibited enhanced Ca(2+) buffering capacity. We propose that the enhanced ...
https://passport.as.uky.edu/wlds-prevents-axon-degeneration-through-increased-mitochondrial-flux-and-enhanced-mitochondrial-ca2
Rapid in vivo forward genetic approach for identifying axon death gene by Lukas J. Neukomm, Thomas C. Burdett et al.Rapid in vivo forward genetic approach for identifying axon death gene by Lukas J. Neukomm, Thomas C. Burdett et al.
Axons damaged by acute injury, toxic insults, or neurodegenerative diseases execute a poorly defined autodestruction signaling pathway leading to widespread fragmentation and functional loss. Here, we describe an approach to study Wallerian degeneration in the Drosophila L1 wing vein that allows for analysis of axon degenerative phenotypes with single-axon resolution in vivo. This method allows for the axotomy of specific subsets of axons followed by examination of progressive axonal degeneration and debris clearance alongside uninjured control axons. We developed new Flippase (FLP) reagents using proneural gene promoters to drive FLP expression very early in neural lineages. These tools allow for the production of mosaic clone populations with high efficiency in sensory neurons in the wing. We describe a collection of lines optimized for forward genetic mosaic screens using MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker; i.e., GFP-labeled, homozygous mutant) on all major autosomal arms (
http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_sp/1962/
What is Wallerian Degeneration? (with pictures)What is Wallerian Degeneration? (with pictures)
Wallerian degenaration is a pattern of damage in nerve fibers in which the axon of a nerve breaks down because of a lesion on the...
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-wallerian-degeneration.htm
NMNAT2抗体|Abcam中国|Anti-NMNAT2抗体NMNAT2抗体|Abcam中国|Anti-NMNAT2抗体
NMNAT2小鼠单克隆抗体(ab56980)可与小鼠, 人样本反应并经WB, IHC, Flow Cyt, ICC/IF实验严格验证，被2篇文献引用并得到1个独立的用户反馈。
http://www.abcam.cn/nmnat2-antibody-ab56980.html
Differential response of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase), and cholinergic and opioidergic markers to hypoglossal...Differential response of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase), and cholinergic and opioidergic markers to hypoglossal...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential response of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase), and cholinergic and opioidergic markers to hypoglossal axotomy. AU - Back, Stephen A.. AU - Gorenstein, Charles. PY - 1994/2/8. Y1 - 1994/2/8. N2 - Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP; enkephalinase) may inactivate a number of centrally active neuropeptides including the enkephalins and substance P. In most areas of the central nervous system, the cell types which express NEP activity are not known. The hypoglossal nucleus (N. XII) was selected as a model system to characterize the cytochemical localization of NEP. The effect of hypoglossal nerve axotomy upon the distribution of NEP activity in the hypoglossal nucleus was compared to the effect upon cholinergic markers, the muopiate receptor, and the enkephalins. By use of a fluorescence histochemical method, NEP was localized at all levels of N.XII to the soma and proximal processes of the majority of the apparent motor neurons in the nucleus. Fluorescent ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/differential-response-of-neutral-endopeptidase-2411-enkephalinase-2
Permanent Central Synaptic Disconnection of Proprioceptors After Nerve by Francisco J. Alvarez, Haley E. Titus-Mitchell et al.Permanent Central Synaptic Disconnection of Proprioceptors After Nerve by Francisco J. Alvarez, Haley E. Titus-Mitchell et al.
Motor and sensory proprioceptive axons reinnervate muscles after peripheral nerve transections followed by microsurgical reattachment; nevertheless, motor coordination remains abnormal and stretch reflexes absent. We analyzed the possibility that permanent losses of central IA afferent synapses, as a consequence of peripheral nerve injury, are responsible for this deficit. VGLUT1 was used as a marker of proprioceptive synapses on rat motoneurons. After nerve injuries synapses are stripped from motoneurons, but while other excitatory and inhibitory inputs eventually recover, VGLUT1 synapses are permanently lost on the cell body (75-95% synaptic losses) and on the proximal 100 μm of dendrite (50% loss). Lost VGLUT1 synapses did not recover, even many months after muscle reinnervation. Interestingly, VGLUT1 density in more distal dendrites did not change. To investigate whether losses are due to VGLUT1 downregulation in injured IA afferents or to complete synaptic disassembly and regression of IA ventral
https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ncbp/227/
Scientists identify first gene in programmed axon degenerationScientists identify first gene in programmed axon degeneration
For more than a century, scientists believed that injured axons severed from the neuron cell body passively wasted away due to a lack of nutrients. However, a mouse mutation identified in the early 1990s - called slow Wallerian degeneration (Wlds) - was able to suppress axon degeneration for weeks. This finding forced scientists to reassess Wallerian degeneration, the process through which an injured axon degenerates, as a passive process and consider the possibility that an active program of axon auto-destruction, akin to apoptotic death, was at work instead. If Wallerian degeneration was an active process, hypothesized Dr. Freeman, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Early Career Scientist, then it should be possible through forward genetic screens in Drosophila to identify mutants exhibiting Wlds-like axon protection. Freeman and colleagues screened more than 2,000 Drosophila mutants for ones that exhibited long-term survival of severed axons. Freeman says this was a heroic effort on the part ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/scientists-identify-gene-programmed-axon-196853.html
ReferencesReferences
Abstract: Axotomy-induced degradation of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) can be delayed if the destructive features of activated Microglial cells are pharmacologically neutralized, and prevented if the axons are permitted to regrow into transplanted autologous peripheral nerve (PN) pieces. Axotomized central nervous system neurons, whose regenerating axons are guided to their natural target areas in the brain with the aid of PN grafts, are capable of establishing synaptic contacts with normal morphological and electrophysiological properties. This study was undertaken to 1) morphometrically characterize and classify the regenerating rat RGC, 2) examine target-dependent effects on survival of subsets of neurons, and 3) investigate whether reconnected neurons are capable of restoring visual functions. In analogy to the normal rat retina, as a first step, the retrogradely labeled, regenerating RGC were categorized into five classes which are morphologically distinct and reminiscent of normal RGC ...
http://microglia.net/miglsyn.htm
Testosterone treatment attenuates the effects of facial nerve transection on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in...Testosterone treatment attenuates the effects of facial nerve transection on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Testosterone treatment attenuates the effects of facial nerve transection on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in the hamster facial motor nucleus. AU - Coers, Susanna. AU - Tanzer, Lisa. AU - Jones, Kathryn. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - Testosterone propionate (TP) administration coincident with facial nerve injury accelerates the recovery rate from facial muscle paralysis in the hamster. One mechanism by which TP could augment peripheral nerve regeneration is through glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) regulation in the facial motor nucleus. In a previous study, axotomy alone induces increases in GFAP mRNA, with TP significantly attenuating the axotomy-induced increases in GFAP mRNA. In the present study, immunoblotting techniques were used to extend our previous GFAP mRNA studies to the protein level. Castrated male hamsters were subjected to a right facial nerve transection, with half of the animals receiving subcutaneous implants of 100% crystalline TP. The left ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/testosterone-treatment-attenuates-the-effects-of-facial-nerve-tra
Impediments to Eye Transplantation: Ocular Viability Following Optic Nerve Transection or Enucleation | British Journal of...Impediments to Eye Transplantation: Ocular Viability Following Optic Nerve Transection or Enucleation | British Journal of...
Maintenance of ocular viability is one of the major impediments to successful whole eye transplantation. We provide a comprehensive understanding of the current literature to help guide future studies in order to overcome this hurdle. A systematic multistage review of published literature was performed. Three specific questions were addressed: (1) Is recovery of visual function following eye transplantation greater in cold-blooded vertebrates when compared with mammals? (2) Is outer retina function following enucleation and reperfusion improved compared with enucleation alone? (3) Following optic nerve transection, is there a correlation between RGC survival and either time after transection or proximity of the transection to the globe? In a majority of the studies performed in the literature, recovery of visual function can occur after whole eye transplantation in cold-blooded vertebrates. Following enucleation (and reperfusion), outer retinal function is maintained from four to nine hours. ...
http://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2009/03/17/bjo.2008.155267
Systemic functional enrichment and ceRNA network identification following peripheral nerve injury | Molecular Brain | Full TextSystemic functional enrichment and ceRNA network identification following peripheral nerve injury | Molecular Brain | Full Text
Peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical issue that impacts patients quality of life and causes huge society and economic burden. Injured peripheral nerves are able to regenerate by themselves. However, for severe peripheral nerve injury, the regenerative abilities are very limited and the regenerative effects are very poor. A better understanding of the mechanisms following peripheral nerve injury will benefit its clinical treatment. In this study, we systematically explored the dynamic changes of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the injured sciatic nerve segments after nerve crush, identified significantly involved Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Enrichment of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and innovatively analyzed the correlation of differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs. After the clustering of co-expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, we performed functional analysis, selected GO term
https://molecularbrain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13041-018-0421-4/metrics
Therapeutic augmentation of the growth hormone axis to improve outcomes following peripheral nerve injury<...Therapeutic augmentation of the growth hormone axis to improve outcomes following peripheral nerve injury<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Therapeutic augmentation of the growth hormone axis to improve outcomes following peripheral nerve injury. AU - Tuffaha, Sami H.. AU - Singh, Prateush. AU - Budihardjo, Joshua D.. AU - Means, Kenneth R.. AU - Higgins, James P.. AU - Shores, Jaimie T.. AU - Salvatori, Roberto. AU - Höke, Ahmet. AU - Lee, W. P.Andrew. AU - Brandacher, Gerald. PY - 2016/10/2. Y1 - 2016/10/2. N2 - Introduction: Peripheral nerve injuries often result in debilitating motor and sensory deficits. There are currently no therapeutic agents that are clinically available to enhance the regenerative process. Following surgical repair, axons often must regenerate long distances to reach and reinnervate distal targets. Progressive atrophy of denervated muscle and Schwann cells (SCs) prior to reinnervation contributes to poor outcomes. Growth hormone (GH)-based therapies have the potential to accelerate axonal regeneration while at the same time limiting atrophy of muscle and the distal regenerative pathway ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/therapeutic-augmentation-of-the-growth-hormone-axis-to-improve-ou
Long-Standing Motor and Sensory Recovery following Acute Fibrin Sealant Based Neonatal Sciatic Nerve RepairLong-Standing Motor and Sensory Recovery following Acute Fibrin Sealant Based Neonatal Sciatic Nerve Repair
Brachial plexus lesion results in loss of motor and sensory function, being more harmful in the neonate. Therefore, this study evaluated neuroprotection and regeneration after neonatal peripheral nerve coaptation with fibrin sealant. Thus, P2 neonatal Lewis rats were divided into three groups: AX: sciatic nerve axotomy (SNA) without treatment; AX+FS: SNA followed by end-to-end coaptation with fibrin sealant derived from snake venom; AX+CFS: SNA followed by end-to-end coaptation with commercial fibrin sealant. Results were analyzed 4, 8, and 12 weeks after lesion. Astrogliosis, microglial reaction, and synapse preservation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and ultrastructural changes at ventral spinal cord were also investigated. Sensory-motor recovery was behaviorally studied. Coaptation preserved synaptic covering on lesioned motoneurons and led to neuronal survival. Reactive gliosis and microglial reaction decreased in the same groups (AX+FS, AX+CFS) at 4
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2016/9028126/
JAIRO | A DAP12-Dependent Signal Promotes Pro-Inflammatory Polarization in Microglia Following Nerve Injury and Exacerbates...JAIRO | A DAP12-Dependent Signal Promotes Pro-Inflammatory Polarization in Microglia Following Nerve Injury and Exacerbates...
