AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
Axonal TransportAxonsBiological TransportBiological Transport, ActiveKinesinNeurofilament ProteinsSciatic NerveProtein TransportOptic NerveDyneinsKymographyNeuronsMicrotubulesIon TransportMembrane Transport ProteinsTransport VesiclesNerve Tissue ProteinsOrganellesDecapodiformesMolecular Motor ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsAotus trivirgatustau ProteinsColchicineNerve ExpansionGanglia, SpinalKineticsTubulinCells, CulturedNeurofibrilsCarrier ProteinsMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsNerve DegenerationMitochondriaMutationMotor NeuronsAmyloid beta-Protein PrecursorKinetinNerve CrushRetinal Ganglion CellsElectron TransportIntermediate FilamentsStilbamidinesNeuritesCell MembraneMotor Neuron DiseaseSodiumRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsTauopathiesDiffuse Axonal InjuryModels, BiologicalMicrotubule ProteinsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsHypogastric PlexusVesicular Transport ProteinsMembrane ProteinsAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisRats, Inbred StrainsMicroscopy, ElectronMolecular Sequence DataSynaptic VesiclesCytoskeletonDisease Models, AnimalCytoplasmic DyneinsMice, TransgenicSuperior Cervical GanglionAlzheimer DiseaseAmino Acid SequenceSynapsinsHorseradish PeroxidaseDrosophilaBrainLuminescent ProteinsBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorGangliaNeurodegenerative DiseasesEndosomesAnion Transport ProteinsSynaptophysinCation Transport ProteinsGrowth ConesCytoplasmGolgi ApparatusMicroscopy, FluorescenceNerve RegenerationTime-Lapse ImagingGlucoseSuperior ColliculiHippocampusGAP-43 ProteinMicroscopy, ConfocalAutoradiographyMicroscopy, VideoCell LineProtein BindingRhodaminesSodium AzideAmino Acid Transport SystemsFluorescent Dyes
Axonal Transport
The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Biological Transport
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Biological Transport, Active
The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.
Kinesin
A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.
Neurofilament Proteins
Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)
Sciatic Nerve
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Protein Transport
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Optic Nerve
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Dyneins
A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.
Kymography
The recording of wavelike motions or undulations. It is usually used on arteries to detect variations in blood pressure.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Microtubules
Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.
Ion Transport
The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.
Membrane Transport Proteins
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.
Transport Vesicles
Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Organelles
Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.
Decapodiformes
A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.
Molecular Motor Proteins
Proteins that are involved in or cause CELL MOVEMENT such as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (MYOSIN; KINESIN; and DYNEIN motor families).
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
Aotus trivirgatus
A species in the family AOTIDAE, inhabiting the forested regions of Central and South America (from Panama to the Amazon). Vocalizations occur primarily at night when they are active, thus they are also known as Northern night monkeys.
tau Proteins
Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).
Colchicine
A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).
Nerve Expansion
Procedures that stimulate nerve elongation over a period of time. They are used in repairing nerve tissue.
Ganglia, Spinal
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Neurofibrils
The delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through the CYTOPLASM of the body of a NEURON and extending from one DENDRITE into another or into the AXON.
Carrier Proteins
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Motor Neurons
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.
Kinetin
A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.
Nerve Crush
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Electron Transport
The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)
Intermediate Filaments
Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.
Stilbamidines
STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.
Neurites
In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.
Cell Membrane
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
Sodium
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.
Diffuse Axonal Injury
A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.
Models, Biological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Microtubule Proteins
Proteins found in the microtubules.
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.
Hypogastric Plexus
A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.
Vesicular Transport Proteins
A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.
Membrane Proteins
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)
Rats, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Synaptic Vesicles
Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.
Cytoskeleton
The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Cytoplasmic Dyneins
Dyneins that are responsible for intracellular transport, MITOSIS, cell polarization, and movement within the cell.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Superior Cervical Ganglion
The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Synapsins
A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of NEUROTRANSMITTER release. Synapsin I, the predominant member of this family, links SYNAPTIC VESICLES to ACTIN FILAMENTS in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible PHOSPHORYLATION of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II.
Horseradish Peroxidase
An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.
Drosophila
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Luminescent Proteins
Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
Ganglia
Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.
Endosomes
Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.
Anion Transport Proteins
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.
Synaptophysin
A MARVEL domain-containing protein found in the presynaptic vesicles of NEURONS and NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS. It is commonly used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.
Cation Transport Proteins
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.
Growth Cones
Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.
Cytoplasm
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
Nerve Regeneration
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Time-Lapse Imaging
Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.
Glucose
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Superior Colliculi
The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
GAP-43 Protein
A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.
Microscopy, Confocal
A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.
Autoradiography
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Microscopy, Video
Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Rhodamines
A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.
Sodium Azide
A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
Amino Acid Transport Systems
Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.
Fluorescent Dyes
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
Aplysia
An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.
Drosophila Proteins
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Amyloid beta-Peptides
Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Phosphorylation
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Nocodazole
Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.
Rabbits
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Nerve Growth Factors
Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
Intermediate Filament Proteins
Filaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all cells. Many specific proteins belong to this group, e.g., desmin, vimentin, prekeratin, decamin, skeletin, neurofilin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary acid protein.
Nerve Growth Factor
NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Adenosine Triphosphate
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Localization of sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory neurons innervating the heart of the Beijing duck by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. (1/1188)

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory neurons were labeled by injections of horseradish peroxidase into various regions of the heart in 33 Beijing ducks. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the heart were located in the paravertebral ganglia C15 (C16 is the last cervical segment in the duck) to T3, especially in the ganglion T1. The coronary sulcus and ventricle were more abundantly innervated by sympathetic neurons than the atrium. The left side of the heart was preferentially innervated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the left side of paravertebral ganglia but the right side of the heart were equally supplied from the right and left ganglia. Within the medulla oblongata, the number of labeled vagal preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus was much greater than that in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Labeled neurons of the nucleus ambiguus were found in many ducks injected into the coronary sulcus. Cardiac sensory neurons were observed in the dorsal root ganglia C15 to T2 (highest in the ganglion T1) and in the nodose and jugular ganglia of the vagus nerve. These labeled neurons probably form the afferent and efferent limbs of cardiac reflexes and control circulation in the Beijing duck.  (+info)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (2/1188)

Visual activity is thought to be a critical factor in controlling the development of central retinal projections. Neuronal activity increases cytosolic calcium, which was hypothesized to regulate process outgrowth in neurons. We performed an in vivo imaging study in the retinotectal system of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles with the fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green 1 dextran (CaGD) to test the role of calcium in regulating axon arbor development. We find that visual stimulus to the retina increased CaGD fluorescence intensity in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors within the optic tectum and that branch additions to retinotectal axon arbors correlated with a local rise in calcium in the parent branch. We find three types of responses to visual stimulus, which roughly correlate with the ON, OFF, and SUSTAINED response types of RGC reported by physiological criteria. Imaging in bandscan mode indicated that patterns of calcium transients were nonuniform throughout the axons. We tested whether the increase in calcium in the retinotectal axons required synaptic activity in the retina; intraocular application of tetrodotoxin (10 microM) or nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) blocked the stimulus-induced increase in RGC axonal fluorescence. A second series of pharmacological investigations was designed to determine the mechanism of the calcium elevation in the axon terminals within the optic tectum. Injection of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM (BAPTA-AM) (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle reduced axonal calcium levels, supporting the idea that visual stimulation increases axonal calcium. Injection of BAPTA (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle to chelate extracellular calcium also attenuated the calcium response to visual stimulation, indicating that calcium enters the axon from the extracellular medium. Caffeine (10 mM) caused a large increase in axonal calcium, indicating that intracellular stores contribute to the calcium signal. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a role in axon arbor development and the formation of the topographic retinotectal projection. Injection of nicotine (10 microM) into the tectal ventricle significantly elevated RGC axonal calcium levels, whereas application of the nAChR antagonist alphaBTX (100 nM) reduced the stimulus-evoked rise in RGC calcium fluorescence. These data suggest that light stimulus to the retina increases calcium in the axon terminal arbors through a mechanism that includes influx through nAChRs and amplification by calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Such a mechanism may contribute to developmental plasticity of the retinotectal system by influencing both axon arbor elaboration and the strength of synaptic transmission.  (+info)

A genetic approach to trace neural circuits. (3/1188)

Mammalian nervous system function involves billions of neurons which are interconnected in a multitude of neural circuits. Here we describe a genetic approach to chart neural circuits. By using an olfactory-specific promoter, we selectively expressed barley lectin in sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ of transgenic mice. The lectin was transported through the axons of those neurons to the olfactory bulb, transferred to the bulb neurons with which they synapse, and transported through the axons of bulb neurons to the olfactory cortex. The lectin also was retrogradely transported from the bulb to neuromodulatory brain areas. No evidence could be obtained for adverse effects of the lectin on odorant receptor gene expression, sensory axon targeting in the bulb, or the generation or transmission of signals by olfactory sensory neurons. Transneuronal transfer was detected prenatally in the odor-sensing pathway, but only postnatally in the pheromone-sensing pathway, suggesting that odors, but not pheromones, may be sensed in utero. Our studies demonstrate that a plant lectin can serve as a transneuronal tracer when its expression is genetically targeted to a subset of neurons. This technology can potentially be applied to a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate neural systems and may be particularly valuable for mapping connections formed by small subsets of neurons and for studying the development of connectivity as it occurs in utero.  (+info)

NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in distinct morphological types of lamina I neurons of the primate spinal cord. (4/1188)

In cat and monkey, lamina I cells can be classified into three basic morphological types (fusiform, pyramidal, and multipolar), and recent intracellular labeling evidence in the cat indicates that fusiform and multipolar lamina I cells are two different types of nociceptive cells, whereas pyramidal cells are innocuous thermoreceptive-specific. Because earlier observations indicated that only nociceptive dorsal horn neurons respond to substance P (SP), we examined which morphological types of lamina I neurons express receptors for SP (NK-1r). We categorized NK-1r-immunoreactive (IR) lamina I neurons in serial horizontal sections from the cervical and lumbar enlargements of four monkeys. Consistent results were obtained by two independent teams of observers. Nearly all NK-1r-IR cells were fusiform (42%) or multipolar (43%), but only 6% were pyramidal (with 9% unclassified). We obtained similar findings in three monkeys in which we used double-labeling immunocytochemistry to identify NK-1r-IR and spinothalamic lamina I neurons retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin subunit b from the thalamus; most NK-1r-IR lamina I spinothalamic neurons were fusiform (48%) or multipolar (33%), and only 10% were pyramidal. In contrast, most (approximately 75%) pyramidal and some (approximately 25%) fusiform and multipolar lamina I spinothalamic neurons did not display NK-1r immunoreactivity. These data indicate that most fusiform and multipolar lamina I neurons in the monkey can express NK-1r, consistent with the idea that both types are nociceptive, whereas only a small proportion of lamina I pyramidal cells express this receptor, consistent with the previous finding that they are non-nociceptive. However, these findings also indicate that not all nociceptive lamina I neurons express receptors for SP.  (+info)

Leukemia inhibitory factor augments neurotrophin expression and corticospinal axon growth after adult CNS injury. (5/1188)

The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) modulates glial and neuronal function in development and after peripheral nerve injury, but little is known regarding its role in the injured adult CNS. To further understand the biological role of LIF and its potential mechanisms of action after CNS injury, effects of cellularly delivered LIF on axonal growth, glial activation, and expression of trophic factors were examined after adult mammalian spinal cord injury. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce high amounts of LIF were grafted to the injured spinal cords of adult Fischer 344 rats. Two weeks after injury, animals with LIF-secreting cells showed a specific and significant increase in corticospinal axon growth compared with control animals. Furthermore, expression of neurotrophin-3, but not nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, or ciliary neurotrophic factor, was increased at the lesion site in LIF-grafted but not in control subjects. No differences in astroglial and microglial/macrophage activation were observed. Thus, LIF can directly or indirectly modulate molecular and cellular responses of the adult CNS to injury. These findings also demonstrate that neurotrophic molecules can augment expression of other trophic factors in vivo after traumatic injury in the adult CNS.  (+info)

Development and organization of ocular dominance bands in primary visual cortex of the sable ferret. (6/1188)

Thalamocortical afferents in the visual cortex of the adult sable ferret are segregated into eye-specific ocular dominance bands. The development of ocular dominance bands was studied by transneuronal labeling of the visual cortices of ferret kits between the ages of postnatal day 28 (P28) and P81 after intravitreous injections of either tritiated proline or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Laminar specificity was evident in the youngest animals studied and was similar to that in the adult by P50. In P28 and P30 ferret kits, no modulation reminiscent of ocular dominance bands was detectable in the pattern of labeling along layer IV. By P37 a slight fluctuation in the density of labeling in layer IV was evident in serial reconstructions. By P50, the amplitude of modulation had increased considerably but the pattern of ocular dominance bands did not yet appear mature. The pattern and degree of modulation of the ocular dominance bands resembled that in adult animals by P63. Flat mounts of cortex and serial reconstructions of layer IV revealed an unusual arrangement of inputs serving the two eyes in the region rostral to the periodic ocular dominance bands. In this region, inputs serving the contralateral eye were commonly fused along a mediolateral axis, rostral to which were large and sometimes fused patches of ipsilateral input.  (+info)

Neutralizing antibodies inhibit axonal spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 to epidermal cells in vitro. (7/1188)

The ability of antibodies to interfere with anterograde transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from neuronal axons to the epidermis was investigated in an in vitro model consisting of human fetal dorsal root ganglia innervating autologous skin explants in a dual-chamber tissue culture system. The number and size of viral cytopathic plaques in epidermal cells after axonal transmission from HSV type 1 (HSV-1)-infected dorsal root ganglionic neurons were significantly reduced by addition to the outer chamber of neutralizing polyclonal human sera to HSV-1, of a human recombinant monoclonal group Ib antibody to glycoprotein D (gD), and of rabbit sera to HSV-1 gB and gD but not by rabbit anti-gE or anti-gG. A similar pattern of inhibition of direct infection of epidermal cells by these antibodies was observed. High concentrations of the monoclonal anti-gD reduced transmission by 90%. Rabbit anti-gB was not taken up into neurons, and human anti-gD did not influence spread of HSV in the dorsal root ganglia or axonal transport of HSV antigens when applied to individual dissociated neurons. These results suggest that anti-gD and -gB antibodies interfere with axonal spread of HSV-1, possibly by neutralizing HSV during transmission across an intercellular gap between axonal termini and epidermal cells, and thus contribute to control of HSV spread and shedding. Therefore, selected human monoclonal antibodies to protective epitopes might even be effective in preventing epidermis-to-neuron transmission during primary HSV infection, especially neonatal infection.  (+info)

The GDVII strain of Theiler's virus spreads via axonal transport. (8/1188)

Following intracerebral inoculation, the DA strain of Theiler's virus sequentially infects neurons in the gray matter and glial cells in the white matter of the spinal cord. It persists in the latter throughout the life of the animal. Several observations suggest that the virus spreads from the gray to the white matter by axonal transport. In contrast, the neurovirulent GDVII strain causes a fatal encephalitis with lytic infection of neurons. It does not infect the white matter of the spinal cord efficiently and does not persist in survivors. The inability of this virus to infect the white matter could be due to a defect in axonal transport. Using footpad inoculations, we showed that the GDVII strain is, in fact, transported in axons. Transport was prevented by sectioning the sciatic nerve. The kinetics of transport and experiments using colchicine suggested that the virus uses microtubule-associated fast axonal transport. Our results show that a cardiovirus can spread by fast axonal transport and suggest that the inability of the GDVII strain to infect the white matter is not due to a defect in axonal transport.  (+info)

Cdk5 inhibits anterograde axonal transport of neurofilaments but not that of tau by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein...
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) inhibits neurofilament (NF) anterograde axonal transport while p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPk) promotes it. Since cdk5 is known to inhibit MAP kinase activity, we examined whether or not cdk5 inhibits anterograde NF transport via inhibition of MAPk activity. To accomplish this, we manipulated the activity of these kinases in differentiated NB2a/d1 cells, and monitored anterograde axonal transport of green fluorescent protein-conjugated-NF-M (GFP-M) and cyan fluorescent protein-conjugated (CFP)-tau. The cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine increased anterograde axonal transport of GFP-M and CFP-tau; transfection with cdk5/p25 inhibited transport of both. Inhibition of MAPk activity by PD98059 or expression of dominant-negative MAPk inhibited anterograde GFP-M transport, while expression of constitutively active MAPk enhanced it; these treatments did not affect CFP-tau transport. PD98059 prevented roscovitine-mediated enhancement of GFP-M transport, but did ...
http://vivo.mblwhoilibrary.org/display/publication44369
Download Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration by Sidney Ochs (auth.), John S. Elam, Paul Cancalon (eds.) PDF -...
However, new insights into the basic properties of fast axonal transport are beginning to illuminate the roles that it may play during axonal growth. Although fast axonal transport is often used to refer solely to the movement of materials at the fastest orthograde rate, there is good reason for including in fast axonal transport the translocation of membranous organelles of all types in both directions (Lasek and Brady, 1982). The original descriptions of fast axonal transport (for example, see Lasek, 1967; Dahlstrom and Haggendahl, 1967; Grafstein, 1967) focused on the fastest moving elements leaving the cell bodies and defined this as fast axonal transport. I I FIGURE 3. Various responses of the facial nerve cell bodies following different types of axonal injuries in different animal species. , 1982). Biochemical changes in the nerve cell body occur after the injection of botulinum toxin into the area of neuromuscular junction. Watson (1974) suggested that since botulinum toxin causes a block ...
http://redecorayvende.com/lib/axonal-transport-in-neuronal-growth-and-regeneration
Defective Axonal Transport Puts Tau in a Tizzy | ALZFORUMDefective Axonal Transport Puts Tau in a Tizzy | ALZFORUM
Mutations in the microtubule-binding protein tau cause the protein to aggregate in neurodegenerative diseases such as some forms of frontotemporal dementia-but many conditions evince tau tangles in the absence of tau mutations. Scientists know that mutant tau interferes with axonal transport. The explanation for wild-type tau tangles may be that transport deficiencies, in turn, cause tauopathy. In the May 6 Journal of Neuroscience, scientists from the University of California, San Diego, report that when they interfered with transport in mice, tau became hyperphosphorylated. The authors suggest that impaired axonal transport could be a common mechanism leading to tau tangles in the handful of diseases so far defined as tauopathies.. Tangled tau features in nine known tauopathies (reviewed in Hernández and Avila, 2007), and axonal transport defects are common in neurodegenerative disease (reviewed in De Vos et al., 2008). In all these neurodegenerative diseases, axonal transport is abnormal at ...
https://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/defective-axonal-transport-puts-tau-tizzy
Direct evidence for coherent low velocity axonal transport of mitochondria<...Direct evidence for coherent low velocity axonal transport of mitochondria<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Direct evidence for coherent low velocity axonal transport of mitochondria. AU - Miller, Kyle E.. AU - Sheetz, Michael. PY - 2006/5/8. Y1 - 2006/5/8. N2 - Axonal growth depends on axonal transport. We report the first global analysis of mitochondrial transport during axonal growth and pauses. In the proximal axon, we found that docked mitochondria attached to the cytoskeletal framework that were stationary relative to the substrate and fast axonal transport fully accounted for mitochondrial transport. In the distal axon, we found both fast mitochondrial transport and a coherent slow transport of the mitochondria docked to the axonal framework (low velocity transport [LVT]). LVT was distinct from previously described transport processes; it was coupled with stretching of the axonal framework and, surprisingly, was independent of growth cone advance. Fast mitochondrial transport decreased and LVT increased in a proximodistal gradient along the axon, but together they generated a ...
https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/direct-evidence-for-coherent-low-velocity-axonal-transport-of-mit
ALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CUREALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CURE
Neurons are unique in that they are highly polarized cells with long projections. Motor neurons have axons that extend from the spinal cord out to the periphery to synapse with muscles; in the case of humans, these axons may extend for over a meter away from the cell body. Active transportation of proteins and organelles along the axon, in both directions between the cell body and the neuron synapse is essential for neuronal survival and communication. Anterograde axonal transport, from cell body to synapse, is undertaken by kinesins and other motor proteins. Retrograde axonal transport, from synapse to the cell body, is driven by the dynein motor within the dynein-dynactin complex. Defects in axonal transport have been shown to be present in mouse models of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and pathological findings such as axonal swellings that may be indicative of axonal transport defects have been ...
https://www.alzforum.org/papers/switch-retrograde-signaling-survival-stress-rapid-onset-neurodegeneration
A Switch in Retrograde Signaling from Survival to Stress in Rapid-Onset Neurodegeneration | Journal of NeuroscienceA Switch in Retrograde Signaling from Survival to Stress in Rapid-Onset Neurodegeneration | Journal of Neuroscience
Defects in axonal transport are implicated in a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, Huntingtons disease, and Alzheimers disease. Here, we describe for the first time a complete mechanism for how axonal transport defects may lead to severe neurodegeneration. This mechanism shows how extracellular signaling from mSOD1-expressing glia acts via neuronal receptors to activate intracellular stress signals, causing downstream activation of stress responses in the neuronal nucleus.. We used in vivo, in vitro, and live-cell imaging assays to fully characterize the axonal transport defects in the SOD1G93A model of familial ALS. We also found that mouse models with impaired dynein function, Loa and Tgdynamitin, show similarly decreased efficiencies of retrograde transport but, unlike the mSOD1 model, develop only mild neurodegeneration. Therefore, the slowing of neurotrophic factor signaling is not sufficient to induce pronounced neuronal loss. Instead, in the mSOD1 model in the early ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/31/9903.full?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=kinexus&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT
A Switch in Retrograde Signaling from Survival to Stress in Rapid-Onset Neurodegeneration | Journal of NeuroscienceA Switch in Retrograde Signaling from Survival to Stress in Rapid-Onset Neurodegeneration | Journal of Neuroscience
Defects in axonal transport are implicated in a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, Huntingtons disease, and Alzheimers disease. Here, we describe for the first time a complete mechanism for how axonal transport defects may lead to severe neurodegeneration. This mechanism shows how extracellular signaling from mSOD1-expressing glia acts via neuronal receptors to activate intracellular stress signals, causing downstream activation of stress responses in the neuronal nucleus.. We used in vivo, in vitro, and live-cell imaging assays to fully characterize the axonal transport defects in the SOD1G93A model of familial ALS. We also found that mouse models with impaired dynein function, Loa and Tgdynamitin, show similarly decreased efficiencies of retrograde transport but, unlike the mSOD1 model, develop only mild neurodegeneration. Therefore, the slowing of neurotrophic factor signaling is not sufficient to induce pronounced neuronal loss. Instead, in the mSOD1 model in the early ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/31/9903.long
Center for Nonlinear Dynamics » Publication » Endogenous GSK-3/Shaggy regulates bidirectional axonal transport of the Amyloid...Center for Nonlinear Dynamics » Publication » Endogenous GSK-3/Shaggy regulates bidirectional axonal transport of the Amyloid...
Neurons rely on microtubule (MT) motor proteins such as kinesin-1 and dynein to transport essential cargos between the cell body and axon terminus. Defective axonal transport causes abnormal axonal cargo accumulations and is connected to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease (AD). Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) has been proposed to be a central player in AD and to regulate axonal transport by the MT motor protein kinesin-1. Using genetic, biochemical and biophysical approaches in Drosophila melanogaster, we ?nd that endogenous GSK-3 is a required negative regulator of both kinesin-1-mediated and dynein-mediated axonal transport of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key contributor to AD pathology. GSK-3 also regulates transport of an unrelated cargo, embryonic lipid droplets. By measuring the forces motors generate in vivo, we ?nd that GSK-3 regulates transport by altering the activity of kinesin-1 motors but not their binding to the cargo. These ?ndings reveal a new ...
https://chaos.utexas.edu/publications/endogenous-gsk-3shaggy-regulates-bidirectional-axonal-transport-of-the-amyloid-precursor-protein
Erratum: GSK-3β inhibition reverses axonal transport defects and behavioural phenotypes in Drosophila (Molecular Psychiatry ...
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you click Continue well assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you wont see this message again. Click Find out more for information on how to change your cookie settings ...
https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/publications/290489
Hedging Price Volatility Using Fast TransportHedging Price Volatility Using Fast Transport
Purchasing goods from distant locations introduces a significant lag between when a product is shipped and when it arrives. This is problematic for firms facing volatile demand, who must place orders before knowing the resolution of demand uncertainty. We provide a model in which airplanes bring producers and consumers together in time. Fast transport allows firms to respond quickly to favorable demand realizations and to limit the risk of unprofitably large quantities during low demand periods. Fast transport thus provides firms with a real option to smooth demand volatility. The model predicts that the likelihood and extent to which firms employ air shipments is increasing in the volatility of demand they face, decreasing in the air premium they must pay, and increasing in the contemporaneous realization of demand. We confirm all three conjectures using detailed US import data. We provide simple calculations of the option value associated with fast transport and relate it to variation in goods ...
https://www.nber.org/papers/w15154
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Computational Analysis of Axonal Transport: A Novel Assessment of Neurotoxicity, Neuronal Development...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Computational Analysis of Axonal Transport: A Novel Assessment of Neurotoxicity, Neuronal Development...
Axonal transport plays a crucial role in neuronal morphogenesis, survival and function. Despite its importance, however, the molecular mechanisms of axonal transport remain mostly unknown because a simple and quantitative assay system for monitoring this cellular process has been lacking. In order to better characterize the mechanisms involved in axonal transport, we formulate a novel computer-assisted monitoring system of axonal transport. Potential uses of this system and implications for future studies will be discussed.
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/3/3414/xml
Oxidative stress inhibits axonal transport: implications for neurodegenerative diseases | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full...Oxidative stress inhibits axonal transport: implications for neurodegenerative diseases | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full...
Hydrogen peroxide, like other ROS, disrupts many cellular processes, including mitochondrial ATP production and regulation of calcium homeostasis [29], ion channel permeability [30], and redox signaling [31]. At present, we do not know the pathways that lead to inhibition of axonal transport. Some of the effects of hydrogen peroxide on axonal transport were quite similar to those produced by sodium azide, an inhibitor of ATP production [27]. Following both treatments, mitochondrial transport was inhibited first, then anterograde vesicle transport, and then retrograde vesicle transport. Thus it is reasonable to attribute some of the effects of hydrogen peroxide exposure to ATP depletion. Several of our findings, however, suggest that there is more involved than simply a reduction in the ATP levels available to molecular motors. Since kinesins and dyneins both have similar requirements for ATP, the differential effects on anterograde versus retrograde transport are more likely to involve the many ...
https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1326-7-29
User:Z3378012 - CellBiologyUser:Z3378012 - CellBiology
Mechanism of axonal transport: a proposed role for calcium ions[8] Science A good article as to the introduction of the mechanisms for axonal transport. Macromolecules and organelles are transported in a systems known as axonal or dendritic transport. This study looked at transport of protein in a calcium free medium to conclude that calcium plays a role in the initiation of axonal transport. Relation of somal lipid synthesis to the fast axonal transport of protein and lipid[9] Science Direct This study inhibited phospholipid synthesis in dorsal root ganglia to show a decreased proportional effect on amount of protein undergoing fast axonal transport. Exposing an unmyelinated nerve trunk to a certain cation had no effect on protein translocation. This helps conclude that phospholipid synthesis is not required to maintain ongoing transport in the axon. Inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the ganglia also resulted in depression of protein transport. So both phospholipid and cholesterol are ...
https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=User:Z3378012&oldid=49127
Processive flow by biased polymerization mediates the slow axonal transport of actin | Institut de neurophysiopathologie - UMR...
Classic pulse-chase studies have shown that actin is conveyed in slow axonal transport, but the mechanistic basis for this movement is unknown. Recently, we reported that axonal actin was surprisingly dynamic, with focal assembly/disassembly events (actin hotspots) and elongating polymers along the axon shaft (actin trails). Using a combination of live imaging, superresolution microscopy, and modeling, in this study, we explore how these dynamic structures can lead to processive transport of actin. We found relatively more actin trails elongated anterogradely as well as an overall slow, anterogradely biased flow of actin in axon shafts. Starting with first principles of monomer/filament assembly and incorporating imaging data, we generated a quantitative model simulating axonal hotspots and trails. Our simulations predict that the axonal actin dynamics indeed lead to a slow anterogradely biased flow of the population. Collectively, the data point to a surprising scenario where local assembly ...
https://inp.univ-amu.fr/en/doc/hal-02073336/_22
Axonopathy and Transport Deficits Early in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease | ScienceAxonopathy and Transport Deficits Early in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease | Science
We identified axonal defects in mouse models of Alzheimers disease that preceded known disease-related pathology by more than a year; we observed similar axonal defects in the early stages of Alzheimers disease in humans. Axonal defects consisted of swellings that accumulated abnormal amounts of microtubule-associated and molecular motor proteins, organelles, and vesicles. Impairing axonal transport by reducing the dosage of a kinesin molecular motor protein enhanced the frequency of axonal defects and increased amyloid-β peptide levels and amyloid deposition. Reductions in microtubule-dependent transport may stimulate proteolytic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein, resulting in the development of senile plaques and Alzheimers disease. ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/307/5713/1282
Axonal transportAxonal transport
The long length of axons makes them critically dependent on intracellular transport for their growth and survival. This movement is called axonal transport. Cargoes originating from the cell body move out towards the axon tip and cargoes originating in the axon or at the axon tip move back towards the cell body. The outbound movement is known as anterograde transport and it includes cargoes required for the growth, maintenance and plasticity of axons and presynaptic terminals. The inbound movement is called retrograde transport and it includes cargoes returning to the cell body for recycling or degradation, as well as cargoes that relay signals back to the cell body to modulate gene expression in response to the local environment.. Though axonal transport has a special name, it is not fundamentally different from the pathways of intracellular traffic found in other parts of nerve cells or in other cells. However, it is remarkable for its scale. For example, there are axons in our bodies that ...
http://neurofilament.osu.edu/research/axonal-transport/
Axonal Transport Impaired in HD | Huntingtons Disease Lighthouse FamiliesAxonal Transport Impaired in HD | Huntingtons Disease Lighthouse Families