A DAP12-Dependent Signal Promotes Pro-Inflammatory Polarization in Microglia Following Nerve Injury and Exacerbates Degeneration of Injured NeuronsA DAP12-Dependent Signal Promotes Pro-Inflammatory Polarization in Microglia Following Nerve Injury and Exacerbates Degeneration of Injured Neurons ...
http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0002/00019186/en
OPUS Würzburg | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the death of motoneurons in newborn rats after nerve sectionOPUS Würzburg | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the death of motoneurons in newborn rats after nerve section
Motoneurons innervating the skeletal musculature were among the first neurons shown to require the presence of their target cells to develop appropriatelyl,2. But the characterization of molecules allowing motoneuron survival has been difficult. Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the death of motoneurons3-6, but its gene is not expressed during development7. Although the presence of a neurotrophin receptor on developing motoneurons8-1O has suggested a role for neurotrophins, none could be shown to promote motoneuron survival in vitro3. We report here that brainderived neurotrophic factor can prevent the death of axotomized motoneurons in newborn rats, suggesting a role for this neurotrophin for motoneuron survival in vivo.
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/authorsearch/author/%22Kohlbeck%2C+R.%22/start/0/rows/10/author_facetfq/Thoenen%2C+Hans/docId/3589
A Photo-Crosslinkable Chitosan Hydrogel for Peripheral Nerve Anastomosis - Semantic ScholarA Photo-Crosslinkable Chitosan Hydrogel for Peripheral Nerve Anastomosis - Semantic Scholar
The predominant therapy for peripheral nerve transection is anastomosis by suture. However, sutures have been known to lead to tissue inflammation, granulomas, and poor functional outcomes. While adhesives offer a promising alternative, fibrin-the predominant bio-glue-can transmit disease. Here we examine a photocrosslinkable chitosan hydrogel for use in surgical therapies for peripheral nerve injury. Prepared by conjugating 4-azidobenzoic acid to amino groups of chitosan using carbodiimide chemistry, this formulation demonstrates a high potential of in-situ photocrosslinking. A 40 mg/mL solution gels under 40 s of UV illumination. This gel is demonstrated to be cytocompatible with neural cell populations and is not acutely toxic to nerve conduction ex vivo. Mechanical testing of nerves anastomosed by this hydrogel had tensile strengths comparable to conventional fibrin glues. These results show chitosan hydrogel to be biocompatible and mechanically suitable for use in nerve repair. Keywords-chitosan;
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Photo-Crosslinkable-Chitosan-Hydrogel-for-Periph-Rickett-Amoozgar/245153e71c50a979159ef7964e7b692b5bc0f519
Cycloheximide reduces retinal ganglion cell death induced by tectal ablation in neonatal rats<...Cycloheximide reduces retinal ganglion cell death induced by tectal ablation in neonatal rats<...
TY - GEN. T1 - Cycloheximide reduces retinal ganglion cell death induced by tectal ablation in neonatal rats. AU - Harvey, Alan. AU - Cui, Q.. AU - Robertson, Donald. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. M3 - Conference paper. VL - 4. SP - 36. EP - 36. BT - Australian Neuroscience Society Meeting. A2 - Powis, D.. PB - Australian Neuroscience Society. CY - Melbourne. ER - ...
https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/cycloheximide-reduces-retinal-ganglion-cell-death-induced-by-tect
Mechanisms governing neuronal degeneration and axonal regeneration in the mature retinofugal system | Journal of Cell ScienceMechanisms governing neuronal degeneration and axonal regeneration in the mature retinofugal system | Journal of Cell Science
The ability of mammalian CNS neurons to regrow their lesioned axons declines during late embryonic and postnatal development. Consequently, adult retinal ganglion cells of mammals respond to injuries with rapid anterograde and protracted retrograde (Wallerian) degeneration. To monitor the cascade of events initiated by neuronal injuries, and to explore whether the regressive events of this cascade can be blocked or reversed, axotomy-induced ganglion cell responses were investigated in adult rats. The aim of the experiments was to block degradation of axotomized ganglion cells with enzymes which inhibit proteolytic activities within the retina (protease inhibitors). To achieve this goal, a new fluorescence technique was employed to assess both the chronotopological pattern of degradation and the efficacy of the protease inhibitors and anti-inflammatory treatment in preventing cell death. Injection of protease inhibitors alone or combined with dexamethasone into the vitreous body of animals whose ...
https://jcs.biologists.org/content/1991/Supplement_15/125
The AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun is required for efficient axonal regeneration - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveThe AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun is required for efficient axonal regeneration - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
Nerve injury triggers numerous changes in the injured neurons and surrounding nonneuronal cells that ultimately result in successful target reinnervation or cell death. c-Jun is a component of the heterodimeric AP-1 transcription factor, and c-Jun is highly expressed in response to neuronal trauma. Here we have investigated the role of c-jun during axonal regeneration using mice lacking c-jun in the central nervous system. After transection of the facial nerve, the absence of c-Jun caused severe defects in several aspects of the axonal response, including perineuronal sprouting, lymphocyte recruitment, and microglial activation. c-Jun-deficient motorneurons were atrophic, resistant to axotomy-induced cell death, and showed reduced target muscle reinnervation. Expression of CD44, galanin, and alpha7beta1 integrin, molecules known to be involved in regeneration, was greatly impaired, suggesting a mechanism for c-Jun-mediated axonal growth. Taken together, our results identify c-Jun as an important ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/1957/
Neurotrophic actions initiated by proNGF in adult sensory neurons may require peri-somatic glia to drive local cleavage to NGF....Neurotrophic actions initiated by proNGF in adult sensory neurons may require peri-somatic glia to drive local cleavage to NGF....
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Adrianna Kalous, Matthew R Nangle, Agustin Anastasia, Barbara L Hempstead, Janet R Keast].
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/22621370
Septembre 2010 Ont été Entendre Nos Voix Au Parlement !Septembre 2010 Ont été Entendre Nos Voix Au Parlement !
Septembre 2010 ont été entendre nos voix au Parlement ! Nous avons organisé un déjeuner pour Mme Joy Smith, et nous avons été invités dans la tribune de la
http://cmlsociety.org/septembre-2010-ont-ete-entendre-nos-voix-au-parlement/?lang=fr
Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells<...Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. AU - Levkovitch-Verbin, H.. AU - Quigley, H. A.. AU - Kerrigan-Baumrind, L. A.. AU - DAnna, S. A.. AU - Kerrigan, D.. AU - Pease, M. E.. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - Purpose. Interest in neuroprotection for optic neuropathies is, in part, based on the assumption that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die, not only as a result of direct (primary) injury, but also indirectly as a result of negative effects from neighboring dying RGCs (secondary degeneration). This experiment was designed to test whether secondary RGC degeneration occurs after orbital optic nerve injury in monkeys. Methods. The superior one third of the orbital optic nerve on one side was transected in eight cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Twelve weeks after the partial transection, the number of RGC bodies in the superior and inferior halves of the retina of the experimental and control eyes and the number and ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/optic-nerve-transection-in-monkeys-may-result-in-secondary-degene-4
UNTHSC Scholarly Repository - Research Appreciation Day: Phosphoproteomic changes in the retina following optic nerve crushUNTHSC Scholarly Repository - Research Appreciation Day: Phosphoproteomic changes in the retina following optic nerve crush
Purpose: Phosphorylation is a major type of protein post-translational modification. In this study, we evaluated the phosphoproteomic changes in the retina induced by optic nerve crush (ONC) in the mouse, an acute model of central nervous system (CNS) axonal injury. The functional role of an identified major phosphoprotein was further studied. Methods: Intraorbital ONC was performed in adult C57BL/6J mice. Retinas were collected at 0, 6, and 12 h following optic nerve injury. Retinal proteins labeled with CyDye-C2 were subjected to 2D-PAGE. 2D gel phosphoprotein staining was performed, followed by in-gel and cross-gel image analysis. The ratio change of protein differential phosphorylation following ONC was obtained. Proteins with significant changes in phosphorylation (ratios ≥ 1.5) in retinas of the injured eyes compared to the control eyes were spot-picked, tryptic digested, and peptide fragments were analyzed by MALDI-TOF (MS) and TOF/TOF (tandem MS/MS). Proteins identity was based on 10 or more
https://digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/rad/RAD16/EyeVision/2/
The discovery of precursor cells and neurogenesis in postnatal dorsal root sensory gangliaThe discovery of precursor cells and neurogenesis in postnatal dorsal root sensory ganglia
Neurogenesis is known to continue in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS) throughout life. However, it is currently unknown whether the same can be said for the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The mitogen, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been previously demonstrated to induce proliferation of CNS neuronal precursors in culture. Since it has also been shown that bFGF is up-regulated within DRG following axotomy, it is quite possible t at the DRG also contains bFGF-responsive neuronal precursors. As a result, in vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken in order to explore this possibility. The addition of bFGF to cell cultures of early postnatal DRG induced a proliferative response that became evident by the formation of spherical aggregates that stained for the CNS stem cell marker nestin. The replacement of bFGF with trophic factors induced similar cell clusters to differentiate into cells that morphologically resembled DRG ...
https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/1767?show=full
NGF receptor-mediated reduction in axonal NGF uptake and retrograde transport following sciatic nerve injury and during...NGF receptor-mediated reduction in axonal NGF uptake and retrograde transport following sciatic nerve injury and during...
Injury to the rat sciatic nerve leads to the induction of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors on the denervated Schwann cells and their disappearance on the regenerating axons of the axotomized, normally NGF-sensitive sensory and sympathetic neurons. This disappearance in the axonal expression and r …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1648938/?dopt=Abstract
A unified cell biological perspective on axon-myelin injury | JCBA unified cell biological perspective on axon-myelin injury | JCB
Wallerian degeneration (Fig. 2 A, left) is undoubtedly the most thoroughly investigated form of axon loss-and indeed, ongoing research is revealing the molecular pathways that result in the removal of severed axon segments. The starting point for this mechanistic deconstruction of Wallerian axon dismantling has been the serendipitous identification of a spontaneous mouse mutant with profoundly delayed Wallerian degeneration (WLDS [Wallerian degeneration slow]; Lunn et al., 1989). Molecular genetic analysis of this mutant has resulted in the surprising identification of enzymes of the NAD biosynthetic pathway as central players in axon degeneration (Coleman et al., 1998; Conforti et al., 2000), even though the details of the underlying molecular mechanisms that actually result in axon fragmentation remain to be elucidated. Importantly, the phylogenetic conservation of WLDS sensitivity has allowed identification of Wallerian-like degeneration events in screenable organisms, such as Drosophila ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/206/3/335
Optic nerve injury in animal designs develops axonal injury and retinal ganglion mobile degeneration | GHSR Inhibitor...Optic nerve injury in animal designs develops axonal injury and retinal ganglion mobile degeneration | GHSR Inhibitor...
Thinking about this, calcification, irritation and increased gliosis in kind C tubers might not exclusively show regressive alterations but also a distinctive
http://www.ghsrinhibitor.com/2016/06/21/optic-nerve-injury-in-animal-designs-develops-axonal-injury-and-retinal-ganglion-mobile-degeneration/
Free Axonal Regeneration In The Central Nervous System Neurological Disease And TherapyFree Axonal Regeneration In The Central Nervous System Neurological Disease And Therapy
Although pre-installed somites are as first in an free axonal regeneration, many development is as bigger neighbourhoods, higher wing means and more venous sessions than precise visit. A possible specimen mainly is first less than the transverse axial range, is greater selection and is less migration to the wing. The less hypersonic continuous FWIILIARIZATION now is a typically wider sprout of streak &, bandlimiting as embryos, events and rhombencephalon, resulting them to meet a Apart wider otocyst of states.
http://need4speed.com/pictures/alladvantage/book.php?q=free-axonal-regeneration-in-the-central-nervous-system-neurological-disease-and-therapy/
Stage Synapses: On New York Musical Theatre Festival: Installment 1Stage Synapses: On New York Musical Theatre Festival: Installment 1
Hi, Im Laura, a student at Columbia Graduate School of Journalism. This fall I began work on my Masters with a concentration in magazine writing. Growing up in New Jersey afforded me the chance to see many-a-show, and this passion for the theater resulted in my transfer to Barnard College in 2006. While at school, I balanced a major in neuroscience with my duties as theater editor of Columbia Daily Spectator. As editor, I was responsible for managing all theatrical content. As a writer, I reported at the Tony Awards and broke news of the Local One stagehand strike. I also interviewed notable entertainment personalities, including Duncan Sheik, Lauren Graham, Bob Saget, Cynthia Nixon and Mike Birbiglia. This summer I have had the privilege of honing my critical skills at the National Critics Institute, hosted at the Eugene ONeill Theater Center. As I attend J-School, I continue to explore my interest in sleep disorders at Weill Cornell Medical College. I recognize that my background in ...
http://stagesynapses.blogspot.com/2009/10/on-new-york-musical-theatre-festival.html
Yishi JinYishi Jin
"Functional regeneration after laser axotomy". Nature. 432 (7019): 822. doi:10.1038/432822a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15602545. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishi_Jin
Wallerian degenerationWallerian degeneration
"The slow Wallerian degeneration gene in vivo protects motor axons but not their cell bodies after avulsion and neonatal axotomy ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallerian_degeneration
Rudolph E. TanziRudolph E. Tanzi
... which showed neuronal Aβ deposition/tangle formation induces microglial activation and synaptic pruning/axotomy beginning with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_E._Tanzi
Gap-43 proteinGap-43 protein
"In vivo single branch axotomy induces GAP-43-dependent sprouting and synaptic remodeling in cerebellar cortex". Proceedings of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAP-43
Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death
doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81733-x. Bonfanti, L (1996). "Protection of retinal ganglion cells from natural and axotomy-induced ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death
Neurotrophic factorsNeurotrophic factors
It has also been detected in motor neurons of embryonic rats and is suggested to aid development and to reduce axotomy.[5] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic_factors
Enolase 2Enolase 2
1994). "Axotomy induces intranuclear immunolocalization of neuron-specific enolase in facial and hypoglossal neurons of the rat ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase_2
Morte celular programada, a enciclopedia libreMorte celular programada, a enciclopedia libre
Bonfanti, L (1996). "Protection of retinal ganglion cells from natural and axotomy-induced cell death in neonatal transgenic ...
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte_celular_programada
List of surgeries by typeList of surgeries by type
Craniotomy Pallidotomy Thalamotomy Lobotomy Bilateral cingulotomy Cordotomy Rhizotomy Laminotomy Foraminotomy Axotomy Vagotomy ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surgeries_by_type
AxotomyAxotomy
Laser axotomy is a technique is under development that allows for precise axon severing. Laser axotomy could enable doctors to ... There are two modes of axotomy that can occur as a result of a TBI. Primary axotomy occurs immediately and is characterized as ... Surgical axotomy[edit]. This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and ... The Axotomy Response[edit]. Peripheral (extrinsic)[edit]. This drawing compares a normal neuron to one undergoing chromatolysis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axotomy
SurgerySurgery
After completion of surgery, the patient is transferred to the post anesthesia care unit and closely monitored. When the patient is judged to have recovered from the anesthesia, he/she is either transferred to a surgical ward elsewhere in the hospital or discharged home. During the post-operative period, the patient's general function is assessed, the outcome of the procedure is assessed, and the surgical site is checked for signs of infection. There are several risk factors associated with postoperative complications, such as immune deficiency and obesity. Obesity has long been considered a risk factor for adverse post-surgical outcomes. It has been linked to many disorders such as obesity hypoventilation syndrome, atelectasis and pulmonary embolism, adverse cardiovascular effects, and wound healing complications.[11] If removable skin closures are used, they are removed after 7 to 10 days post-operatively, or after healing of the incision is well under way. It is not uncommon for surgical ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resection_
RhizotomyRhizotomy
In 1888, Robert Abbe in New York as well as W.H. Bennett in London independently performed the first dorsal rhizotomy in patients with ascending neuritis and sciatica, respectively. In 1898 C.S. Sherrington described relief of muscle spasticity by posterior root section in de-cerebrate cats. Between 1908 and 1912 Harvey Cushing performed 3 dorsal rhizotomies to improve his patients' quality of life.. The 1913 use in Germany of the rhizotomy procedure by Otfrid Foerster, often wrongly credited as the father of rhizotomy, was therefore actually not the first such use, since Sherrington's studies were used as a basis for performing posterior root rhizotomy for the relief of spasticity in the lower limb muscles. Rhizotomy for spasticity purposes did indeed then proceed to take about a 50-year hiatus for reasons as yet not thoroughly distilled from the clinical records and reports on the phenomenon. An explanation for this could have been the fact that with the Sherrington/Foerster technique, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dorsal_rhizotomy
Spinal decompressionSpinal decompression
Laminectomy is an open or minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a portion of the posterior arch of the vertebrae and/or spinal ligaments is removed from the spine to alleviate the pressure on the spinal canal contents. This procedure is usually performed when decompression of more than one nerve root is needed. In the lumbar spine it is commonly used to treat spinal claudication caused by spinal stenosis, and is considered the most effective treatment for this condition based on current evidence.[3] In the cervical and thoracic spine it is used to treat myelopathy caused by compression of the spinal cord itself. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_decompression
Template:Neuro proceduresTemplate:Neuro procedures
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neuro_procedures
Transcranial DopplerTranscranial Doppler
Conventional FTCD has limitations for the study of cerebral lateralization. For example, it may not differentiate the lateralising effects due to stimulus characteristics from those due to light responsiveness, and does not distinguish between flow signals emanating from cortical and subcortical branches of the cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis. Each basal cerebral artery of the circle of Willis gives origin to two different systems of secondary vessels. The shorter of these two is called the ganglionic system, and the vessels belonging to it supply the thalami and corpora striata; the longer is the cortical system, and its vessels ramify in the pia mater and supply the cortex and subjacent brain substance. Furthermore, the cortical branches are divisible into two classes: long and short. The long or medullary arteries pass through the grey substance and penetrate the subjacent white substance to the depth of 3-4 cm. The short vessels are confined to the cortex. Both cortical and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_doppler
LobotomyLobotomy
That Moniz began his experiments with leucotomy just three months after the congress has reinforced the apparent cause and effect relationship between the Fulton and Jacobsen presentation and the Portuguese neurologist's resolve to operate on the frontal lobes.[67] As the author of this account Fulton, who has sometimes been claimed as the father of lobotomy, was later able to record that the technique had its true origination in his laboratory.[68] Endorsing this version of events, in 1949, the Harvard neurologist Stanley Cobb remarked during his presidential address to the American Neurological Association that, "seldom in the history of medicine has a laboratory observation been so quickly and dramatically translated into a therapeutic procedure." Fulton's report, penned ten years after the events described, is, however, without corroboration in the historical record and bears little resemblance to an earlier unpublished account he wrote of the congress. In this previous narrative he ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy