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine have identifiedthe mechanism by which axonal transport is impaired in neurons in Huntingtons disease. Using mouse, squid, and cell models of HD, Dr. Scott Brady and Dr. Gerardo Morfini and colleagues found that the HD protein activates an enzyme called JNK (for cJun Nterminal kinease) which causes the impairment.. Axons are nerve fibers which project from the neuron and carry electric impulses. The, longest axons in the human body are those of the sciatic nerve which run from the base of the spine to the big toes of each foot. Axons in the brain are much smaller of course but are still many times longer than the body of the neuron.. Axonal transport is critical for the survival of neurons. Proteins are synthesized in the cell body and then are transported in microtubulins or tracks which run along axons to the synapses, the junctions through which neurons signal to each other. Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are ...
http://hdlf.org/node/493
Drosophila Models of Human Disease: Fly research and neurodegenerative diseasesDrosophila Models of Human Disease: Fly research and neurodegenerative diseases
From the abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons resulting in a catastrophic loss of motor function. Current therapies are severely limited owing to a poor mechanistic understanding of the pathobiology. Mutations in a large number of genes have now been linked to ALS, including SOD1, TARDBP (TDP-43), FUS and C9orf72. Functional analyses of these genes and their pathogenic mutations have provided great insights into the underlying disease mechanisms. Defective axonal transport is hypothesized to be a key factor in the selective vulnerability of motor nerves ... Here, we assessed the axonal transport of different cargos in multiple Drosophila models of ALS. ... These results further support defects in axonal transport as a common factor in models of ALS that may contribute to the pathogenic process ...
http://flydiseasemodels.blogspot.com/2017/07/baldwin-kr-godena-vk-hewitt-vl.html
Regenerating Peripheral Axons Transport and Release Low‐Molecular‐Mass Materials In VitroRegenerating Peripheral Axons Transport and Release Low‐Molecular‐Mass Materials In Vitro
article{324d7541-eb68-49c3-b378-0108db0afb43, abstract = {,p,Abstract: The release of radiolabeled material from regenerating frog sciatic nerves was studied using a multicom‐ partment chamber, in which the ganglia and the outgrowth region, respectively, were separated from the rest of the nerve. The nerves were incubated with radioactive amino acids in the ganglionic compartment, and the material transported to and released at the outgrowth region was collected and analyzed. Approximately 10% of the transported radioactivity was released over a 24‐h incubation period. Of the released materials, 84% had a molecular mass of < 1,000 daltons [the low‐molecular‐mass (LM) fraction] as determined by exclusion chromatography. The presence of LM material could not be explained by leakage, nor was it due to intracellular or extracellular degradation of radiolabeled, transported proteins. It was reduced by cold and was shown by the use of vinblastine to be dependent on axonal transport. ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/324d7541-eb68-49c3-b378-0108db0afb43
Retrograde and Anterograde Tracing of Neural Projections -BIO-PROTOCOLRetrograde and Anterograde Tracing of Neural Projections -BIO-PROTOCOL
Neurons consist of four elements, the soma, dendrite, axon and terminal. They work in concert as the input (soma and dendrite) and output (axon and terminal) parts of neuronal transmission. To function and maintain neuronal activity and metabolisms, proteins and organelles should be transported from soma to terminal via anterograde axonal transport, and also from terminal to soma via retrograde transport. By utilizing these transport systems, neural projection is traced by injecting tracers into local sites of interest. Furthermore, neurochemical properties, such as glutamatergic and GABAergic, can be determined by combining retrograde and anterograde tracing with fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence.
https://bio-protocol.org/p.aspx?id=e870
retrograde axonal transportretrograde axonal transport
Virology Highlights features highlighted articles published in Virology, with posts summarizing the research in the authors words.
http://www.virologyhighlights.com/tag/retrograde-axonal-transport/
Research 2016 | ARSACSResearch 2016 | ARSACS
The objective is to identify compounds that will improve axonal transport in neurons carrying the mutation. The compounds we will survey are ones with a known mechanism of action and thus will identify cellular signaling pathways with the potential to overcome the transport deficits. These pathways are likely to include drug‐able targets that could ultimately serve as a point of therapeutic intervention. Strategy: Cultured neurons from the sacsin knockout mouse will be employed in this project. Identifying compounds that improve mitochondrial transport in these cells will have four component aims. The first will be to examine transport in detail in multiple neuronal cell types and developmental stages in order to find a suitable system for characterization and screening. The second stage will involve a detailed characterization of the transport defect to determine if it is indeed mitochondrion‐specific or influences multiple cargoes and whether it alters both anterograde and retrograde ...
http://arsacs.com/research-2016/
Publication | The Zhang Lab - University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignPublication | The Zhang Lab - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2015, 6,130-137. [Link][PDF]. 17. K. Zhang and B. Cui Lighting up FGFR signaling, Chemistry & Biology, 2014, 21, 806-808. [Link][PDF]. 16. K. Zhang, L. Duan, Q. Ong, Z. Lin, P. Varman, K. Sung, and B. Cui Light-mediated kinetic control reveals the temporal effect of the Raf/Mek/ERK pathway in PC12 cell neurite outgrowth, PLOS ONE, 2014, 9, e92917. [Link][PDF]. 15. K. Zhang, R. F. B. Kenan, Y. Osakada, W. Xu, R. S. Sinit, , L. Chen, X. Zhao, J-Y. Chen, B. Cui, and C. Wu Defective Axonal Transport of Rab7 GTPase Results in Dysregulated Trophic Signaling, J. Neuroscience 2013, 33, 7451-7462. [Link][PDF]. 14. W. J. Xie, K. Zhang, B. Cui Functional characterization and axonal transport of quantum dot labeled BDNF, Integrative Biology, 2012, 4, 953-960. [Link][PDF]. 13. K. Zhang, Y. Osakada, W. J. Xie, and B. Cui Automated image analysis for tracking cargo transport in axons, Microscopy Research and Technique 2011, 74, 605-613. [Link][PDF]. 12. K. A. Vossel, K. Zhang, X. Wang, G. Q. Yu, K. ...
http://publish.illinois.edu/kaizhanglab/publication/
Axoplasmic transport of proteins.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Axoplasmic transport of proteins.. AU - Wilson, D. L.. AU - Stone, G. C.. PY - 1979. Y1 - 1979. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0018401969&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0018401969&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1146/annurev.bb.08.060179.000331. DO - 10.1146/annurev.bb.08.060179.000331. M3 - Review article. C2 - 89833. AN - SCOPUS:0018401969. VL - 8. SP - 27. EP - 45. JO - Annual Review of Biophysics. JF - Annual Review of Biophysics. SN - 1936-122X. ER - ...
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/axoplasmic-transport-of-proteins
Figures and data in Presynaptic APP levels and synaptic homeostasis are regulated by Akt phosphorylation of huntingtin | eLifeFigures and data in Presynaptic APP levels and synaptic homeostasis are regulated by Akt phosphorylation of huntingtin | eLife
Reducing Akt-mediated huntingtin phosphorylation decreases APP accumulation at the synapse by reducing its anterograde axonal transport and ameliorates learning and memory in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer disease.
https://elifesciences.org/articles/56371/figures
Mutagenetix > Incidental...Mutagenetix > Incidental...
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] Syntabulin/GOLSYN is part of a kinesin motor-adaptor complex that is critical for the anterograde axonal transport of active zone components and contributes to activity-dependent presynaptic assembly during neuronal development (Cai et al., 2007 [PubMed 17611281]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008 ...
https://mutagenetix.utsouthwestern.edu/incidental/incidental_rec.cfm?mid=36830
Recent Mathematical Models of Axonal Transport | SpringerLinkRecent Mathematical Models of Axonal Transport | SpringerLink
An axon is a long thin projection of a neuron that allows for rapid electrochemical communications with other cells over long distances. Axonal transport refers to the stochastic, bidirectional...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62627-7_12
Axonal transport of tubulin and actinAxonal transport of tubulin and actin
Axonal transport is responsible for supplying the axonal processes with proteins that are synthesized in the cell body. Among the proteins that are moved by this mechanism are tubulin and actin, two major components of the cytoskeleton. Observation of the movement of metabolically labeled tubulin an …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11466477/
Publications | Lynn W. EnquistPublications | Lynn W. Enquist
Alpha herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV), are neuroinvasive dsDNA viruses that establish life-long latency in peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons of their native hosts. Following reactivation, the infection can spread back to the initial mucosal site of infection or, in rare cases, to the central nervous system with usually serious outcomes. During entry and egress, viral capsids depend on microtubule-based molecular motors for efficient and fast transport. In axons of PNS neurons, cytoplasmic dynein provides force for retrograde movements towards the soma, and kinesins move cargo in the opposite, anterograde direction. The dynamic properties of virus particles in cells can be imaged by fluorescent protein fusions to the small capsid protein VP26, which are incorporated into capsids. However, single-color fluorescent protein tags fail to distinguish virus inoculum from progeny. Therefore, we established a dual-color system by growing a recombinant PRV ...
https://scholar.princeton.edu/enquistlab/publications/
Tmem108 - Transmembrane protein 108 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Tmem108 gene & proteinTmem108 - Transmembrane protein 108 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Tmem108 gene & protein
Transmembrane protein required for proper cognitive functions. Involved in the development of dentate gyrus (DG) neuron circuitry, is necessary for AMPA receptors surface expression and proper excitatory postsynaptic currents of DG granule neurons (PubMed:28096412). Regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport. Through the interaction with DST, mediates the docking of the dynein/dynactin motor complex to vesicle cargos for retrograde axonal transport (PubMed:17287360). In hippocampal neurons, required for BDNF-dependent dendrite outgrowth (PubMed:21849472). Cooperates with SH3GL2 and recruits the WAVE1 complex to facilitate actin-dependent BDNF:NTRK2 early endocytic trafficking and mediate signaling from early endosomes (PubMed:21849472, PubMed:27605705).
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8BHE4
Rapid movement of microtubules in axonsRapid movement of microtubules in axons
Cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins are transported along axons in the slow components of axonal transport at average rates of about 0.002-0.1 microm/s. This movement is essential for axonal growth and survival, yet the mechanism is poorly understood. Many studies on slow axonal transport have focus …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12225664/?dopt=Abstract
Axons vesicles in excess | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University PressAxons vesicles in excess | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
Synapses were thought to be at the mercy of the cell soma for the delivery of vesicles containing neuropeptides, which are released upon synapse activation. Levitan and others wondered how this set up allows synapses to be dynamic, since the soma can be far from a nerve terminal. It can take days, says Levitan, to get stuff shipped down there, even with fast axonal transport. ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/174/1/5b/53683/Axon-s-vesicles-in-excess
Expeditionary Fast Transport (EPF) /Expeditionary Fast Transport (EPF) /
The Joint High Speed Vessel program was managed by PMS 325. It was a Navy led acquisition of a platform intended to support users in the Department of the Navy and Department of the Army. The Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) program was a cooperative effort for a high-speed, shallow draft vessel intended for rapid intra-theatre transport of medium sized cargo payloads. JHSV was intended to reach speeds of 35-45 knots and allow for the rapid transit and deployment of conventional or Special Forces as well as equipment and supplies.
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/jhsv-specs.htm
How did the research in axonal transport of proteins metamorphosed into cargo moving in multitracks - The pathology of a...How did the research in axonal transport of proteins metamorphosed into cargo moving in multitracks - The pathology of a...
This other day, I had been studying Microbiology in the library in the fear of upcoming finals and had gotten really weary of spending a full lovely Sunday with pleasant weather sulking inside the library and as it always happens I started introspecting on my decision to take medicine as my career choice. In concern…
https://thebenignoath.wordpress.com/2015/11/08/how-did-the-research-in-axonal-transport-of-proteins-metamorphosed-into-cargo-moving-in-multitracks/
Site Reviews: Neurons: Animated Cellular and Molecular Concepts | Education WorldSite Reviews: Neurons: Animated Cellular and Molecular Concepts | Education World
These animations and presentations could be useful to the science or health teacher to supplement curriculum and to enhance the learning experience in the classroom. The content is divided into eight chapters including Anatomy of a Neuron, Axonal Transport, Ions and Ion Channels, Resting Membrane Potential, Action Potential, Neurotransmitter Release, Postsynaptic Mechanisms, and Removal of Neurotransmitter. Each of the sections includes explanations with hyperlinks for viewing the images or animations. Users can also review the pages in a chapter by clicking the page numbers in the bottom left corner of the pages. Included is a How to Use the Program with helpful hints for navigating the site and a list of all the available animations that can be downloaded for non-commercial purposes. ...
https://www.educationworld.com/awards/2008/r1008-15.shtml
Mitochondrial Transport Proteins | Alomone LabsMitochondrial Transport Proteins | Alomone Labs
This website is run by the accessibility program of the Accessible with a Click company and is run via a designated accessibility server. The program allows the website to follow the guidelines for internet content accessibility WCAG 2.0 to level AA. The program is subject to the conditions of use of the manufacturer. Warrantee of use applies to the website owners and/or their representative, including the content displayed in the website, as subject to the conditions of use ...
https://www.alomone.com/c/mitochondrial-transport-proteins-transporters-exchangers-and-pumps
Gentaur Molecular :PhytoTechnology Laboratories \ PETRI DISH, 100 MMX 15 MM \ D940-500EAGentaur Molecular :PhytoTechnology Laboratories \ PETRI DISH, 100 MMX 15 MM \ D940-500EA
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , PhytoTechnology Laboratories \ PETRI DISH, 100 MMX 15 MM \ D940-500EA for more molecular products just contact us
http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product_det.php?id=2928345&supplier=search&name=PETRI%20DISH,%20100%20MMX%2015%20MM
BrickLink - Part 93595pb03 : Lego Wheel 11mm D. x 6mm with 8 Y Spokes with Black Outline Pattern [Wheel] - BrickLink...BrickLink - Part 93595pb03 : Lego Wheel 11mm D. x 6mm with 8 Y Spokes with Black Outline Pattern [Wheel] - BrickLink...
ItemName: Lego Wheel 11mm D. x 6mm with 8 Y Spokes with Black Outline Pattern, ItemType: Part, ItemNo: 93595pb03, Buy and sell LEGO parts, Minifigs and sets, both new or used from the worlds largest online LEGO marketplace.
https://www.bricklink.com/v2/catalog/catalogitem.page?P=93595pb03
INA SL185012 Bearing | SL185012-C3 SL185012-C3 | rolamen...
Cylindrical roller bearing SL185012-A INA Structure:Cylindrical Type:Roller Brand Name:INA Model Number:SL185012-A Pls check below detial bearing information d 60 mm D 95 mm B 46 mm C 23 mm D1 81,9 mm d1 71,7 mm E 86,74 mm rmin 1,1 mm s 1,5 mm Axial displacement m 1,24 kg Mass Cr 212000 N Basic... ☴☴. ...
http://www.watercolourclass.co.uk/NKF_Bearing/34713-INASL185012-Bearing.html
T-EE231400/231975 NTN 355.6×501.65×74.612mm D 501.65 mm
Original NTN T-EE231400/231975 bearing. Our quality TIMKEN EE234157D/234215 bearing is top in the world. We have large inventory now. Delivery time: 5-7days. As TIMKEN bearing distributor, Nodes bearings have TIMKEN EE234157D - 234215 Tapered Roller Bearings - TDI (Tapered Double Inner) in stock.
https://www.2headedpigeon.co.uk/NTN/71829.html
Kinesin Mutations Cause Motor Neuron Disease Phenotypes by Disrupting Fast Axonal Transport in Drosophila | GeneticsKinesin Mutations Cause Motor Neuron Disease Phenotypes by Disrupting Fast Axonal Transport in Drosophila | Genetics
Previous work has shown that mutation of the gene that encodes the microtubule motor subunit kinesin heavy chain (Khc) in Drosophila inhibits neuronal sodium channel activity, action potentials and neurotransmitter secretion. These physiological defects cause progressive distal paralysis in larvae. To identify the cellular defects that cause these phenotypes, larval nerves were studied by light and electron microscopy. The axons of Khc mutants develop dramatic focal swellings along their lengths. The swellings are packed with fast axonal transport cargoes including vesicles, synaptic membrane proteins, mitochondria and prelysosomal organelles, but not with slow axonal transport cargoes such as cytoskeletal elements. Khc mutations also impair the development of larval motor axon terminals, causing dystrophic morphology and marked reductions in synaptic bouton numbers. These observations suggest that as the concentration of maternally provided wild-type KHC decreases, axonal organelles transported ...
https://www.genetics.org/content/144/3/1075
Toxics | Free Full-Text | Axonal Transport Impairment in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral NeuropathyToxics | Free Full-Text | Axonal Transport Impairment in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting side effect of several antineoplastic drugs which significantly reduces patients quality of life. Although different molecular mechanisms have been investigated, CIPN pathobiology has not been clarified yet. It has largely been recognized that Dorsal Root Ganglia are the main targets of chemotherapy and that the longest nerves are the most damaged, together with fast axonal transport. Indeed, this bidirectional cargo-specific transport has a pivotal role in neuronal function and its impairment is involved in several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Literature data demonstrate that, despite different mechanisms of action, all antineoplastic agents impair the axonal trafficking to some extent and the severity of the neuropathy correlates with the degree of damage on this bidirectional transport. In this paper, we will examine the effect of the main old and new chemotherapeutic drug categories on axonal transport, with