Bilateral cingulotomyBilateral cingulotomy
... targets the anterior cingulate cortex, which is a part of the limbic system. This system is responsible for the integration of feelings and emotion in the human cortex. It consists of the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala and the hippocampal formation.[6] Studies in patients that were a subject to bilateral cingulotomy, that involved fMRI analyses, showed that the anterior cingulate cortex has a key role in cognitive control and is highly likely to be involved in the control of attentional response, whereas the dorsal part of that region of the brain was not identified to be involved in such a process, although this is still under dispute.[7] The function of the dorsal part of the cingulate cortex was connected to the sorting out and processing of conflicting information signals. In addition, neuroimaging studies also indicated that the anterior cingulate cortex participates in the modulation of cortical regions that are of higher order as well as sensory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulotomy
Glasgow Coma ScaleGlasgow Coma Scale
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (more widely used modified or revised scale). GCS was initially used to assess level of consciousness after head injury, and the scale is now used by first responders, EMS, nurses, and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in intensive care. The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital. GCS is used as part of several ICU scoring systems, including APACHE II, SAPS II, and SOFA, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale
Category:Mid-importance neurology articlesCategory:Mid-importance neurology articles
Talk:Axotomy. B. *Talk:Back pain. *Talk:Balance disorder. *Talk:Bálint's syndrome ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_neurology_articles
List of surgical proceduresList of surgical procedures
Axotomy · Vagotomy Nerve biopsy Endocrine Hypophysectomy · Thyroidectomy · Parathyroidectomy · Adrenalectomy · Pinealectomy Eye ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surgical_procedures
جراحی مغز و اعصاب - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادجراحی مغز و اعصاب - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Neuroradiology plays a key role not only in diagnosis but also in the operative phase of neurosurgery.[citation needed]. Neuroradiology methods are used in modern neurosurgery diagnosis and treatment. They include computer-assisted imaging computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and stereotactic radiosurgery. Some neurosurgery procedures involve the use of intra-operative MRI and functional MRI.[23]. In conventional open surgery the neurosurgeon opens the skull, creating a large opening to access the brain. Techniques involving smaller openings with the aid of microscopes and endoscopes are now being used as well. Methods that utilize small craniotomies in conjunction with high-clarity microscopic visualization of neural tissue offer excellent results. However, the open methods are still traditionally used in trauma or emergency situations.[12][13]. Microsurgery is utilized in many aspects of neurological ...
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/جراحی_مغز_و_اعصاب?match=en
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
AxotomyFacial Nerve InjuriesNerve RegenerationAxonsFacial NerveSciatic NerveDenervationNerve CrushGanglia, SpinalRetrograde DegenerationMotor NeuronsWallerian DegenerationGAP-43 ProteinOptic NerveRed NucleusNeurons, AfferentOptic Nerve InjuriesStilbamidinesRetinal Ganglion CellsAxonal TransportAutonomic Fibers, PostganglionicPeripheral NervesGanglia, SympatheticSelf MutilationNeurofilament ProteinsHypoglossal NerveNerve DegenerationRats, Sprague-DawleySuperior Cervical GanglionNeuronsSpinal NervesPeripheral Nerve InjuriesNissl BodiesHypoglossal Nerve InjuriesSchwann CellsGlossopharyngeal NerveNerve Growth FactorsSpinal CordSciatic NeuropathyLampreysNeuritesMuscle DenervationFemoral NeuropathyNeural ConductionSensory Receptor CellsIntermediate FilamentsCell SurvivalActivating Transcription Factor 3Time FactorsTrauma, Nervous SystemAplysiaMedial Forebrain BundleNeurotrophin 3Nerve Tissue ProteinsTubulinRhizotomyGalaninAutonomic Denervation
Axotomy - WikipediaAxotomy - Wikipedia
Laser axotomy is a technique is under development that allows for precise axon severing. Laser axotomy could enable doctors to ... There are two modes of axotomy that can occur as a result of a TBI. Primary axotomy occurs immediately and is characterized as ... Surgical axotomy[edit]. This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and ... The Axotomy Response[edit]. Peripheral (extrinsic)[edit]. This drawing compares a normal neuron to one undergoing chromatolysis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axotomy
The effect of ganglion cell axotomy on other cells in the porcine retina [electronic resource] / - OpenThesisThe effect of ganglion cell axotomy on other cells in the porcine retina [electronic resource] / - OpenThesis
The effect of axotomy was quantified by optic nerve axon density measurements and RGC counts. The parametric t-test and the ... Unilateral, peripapillary RGC axotomy was performed in six domestic pigs using an argon laser. In eight additional pigs the ... The effect of ganglion cell axotomy on other cells in the porcine retina [electronic resource] /. by Koma?romy, Andra?s M. ... ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axotomy and death on the ...
http://www.openthesis.org/documents/effect-ganglion-cell-axotomy-other-408075.html
Purpose. in 96-well plates. RGC viability was evaluated after 1 toPurpose. in 96-well plates. RGC viability was evaluated after 1 to
Intravitreal shots of 29D7 had been performed after optic nerve axotomy and following RGC success was quantified using β-III ... 29D7 because of its capability to enhance RGC success and neurite development in tradition RGC viability after axotomy and RGC ...
http://biomaterials-2011-dfg-nsf-conference.com/purpose-in-96-well-plates-rgc-viability-was-evaluated-after-1-to/
Neurosurgery: functional regeneration after laser axotomy. - PubMed - NCBINeurosurgery: functional regeneration after laser axotomy. - PubMed - NCBI
... axotomy). Here we use femtosecond laser surgery for axotomy in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and show that these axons ... Neurosurgery: functional regeneration after laser axotomy.. Yanik MF1, Cinar H, Cinar HN, Chisholm AD, Jin Y, Ben-Yakar A. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15602545?dopt=Abstract
JCI - Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neuronsJCI - Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neurons
The results demonstrate that central chemo-axotomy of the TRPV1+ afferents underlies RTX analgesia and refine the neurobiology ... Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neurons. ... Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neurons. ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/94331/figure/2
JCI - Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neuronsJCI - Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neurons
Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neurons. Matthew R. Sapio,1 John K. Neubert ... Our findings clarify that chemo-axotomy of the centrally projecting axons of TRPV1+ DRG neurons is sufficient for profound ... The results demonstrate that central chemo-axotomy of the TRPV1+ afferents underlies RTX analgesia and refine the neurobiology ... Our data support the idea that the selective central axotomy preserves the majority of peripheral responsiveness and ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/94331
Axotomy definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.comAxotomy definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
Psychology definition for Axotomy in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading students. Help ... Axotomy. Axotomy is a neurological procedure by which an axon is being trimmed or incised. This type of surgery is being done ...
https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Axotomy
Role of GAP-43 in mediating the responsiveness of cerebellar and precerebellar neurons to axotomy. - PubMed - NCBIRole of GAP-43 in mediating the responsiveness of cerebellar and precerebellar neurons to axotomy. - PubMed - NCBI
Role of GAP-43 in mediating the responsiveness of cerebellar and precerebellar neurons to axotomy.. Wehrlé R1, Caroni P, Sotelo ... Adult Purkinje cells, which in control adult rats do not express GAP-43, are extremely resistant to the effects of axotomy but ... do not sprout but retract their axons and die after axotomy. Furthermore, mature Purkinje cells in cerebellar explants of ... transgenic mice that overexpress GAP-43 do not regenerate after axotomy, even in the presence of a permissive substrate ( ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264659?dopt=Abstract
Neural Activity Protects Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons against Axotomy-Induced Programmed Cell Death | Journal of...Neural Activity Protects Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons against Axotomy-Induced Programmed Cell Death | Journal of...
The greater vulnerability of the VP MCNs versus the OT MCNs to the axotomy-induced cell death in our experiments (Table 1) is ... The effects of TTX and KCl on MCN survival after axotomy. We used the organotypic culture model system to further examine the ... It is well known that axotomy leads to neuronal degeneration in the CNS (Ramon y Cajal, 1928), and the vasopressin (VP) and ... Axotomy typically leads to retrograde neuronal degeneration in the CNS. Studies in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/29/6553
Long-Term Effects of Axotomy on -Tubulin and NF Gene Expression in Rat DRG NeuronsLong-Term Effects of Axotomy on -Tubulin and NF Gene Expression in Rat DRG Neurons
Long-Term Effects of Axotomy on β. -Tubulin and NF Gene Expression in Rat DRG Neurons. Yuan Qing Jiang, Judith Pickett, and ... in situ hybridization studies indicated that both crush and cut/ligation axotomy resulted in significantly lower NF-. L. mRNA ... DRG neurons at 12 weeks post-axotomy. Discrepancies in the conclusions from Northern blotting and in situ hybridization ... mRNA levels had largely returned to control levels at 12 weeks following crush axotomy but were still substantially depressed ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/1994/135704/abs/
Axotomy-Induced Ganglioside Processing: A Mediator of Axon Regeneration Restricted to the PNS | Journal of NeuroscienceAxotomy-Induced Ganglioside Processing: A Mediator of Axon Regeneration Restricted to the PNS | Journal of Neuroscience
Axotomy-Induced Ganglioside Processing: A Mediator of Axon Regeneration Restricted to the PNS. Andrew Kaplan and Ricardo L. ... Because axon regeneration was assessed only 1 h after axotomy, however, it is possible that axons may still be regeneration- ... Interestingly, GM1 enrichment was not observed after axotomy (Kappagantula et al., 2014, their Fig. 5B), despite the presence ... 2014) determined that in the absence of calcium, axotomy failed to induce p38MAPK activity and that forced activation of ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/34/26/8659
CiNii Articles - The effect of neurotrophic factor on the rat olfactory receptor neurons following axotomyCiNii Articles - The effect of neurotrophic factor on the rat olfactory receptor neurons following axotomy
The effect of neurotrophic factor on the rat olfactory receptor neurons following axotomy [in Japanese] * * 安野 博樹 YASUNO Hiroki ...
https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001100676
c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury - De Felipe - 2001 -...c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury - De Felipe - 2001 -...
De Felipe, C. and Belmonte, C. (1999), c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on ... c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury. ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00498.x/references
Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury | ProtocolFacial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury | Protocol
We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial ... There are many advantages to studying nerve injury using the facial nerve axotomy model. First, the facial nerve axotomy ... Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury. Deborah N. Olmstead1,2, Nichole A. Mesnard- ... The facial nerve axotomy can also be used to study the accompanying central and peripheral glial cells22, target musculature21 ...
https://www.jove.com/video/52382/facial-nerve-axotomy-mice-model-to-study-motoneuron-response-to
Peripheral Axotomy Slows Motoneuron Degeneration in a Transgenic Mouse Line Expressing Mutant SOD1 G93APeripheral Axotomy Slows Motoneuron Degeneration in a Transgenic Mouse Line Expressing Mutant SOD1 G93A
... J Comp Neurol. 1999 Sep ... In contrast to the controls, axotomy in G93A mice reduced the extent of axon degeneration at the end stage of the disease, ... To begin to explore the factors that determine this selectivity, we carried out peripheral axotomy in mice expressing a mutant ... SOD1 (G93A mice) and controls (nontransgenic mice and mice expressing wild-type human SOD1). Axotomy in controls induced a ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10441762/?dopt=Abstract
FGF-2 Enhances Adult Retinal Ganglion Cell Regeneration After Axotomy | IOVS | ARVO JournalsFGF-2 Enhances Adult Retinal Ganglion Cell Regeneration After Axotomy | IOVS | ARVO Journals
After axotomy a subpopulation of RGCs was labeled with the GAP-43 antibody and mRNA levels of GAP-43 increased significantly. ... Ultrastructural analysis of the optic nerves was also performed at different times after axotomy with and without treatment. ... FGF-2 Enhances Adult Retinal Ganglion Cell Regeneration After Axotomy You will receive an email whenever this article is ... I Soto, C del Cueto, RE Blanco; FGF-2 Enhances Adult Retinal Ganglion Cell Regeneration After Axotomy . Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis ...
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2418292
Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans | ProtocolConstructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans | Protocol
Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse imaging is a sensitive way to assay the effects of mutations in C. elegans on axon... ... B shows laser axotomy of one axon without damaging a nearby axon about 1 um away. Laser was set to about 10% power (0.3 mW ... Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse imaging is a sensitive way to assay the effects of mutations in C. elegans on axon ... Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse microscopy is a sensitive assay for axon regeneration phenotypes in C. elegans1. The main ...
https://www.jove.com/video/3331/constructing-low-budget-laser-axotomy-system-to-study-axon
The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597, promotes retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in a rat model of optic nerve...The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597, promotes retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in a rat model of optic nerve...
... survival following optic nerve axotomy in young and aged animals. URB597 alone, or togethe … ... In aged animals, URB597 increased RGC survival at 1 week, but not at 2 weeks post-axotomy and had no effect on microglia. ... URB597 alone, or together with either a CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonist, was administered daily for 1 or 2 weeks post-axotomy. ... Histological assessment of retinas indicated that URB597 increased RGC survival in young retina at 1 and 2 weeks post-axotomy. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23643752/
Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat : timecourse of cell death & eliminationPrimary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat : timecourse of cell death & elimination
It is not clear whether neuronal death begins within I week of axotomy or continues beyond 2 months after axotomy. Similarly, ... A similar conclusion can be drawn from the result found using both rhGGF-2 and SCs in PHB conduits 4 months after axotomy. ... Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells after peripheral axotomy in the adult rat: timecourse of cell death & elimination. ... Neuronal death begins within I day of peripheral axotomy, the majority occurs within the first 2 months, and limited death is ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A143677&c=27&searchType=ORGANISATION&language=no&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22organisationId%22%3A%22797%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all
Retinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axotomy occurs by apoptosis. | IOVS | ARVO JournalsRetinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axotomy occurs by apoptosis. | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Effect of Erythropoietin Axotomy-Induced Apoptosis in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells. Long-Term Effect of Optic Nerve Axotomy on ... Cells with a positive reaction for DNA fragmentation were observed in eyes subjected to axotomy and experimental glaucoma but ... PURPOSE: To investigate whether retinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axotomy occurs by apoptosis. ... CONCLUSION: Some retinal ganglion cells injured by glaucoma and by axotomy die by apoptosis. ...
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2161154
KATP channel subunits in rat dorsal root ganglia: alterations by painful axotomy | Springer for Research & DevelopmentKATP channel subunits in rat dorsal root ganglia: alterations by painful axotomy | Springer for Research & Development
6A,E). SNL reduced SLI area in peripheral nerves proximal to axotomy, ganglia, and dorsal roots (Fig. 7D, F; Table 1).. Open ... After painful axotomy KATP channels are downregulated in large, myelinated somata and also in SLI, which are also of smaller ... Sampling sites were the dorsal root proximal to DRG, the DRG, and the peripheral nerve distal to DRG but proximal to axotomy ... We were able to identify the distribution of functional KATP channels and their alterations by axotomy by staining for SUR1 ...
https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/1744-8069-6-6
A Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the Spinal Cord after Ventral Root Avulsion or Distal Peripheral Nerve...A Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the Spinal Cord after Ventral Root Avulsion or Distal Peripheral Nerve...
The mechanisms of primary sensory neuron degeneration were also investigated in the DRG following peripheral nerve axotomy, ... and distal peripheral nerve axotomy (PNA) 7 and 14 days postoperatively, we aimed to gain more insight about the mechanism ... and distal peripheral nerve axotomy (PNA). Neuronal degeneration was indicated by decreased immunostaining for microtubule- ... Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the Spinal Cord after Ventral Root Avulsion or Distal Peripheral Nerve Axotomy ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1045414
Effects of Methylene Blue and Polyethelene Glycol on Facial Nerve Axotomy RecoveryEffects of Methylene Blue and Polyethelene Glycol on Facial Nerve Axotomy Recovery
Effects of Methylene Blue and Polyethelene Glycol on Facial Nerve Axotomy Recovery. MULDOON, J.L. ; WALKER, C.L. ; BEST, A.R. ... Keywords: Facial Nerve Axotomy Recovery ; peripheral nerves ; methylene blue (MB) ; polyethylene glycol (PEG) ... 2016, April 8. Effects of Methylene Blue and Polyethelene Glycol on Facial Nerve Axotomy Recovery. Poster session presented at ... Effects of Methylene Blue and Polyethelene Glycol on Facial Nerve Axotomy Recovery. Login ...
https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/10387
G-CSF protects motoneurons against axotomy-induced apoptotic death in neonatal mice. - InsermG-CSF protects motoneurons against axotomy-induced apoptotic death in neonatal mice. - Inserm
... neonatal sciatic nerve axotomy. RESULTS: We performed sciatic nerve axotomy in neonatal mice overexpressing G-CSF in the CNS ... that G-CSF transgenic mice displayed significantly higher numbers of surviving lumbar motoneurons 4 days following axotomy than ... neonatal sciatic nerve axotomy. RESULTS: We performed sciatic nerve axotomy in neonatal mice overexpressing G-CSF in the CNS ... G-CSF protects motoneurons against axotomy-induced apoptotic death in neonatal mice. Alexandre Henriques 1, 2 Claudia Pitzer 1 ...
https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00663774
Autophagy promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy in miceAutophagy promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy in mice
Axotomy of the optic nerve is a classical model of neurodegeneration. It induces retinal ganglion cell death, a process also ... Autophagy promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy in mice. Natalia Rodríguez-Muela, Francisco ... Autophagy promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy in mice ... Our results demonstrate activation of autophagy shortly after axotomy with autophagosome formation, upregulation of the ...
http://www.sebbm.es/web/en/science-for-society/article-of-the-month/689-autophagy-promotes-survival-of-retinal-ganglion-cells-after-optic-nerve-axotomy-in-mice
Amino acid levels in the guinea pig spinal gray matter after axotomy of primary sensory and descending tracts. | Semantic...Amino acid levels in the guinea pig spinal gray matter after axotomy of primary sensory and descending tracts. | Semantic...
Amino acid levels in the guinea pig spinal gray matter after axotomy of primary sensory and descending tracts.. @article{ ... Potashner1986AminoAL, title={Amino acid levels in the guinea pig spinal gray matter after axotomy of primary sensory and ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Amino-acid-levels-in-the-guinea-pig-spinal-gray-of-Potashner-Dymczyk/e5e94d0684a6e44516a7d178153cb1fb7604498a
Involvement of MAPK, Akt/GSK-3β and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways in protection of remote glial cells from axotomy-induced...Involvement of MAPK, Akt/GSK-3β and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways in protection of remote glial cells from axotomy-induced...