http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/3/3/322
The Kinesin-3 Motor UNC-104/KIF1A Is Degraded upon Loss of Specific Binding to Cargo | proLékárníky.czThe Kinesin-3 Motor UNC-104/KIF1A Is Degraded upon Loss of Specific Binding to Cargo | proLékárníky.cz
1. HirokawaN. TakemuraR. 2005 Molecular motors and mechanisms of directional transport in neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 6 201 214. 2. GoldsteinAY. WangX. SchwarzTL. 2008 Axonal transport and the delivery of pre-synaptic components. Curr Opin Neurobiol 18 495 503. 3. HallDH. HedgecockEM. 1991 Kinesin-related gene unc-104 is required for axonal transport of synaptic vesicles in C. elegans. Cell 65 837 847. 4. Pack-ChungE. KurshanPT. DickmanDK. SchwarzTL. 2007 A Drosophila kinesin required for synaptic bouton formation and synaptic vesicle transport. Nat Neurosci 10 980 989. 5. BarkusRV. KlyachkoO. HoriuchiD. DicksonBJ. SaxtonWM. 2008 Identification of an axonal kinesin-3 motor for fast anterograde vesicle transport that facilitates retrograde transport of neuropeptides. Mol Biol Cell 19 274 283. 6. OkadaY. YamazakiH. Sekine-AizawaY. HirokawaN. 1995 The neuron-specific kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A is a unique monomeric motor for anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors. Cell 81 ...
https://www.prolekarniky.cz/casopisy/plos-genetics/2010-11/the-kinesin-3-motor-unc-104-kif1a-is-degraded-upon-loss-of-specific-binding-to-cargo-45581
Sectorial Loss Of Retinal Ganglion Cells In The RCS Rat | IOVS | ARVO JournalsSectorial Loss Of Retinal Ganglion Cells In The RCS Rat | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Purpose: : To investigate whether the sectorial loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) observed in previous studies of our laboratory in the dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat strain (Villegas-Pérez et al., J Comp Neurol 1998;392: 58-77) is due to an axonal transport deficit problem or to retinal ganglion cell death. Methods: : Dystrophic (rdy-/p+) and non-dystrophic (rdy+/p+) pigmented RCS rats with ages ranging from 12 to 20 months were used for this study. RGCs were identified using Fluoro-Gold (FG) tracing from the Superior Collicullus (SC), to label RGCs with a competent axonal transport and Brn3a immnunodetection, to detect all RGCs. Retinas were processed as whole mounts and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Reconstructions of the whole mounts were made using Image-Pro Plus 5.0 for Windows®. FG-labelled and Brn3a positive RGCs were automatically identified and counted in each retina using previously described methods (Salinas-Navarro et al., Vision Res. 2009;49: 115-126, ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2355461
Glutamate Applies the Brakes | ScienceGlutamate Applies the Brakes | Science
Neurofilaments form structural networks in neurons and are transported from the neuronal cell body (the site of synthesis) into the axons via a process known as slow axonal transport. Using neurofilament subunits tagged with a fluorophore, Ackerley et al. show that glutamate, a neurotransmitter which at high concentrations leads to excitotoxicity, can alter neurofilament transport. Glutamate slowed neurofilament transport, most probably due to stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, which are capable of phosphorylating neurofilament subunits. This observation provides a mechanistic link between excitotoxicity and neurofilament accumulation associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. - SMH. J. Cell Biol. 150, 165 (2000).. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/289/5478/361.3
Drosophila behaviour and cognition - Queensland Brain Institute - The University of Queensland, AustraliaDrosophila behaviour and cognition - Queensland Brain Institute - The University of Queensland, Australia
In vivo single-molecule imaging of syntaxin1A reveals polyphosphoinositide- and activity-dependent trapping in presynaptic nanoclusters. Bademosi, Adekunle T., Lauwers, Elsa, Padmanabhan, Pranesh, Odierna, Lorenzo, Chai, Ye Jin, Papadopulos, Andreas, Goodhill, Geoffrey J., Verstreken, Patrik, Van Swinderen, Bruno and Meunier, Frederic A. (2017) In vivo single-molecule imaging of syntaxin1A reveals polyphosphoinositide- and activity-dependent trapping in presynaptic nanoclusters. Nature Communications, 8 . doi:10.1038/ncomms13660. Flux of signalling endosomes undergoing axonal retrograde transport is encoded by presynaptic activity and TrkB. Wang, Tong, Martin, Sally, Nguyen, Tam H., Harper, Callista B., Gormal, Rachel S., Martinez-Marmol, Ramon, Karunanithi, Shanker, Coulson, Elizabeth J., Glass, Nick R., Cooper-White, Justin J., Van Swinderen, Bruno and Meunier, Frederic A. (2016) Flux of signalling endosomes undergoing axonal retrograde transport is encoded by presynaptic activity and TrkB. ...
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/vanswinderengroup
Role of cytoplasmic dynein in the axonal transport of microtubules and neurofilaments | JCBRole of cytoplasmic dynein in the axonal transport of microtubules and neurofilaments | JCB
These results demonstrate that cytoplasmic dynein is a major participant in the anterograde transport of MTs, therefore supporting the sliding filament model for axonal MT transport. We cannot conclude whether or not cytoplasmic dynein is the only motor that fuels the anterograde movements because the neurons are not completely depleted of the protein. Another possibility is that a minus-end directed kinesin such as CHO2/HSET contributes to the anterograde transport of MTs, and this would presumably be the result of MTs pushing against one another rather than actin filaments (Sharp et al., 1997). In terms of the retrograde movements, the present data provide almost no evidence that cytoplasmic dynein plays a role. It seems reasonable to surmise that a kinesin-related protein fuels the retrograde transport of MTs. A good candidate may be Eg5, whose inhibition causes rapid bursts in axonal growth, which would be consistent with a diminution in retrograde MT transport (Haque et al., 2004).. Ma et ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/168/5/697
β‐Tubulin mutations that cause severe neuropathies disrupt axonal transport | The EMBO Journalβ‐Tubulin mutations that cause severe neuropathies disrupt axonal transport | The EMBO Journal
Although TUBB3 is a neuron‐specific isoform of β‐tubulin, only about 20% of total β‐tubulin in neuronal cells is TUBB3 (Joshi and Cleveland, 1989). TUBB3(E410K) and TUBB3(D417H) mutants induce neuronal diseases in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only 10% of mutant tubulin can significantly induce neuronal phenotypes. How is this small amount of mutated TUBB3 able to strongly affect neurons? Because our assay used CMV and CAG promoters and unknown copy numbers of transfected vectors, we could not quantify the amount of tubulin incorporated into microtubules in our system. Nevertheless, we think our results give insights to this question. Microtubules are composed of α‐ and β‐tubulin dimers. The size of each tubulin dimer is 8 nm (Nogales et al, 1999). Our analysis showed that TUBB3(E410K) and TUBB3(D417H) were incorporated into microtubules in cells and could inhibit axonal transport (Supplementary Figure S1; Figure 8A). The inhibition of motor domain accumulation, axonal ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/32/10/1352
Room D, 10/17/2000 9: 00 AM - 11: 00 AM (PS) Low Dose Lidocaine Rapidly Inhibits Axonal Transport in Cultured Mouse Dorsal Root...Room D, 10/17/2000 9: 00 AM - 11: 00 AM (PS) Low Dose Lidocaine Rapidly Inhibits Axonal Transport in Cultured Mouse Dorsal Root...
Akifumi Kanai, Hiromi Hiruma, Tadashi Kawakami, Sumio Hoka; Room D, 10/17/2000 9: 00 AM - 11: 00 AM (PS) Low Dose Lidocaine Rapidly Inhibits Axonal Transport in Cultured Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons : A-761. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A-761. doi: https://doi.org/.. Download citation file:. ...
https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1975983&resultClick=1
Abnormal neurofilament transport caused by targeted disruption of neuronal kinesin heavy chain KIF5A | JCBAbnormal neurofilament transport caused by targeted disruption of neuronal kinesin heavy chain KIF5A | JCB
Our quantitative immunoblot data showed a significant increase of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L by 3 wk of age in the mutant DRGs, and thus in sensory neuron cell bodies. The simplest explanation is that these NF subunits were synthesized at normal rates but were moved out of the cell bodies at reduced rates. Overall, the levels of these proteins were not significantly changed in the brain, suggesting that the cell body accumulation is not caused by up-regulation of these proteins. Elevation of NF subunit levels in the DRG was not accompanied by obvious reductions in the sciatic nerve. This behavior is as expected based on two independent lines of evidence. First, the onset of the apparent deficit in transport is observed at 3 wk of age, the age at which substantial NF deposition and radial growth in axonal caliber normally begin. Only a subset of axons in mutants examined at this time have detectable caliber deficits (∼250/3,500 total axons in the sciatic nerve). Second, although Cre-mediated excision ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/161/1/55
Correction: Berberine Attenuates Axonal Transport Impairment and Axonopathy Induced by Calyculin A in N2a Cells - pdf descargar
Correction: Berberine Attenuates Axonal Transport Impairment and Axonopathy Induced by Calyculin A in N2a Cells. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun9/149855391237-Correction-Berberine-Attenuates-Axonal-Transport-Impairment-and-Axonopathy-Induced-by-Calyculin-A-in-N2a-Cells.php
Search ResultsSearch Results
Neurons communicate with each other through dendrites and axons. Typically, dendrites are responsible for receiving signals from other neurons, while axons are the pathways to send out signals. Signal propagation through axons is closely correlated with their morphology. It is well known that the rate of signal propagation is proportional to the caliber of axons[2]. The intrinsic determinant of axonal caliber is the abundance of cytoskeletal protein, neurofilament (NF)[6]. NFs are not static but undergo slow axonal transport, which is characterized by rapidly intermittent, asynchronous and bidirectional motion[21-23]. Many neurodegenerative diseases are related to the malfunction of neurofilament transport, either by accumulation of neurofilaments leading to swelling of the axon or by deficiency in neurofilaments resulting in axonal atrophy[9-12]. The mechanism of neurofilament transport can be explained by the stop-and-go; hypothesis[21, 24, 28], according to which neurofilaments spend long ...
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_6?0::NO:6:P6_KEYWORDS:%20Partial%20Differential%20Equations
A survival factor for axons: roles in disease and downstream mechanism | JPNDA survival factor for axons: roles in disease and downstream mechanism | JPND
In neurodegenerative disorders axons typically degenerate before neuronal cell death. This sequence of events, and particularly the early loss of distal axons, is known as dying back degeneration. The causes of axon degeneration include protein aggregation, inflammation, neurotoxicity and ischaemia, and many of these diverse stresses converge on a common degenerative pathway involving axonal transport impairment. Axonal transport is the bidirectional trafficking of molecules and organelles along axons for huge cellular distances. It is essential for axon survival but deficient in multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, motor neuron disease and many other disorders.. Despite the prevalence of axonal transport impairment, the specific molecular changes leading to axon degeneration are poorly understood. Cutting axons, which causes Wallerian degeneration, is a useful experimental model that can help identify the key molecular events. A mutant protein named Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) delays ...
https://www.neurodegenerationresearch.eu/survey/title-of-pia-survival-factor-for-axons-roles-in-disease-and-downstream-mechanism/
NIH awards Acelerox grant to develop PEG-HCC nanoparticle for treatment of Alzheimers Disease | Editor SprideNIH awards Acelerox grant to develop PEG-HCC nanoparticle for treatment of Alzheimers Disease | Editor Spride
HOUSTON, TX (December, 2017) - The National Institute of Aging has awarded Acelerox, LLC, a Fannin Innovation Studio® company, a $224,813 grant to develop poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCC) antioxidant nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic to minimize neural degeneration by targeting brain cells.. Acelerox is a preclinical biotechnology company developing novel antioxidant nanoparticles for therapeutic use in cancer, neurological and autoimmune diseases. In partnership with Baylor College of Medicine, this award will be used to optimize the therapeutic approach. Proper axonal transport is essential for maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and optimum function. Deficiencies of axonal transport have been linked to Alzheimers disease (AD) and can be modeled in cultured cells and animal models. Oxidative stress has been shown to be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of AD, including deficient axonal transport. Reduction of oxidative stress through ectopic ...
http://www.editorspride.com/story/136691/nih-awards-acelerox-grant-to-develop-peghcc-nanoparticle-for-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease.html
Kinesthetic reference for human orthograde posture<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Kinesthetic reference for human orthograde posture. AU - Gurfinkel, V. S.. AU - Ivanenko, Yu P.. AU - Levik, Yu S.. AU - Babakova, I. A.. PY - 1995. Y1 - 1995. N2 - Humans with occluded vision were subjected to superslow tilts of the supporting platform, producing the inclination of the subjects body in the sagittal plane, but subthreshold for the most vestibular and proprioceptive phasic reactions. Two types of perturbation were used: sinusoidal tilts (frequency 0.007 Hz, amplitude 1.5°) and ramps (amplitude 1.0 and 0.25°, angular velocity 0.04°/s). During slow sinusoidal tilts of the platform, the ankle angle and body position undergo periodical changes, but these changes have significant phase lead relative to the platform movement: 119±26° for ankle angle and 55±19° for body sway. Gains were about 0.9 for both parameters. Large phase shift (tens of seconds) indicated a long delay in compensation of body inclination by ankle joint. The ramp tilt produced an initial ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/kinesthetic-reference-for-human-orthograde-posture
research
Much of our work on membrane trafficking has concentrated on the MT motor protein, kinesin. Over the course of several years, we demonstrated that kinesin is a MT stimulated ATPase which moves organelles along MTs, and is a motor for anterograde fast axonal transport in neurons, and for movement of membranes from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Now we are concentrating on how organelle motility along MTs is regulated. We have obtained evidence that kinesin-mediated membrane motility away from the Golgi is regulated by multiple GTPases, including Cdc42 and Rac1. We are now attempting to determine how those two proteins, and whatever additional GTPases may prove to be relevant, control membrane movement along MTs.. ...
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~gsb4g/InternetSiteBackup/research1.htm
Plus itPlus it
Chlorpromazine at concentrations which approximate apparent physiological concentrations interacts reversibly with brain microtubule subunit protein in vitro and, in so doing, inhibits the rate of reassembly of microtubules and the binding of colchicine by the protein. It also causes dissassembly of microtubules formed in the absence of the drug. These results appear to provide a molecular explanation for inhibition by chlorpromazine of fast axonal transport of proteins in vitro in frog sciatic nerve, and provide a fresh clue as to the primary mechanism for the psychotropic effect of this drug.. ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/11/3/256
Relief of Cystoid Macular Edema-Induced Focal Axonal Compression with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment | TVST ...Relief of Cystoid Macular Edema-Induced Focal Axonal Compression with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment | TVST ...
RNFL reflectivity changes at and around the peak point of the macular edema also indicate a compressional axoplasmic stagnation by intraretinal cysts. Reflectance of RNFL is a result of light scattering by microtubules, neurofilaments, axonal membranes, and mitochondria within the axon.16 Distention of the inner retina toward the vitreous due to mechanical compression of the cysts inevitably distorts the RNFL trajectory and may change the angular light scattering of the RNFL at around the peak point.16 However, RNFL reflectance also manifests itself asymmetrically with larger increases in reflectance occurring nasal to the peak point. Increase in RNFL reflectance may be because of the entrapment of the mitochondria around the most compressed part of the axon. Obviously, this accumulation is expected to occur more on the nasal side because of the higher retrograde axoplasmic flow compared with the anterograde flow. With their 1- to 2-µm-long ellipsoid shape and 0.1 to 0.2 µm thickness, ...
https://tvst.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2763393
Guest Group Chua | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGuest Group Chua | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Components of the synapse are delivered to, and removed from, synaptic sites by motor-dependent transport along microtubule tracks. In particular, axonal transport by molecular motors delivers proteins and membranes to presynaptic nerve terminals and is essential for synapse formation and maintenance. Interactions between motors and their respective cargoes are regulated at multiple stages during the transport process but details of these regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Noteworthy, impaired intracellular transport arising from mutations of proteins or perturbations of regulatory pathways involved in axonal transport has been linked to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. The major focus of our research is the elucidation of mechanisms involved in the transport and incorporation of proteins into presynaptic sites and how these processes are coordinated. We are also interested in understanding the molecular organization of presynaptic macromolecular ...