Involvement of MAPK, Akt/GSK-3β and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways in protection of remote glial cells from axotomy-induced ... We showed that axotomy not only mechanically injures glial cells at the cutting location, but also induces necrosis or ... Inhibition of MEK1/2, p38, Akt, GSK-3β and mTOR increased axotomy-induced apoptosis of remote glial cells, whereas inhibition ... Severe mechanical nerve injury such as axotomy can lead to neuron degeneration and death of surrounding glial cells. ...
https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?PMID=28642089
A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies<...A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies<...
Tong Z, Segura-Feliu M, Seira O, Homs-Corbera A, Del Río JA, Samitier J. A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy ... A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies. Ziqiu Tong, Miriam Segura-Feliu, Oscar ... A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies. In: RSC Advances. 2015 ; Vol. 5, No. ... A microfluidic neuronal platform for neuron axotomy and controlled regenerative studies. / Tong, Ziqiu; Segura-Feliu, Miriam; ...
https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/a-microfluidic-neuronal-platform-for-neuron-axotomy-and-controlle
Changes of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the lumbosacral intermediolateral neurons of the rat after pelvic axotomy. - Semantic...Changes of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the lumbosacral intermediolateral neurons of the rat after pelvic axotomy. - Semantic...
... of the NADPH-d-positive IML neurons were found to send their axons to the pelvic nerve 1 week after axotomy, whereas nearly 25 ... of the FG-labeled neurons were found to be negative for NADPH-d. Thus, these results indicate that pelvic axotomy in the rat ... and the staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons in the IML region increased remarkably 1 week after pelvic axotomy; the ... region may include different neurons showing different responses in nitric oxide synthase expression after peripheral axotomy. ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Changes-of-NADPH-diaphorase-activity-in-the-neurons-Ando-Domoto/1829c47cecd8bc7dda45fd5b5a353b3680b5840e
Agrin gene expression in ciliary ganglion neurons following preganglionic denervation and postganglionic axotomy.Agrin gene expression in ciliary ganglion neurons following preganglionic denervation and postganglionic axotomy.
Similar, but less dramatic changes in agrin expression following axotomy were also observed in unoperated neurons on the ... Major changes in agrin gene expression following axotomy but not denervation are consistant with the notion that agrin ... Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that axotomy also resulted in changes in the pattern of ... we examined the effects of postganglionic axotomy or preganglionic denervation on agrin mRNA levels and alternative splicing in ...
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61v0s6k7
Yishi Jin - WikipediaYishi Jin - Wikipedia
"Functional regeneration after laser axotomy". Nature. 432 (7019): 822. doi:10.1038/432822a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15602545. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishi_Jin
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
AxotomyFacial Nerve InjuriesNerve RegenerationAxonsFacial NerveSciatic NerveDenervationNerve CrushGanglia, SpinalRetrograde DegenerationMotor NeuronsWallerian DegenerationGAP-43 ProteinOptic NerveRed NucleusNeurons, AfferentOptic Nerve InjuriesStilbamidinesRetinal Ganglion CellsAxonal TransportAutonomic Fibers, PostganglionicPeripheral NervesGanglia, SympatheticSelf MutilationNeurofilament ProteinsHypoglossal NerveNerve DegenerationRats, Sprague-DawleySuperior Cervical GanglionNeuronsSpinal NervesPeripheral Nerve InjuriesNissl BodiesHypoglossal Nerve InjuriesSchwann CellsGlossopharyngeal NerveNerve Growth FactorsSpinal CordSciatic NeuropathyLampreysNeuritesMuscle DenervationFemoral NeuropathyNeural ConductionSensory Receptor CellsIntermediate FilamentsCell SurvivalActivating Transcription Factor 3Time FactorsTrauma, Nervous SystemAplysiaMedial Forebrain BundleNeurotrophin 3Nerve Tissue ProteinsTubulinRhizotomyGalaninAutonomic Denervation
AxonRegenerationPeripheralPost-axotomyLaser axotomyOpticAxons after axotomyResponse to axotomyEffect of retinal gangSensory neuronsMotor neurons after axotomyIntracutaneous excision axotomySciaticMRNA levelsTopical application of capsaicinRetinaEffects of axotomyNeurons to axotomyDays after axotomyRegenerate after axotomyExpression after axotomyMiceApoptosisPeripheral nervesAbstractRegenerativePhrenic nervesNeuronal degenerationFacialContrastNerveCrushGlialGangliaProximalIncreasesAxonal regenerationNeonatalNeuronUnilateralGanglionContralateralSurvivalPrimary afferentOccursAxon regenerationHypoglossalIntrinsicConclusions
Axon3
  • An axotomy is the cutting or otherwise severing of an axon . (wikipedia.org)
  • Laser axotomy is a technique is under development that allows for precise axon severing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laser axotomy could enable doctors to better understand the downstream effects of a severed axon so that they can develop more effective treatment arms. (wikipedia.org)
Regeneration2
  • In most cases, the axotomy response in peripheral axons ends in cell healing and regeneration, though it may occasionally end in cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regeneration occurs because of microglial hyperplasia and astroglial hypertrophy, activities that are lacking in the central axotomy response. (wikipedia.org)
Peripheral2
  • In mature animals, where survival factors are derived locally or via autocrine loops, axotomy of peripheral neurons and motoneurons can lead to a robust regenerative response without any neuronal death. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast to the peripheral response, the axotomy response in central neurons (neurons in the Central Nervous System ) almost always leads to cell death. (wikipedia.org)
Post-axotomy7
  • 1000 μm 2 ) DRG neurons at 12 weeks post-axotomy. (hindawi.com)
  • URB597 alone, or together with either a CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonist, was administered daily for 1 or 2 weeks post-axotomy. (nih.gov)
  • Histological assessment of retinas indicated that URB597 increased RGC survival in young retina at 1 and 2 weeks post-axotomy. (nih.gov)
  • In aged animals, URB597 increased RGC survival at 1 week, but not at 2 weeks post-axotomy and had no effect on microglia. (nih.gov)
  • Measurement of retinal endocannabinoid levels in URB597-treated animals at 2 weeks post-axotomy revealed a significant increase in AEA levels, accompanied by a decrease in the AEA metabolite, N-arachidonoyl glycine, in young animals but not aged animals. (nih.gov)
  • Utilizing laser microdissection, gene-microarray, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we focused on the intrinsic post-axotomy response of specifically labelled thoracic propriospinal neurons at periods from 3-days to 1-month following T9 spinal cord injury. (beds.ac.uk)
  • NADPH-d reaction was assessed at 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days post-axotomy. (elsevier.com)
Laser axotomy5
  • Laser axotomy is a technique is under development that allows for precise axon severing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laser axotomy could enable doctors to better understand the downstream effects of a severed axon so that they can develop more effective treatment arms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurosurgery: functional regeneration after laser axotomy. (nih.gov)
  • Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse imaging is a sensitive way to assay the effects of mutations in C. elegans on axon regeneration. (jove.com)
  • We also used two-photon laser axotomy to precisely axotomize M axons and simultaneously recorded their regeneration and the process of mitochondrial transport in living zebrafish larvae. (frontiersin.org)
Optic17
  • The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of FGF-2 on the regeneration and reconnection to the target of the optic nerve axons after axotomy. (arvojournals.org)
  • Ultrastructural analysis of the optic nerves was also performed at different times after axotomy with and without treatment. (arvojournals.org)
  • This study examined whether the FAAH inhibitor, URB597, increases retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival following optic nerve axotomy in young and aged animals. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of axotomy was quantified by optic nerve axon density measurements and RGC counts. (openthesis.org)
  • Axotomy of the optic nerve is a classical model of neurodegeneration. (sebbm.es)
  • Unilateral retinal ganglion cell axotomy was performed in seven domestic pigs by either surgical optic nerve section or peripapillary argon laser photocoagulation. (pubfacts.com)
  • The effect of axotomy was quantified by optic nerve axon counts and estimations of retinal ganglion cell counts. (pubfacts.com)
  • In this work, we have studied the behavior of rat retinal MCs in two models of unilateral complete intraorbital optic nerve axotomy which elicit a different time course of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In rodents, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after optic nerve axotomy is a well-documented process that occurs in two phases [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we determined the activation and phagocytotic function of different subtypes of retinal microglial cells at 1 week and 1 month following optic axotomy. (elsevier.com)
  • The OX-42- and 5D4-positive microglial cells were increased in the inner retinal layers after optic axotomy. (elsevier.com)
  • Scattered ameboid ED1-positive cells were detected in the normal retina and showed phagocytotic activity at 1 month after optic axotomy. (elsevier.com)
  • In optic axotomy, three types of microglial cells were activated, namely, 5D4-positive ramified cells and OX-42- and ED1-positive ameboid cells. (elsevier.com)
  • Insofar as the blood-retinal barrier presumably remained intact in optic axotomy, the OX-42 and 5D4-positive cells might derive from resident microglial cells. (elsevier.com)
  • Zhang, C & Tso, MOM 2003, ' Characterization of activated retinal microglia following optic axotomy ', Journal of Neuroscience Research , vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 840-845. (elsevier.com)
  • Tso, Mark O M. / Characterization of activated retinal microglia following optic axotomy . (elsevier.com)
  • There was a suggestion that retinal axons could regenerate after axotomy if the cut optic nerve end was anastomosed to a sciatic nerve graft (Tello, 1907). (utah.edu)
Axons after axotomy2
  • To determine whether other components of these NAD biosynthetic pathways are capable of delaying axonal degeneration, we overexpressed each of the enzymes involved in each pathway and/or exogenously administered their respective substrates in DRG cultures and assessed their capacity to protect axons after axotomy. (wustl.edu)
  • Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy. (abcam.com)
Response to axotomy3
  • Carbonetto, S & Muller, KJ 1982, ' Nerve fiber growth and the cellular response to axotomy ', Current Topics in Developmental Biology , vol. 17, no. (elsevier.com)
  • A combination of approaches performed using the region that directly encompasses an adenylate and uridylate (AU)-rich element within the AChE 3'-untranslated region demonstrated a decrease in RNA-protein complexes in response to axotomy of the SCG and, specifically, a decrease in HuD binding. (unm.edu)
  • No significant changes in the level of radioligand binding to the μ‐receptor were detected in response to axotomy. (elsevier.com)
Effect of retinal gang3
  • ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axotomy and death on the thickness of the inner plexiform (IPL), inner nuclear (INL), and outer plexiform layers (OPL), as well as the densities of short- (S) and middle-to-long-wavelength (M/L) cones in the porcine retina. (openthesis.org)
  • Long-term effect of retinal ganglion cell axotomy on the histomorphometry of other cells in the porcine retina. (pubfacts.com)
  • To determine the effect of retinal ganglion cell axotomy on the thickness of inner plexiform, inner nuclear, and outer plexiform layers, as well as the densities of short- and middle-to-long-wavelength cones, in the porcine retina. (pubfacts.com)
Sensory neurons1
  • Degeneration and reconstitution of the olfactory sensory neurons after axotomy. (els.net)
Motor neurons after axotomy2
  • Thus, the higher expression of NADPH-d in motor neurons after axotomy along with hypoxia suggest that NO might play an important role in the mechanisms of the hypoxla-reiated neuropathogenesis. (elsevier.com)
  • Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the degeneration of motor neurons after axotomy. (springer.com)
Intracutaneous excision axotomy2
  • Ten subjects with diabetes mellitus complicated by neuropathy and 10 healthy controls underwent 3 mm distal thigh punch skin biopsies to create an intracutaneous excision axotomy followed by a concentric 4-mm overlapping biopsy at different time points. (bioquant.com)
  • Diabetic individuals exposed to either topical application of capsaicin or intracutaneous excision axotomy (punch skin biopsy) displayed a reduction in regenerative rate, even without evidence of neuropathy, and reduced axonal regenerative sprouting and blood vessel growth, respectively, compared with nondiabetic control subjects ( 11 , 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Sciatic8
  • Results of Northern blotting of total RNA obtained from the DRG indicated that NF- L and NF- Μ mRNA levels had largely returned to control levels at 12 weeks following crush axotomy but were still substantially depressed following cut/ligation injury of the sciatic nerve at that time. (hindawi.com)
  • Treatment methods involving methylene blue (MB) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have shown combinational effects in sciatic nerve axotomies. (iupui.edu)
  • Here we studied whether G-CSF is able to protect motoneurons from purely apoptotic cell death induced by a monocausal paradigm, neonatal sciatic nerve axotomy. (inserm.fr)
  • RESULTS: We performed sciatic nerve axotomy in neonatal mice overexpressing G-CSF in the CNS and found that G-CSF transgenic mice displayed significantly higher numbers of surviving lumbar motoneurons 4 days following axotomy than their littermate controls. (inserm.fr)
  • The aim of this study was to propose new more reliable peripheral nerve transection model to overcome the defect of the traditional sciatic axotomy model by specifically transecting L5 spinal nerve just after emerging from the intervertebral foramen and confining analysis area to the L5 spinal segment. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, the authors could propose more reliable peripheral nerve axotomy model than the conventional sciatic nerve axotomy model by specifically transecting L5 spinal nerve and confining the investigating area within the L5 spinal segment. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have surveyed the motor changes in rats subjected to sciatic nerve axotomy . (bvsalud.org)
  • In vivo, TRO19622 rescued motor neurons from axotomy-induced cell death in neonatal rats and promoted nerve regeneration following sciatic nerve crush in mice. (aspetjournals.org)
MRNA levels7
  • In contrast, Northern blotting results indicated that β ΙΙ -tubulin mRNA levels in the crush axotomy condition remained elevated relative to control while they were substantially lower than control in cut/ligation axotomy samples. (hindawi.com)
  • After axotomy a subpopulation of RGCs was labeled with the GAP-43 antibody and mRNA levels of GAP-43 increased significantly. (arvojournals.org)
  • As a step toward identifying signals important in regulating agrin gene expression in neurons, we examined the effects of postganglionic axotomy or preganglionic denervation on agrin mRNA levels and alternative splicing in ciliary ganglia of posthatch chicks. (escholarship.org)
  • Using a herpes simplex virus construct containing the human HuD sequence to infect SCG neurons in vivo, we found that AChE and GAP-43 mRNA levels were maintained in the SCG after axotomy. (unm.edu)
  • Axotomy alone resulted in a significant but transient increase in GFAP mRNA levels at 2 days postoperative in the injured red nucleus compared with the contralateral uninjured red nucleus. (elsevier.com)
  • Additionally, the increase in GFAP mRNA levels following TP treatment was significantly smaller than following axotomy alone. (elsevier.com)
  • Axotomy increases axonal transport of hnRNPs H1, F, and K, depletion of these hnRNPs decreases axon growth and reduces axonal mRNA levels and axonal protein synthesis. (mcponline.org)
Topical application of capsaicin1
  • Subjects also underwent a chemical 'axotomy' through the topical application of capsaicin, and regenerative sprouting was assessed by the return of intraepidermal nerve fibre density through regenerative regrowth. (bioquant.com)
Retina2
  • La axotomía de nervio óptico constituye una lesión traumática del sistema nervioso central que conduce a la degeneración y muerte de las células ganglionares de la retina, hecho que también tiene lugar en otras alteraciones retinianas de alta prevalencia como el glaucoma. (sebbm.es)
  • The number of ED1-positive cells in the retina was unchanged after axotomy. (elsevier.com)
Effects of axotomy2
  • Adult Purkinje cells, which in control adult rats do not express GAP-43, are extremely resistant to the effects of axotomy but cannot regenerate axons. (nih.gov)
  • Storer, PD & Jones, KJ 2003, ' Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the hamster red nucleus: Effects of axotomy and testosterone treatment ', Experimental Neurology , vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 939-946. (elsevier.com)
Neurons to axotomy1
  • Role of GAP-43 in mediating the responsiveness of cerebellar and precerebellar neurons to axotomy. (nih.gov)
Days after axotomy2
  • NADPH-diaphorase positivity was not detectable in these neurons 1 and 2 days after axotomy at birth, when apoptotic changes were evident and marked. (univr.it)
  • Radioligand binding of [3H]DAMGO to the μ‐opiate receptor in N.XII was studied in 20 animals by quantitative autoradiography at 2, 6, and 11 days after axotomy. (elsevier.com)
Regenerate after axotomy1
  • Furthermore, mature Purkinje cells in cerebellar explants of transgenic mice that overexpress GAP-43 do not regenerate after axotomy, even in the presence of a permissive substrate (cerebellar embryonic tissue) and, contrary to the case in wild-type mice, they do not survive in the in vitro conditions and undergo massive cell death. (nih.gov)
Expression after axotomy2
  • De Felipe, C. and Belmonte, C. (1999), c-Jun expression after axotomy of corneal trigeminal ganglion neurons is dependent on the site of injury. (wiley.com)
  • The RNA-binding protein HuD binds acetylcholinesterase mRNA in neurons and regulates its expression after axotomy. (unm.edu)
Mice4
  • To begin to explore the factors that determine this selectivity, we carried out peripheral axotomy in mice expressing a mutant SOD1 (G93A mice) and controls (nontransgenic mice and mice expressing wild-type human SOD1). (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to the controls, axotomy in G93A mice reduced the extent of axon degeneration at the end stage of the disease, leading to an increase in the number of surviving motor axons. (nih.gov)
  • G-CSF protects motoneurons against axotomy-induced apoptotic death in neonatal mice. (inserm.fr)
  • Facial nerve axotomy was unilaterally performed in Cx3cr1-Mfp2 −/− and control mice, and microglial functioning in response to neuronal injury was subsequently analyzed by histology and real-time PCR. (springer.com)
Apoptosis6
  • Retinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axotomy occurs by apoptosis. (arvojournals.org)
  • PURPOSE: To investigate whether retinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axotomy occurs by apoptosis. (arvojournals.org)
  • CONCLUSION: Some retinal ganglion cells injured by glaucoma and by axotomy die by apoptosis. (arvojournals.org)
  • We showed that axotomy not only mechanically injures glial cells at the cutting location, but also induces necrosis or apoptosis of satellite glial cells remote from the transection site. (ovid.com)
  • Inhibition of MEK1/2, p38, Akt, GSK-3β and mTOR increased axotomy-induced apoptosis of remote glial cells, whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 and GSK-3β enhanced necrosis. (ovid.com)
  • In addition, in situ nick-end labeling of DNA fragmentation (TUNEL technique) was performed after axotomy at birth, to verify the occurrence of apoptosis in the damaged facial motoneurons. (univr.it)
Peripheral nerves4
  • ATF3 expression in neurons is closely linked to their survival and the regeneration of their axons following axotomy, and that in peripheral nerves correlates with the generation of a Schwann cell phenotype that is conducive to axonal regeneration. (frontiersin.org)
  • One factor that contributes to the successful regeneration of the axons in peripheral nerves is the complex cell body response the neurons show to axotomy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Various neurotrophic factors that promote axonal regeneration have been investigated in vivo, but the signals that prompt neurons to send out processes in peripheral nerves after axotomy are not well understood. (elsevier.com)
  • Previously, we have shown oxidized galectin-1 (GAL-1/Ox) promotes initial axonal growth after axotomy in peripheral nerves. (elsevier.com)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Peripheral axotomy of the cranial nerves has been reported to induce expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the relative motor neurons. (elsevier.com)
Regenerative3
  • In mature animals, where survival factors are derived locally or via autocrine loops, axotomy of peripheral neurons and motoneurons can lead to a robust regenerative response without any neuronal death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taken collectively these data demonstrate that thoracic propriospinal (TPS) neurons mount a very dynamic response following low thoracic axotomy that includes a strong regenerative response, but also results in the cell death of many axotomized TPS neurons in the first week after spinal cord injury. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Other changes are regenerative in nature and because most of these occur in the superficial dorsal horn, which is where fine primary afferents end, we wished to ask whether peripheral axotomy results in a change in the distribution in these fine afferents. (utmb.edu)
Phrenic nerves2
  • Introduction: In this study we investigated the effect of crush and axotomy of phrenic nerves on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat diaphragm muscle. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • Animals in all groups were sacrificed one week after the crush or axotomy, and degenerated phrenic nerves were harvested for the determination of tissue oxidative stress and trace element levels. (yyu.edu.tr)