http://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/chua
Research Grants - 2010Research Grants - 2010
Axons are long, armlike structures on nerve cells that help transport nutrients and other components around the cell. In Alzheimers disease, however, these axons become damaged and lose their ability to transport components effectively. Reduced axonal transport inhibits the activities of nerve cells and can lead to their death.. To better understand this pathological process, research teams have tried to measure the extent to which Alzheimers disease restricts axonal transportation. One such team, led by Donna Cross, Ph.D., has been quantifying axonal transport declines in mice engineered to develop Alzheimer-like symptoms. Their work has involved the use of a sophisticated imaging method called manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For the proposed grant, Dr. Cross and colleagues plan to expand their earlier work by focusing on an enzyme called glycogen synthase-kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 has been associated with the production of two Alzheimer-related molecules-beta-amyloid and ...
https://www.actionalz.org/research/alzheimers_grants/for_researchers/overview-2010.asp?grants=2010cross
KIF5A - GentaurKIF5A - Gentaur
Description: Description of target: Microtubule-dependent motor required for slow axonal transport of neurofilament proteins (NFH, NFM and NFL). Can induce formation of neurite-like membrane protrusions in non-neuronal cells in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner. The ZFYVE27-KIF5A complex contributes to the vesicular transport of VAPA, VAPB, SURF4, RAB11A, RAB11B and RTN3 proteins in neurons.;Species reactivity: Rat;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.078 ng/ ...
https://gentaur.be/kif5a/
Mitochondrial transport and energy homeostasis in synaptic transmission, neuronal degeneration and regeneration - Zuhang Sheng ...Mitochondrial transport and energy homeostasis in synaptic transmission, neuronal degeneration and regeneration - Zuhang Sheng ...
Mitochondrial transport and energy homeostasis in synaptic transmission, neuronal degeneration and regeneration Zuhang Sheng, PhD NIH/NINDS Senior Investigator Chief of the Synaptic Function Section AAAS and ASCB Fellow Editor for JCB, Autophagy, and JBC
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/events/mitochondrial-transport-and-energy-homeostasis-synaptic-transmission-neuronal-degeneration
Structural Biochemistry/Axonal Transport and Disease - Wikibooks, open books for an open worldStructural Biochemistry/Axonal Transport and Disease - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Patients will have mild cognitive difficulties. The test can help doctor to find Alzheimers disease symbols existing eight years before diagnosis of AD. These symbols, such as short memory loss and inability to acquire new information, will cause patients cannot finish complex living activity independently. 2- Early: Defined as first 2~3 years, patients will have difficulties with language, executive functions, perception, or execution of movements. Language problem shows obviously in decreased word fluency and shrinking vocabulary, eventually leads to general oral and written impoverishment in language. Memory losing happens as same time, but less prominent than other symbols. Alzheimers disease doesnt affect all memory, such as implicit memory, episodic memory and semantic memory. 3- Moderate: Disease will eventually hinder independence; patients will lose common living abilities. On language perspective, patients are unable to recall the vocabulary, leading incorrect word substitution. ...
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Axonal_Transport_and_Disease
Axonal transport and Alzheimers disease. - PubMed - NCBIAxonal transport and Alzheimers disease. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16756504
Esteban EngelEsteban Engel
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is widely spread among adults in the United States with a seroprevalence of about 60%. HSV-1 infects epithelial cells and then spreads to axonsinnervating those tissues causing potentially neuroinvasive reactivable episodes that may result in either mild lesions of the epithelia or fatal encephalitis in a partially understood process. We are interested in the HSV-1 clinical strain H129 because it is the only virus of any type known to egress exclusively in the anterograde direction. The retrograde spread from post-synaptic neuron to pre-synaptic neuron is impaired in this strain. There is no clear explanation for this unique phenotype and we are attempting to demonstrate the relationship between the phenotype of H129 strain and specific mutations in viral genes UL36 and UL1. Our hope is to establish a clear association between phenotype and genotype in the H129 strain. This research will improve the knowledge of both HSV-1 biology and host neural circuit ...
http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/pew-latin-american-fellows/directory-of-latin-fellows/2011/esteban-engel
Central nervous systemCentral nervous system
Current knowledge indicates the possibility of nerve cell virus invasion by several mechanisms. These include the transfer of viruses across synapses of infected cells, entering the brain through the olfactory nerve, infection of endothelial blood vessels, and migration of infected white blood cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).. The corona virus has been shown to spread back along the nerves from the edge of the peripheral nerves, across synapses, and thus into the brain, in several small animal studies. This is facilitated by a pathway for endocytosis or exocytosis between motor cortex neurons, and other secretory vesicular pathways between neurons and satellite cells.. Axonal transport occurs rapidly using axonal microtubules, which allow the virus to reach the body of neuron cells with a retrograde version of this mechanism.. The possibility of spreading the olfactory route is marked by the occurrence of isolated anosmia and age. In such cases, the virus can pass through the latticed ...
https://instant.com.pk/tag/central-nervous-system/
Behind the Name: Message: A small membranous organelle characteristic of certain flagellate protozoa, located near the pelta...Behind the Name: Message: A small membranous organelle characteristic of certain flagellate protozoa, located near the pelta...
A name facts message board post on the subject A small membranous organelle characteristic of certain flagellate protozoa, located near the pelta and seen in the living organism as an independently moving structure..
http://www.behindthename.com/bb/fact/16549
SKF NU 205 ECP Motion Industries
NU 305 ECP Popular item SKF Explorer Dimensions d 25 mm D 62 mm B 17 mm D 1 ≈ 50.25 mm F 34 mm r 1,2 min. 1.1 mm r 3,4 min. 1.1 mm s max. 1.3 mm Abutment dimensions d a min. 31 mm d a max. 32.5 .... ...
http://thethievingbear.com/32178-SKF---NU-205-ECP---Motion-Industries/
How Hyperloop could put a rocket under the electric car | StuffHow Hyperloop could put a rocket under the electric car | Stuff
Elon Musks amazing rapid transport system isnt just a pipe dream - it could kickstart a green transport revolution. Heres how
https://www.stuff.tv/in/features/how-hyperloop-could-put-rocket-under-electric-car
Buy AST 22308CW33 spherical roller bearings - ROULEMENTS BEARINGS Limited
Cant find what youre looking for AST 22308CW33 spherical roller bearings ? Our expert AST Bearing 260x360x46 Representatives be in contact 260,000 mm d with you 360,000 mm D shortly!
https://evpsp.com/af-9159-ast-22308cw33-spherical-roller-bearings.html
Orbit and Astrometry for 15BY518
2007 12 06.392177 08 17 24.39 -05 44 03.6 23.4V 15BY518 645 C~2scb 2007 12 06.393006 08 17 24.40 -05 44 03.5 15BY518 645 C~2scb 2007 12 06.395494 08 17 24.39 -05 44 03.7 15BY518 645 C~2scb 2008 01 01.313332 08 15 42.86 -05 47 43.1 22.6V 15BY518 645 C~2scb 2008 01 01.314161 08 15 42.87 -05 47 43.1 15BY518 645 C~2scb 2008 01 01.316649 08 15 42.85 -05 47 43.2 15BY518 645 C~2scc 2014 01 04.54955 08 54 52.487 -06 24 34.13 21.8G 15BY518 F51 C~2qbh 2014 04 05.25388 08 48 39.785 -05 39 14.33 22.2G 15BY518 F51 C~2qbh 2014 12 16.59004 09 02 47.110 -06 28 17.89 22.0G 15BY518 F51 C~2qbh 2014 12 30.50769 09 01 58.726 -06 29 59.22 21.7G 15BY518 F51 C~2qbh 2015 01 19.47348 09 00 29.231 -06 27 57.56 22.3w 15BY518 F51 C~1vYC 2015 01 19.48481 09 00 29.183 -06 27 57.36 22.5w 15BY518 F51 C~1vYC 2015 01 19.49615 09 00 29.119 -06 27 57.43 22.3w 15BY518 F51 C~1vYC 2015 01 19.50762 09 00 29.069 -06 27 57.02 22.1w 15BY518 F51 C~1vYC 2015 01 21.49804 09 00 19.278 -06 27 27.74 22.0w 15BY518 F51 C~1vYC 2015 01 21.51155 09 ...
https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/15BY518.html
8 mm x 19 mm x 6 mm NSK 698 Rolamentos de esferas profundas - 698 rolamento
Com mais de 10170 lojas de serviço completo, nosso [产品 our] estoque é extenso e 15 mm d nossas peças têm o preço certo. dentro de 24 horas. Isso ajuda você a maximizar sua produtividade, economizando tempo e dinheiro.
https://fjgzv.com/aw-118391-nsk-698-rolamentos-de-esferas-profundas.html
Plastové / Hliníkové ihlicePlastové / Hliníkové ihlice
Rovné pletacie ihlice využijete na pletenie zimných svetrov, čiapok alebo šálov. Hodia sa na hrubú priadzu. Vďaka hrubej priadze a ihliciam dosiahnete zaujímavú štruktúru v pletenine. Môžete ich použiť i na pletenie špagátov. U ihlíc oceníte ich pevnosť, dostatočnú pružnosť a nízku hmotnosť. Priemer: 12 mm Dĺžka: 35 cm ...
https://galanteriamodraustrica.sk/114-plastove-hlinikove-ihlice
Axonal transportAxonal transport
... called an axonal spheroid, may result. Because axonal transport can be disrupted in a multitude of ways, axonal spheroids can ... The basic mechanism of fast axonal transport has been understood for decades but the mechanism of slow axonal transport is only ... it is likely that axonal transport is a key player in mediating pathology. Dysfunctional axonal transport is also linked to ... Intraflagellar transport Sabry J, O'Connor TP, Kirschner MW (June 1995). "Axonal transport of tubulin in Ti1 pioneer neurons in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport
Intracellular transportIntracellular transport
Growing evidence supports the concept that deficits in axonal transport contributes to pathogenesis in multiple ... Chevalier-Larsen E, Holzbaur EL (2006). "Axonal transport and neurodegenerative disease". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA ... The transport mechanism depends on the material being moved. Intracellular transport that requires quick movement will use an ... Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. Intracellular transport is required for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_transport
NeurotubuleNeurotubule
The fast axonal transport has a rate of 50-500 mm per day, while the slow axonal transport was found to be 0.4 mm per day in ... The cargoes are transported by motor proteins that uses neurotubules as a 'track'. The axonal transport can be classified ... Transport of insoluble protein contributes to the fast movement while the slow transport is transporting up to 40% - 50% ... As a result, essential processes in the neuron such as axonal transport and neural communication will be disrupted, forming the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotubule
MitophagyMitophagy
Saxton, William M.; Hollenbeck, Peter J. (2012). "The axonal transport of mitochondria". Journal of Cell Science. 125 (9): 2095 ... Once mitophagy is initiated, Atg32 binds to Atg11 and the Atg32-associated mitochondria are transported to the vacuole. Atg32 ... This distribution is maintained largely by motor protein-mediated mitochondrial transport along the axon. While neuronal ... Arduíno, DM; Esteves, AR; Cardoso, SM (2011). "Mitochondrial fusion/fission, transport and autophagy in Parkinson's disease: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitophagy
NeurofilamentNeurofilament
The number of neurofilaments in the axon is thought to be determined by neurofilament gene expression and axonal transport. The ... Brown A (November 2000). "Slow axonal transport: stop and go traffic in the axon". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 1 (2 ... Thus on long time scales neurofilaments move in the slow component of axonal transport. Numerous specific antibodies to ... Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ (August 1975). "The slow component of axonal transport. Identification of major structural polypeptides of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofilament
Neurodegenerative diseaseNeurodegenerative disease
... they may damage molecular motors and microtubules to interfere with normal axonal transport, leading to impaired transport of ... Impaired axonal transport of alpha-synuclein may also lead to its accumulation in Lewy bodies. Experiments have revealed ... Axonal transport can be disrupted by a variety of mechanisms including damage to: kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, microtubules ... When axonal transport is severely disrupted a degenerative pathway known as Wallerian-like degeneration is often triggered. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease
Diffuse axonal injuryDiffuse axonal injury
Axonal transport continues up to the point of the break in the cytoskeleton, but no further, leading to a buildup of transport ... such as interrupted axonal transport, progressive swelling and degeneration. Recent studies have linked these changes to ... Since axonal damage in DAI is largely a result of secondary biochemical cascades, it has a delayed onset, so a person with DAI ... Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a brain injury in which scattered lesions occur over a widespread area in white matter tracts as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_axonal_injury
AxoplasmAxoplasm
Axonal transport occurs either by fast or slow transport. Fast transport involves vesicular contents (like organelles) being ... In axonal transport (also known as axoplasmic transport) materials are carried through the axoplasm to or from the soma. The ... When an axon is damaged, both axonal translation and retrograde axonal transport are required to propagate a signal to the soma ... Young, Tang (2013). "Fast Vesicle Transport Is Required for the Slow Axonal Transport of Synapsin". Neuroscience. 33 (39): ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoplasm
Sandhya KoushikaSandhya Koushika
Her main area of interest is regulation of axonal transport within nerve cells. She is a recipient of the International Early ... Following this approach, her group is starting to uncover regulation of each of the various steps of axonal transport, such as ... Koushika studies traffic within nerve cells, called axonal transport. Though not always the case for traffic on the streets, ... Studying this process is challenging, partly because anesthetising model organism also suspends axonal transport. So, watching ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya_Koushika
Alzheimers diseaseAlzheimer's disease
Schindowski K, Belarbi K, Buée L (February 2008). "Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease: role of axonal transport". ... The tangles disrupt the transport system and are toxic to cells. The cause for most Alzheimer's cases is still mostly unknown, ... Tau proteins are responsible in neuron's internal support and transport system to carry nutrients and other essential materials ... destroying the structure of the cell's cytoskeleton which collapses the neuron's transport system. A number of studies connect ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease
DCTN1DCTN1
"BPAG1n4 is essential for retrograde axonal transport in sensory neurons". The Journal of Cell Biology. 163 (2): 223-9. doi: ... "The interaction between cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin is required for fast axonal transport". Proceedings of the National ... It is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCTN1
AVP geneAVP gene
... conversion of a putative precursor during axonal transport". Science. 195 (4284): 1354-6. Bibcode:1977Sci...195.1354G. doi: ... It is well established that the finished vasopressin product is transported from the cell body to the terminals in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVP_gene
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenaseGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
January 2013). "Vesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transport". Cell. 152 (3): 479-491. doi:10.1016/j ... and fast axonal, or axoplasmic transport. In sperm, a testis-specific isoenzyme GAPDHS is expressed. Under normal cellular ... GAPDH also appears to be involved in the vesicle transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus which is ... nuclear tRNA transport, DNA replication, and DNA repair. In addition, nuclear translocation of GAPDH has been reported in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase
DystoninDystonin
October 2003). "BPAG1n4 is essential for retrograde axonal transport in sensory neurons". The Journal of Cell Biology. 163 (2 ... In humans, loss of dystonin function can cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI and axonal Charcot-Marie- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonin
Neurohypophysial hormoneNeurohypophysial hormone
Jones CW, Pickering BT (December 1972). "Intra-axonal transport and turnover of neurohypophysial hormones in the rat". J. ... They are then transported in neurosecretory granules along axons within the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract by axoplasmic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohypophysial_hormone
ITM2BITM2B
Choi SI, Vidal R, Frangione B, Levy E (2004). "Axonal transport of British and Danish amyloid peptides via secretory vesicles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITM2B
Growth coneGrowth cone
Yoo S, van Niekerk EA, Merianda TT, Twiss JL (2010). "Dynamics of axonal mRNA transport and implications for peripheral nerve ... In this process, new material is added at the growth cone while the remainder of the axonal cytoskeleton remains stationary. ... Actin filaments are also constantly being transported away from the leading edge by a myosin-motor driven process known as ... Axon guidance directs the initial wiring of the nervous system and is also important in axonal regeneration following an injury ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_cone
ParacytophagyParacytophagy
A second mechanism of reaching the brain tissue is achieved through intra-axonal transport. In this mechanism, Listeria travels ... Dons L, Jin Y, Kristensson K, Rottenberg ME (2007). "Axonal transport of Listeria monocytogenes and nerve-cell-induced ... Similar to the mechanism seen in HIV, infected leukocytes in the blood cross the blood brain barrier and transport Listeria ... or tunneling nanotubes directed toward neighboring cells in a culture of rat PC12 cells have been shown to facilitate transport ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracytophagy
RabiesRabies
"Rabies Virus Hijacks and accelerates the p75NTR retrograde axonal transport machinery". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (8): e1004348. doi: ... The virus then travels through the nerve cell axon via retrograde transport, as its P protein interacts with dynein, a protein ... and is then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where a sugar group is added to it (glycosylation). When there are enough viral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
MAPK8IP3MAPK8IP3
2001). "Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/ ... "Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. UNITED STATES. 103 (4): 583-94. doi: ... The C. elegans counterpart of this gene is found to regulate synaptic vesicle transport, possibly by integrating JNK signaling ... 2002). "UNC-16, a JNK-signaling scaffold protein, regulates vesicle transport in C. elegans". Neuron. 32 (5): 787-800. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK8IP3
HuntingtinHuntingtin
The function of huntingtin (Htt) is not well understood but it is involved in axonal transport. Huntingtin is essential for ... "HTT gene". Vitet H, Brandt V, Saudou F (August 2020). "Traffic signaling: new functions of huntingtin and axonal transport in ... These appear to indicate a functional role in cytoskeletal anchoring or transport of mitochondria. The Htt protein is involved ... Within cells, huntingtin may or may not be involved in signaling, transporting materials, binding proteins and other structures ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin
KLC1KLC1
2001). "Axonal transport of amyloid precursor protein is mediated by direct binding to the kinesin light chain subunit of ... "Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/S0092- ... Conventional kinesin is a tetrameric molecule composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, and transports various cargos ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLC1
Atg1Atg1
December 2008). "UNC-51/ATG1 kinase regulates axonal transport by mediating motor-cargo assembly". Genes Dev. 22 (23): 3292-307 ... The corresponding homologue to Atg1 in C. elegans is unc-51 (uncoordinated-51). Unc-51 also functions in proper axonal guidance ... October 1994). "Caenorhabditis elegans unc-51 gene required for axonal elongation encodes a novel serine/threonine kinase". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atg1
Sperm-associated antigen 9Sperm-associated antigen 9
"Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/S0092- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm-associated_antigen_9
Sunday Driver (band)Sunday Driver (band)
"Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/S0092- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Driver_(band)
KLC2KLC2
"Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/S0092- ... "Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/S0092- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLC2
Thomas P. StosselThomas P. Stossel
Gelsolin inhibition of fast axonal transport indicates a requirement for actin microfilaments. Nature, 1984; 310:56-58. 82. ... Calcium transport by macrophage plasma membranes. J Biol Chem. 1980; 255:5841-5846. 54. Amrein PC, Stossel TP. Prevention of ... Transport of Macromolecules in Biological Systems. Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen, 1978:503-16. 36. Stossel TP, Hartwig JH, Yin HL ... In: Current Topics in Membranes and Transport. 1990; 36:97-107. 66. Stossel TP. How cells crawl. American Scientist. 1990; 78: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stossel
Herpes simplex researchHerpes simplex research
R2 vaccines retain native replication in epithelial cells but are incapable of retrograde axonal transport and invasion of the ... "The pUL37 tegument protein guides alpha-herpesvirus retrograde axonal transport to promote neuroinvasion". PLOS Pathogens. 13 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research
DynactinDynactin
"The interaction between cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin is required for fast axonal transport". Proceedings of the National ... In addition to transport of various organelles in the cytoplasm, dynactin also links kinesin II to organelles. Motor protein ... Schroer TA, Sheetz MP (December 1991). "Two activators of microtubule-based vesicle transport". The Journal of Cell Biology. ... Carter AP, Diamant AG, Urnavicius L (April 2016). "How dynein and dynactin transport cargos: a structural perspective". Current ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynactin
PseudorabiesPseudorabies
Kratchmarov R, Taylor MP, Enquist LW (2013). "Role of us9 phosphorylation in axonal sorting and anterograde transport of ... In the retrograde direction, SuHV-1-Bartha is transported to a neuronal cell body via its axon, where it is replicated and ... Koyuncu OO, Perlman DH, Enquist LW (Jan 16, 2013). "Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons ... the extent to which non-synaptic transneuronal transport may also occur is uncertain. Using temporal studies and/or genetically ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorabies
Anterograde tracingAnterograde tracing
... the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of the biological process of axonal transport ... is taken into intracellular organelles and is transported by the endogenous neuronal transport system including kinesin-1, ... Transport of the viral particles along the axon was shown to depend on the microtubular cytoskeleton. There is also a group of ... Norgren RB, McLean JH, Bubel HC, Wander A, Bernstein DI, Lehman MN (March 1992). "Anterograde transport of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing
Sodium-potassium pumpSodium-potassium pump
In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na⁺-K ... Young EA, Fowler CD, Kidd GJ, Chang A, Rudick R, Fisher E, Trapp BD (April 2008). "Imaging correlates of decreased axonal Na+/ ... In 1997, he received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na⁺,K⁺- ... The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, affects transport, and regulates cellular volume. It also functions as a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump
BrainBrain
May 2009). "Acetate transport and utilization in the rat brain". J Neurochem. 109 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 46-54. doi:10.1111/j.1471- ... Considering the entire brain, thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding. The synaptic network that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
GlaucomaGlaucoma
Knox DL, Eagle RC, Green WR (March 2007). "Optic nerve hydropic axonal degeneration and blocked retrograde axoplasmic transport ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma
NUMB (gene)NUMB (gene)
... is released into the cytoplasm and transported to the nucleus, where it can form a complex with binding partners such as EP300 ... Drosophila first suggested Numb played a role in cell migration when mutants displayed defective glial migration along axonal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMB_(gene)
Kinesin-like protein KIF11Kinesin-like protein KIF11
In adult neurons It has a similar effect on inhibiting the rate of short microtubule transport so pharmacological inhibition ... impacts axonal growth, navigation, and branching". J. Neurosci. 30 (44): 14896-906. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3739-10.2010. PMC ... directed transport of cellular cargoes. The unique assembly of Kinesin-5 proteins not only organizes the protein complex for a ... induces rapid bursts of axonal outgrowth from cultured postmitotic neurons". Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 58 (1): 10-6. CiteSeerX ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin-like_protein_KIF11
AxonAxon
This axonal transport is provided for in the axoplasm by arrangements of microtubules and intermediate filaments known as ... Dying back of an axon can also take place in many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly when axonal transport is impaired, ... Concussion is considered a mild form of diffuse axonal injury. Axonal injury can also cause central chromatolysis. The ... and the axonal region as the other. The axonal region or compartment, includes the axon hillock, the initial segment, the rest ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon
Olfactory systemOlfactory system
"Topographic Organization of Tufted Cell Axonal Projections in the Hamster Main Olfactory Bulb: An Intrabulbar Associational ... amyloidogenesis-related diseases and there may even be a causal link through the disruption of multivalent metal ion transport ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system
NEDD4LNEDD4L
Rotin D, Staub O (2012). "Nedd4-2 and the regulation of epithelial sodium transport". Front Physiol. 3: 212. doi:10.3389/fphys. ... Specific deletion of NEDD4-2 in mouse neurons results in axonal branching defects. Isolated fetal cortical neurons from NEDD4-2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD4L
MAP2K7MAP2K7
All these JNK pathway regulators assemble transport complexes, tied to kinesin-dependent vesicular transport. In this context, ... Conditional deletion of Map2k7 in neural stem cells and postmitotic neurons identified a role for MKK7 in axonal elongation. ... Hammond JW, Griffin K, Jih GT, Stuckey J, Verhey KJ (May 2008). "Co-operative versus independent transport of different cargoes ... In addition to their "normal" cargoes (C-termini of transmembrane proteins), they also transport MAP2K and MAP3K enzymes, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP2K7
List of skin conditionsList of skin conditions
... may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly. ... Generalized trichoepithelioma Giant axonal neuropathy with curly hair Gingival fibromatosis with hypertrichosis Haber syndrome ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseasesEpigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases
Neuromuscular disease Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 600882 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Axonal, Type 2B; CMT2B - ... mRNA axon transport, neurite outgrowth during development, and neuromuscular junction formation. The causal function loss in ... SAHA treatment increased alpha-tubulin lysine 40 acetylation in mouse striatal cells and also increased intracellular transport ... "Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition compensates for the transport deficit in Huntington's disease by increasing tubulin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases
CASS4CASS4
... it has been speculated that it may have a role in axonal transport and influence the expression of the amyloid precursor ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASS4
ChromatolysisChromatolysis
In neurons receiving axonal transection, central chromatolysis is observed in the area between the nucleus and the axon hillock ... both seem to be mechanically related to a disruption of the delivery of neurofilament to the axon due to a decreased transport ... Changes in the cell body cytoskeleton seem to be responsible for enhanced nuclear eccentricity following axonal injury. One ... Nuclear eccentricity can be attributed to the presence of excess axonal cytoskeleton between the nucleus and axon hillock, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatolysis
Prickle (protein)Prickle (protein)
Also, Prickle1 interacts with RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) by transporting REST out of the nucleus. REST turns off ... Gene knockdown of Prickle1 by shRNA or dominant-negative constructs results in decreased axonal and dendritic extension in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickle_(protein)
MFN2MFN2
There is evidence suggesting that it could be due to defects in the axonal transport of mitochondria. Increasing evidence ... Misko A, Jiang S, Wegorzewska I, Milbrandt J, Baloh RH (March 2010). "Mitofusin 2 is necessary for transport of axonal ... February 2006). "Axonal neuropathy with optic atrophy is caused by mutations in mitofusin 2". Annals of Neurology. 59 (2): 276- ... Chen Y, Han S, Huang X, Ni J, He X (January 2016). "The Protective Effect of Icariin on Mitochondrial Transport and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFN2
List of OMIM disorder codesList of OMIM disorder codes
... axonal, type 2L; 608673; HSPB8 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 2M; 606482; DNM2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, ... NME1 Neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency; 613068; FOLR1 Neurodegeneration with brain iron ... axonal, type 2F; 606595; HSPB1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 2K; 607831; GDAP1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, ... TBXAS1 Giant axonal neuropathy-1; 256850; GAN Gillespie syndrome; 206700; PAX6 Gitelman syndrome; 263800; SLC12A3 Glanzmann ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes
Surface chemistry of neural implantsSurface chemistry of neural implants
Proteins like laminin that promotes neuronal outgrowth and L1 that promotes axonal outgrowth have shown great promise in ... and the charge transport between the electrode and the living tissue. The electrode functionality can be increased by adding a ... This shows that the nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel coating does not significantly hinder the electrical transport. The in vivo ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_neural_implants
DKK1DKK1
... tau cannot interact with neuronal microtubules consequently compromising axonal transport resulting in synaptic loss and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK1
Rabies virusRabies virus
The retrograde axonal transport of Rabies lyssavirus to the central nervous system (CNS) is the key step of pathogenesis during ... The exact molecular mechanism of this transport is unknown although binding of the P protein from Rabies lyssavirus to the ... After receptor binding, Rabies lyssavirus enters its host cells through the endosomal transport pathway. Inside the endosome, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus
TauopathyTauopathy
... of the neurofibrillary tangles and destabilized microtubules result in disruption of processes such as axonal transport and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy
GABARAPL2GABARAPL2
... possible role of vesicular transport in axonal elongation". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 85 (1-2): 1-12. doi: ... possible role of vesicular transport in axonal elongation". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 85 (1-2): 1-12. doi: ... Scherz-Shouval R, Sagiv Y, Shorer H, Elazar Z (Apr 2003). "The COOH terminus of GATE-16, an intra-Golgi transport modulator, is ... Sagiv Y, Legesse-Miller A, Porat A, Elazar Z (Apr 2000). "GATE-16, a membrane transport modulator, interacts with NSF and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABARAPL2
Aurora kinase BAurora kinase B
Finally, a portion of the tagged Aurora B localized to the equatorial cell cortex, having been transported to this location by ... Dec 2017). "Aurora kinase B regulates axonal outgrowth and regeneration in the spinal motor neurons of developing zebrafish". ... Furthermore, overexpression of Aurora B kinase results in accelerated axonal outgrowth of spinal motor neurons in developing ... significant upregulation in Aurora B kinase gene expression was observed coinciding with regenerative axonal sprouting. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_kinase_B
Neuronal self-avoidanceNeuronal self-avoidance
... as well as the diffusion of cytoplasmic signals either passively or by fast axonal transport". In the late 1990s and beyond, ... In 1983 Kramer and Kuwada propose that this self-recognition of two growing axonal processes might be mediated by their ... 1982) in insect neurons, which postulated that filopodia played an important role in the recognition and choice of axonal ... Several studies have implicated Drosophila Dscam1 in dendritic and axonal self-avoidance and process spacing in diverse ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_self-avoidance
KIF5AKIF5A
... also plays a role in Alzheimer's disease by modulating the toxic effect of beta-amyloid on axonal transport of ... Wang Q, Tian J, Chen H, Du H, Guo L (July 2019). "Amyloid beta-mediated KIF5A deficiency disrupts anterograde axonal ... of this family are part of a multisubunit complex that functions as a microtubule motor in intracellular organelle transport. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIF5A
List of diseases (M)List of diseases (M)
... bone dystrophy MLS syndrome MMEP syndrome MMT syndrome MN1 MNGIE syndrome Möbius syndrome MODY syndrome Möbius axonal ... disease Madokoro-Ohdo-Sonoda syndrome Maffucci syndrome Maghazaji syndrome Magnesium defect in renal tubular transport of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(M)
SyntaxinSyntaxin
"The syntaxin family of vesicular transport receptors". Cell. 74 (5): 863-73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90466-4. PMID 7690687. ... for proximity between the fusion machinery and the gates of Ca2+ entry during depolarization of the presynaptic axonal boutons ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxin
Axonal transport of monoclonal antibodies | Journal of NeuroscienceAxonal transport of monoclonal antibodies | Journal of Neuroscience
... was found to undergo anterograde transport in retinal ganglion cells and retrograde axonal transport in facial motoneurons. ... Axonal transport of monoclonal antibodies. TC Ritchie, RH Fabian, JV Choate and JD Coulter ... were screened for their ability to undergo uptake and axonal transport in vivo. Injections of ascitic fluid or of purified ... Neither of these antibodies was shown to undergo anterograde transport. Following retrograde transport in motoneurons, the S- ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/6/4/1177
British Library EThOS: Modifying axonal transport as a therapeutic strategy for Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisBritish Library EThOS: Modifying axonal transport as a therapeutic strategy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
... retrograde axonal transport and demonstrated that inhibitors of p38 MAPKα can be used to determine the role of axonal transport ... pharmacological enhancers of retrograde axonal transport that could be used to prove conclusively whether axonal transport ... Modifying axonal transport as a therapeutic strategy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Author: Gibbs, K. L. ISNI: 0000 0004 ... Deficits in retrograde axonal transport have been described at a presymptomatic stage in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. The ...
https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.763046