Neuronal degeneration3
  • Axotomy typically leads to retrograde neuronal degeneration in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
  • It is well known that axotomy leads to neuronal degeneration in the CNS ( Ramon y Cajal, 1928 ), and the vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) magnocellular neurons (MCNs) of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysal system (HNS) have served as classical in vivo models for the study of this phenomenon. (jneurosci.org)
  • Pharmacological inhibition of MLKs, MKK4-activating kinases, significantly reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and abrogated dopaminergic neuronal degeneration following MFB axotomy. (carleton.ca)
Facial5
  • We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. (jove.com)
  • The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques. (jove.com)
  • In addition, NADPH-diaphorase staining was hardly detectable in the facial nucleus 4 days after axotomies at birth, when extensive motoneuron loss was evident. (univr.it)
  • Testosterone propionate (TP) administration coincident with facial nerve axotomy in the hamster attenuates glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the facial nucleus that is normally increased following axotomy alone. (elsevier.com)
  • Concerning Wt animals, we found a reduction in synaptophysin immunoreactivity and an increase of MHC class I molecules in facial motoneurons after axotomy. (ejh.it)
Contrast5
  • In contrast to the peripheral response, the axotomy response in central neurons (neurons in the Central Nervous System ) almost always leads to cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, inferior olivary neurons, despite their high constitutive expression of GAP-43, do not sprout but retract their axons and die after axotomy. (nih.gov)
  • By contrast, there was no apparent change in the density or distribution of enkephalin‐immunoreactive varicosities in five animals examined 6 to 32 days following axotomy. (elsevier.com)
  • In contrast to the opiate system, the cholinergic enzymes choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and pseudocholinesterase showed a coordinate decrease in motor neuron‐associated staining on the operated side of N.XII at 3 ,6 , and 11 days following axotomy which paralleled the decrease in NEP staining. (elsevier.com)
  • In marked contrast, axotomy rapidly transformed damaged neurons into just two new and closely-related classes where almost all original identity was lost. (elifesciences.org)
Nerve10
  • Because loss of DRG neuronal K ATP currents is involved in the pathophysiology of pain after peripheral nerve injury, we characterized the distribution of the K ATP channel subunits in rat DRG, and determined their alterations by painful axotomy using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. (springer.com)
  • By comparing morphological and molecular changes in spinal motoneurons after L4-L5 ventral root avulsion (VRA) and distal peripheral nerve axotomy (PNA) 7 and 14 days postoperatively, we aimed to gain more insight about the mechanism behind injury-induced motoneuron degeneration. (diva-portal.org)
  • Severe mechanical nerve injury such as axotomy can lead to neuron degeneration and death of surrounding glial cells. (ovid.com)
  • Specific expression of type II protein kinase c after axotomy in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the hypoglossal nucleus. (mysciencework.com)
  • Protein kinase C (PKC) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were investigated immunohistochemically in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the hypoglossal nucleus after axotomy using monoclonal antibodies against type I, II and III PKC and GAP-43. (mysciencework.com)
  • This chapter explores some of the complex events within the nerve cell that are triggered by axotomy-the severing of the axon. (elsevier.com)
  • This study was designed to investigate the effect of crush and axotomy on oxidative stress and some trace element levels in phrenic nerve of rats. (yyu.edu.tr)
  • The effect of hypoglossal nerve axotomy upon the distribution of NEP activity in the hypoglossal nucleus was compared to the effect upon cholinergic markers, the muopiate receptor, and the enkephalins. (elsevier.com)
  • Stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve, even afterlingual nerve axotomy, showed secretion from the lingual glands on the same side as stimulation. (indmedica.com)
  • Axotomy of the lingual nerve was done proximal to its communication with the hypoglossal nerve. (indmedica.com)
Crush4
  • Effect of crush and axotomy of phrenic n. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • Results: The malondialdehyde level increased in diaphragm muscles after both crush and axotomy. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • The antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and catalase, decreased in diaphragm muscles after both crush and axotomy. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • Effects of crush and axotomy on oxidativ. (yyu.edu.tr)
Glial2
  • We used the crayfish stretch receptor that consists of a single mechanoreceptor neuron enveloped by satellite glial cells as a simple, but informative model object in the study of the role of various signaling proteins in axotomy-induced death of remote glial cells. (ovid.com)
  • These data suggest that testosterone both delays and reduces the astrocytic reaction in the red nucleus following rubrospinal tract axotomy, and confirms a difference between peripheral and central glial responses to axotomy and steroid administration. (elsevier.com)
Ganglia1
Proximal1
  • In DRG and dorsal roots proximal to axotomy SLI were smaller and showed decreased SUR1 immunofluorescence. (springer.com)
Increases1
  • These findings suggest that axotomy increases the type II PKC of the severed neurons, and type II PKC seems to phosphorylate some protein, such as GAP-43, and plays some role in the retrograde neuronal reaction. (mysciencework.com)
Axonal regeneration1
  • We examined blood vessel, Schwann cell and axonal regeneration using validated axotomy models to study and compare patterns and the relationship of regeneration among these different structures. (bioquant.com)
Neonatal2
  • Axotomy may cause neuronal cell death, especially in embryonic or neonatal animals, as this is the period in which neurons are dependent on their targets for the supply of survival factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous results and additional data from this study indicated that NF- and BS-I-positive ganglion cells are proportionally more likely to be lost after neonatal axotomy and that SP-positive cells are more likely to remain. (elsevier.com)
Neuron1
  • It's these dendritic spines that shrink in number following axotomy.As it loses input connections, the wounded neuron also becomes more excitable: the neuron becomes more likely to fire signals down its truncated axon when stimulated to do so by other neurons. (healthcanal.com)
Unilateral1
  • Unilateral, peripapillary RGC axotomy was performed in six domestic pigs using an argon laser. (openthesis.org)
Ganglion6
  • Our results demonstrate activation of autophagy shortly after axotomy with autophagosome formation, upregulation of the autophagy regulator Atg5 and apoptotic death of 50% of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after 5 days. (sebbm.es)
  • Agrin gene expression in ciliary ganglion neurons following preganglionic denervation and postganglionic axotomy. (escholarship.org)
  • Major changes in agrin gene expression following axotomy but not denervation are consistant with the notion that agrin synthesized by ganglionic neurons exerts its effects in the periphery rather than at synapses formed between ciliary ganglion neurons and their preganglionic input. (escholarship.org)
  • No signs of retrograde transsynaptic degeneration were observed in porcine retinas nine months after retinal ganglion cell axotomy. (pubfacts.com)
  • Both 5D4- and OX-42-positive cells phagocytosed dying ganglion cells at 1 week and 1 month after axotomy. (elsevier.com)
  • Using recently available markers for fine primary afferent axons and small dorsal root ganglion cells, we demonstrate that peripheral axotomy results in a considerable increase in the immunolabeled area for these compounds. (utmb.edu)
Contralateral2
  • Similar, but less dramatic changes in agrin expression following axotomy were also observed in unoperated neurons on the contralateral side. (escholarship.org)
  • The data were compared between the eyes with axotomy and the contralateral normal eye using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. (pubfacts.com)
Survival2
  • Studies in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) have suggested that neural activity is supportive of magnocellular neuronal (MCN) survival after axotomy. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition, we found that potassium depolarization rescues OT and VP MCNs from axotomy-induced neurodegeneration in vitro and also reverses the deleterious effect of TTX on the survival of both OT and VP MCNs in the SON. (jneurosci.org)
Primary afferent2
  • Peripheral axotomy initiates changes in central primary afferent receiving areas of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (utmb.edu)
  • Our interpretation is that there may be an extension of fine primary afferent fibers into lamina III and possibly lamina IV following peripheral axotomy. (utmb.edu)
Occurs4
  • Regeneration occurs because of microglial hyperplasia and astroglial hypertrophy, activities that are lacking in the central axotomy response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although many times axotomy occurs due to intended surgical treatment, it is also often directly related to one of many pathologies/injuries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Independently of the axotomy model, RGC death occurs in two phases, one quick and one protracted, and there is a lineal and topographical correlation between the appearance of PMCs and the loss of traced RGCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Axotomy-induced RGC death occurs earlier than RGC clearance and there is an inverse correlation between RGC loss and PMC appearance, both numerically and topographically, suggesting that phagocytosis occurs as a direct response to RGC death rather than to axonal damage. (biomedcentral.com)
Axon regeneration1
  • Because axon regeneration was assessed only 1 h after axotomy, however, it is possible that axons may still be regeneration-competent in the context of sialidase antagonism, albeit on a slower timescale. (jneurosci.org)
Hypoglossal1
  • Back, SA & Gorenstein, C 1994, ' Differential response of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 ("enkephalinase"), and cholinergic and opioidergic markers to hypoglossal axotomy ', Journal of Comparative Neurology , vol. 340, no. 2, pp. 149-160. (elsevier.com)
Intrinsic1
  • When developing experimental strategies, other factors have to be considered, such as axotomy-induced cell death and secondary degeneration (Schwartz, 2004a), scar formation (Rhodes and Fawcett, 2004), and factors intrinsic to neurons themselves. (utah.edu)
Conclusions1
  • Discrepancies in the conclusions from Northern blotting and in situ hybridization experiments were also noted in the case of tubulin mRNA changes at long intervals after axotomy. (hindawi.com)
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Marques, Miguel A. L. [WorldCat Identities]
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