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1142 : Long-Term Impairment of Anterograde Axonal Transport Along Fiber Projections Originating in...Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1142 : Long-Term Impairment of Anterograde Axonal Transport Along Fiber Projections Originating in...
Ricaurte GA Long-Term Impairment of Anterograde Axonal Transport Along Fiber Projections Originating in the Rostral Raphe ... Along with anterograde axonal transport, we measured two 5-HT axonal markers, 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). ... These reductions were associated with lasting decrements in 5-HT axonal markers. In general, decreases in axonal transport were ... "Long-Term Impairment of Anterograde Axonal Transport Along Fiber Projections Originating in the Rostral Raphe Nuclei After ...
https://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=1142&S=Ricaurte_G&SField=Author
Axonal transport and behavioural defects in Drosophila expressing wild-type and mutant tau - ePrints SotonAxonal transport and behavioural defects in Drosophila expressing wild-type and mutant tau - ePrints Soton
Mudher, Amritpal K., Mackay, Daniel, Chee, Francis, Shepherd, David and Lovestone, Simon (2004) Axonal transport and ... Axonal transport and behavioural defects in Drosophila expressing wild-type and mutant tau ... Axonal transport and behavioural defects in Drosophila expressing wild-type and mutant tau ... Axonal transport and behavioural defects in Drosophila expressing wild-type and mutant tau ...
https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/55863/
Cultured dissociated primary dorsal root ganglion neurons from adult horses enable study of axonal transport.
... ... 2022). Cultured dissociated primary dorsal root ganglion neurons from adult horses enable study of axonal transport.. J Anat ... Our culture model will be a useful tool to study the contribution of axonal transport defects to specific neurodegenerative ... diseases in horses as well as comparative studies aimed at evaluating species-specific differences in axonal transport and ...
https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/338460
Vesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transportVesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transport
... requires consistent energy over long distances to fuel the molecular motors that transport vesicles. We demonstrate that ... Fast axonal transport (FAT) requires consistent energy over long distances to fuel the molecular motors that transport vesicles ... Vesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transport Cell. 2013 Jan 31;152(3):479-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cell. ... Finally, we show that vesicular GAPDH is necessary and sufficient to provide on-board energy for fast vesicular transport. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23374344/?dopt=Abstract
0911.2722] A Stochastic Compartmental Model for Fast Axonal Transport0911.2722] A Stochastic Compartmental Model for Fast Axonal Transport
Title: A Stochastic Compartmental Model for Fast Axonal Transport. Authors: Lea Popovic, Scott A. McKinley, Michael C. Reed ... paper we develop a probabilistic micro-scale compartmental model and use it to study macro-scale properties of axonal transport ...
http://export.arxiv.org/abs/0911.2722
Axonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix. | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University PressAxonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix. | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
Axonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix., Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 99, Issue 1, 1 July 1984, Pages 212s-221s, https: ... Proteins transported in slow components a and b of axonal transport are distributed differently in the transverse plane of the ... Axonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix. R J Lasek, R J Lasek ... Differential axonal transport of isotubulins in the motor axons ... R J Lasek, J A Garner, S T Brady; Axonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix.. J Cell Biol 1 July 1984; 99 (1): 212s-221s. doi ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/99/1/212s/49641/Axonal-transport-of-the-cytoplasmic-matrix
ROS regulation of axonal mitochondrial transport is mediated by Ca&lROS regulation of axonal mitochondrial transport is mediated by Ca&l
ROS regulation of axonal mitochondrial transport is mediated by Ca,sup,2+,/sup, and JNK in ,i,Drosophila,/i,. Peter J. ... which have been shown to regulate mitochondrial transport and general fast axonal transport, respectively. We found that ... Oxidative stress and abnormal mitochondrial axonal transport are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. However, we know ... we found that ROS inhibited mitochondrial axonal transport more specifically, primarily due to reduced flux and velocity, but ...
https://www.researcher-app.com/paper/2462
On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones.<...
Brimijoin, S. / On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones. In: The ... Brimijoin, S. (1979). On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones. The ... Brimijoin, S 1979, On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones., The ... On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones. The Journal of Physiology ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/on-the-kinetics-and-maximal-capacity-of-the-system-for-rapid-axon
axonal transport Archives - MND Research Blogaxonal transport Archives - MND Research Blog
Tag: axonal transport. Travel disruptions: transport along neurones in MND. 23 August 2022. 23 August 2022. Research ...
https://mndresearch.blog/tag/axonal-transport/
Category:GO:0008089 ! anterograde axonal transport - GONUTSCategory:GO:0008089 ! anterograde axonal transport - GONUTS
synonym: "anterograde axon cargo transport" EXACT []. is_a: GO:0098930 ! axonal transport. relationship: occurs_in: GO:1904115 ... name: anterograde axonal transport. namespace: biological_process. def: "The directed movement of organelles or molecules along ... Pages in category "GO:0008089 ! anterograde axonal transport". The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. ... Retrieved from "https://gowiki.tamu.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Category:GO:0008089_!_anterograde_axonal_transport&oldid=5857365" ...
https://gowiki.tamu.edu/wiki/index.php/Category:GO:0008089_
Research Profile Listing | Directory of Faculty Research InterestsResearch Profile Listing | Directory of Faculty Research Interests
Axonal Transport. *. Shawn Ferguson, PhD. Associate Professor of Cell Biology and of Neuroscience ...
https://medicine.yale.edu/dfri/research-profiles/?orgId=116262&meshId=1301
It also implicates the importance of axonal transport dysfunction | Mtor Inhibitors
It also implicates the importance of axonal transport dysfunction. Posted on June 18, 2021. by mtor0294 ... It also implicates the importance of axonal transport dysfunction in the process of neurodegeneration. These results may have ...
https://mtor-inhibitors.com/index.php/it-also-implicates-the-importance-of-axonal-transport-dysfunction/
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, PathophysiologyAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Thus, the identification of this mutation provides further support for the role of the cytoskeleton and axonal transport in ALS ... This type of axonal degeneration can be seen in the brain on biopsy as atrophy and pallor of myelinated motor axons in the ... Axonal degeneration. Motor axons die by Wallerian degeneration in ALS, and large motor neurons are affected to a greater extent ... This forms small ovoid compartments containing axonal debris and surrounding myelin, termed myelin ovoids. Ovoids then are ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/1170097-81857/when-is-individualized-prognostic-information-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-discussed-with-a-patient
talks.cam : Deficits in axonal transport in ALS and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease modelstalks.cam : Deficits in axonal transport in ALS and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease models
Deficits in axonal transport in ALS and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease models. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using ... University of Cambridge , Talks.cam , rv254s list , Deficits in axonal transport in ALS and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease models ...
http://www.talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/96907
Altered axonal mitochondrial transport in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease from mitofusin 2 mutations. | J...Altered axonal mitochondrial transport in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease from mitofusin 2 mutations. | J...
Altered axonal mitochondrial transport in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease from mitofusin 2 mutations.. Baloh, ... The diminished axonal mitochondrial transport was not attributable to diminished ATP levels in the neurons, and oxidative ... Interestingly, transport of mitochondria in axons was significantly impaired in neurons expressing disease-mutated forms of ... Transporte Axonal/genética Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth/genética Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth/metabolismo Proteínas de ...
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-17215403
Single dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons form two chemically distinct synaptic types: possible transmitter segregation within...Single dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons form two chemically distinct synaptic types: possible transmitter segregation within...
Previous studies have shown that anterograde transport of tritiated labeled proteins from the substantia nigra to the striatum ... Axonal Transport * Corpus Striatum / anatomy & histology * Corpus Striatum / physiology * Corpus Striatum / ultrastructure* ... Previous studies have shown that anterograde transport of tritiated labeled proteins from the substantia nigra to the striatum ... to terminal labeling produced a large increase in the occurrence of radiolabeled striatal axonal varicosities with the result ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1717519/?dopt=Abstract
Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia :: MPG.PuReOligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia :: MPG.PuRe
... axonal transport; hereditary spastic paraplegia; axonal degeneration; Title: Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal ... transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia ... Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse ... 2004). Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Journal of Cell ...
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_2188449
AP3B2 adaptor related protein complex 3 subunit beta 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBIAP3B2 adaptor related protein complex 3 subunit beta 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
involved_in anterograde axonal transport ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity. more info ... involved_in anterograde synaptic vesicle transport IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... involved_in anterograde synaptic vesicle transport ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity. more info ... involved_in vesicle-mediated transport IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8120
Science-Heavy Animation Looks at the Possibility of a Real Zombie ApocalypseScience-Heavy Animation Looks at the Possibility of a Real Zombie Apocalypse
Retrograde Axonal Transport? Virus Specificity? Olfactory Nerve? If youre unfamiliar with these terms, you may want to hit the ... Retrograde Axonal Transport? Virus Specificity? Olfactory Nerve? If youre unfamiliar with these terms, you may want to hit the ...
https://www.webpronews.com/science-heavy-animation-looks-at-the-possibility-of-a-real-zombie-apocalypse/
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, PathophysiologyAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Thus, the identification of this mutation provides further support for the role of the cytoskeleton and axonal transport in ALS ... This type of axonal degeneration can be seen in the brain on biopsy as atrophy and pallor of myelinated motor axons in the ... Axonal degeneration. Motor axons die by Wallerian degeneration in ALS, and large motor neurons are affected to a greater extent ... This forms small ovoid compartments containing axonal debris and surrounding myelin, termed myelin ovoids. Ovoids then are ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1170097-overview
Amyloidogenic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein Drives Stretch-Induced Disruption of Axonal Transport in hiPSC-Derived...Amyloidogenic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein Drives Stretch-Induced Disruption of Axonal Transport in hiPSC-Derived...
Amyloidogenic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein Drives Stretch-Induced Disruption of Axonal Transport in hiPSC-Derived ...
https://m.amedeo.com/34663629
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Retrograde transport; Axonal transport; Sciatic nerve; Neurotoxin; Neurotoxicology; Axonopathy; Neuropathy ... The inhibitory effect of acrylamide on retrograde axon transport was transient since transport deficits were not detectable 35 ... Single injection of acrylamide (1.3 mmol/kg, i.p.) inhibited retrograde axon transport of [125I]tetanus toxin in hen sensory ... Accumulated decrements in retrograde axon transport may be the underlying cause of degeneration of motor axons in acrylamide ...
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=acrylamide&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=3&RecNo=26&View=f&
Neuroscience2015 | Per session
Axonal Transport and Cytoskeleton. *Place: Poster (Hall No.1 Building, Kobe International Exhibition Hall) ... Axonal Transport and Cytoskeleton. *Place: Poster (Hall No.1 Building, Kobe International Exhibition Hall) ... Axonal/Dendritic Growth and Circuit Formation. *Place: Poster (Hall No.1 Building, Kobe International Exhibition Hall) ... Axonal/Dendritic Growth and Circuit Formation. *Place: Poster (Hall No.1 Building, Kobe International Exhibition Hall) ...
https://www.jnss.org/abstract/neuro2015/meeting_planner/session.php?date=2015/7/30&u=1664835134
The Preventive Effect of Oxytocin to Cisplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity: An Experimental Rat ModelThe Preventive Effect of Oxytocin to Cisplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity: An Experimental Rat Model
Axonal transport is important for axonal integrity. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causes distal axonal ... C. Fang, D. Bourdette, and G. Banker, "Oxidative stress inhibits axonal transport: implications for neurodegenerative diseases ... depletion and increased intra-axonal calcium levels caused by mitochondrial damage exacerbate the axonal damage. The decrease ... ROS can directly inhibit the axonal transportation in the early phase [32]. In addition to that, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/167235/
Normal huntingtin function: an alternative approach to Huntingtons disease | Nature Reviews NeuroscienceNormal huntingtin function: an alternative approach to Huntington's disease | Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Wild-type huntingtin also regulates fast axonal trafficking, vesicle transport (including transport of BDNF) and synaptic ... Disruption of axonal transport by loss of huntingtin or expression of pathogenic PolyQ proteins in Drosophila. Neuron 40, 25-40 ... Neuropathogenic forms of huntingtin and androgen receptor inhibit fast axonal transport. Neuron 40, 41-52 (2003). ... melanogaster huntingtin or expression of proteins containing pathogenic polyQ repeats disrupts axonal transport. ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1806?error=cookies_not_supported&code=70909cd7-e3d5-411e-85da-0880b0958651
Effect of acute intraocular pressure changes on short posterior ciliary artery haemodynamics | British Journal of OphthalmologyEffect of acute intraocular pressure changes on short posterior ciliary artery haemodynamics | British Journal of Ophthalmology
1983) Blockage of axonal transport in the optic nerve induced by elevation of intraocular pressure. Effect of arterial ... 1983) Blockade of axon transport in optic nerve induced by elevation of IOP: effect of arterial hypertension induced by ... cats given infusion of angiotensin I when exposed to elevated IOP have been shown to suffer more short term axonal injury ...
https://bjo.bmj.com/content/83/1/33
RetrogradeFast axonal transportNeuronsDisruption of Axonal TransportAxonsMitochondriaDefectsDegenerationDeficitsSynapticProteinsInhibitorsPathogenesisMetabolismIntracellularNeuronalNeurofilamentNeuronesCytoplasmicAbnormalDetectableVivoSensoryVesiclesPeripheral NeuropathyDecrementsMicrotubule tracksCellularDependentSuperior colliculusSurvivalProximalVelocityNerveARTICLETissueJournalShownFunctionActiveProcessGeneralSystemFindings
Retrograde20
  • Retrograde transport by facial nucleus motoneurons was evaluated after injections of antibody into the mystatial vibrissal skin and musculature. (jneurosci.org)
  • One monoclonal antibody, S-2C10, was found to undergo anterograde transport in retinal ganglion cells and retrograde axonal transport in facial motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Two other antibodies tested, S-4E9 and S-1G10, exhibited the ability to undergo retrograde transport, but only after injections at relatively high antibody concentrations (greater than or equal to 1.0% IgG). (jneurosci.org)
  • Following retrograde transport in motoneurons, the S-2C10 antibody was localized in neuronal perikarya, proximal dendrites, and the adjacent neuropil of the facial motor nucleus. (jneurosci.org)
  • Deficits in retrograde axonal transport have been described at a presymptomatic stage in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. (bl.uk)
  • The goal of my PhD project was to identify pharmacological enhancers of retrograde axonal transport that could be used to prove conclusively whether axonal transport defects play a significant role in ALS pathogenesis. (bl.uk)
  • To this aim, I developed and performed a microscopy-based screen for the identification of pharmacological enhancers of retrograde axonal transport in motor neurons. (bl.uk)
  • I was able to demonstrate that the accumulation of α-p75NTR and HCT in the cell body of mouse ES-derived motor neurons acts as a sensitive read-out of retrograde axonal transport efficiency and using this assay, I identified and validated two compounds (A1 and E4) that were able to accelerate retrograde axonal transport in motor neurons. (bl.uk)
  • Inhibition of p38 MAPK was found to correct deficits in retrograde axonal transport in SOD1G93A motor neurons both in vitro and in vivo. (bl.uk)
  • It was found to accelerate retrograde axonal transport in both wild type and SOD1G93A motor neurons, but had no effect on anterograde transport speeds. (bl.uk)
  • In conclusion, this thesis work has identified inhibitors of p38 MAPK and IGF1R as novel modifiers of retrograde axonal transport and demonstrated that inhibitors of p38 MAPKα can be used to determine the role of axonal transport defects in ALS pathogenesis. (bl.uk)
  • Progressive deficits in retrograde axon transport precede degeneration of motor axons in acrylamide neuropathy. (cdc.gov)
  • Single injection of acrylamide (1.3 mmol/kg, i.p.) inhibited retrograde axon transport of [125I]tetanus toxin in hen sensory and motor axons. (cdc.gov)
  • The inhibitory effect of acrylamide on retrograde axon transport was transient since transport deficits were not detectable 35 h after dosing. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiple doses of acrylamide (0.42 mmol/kg, i.p.) induced progressive clinical signs of acrylamide neuropathy that correlated with increasing deficits in retrograde axon transport of [125I]tetanus skin to ventral spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
  • Accumulated decrements in retrograde axon transport may be the underlying cause of degeneration of motor axons in acrylamide neuropathy in fowl. (cdc.gov)
  • Iliev A, Wouters FS (2007) Application of simple photobleaching microscopy techniques for the determination of the balance between anterograde and retrograde axonal transport. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Studies on cultured nerve cells have shown that axonal neurofilaments move rapidly and intermittently along microtubule tracks in both anterograde and retrograde directions. (eneuro.org)
  • Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (bvsalud.org)
  • Comprehend the importance of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes in regulating tropism, retrograde versus anterograde transport, and other factors. (sfn.org)
Fast axonal transport3
  • Fast axonal transport (FAT) requires consistent energy over long distances to fuel the molecular motors that transport vesicles. (nih.gov)
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying these effects, we examined Ca 2+ levels and the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase) pathway, which have been shown to regulate mitochondrial transport and general fast axonal transport, respectively. (researcher-app.com)
  • 2004). Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia. (mpg.de)
Neurons14
  • Cultured dissociated primary dorsal root ganglion neurons from adult horses enable study of axonal transport. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Although inhibiting ATP production from mitochondria did not affect vesicles motility, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH reduced transport in cultured neurons and in Drosophila larvae. (nih.gov)
  • Although detaching GAPDH from vesicles reduced transport, targeting GAPDH to vesicles was sufficient to promote FAT in GAPDH deficient neurons. (nih.gov)
  • In this paper we develop a probabilistic micro-scale compartmental model and use it to study macro-scale properties of axonal transport, the process by which intracellular cargo is moved in the axons of neurons. (arxiv.org)
  • To maintain cellular function and survival in neurons, mitochondria are transported along axons, and accumulate in regions with high demand for their functions. (researcher-app.com)
  • Interestingly, transport of mitochondria in axons was significantly impaired in neurons expressing disease -mutated forms of MFN2. (bvsalud.org)
  • The diminished axonal mitochondrial transport was not attributable to diminished ATP levels in the neurons , and oxidative respiration was normal in mutant MFN2-expressing cells . (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity was normal in muscle mitochondria from a CMT2 patient with an MFN2 mutation , further supporting that abnormal mitochondrial transport in neurons is independent from an energy production defect. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, we suggest that single dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra make two types of synaptic contact with striatal cells: 1) symmetric synapses en passant, which can be stained with tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine and which contact dendritic spine necks, and 2) asymmetric terminal boutons of unknown chemical nature which end on dendritic spine heads. (nih.gov)
  • Amyloidogenic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein Drives Stretch-Induced Disruption of Axonal Transport in hiPSC-Derived Neurons. (amedeo.com)
  • Herpes Simplex Virus gE/gI and US9 Promote both Envelopment and Sorting of Virus Particles in the Cytoplasm of Neurons, Two Processes That Precede Anterograde Transport in Axons. (ohsu.edu)
  • Herpes simplex virus gE/gI extracellular domains promote axonal transport and spread from neurons to epithelial cells. (ohsu.edu)
  • In neurons, the requirement of active transport is highly significant because they are highly polarized and have extensive sub-cellular domains that have unique functions. (brainfacts.org)
  • So, in neurons, gene products such as proteins or RNAs, and organelles such as mitochondria, are transported by kinesin transport machinery from the cell body to their sub-cellular destinations. (brainfacts.org)
Disruption of Axonal Transport1
  • Individually, neurodegeneration in ALS might result from a complex interaction of glutamate excitotoxicity, the genesis of free radicals, SOD1 enzymes, disruption of axonal transport processes through aggregation of neurofilament intracellular accumulates, cytoplasmic protein accumulates, combined with mitochondrial dysfunction. (medacess.com)
Axons13
  • GAPDH localizes on vesicles via a huntingtin-dependent mechanism and is transported on fast-moving vesicles within axons. (nih.gov)
  • After incubation, the distribution of dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH) activity along the nerves was examined as an indication of the behaviour of rapid transport in adrenergic axons. (elsevier.com)
  • This abnormal mitochondrial trafficking provides a likely explanation for the selective susceptibility of the longest peripheral axons to MFN2 mutations , in which proper localization of mitochondria is critical for axonal and synaptic function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Characterization of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tegument Proteins That Bind to gE/gI and US9, Which Promote Assembly of HSV and Transport into Neuronal Axons. (ohsu.edu)
  • Kinesin-1 Proteins KIF5A, -5B, and -5C Promote Anterograde Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Enveloped Virions in Axons. (ohsu.edu)
  • In glaucoma, the most common optic neuropathy, sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP) challenges RGC axons early, including degradation of anterograde transport to the superior colliculus (SC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neurofilaments are abundant space-filling cytoskeletal polymers that are transported into and along axons. (eneuro.org)
  • Neurofilaments are important structural components of axons that are transported from the cell body to the axon tip in a "stop-and-go" manner. (eneuro.org)
  • Here we show that neurofilament transport is bidirectional in mature myelinated axons in vivo , with a significant fraction of the filaments moving backward toward the cell body. (eneuro.org)
  • The fact that axons invest metabolic energy to move neurofilaments backwards as well as forwards in axons is puzzling, and it suggests that neurofilament transport is not simply a mechanism to deliver neurofilaments to axons. (eneuro.org)
  • We speculate that the bidirectional movement of neurofilaments functions to also distribute and organize these polymers in axons, which is a different way of thinking about axonal transport. (eneuro.org)
  • This axonal expansion is driven in part by an accumulation of neurofilaments, which are space-filling cytoskeletal polymers that move into and along axons by the mechanisms of axonal transport ( Hoffman, 1995 ). (eneuro.org)
  • The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS . (bvsalud.org)
Mitochondria1
  • Mutation of huntingtin causes reduced BDNF production, enhanced activity of the RE1/NRSE silencer (with repression of neuronal gene transcription), reduced transport of mitochondria and BDNF, altered synaptic transmission and many other alterations as a consequence of its increased toxicity. (nature.com)
Defects5
  • The early appearance of transport defects suggests that they may play an important role in disease pathogenesis. (bl.uk)
  • Mudher, Amritpal K. , Mackay, Daniel , Chee, Francis , Shepherd, David and Lovestone, Simon (2004) Axonal transport and behavioural defects in Drosophila expressing wild-type and mutant tau. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Our culture model will be a useful tool to study the contribution of axonal transport defects to specific neurodegenerative diseases in horses as well as comparative studies aimed at evaluating species-specific differences in axonal transport and survival. (cam.ac.uk)
  • We found that elevated ROS increased Ca 2+ levels, and that experimental reduction of Ca 2+ to physiological levels rescued ROS-induced defects in mitochondrial transport in primary neuron cell cultures. (researcher-app.com)
  • In addition to transport defects, ROS produces imbalances in mitochondrial fission-fusion and metabolic state, indicating that mitochondrial transport, fission-fusion steady state, and metabolic state are closely interrelated in the response to ROS. (researcher-app.com)
Degeneration1
  • However, the causative role of axonal transport deficits in ALS motor neuron degeneration has not yet been demonstrated directly. (bl.uk)
Deficits1
  • Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, I was able to demonstrate that p38 MAPKα is responsible for the transport deficits observed. (bl.uk)
Synaptic3
  • We conclude that both the asymmetric terminal and symmetric en passant synapses take origin from a single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal population and that dopaminergic transmitter markers occur only in one of these synaptic types in the rat striatum. (nih.gov)
  • Wild-type huntingtin also regulates fast axonal trafficking, vesicle transport (including transport of BDNF) and synaptic transmission, and so has a crucial role in normal brain function. (nature.com)
  • An essential process in synaptic plasticity is the axonal transport. (brainfacts.org)
Proteins5
  • Previous studies have shown that anterograde transport of tritiated labeled proteins from the substantia nigra to the striatum over short survival times primarily labels asymmetric synapses (and that these asymmetric synapses are preferentially vulnerable to selective dopaminergic neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxydopamine). (nih.gov)
  • Herpes simplex virus membrane proteins gE/gI and US9 act cooperatively to promote transport of capsids and glycoproteins from neuron cell bodies into initial axon segments. (ohsu.edu)
  • Researchers have identified hundreds of proteins that are consistently transported throughout the healthy brain via small membrane-enclosed sacs. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Scientists at Scripps Research have discovered hundreds of proteins that are constantly transported throughout the healthy brain in small membrane-enclosed sacs, revealing a new form of communication between brain cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The axonal transport of neurofilament proteins was discovered using radioisotopic pulse-labeling ( Hoffman and Lasek, 1975 ). (eneuro.org)
Inhibitors1
Pathogenesis1
  • Altered axonal mitochondrial transport in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease from mitofusin 2 mutations. (bvsalud.org)
Metabolism1
  • [ 5 ] The blood supply to the optic nerve, the axonal or ganglion cell metabolism, and the lamina cribrosa extracellular matrix may play a role. (medscape.com)
Intracellular1
  • Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder characterized by abnormal intracellular protein transport. (medscape.com)
Neuronal1
  • In contrast, the S- 4E9 and S-1G10 antibodies were localized in punctate granules within neuronal cell somata following transport. (jneurosci.org)
Neurofilament3
  • However, it is unclear whether neurofilament transport is also bidirectional in vivo . (eneuro.org)
  • We show that the directional bias and velocity of neurofilament transport can be calculated from these measurements. (eneuro.org)
  • Thus, neurofilament transport is bidirectional in vivo , with a significant fraction of the filaments moving retrogradely in both juvenile and adult mice. (eneuro.org)
Neurones2
  • On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones. (elsevier.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones. (elsevier.com)
Cytoplasmic1
  • Axonal transport of the cytoplasmic matrix. (rupress.org)
Abnormal1
  • Oxidative stress and abnormal mitochondrial axonal transport are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. (researcher-app.com)
Detectable1
  • Transported immunoglobulins were detectable even after injections of dilute antibody solution (0.01- 0.05% IgG), and the uptake-transport process for this antibody appeared saturable. (jneurosci.org)
Vivo2
  • Three monoclonal antibodies against rat brain synaptosomes, produced by conventional hybridoma techniques, were screened for their ability to undergo uptake and axonal transport in vivo. (jneurosci.org)
  • Using the Drosophila third instar larval nervous system as the in vivo model, we found that ROS inhibited mitochondrial axonal transport more specifically, primarily due to reduced flux and velocity, but did not affect transport of other organelles. (researcher-app.com)
Sensory2
  • Herpes keratitis in the absence of anterograde transport of virus from sensory ganglia to the cornea. (ohsu.edu)
  • Otherwise, if the immune system declines, the VZV is reactivated HZ incidence coefficients in North America, Europe, and Asia and, through anthrograde transport, proceeds to the sensory range from 3 to 5 cases per 1,000 person-years. (bvsalud.org)
Vesicles1
  • 2018 ) Presynaptic Biogenesis Requires Axonal Transport of Lysosome-Related Vesicles. (neurotree.org)
Peripheral Neuropathy1
  • Both the axonal type and the demyelinating type of peripheral neuropathy associated with CHS have been reported. (medscape.com)
Decrements1
  • These reductions were associated with lasting decrements in 5-HT axonal markers. (erowid.org)
Microtubule tracks1
  • Kinesins transport cargos by walking unidirectionally along microtubule tracks hydrolyzing one molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at each step. (brainfacts.org)
Cellular1
  • Transport of cellular components along microtubules (MTs) is important in virtually all cell types and required for normal cellular activities. (elifesciences.org)
Dependent2
  • Phosphorylation-regulated axonal dependent transport of syntaxin 1 is mediated by a Kinesin-1 adapter. (mpg.de)
  • Body Temperature-Dependent and Independent Actions of Chlordimeform on Visual Evoked Potentials and Axonal Transport in Optic System of Rat. (epa.gov)
Superior colliculus1
  • Injections of ascitic fluid or of purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) were made into the vitreal chamber of the eye in anesthetized rats to test for anterograde transport in retinal afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus. (jneurosci.org)
Survival1
  • Employing longer survival times (10 days after the nigral isotope injections) in order to enhance the ratio of "en passant" to terminal labeling produced a large increase in the occurrence of radiolabeled striatal axonal varicosities with the result that many symmetric synapses en passant were double-labeled with both the autoradiographic and the immunohistochemical markers. (nih.gov)
Proximal2
  • 2. With temperature gradients of 5 and 8 degrees C, transport velocity in the proximal regions was expected from previous work to be, respectively, 1.5 and 2 times faster than in the distal regions. (elsevier.com)
  • 3. A temperature gradient of 13 degrees C was expected to produce a threefold difference in transport velocity between proximal and distal regions. (elsevier.com)
Velocity2
  • This increment was up to 50% of the normal activity and it propagated distally at the velocity expected for transport at the local temperature. (elsevier.com)
  • There was no indication that such increases led to significant changes in the velocity of transport. (elsevier.com)
Nerve2
  • The findings suggest that the uptake-transport process for the S-2C10 antibody is mediated by adsorptive endocytosis following binding of the antibody to a plasma membrane component (or components) present in somadendritic and nerve terminal membranes. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the distal nerve, increased Cx43 also indicated with a higher level of intact anterograde transport from retina to SC. (biomedcentral.com)
ARTICLE1
  • This article discusses the extent to which transport is a barrier during learnerships for students with disabilities. (bvsalud.org)
Tissue1
  • Transported immunoglobulins were localized in tissue sections using a modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. (jneurosci.org)
Journal1
  • 2016 ) Aplip1 Controls the Processivity of Neurexin Axonal Transport Biophysical Journal . (neurotree.org)
Shown2
  • Neither of these antibodies was shown to undergo anterograde transport. (jneurosci.org)
  • Kinesin transports several gene products that are important for memory formation and here we have shown how important kinesins are for long-term memory storage. (brainfacts.org)
Function1
  • Axonal dependence on astrocytes for even normal function accentuates the critical role astrocytes serve during disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Active1
  • 2015 ) A high affinity RIM-binding protein/Aplip1 interaction prevents the formation of ectopic axonal active zones. (neurotree.org)
Process1
  • It also implicates the importance of axonal transport dysfunction in the process of neurodegeneration. (mtor-inhibitors.com)
General1
  • In general, decreases in axonal transport were less pronounced than those in 5-HT and 5-HIAA. (erowid.org)
System1
  • The paired salivary glands in the cockroach are composed of acini with ion-transporting peripheral P-cells and protein-secreting central C-cells, and a duct system for the modification of the primary saliva. (biologists.com)
Findings2
  • The findings demonstrated that transport barriers were present in different modes of transport and different parts of the travel chain. (bvsalud.org)
  • The findings indicated that inaccessible transport is an integral cause of learnership incompletion for students with disabilities, where the universal accessibility of both transport and the built environment are a prerequisite need. (bvsalud.org)

No images available that match "axonal transport"