The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.
Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Those forces and content of the mind which are not ordinarily available to conscious awareness or to immediate recall.
Stimulation at an intensity below that where a differentiated response can be elicited.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc.
'Reading' in a medical context often refers to the act or process of a person interpreting and comprehending written or printed symbols, such as letters or words, for the purpose of deriving information or meaning from them.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
The body of truths or facts accumulated in the course of time, the cumulated sum of information, its volume and nature, in any civilization, period, or country.
Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.
The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning.
The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
A type of procedural memory manifested as a change in the ability to identify an item as a result of a previous encounter with the item or stimuli.
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
A method of data collection and a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions.
Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
The act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).
A person's view of himself.
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
Non-optimal interval of time between onset of symptoms, identification, and initiation of treatment.
Methods to identify and characterize cancer in the early stages of disease and predict tumor behavior.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
Information intended for potential users of medical and healthcare services. There is an emphasis on self-care and preventive approaches as well as information for community-wide dissemination and use.
The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
Any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997)
Use of marketing principles also used to sell products to consumers to promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Design and use of programs seeking to increase the acceptance of a social idea or practice by target groups, not for the benefit of the marketer, but to benefit the target audience and the general society.
A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)
Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.
An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pakistan" is a country located in South Asia and it does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical question or term that you would like me to define, please provide it and I will be happy to help.
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.
The circulation or wide dispersal of information.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.
The means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information. Historically the media were written: books, journals, newspapers, and other publications; in the modern age the media include, in addition, radio, television, computers, and information networks.
The act or practice of literary composition, the occupation of writer, or producing or engaging in literary work as a profession.
Occasions to commemorate an event or occasions designated for a specific purpose.
The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.
What a person has in mind to do or bring about.
A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group.
The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Organizations and individuals cooperating together toward a common goal at the local or grassroots level.
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.
The use of communication systems, such as telecommunication, to transmit emergency information to appropriate providers of health services.
Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Commercialization of BRCA1/2 testing: practitioner awareness and use of a new genetic test. (1/1787)

It was our purpose to determine the characteristics of practitioners in the United States who were among the first to inquire about and use the BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genetic tests outside of a research protocol. Questionnaires were mailed to all practitioners who requested information on or ordered a BRCA1/2 test from the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) Genetic Diagnostics Laboratory (GDL) between October 1, 1995 and January 1, 1997 (the first 15 months the test was available for clinical use). The response rate was 67% of practitioners; 54% (121/225) were genetic counselors, 39% (87/225) were physicians or lab directors. Most physicians were oncologists, pathologists, or obstetrician/gynecologists, but 20% practiced surgery or internal or general medicine. Fifty-six percent (125/225) had ordered a BRCA1/2 test for a patient; most of the rest had offered or were willing to offer testing. Of those who had offered testing, 70% had a patient decline BRCA1/2 testing when offered. Practitioners perceived that patients' fear of loss of confidentiality was a major reason for declining. Nearly 60% of practitioners reported that their patients had access to a genetic counselor, but 28% of physicians who ordered a BRCA1/2 test reported having no such access, despite the GDL's counseling requirement. The proportion of physicians reporting no access to genetic counselors for their patients increased from 22.4% in the first half of the study to 50% in the last half. Many practitioners have an interest in BRCA1/2 testing, despite policy statements that discourage its use outside of research protocols. Practitioner responses suggest that patient interest in testing seems to be tempered by knowledge of potential risks. An apparent increase in patient concern about confidentiality and inability to pay for testing could indicate growing barriers to testing. Although most practitioners reported having access to counseling facilities, perceived lack of such access among an increasing proportion of practitioners indicates that lab requirements for counseling are difficult to enforce and suggests that an increasing proportion of patients may not be getting access to counseling.  (+info)

Does vestibular stimulation activate thalamocortical mechanisms that reintegrate impaired cortical regions? (2/1787)

Caloric stimulation induced a transient reversal of multimodal hemispatial cognitive deficits in an 81-year-old woman with an acute left cerebral hemisphere stroke. The patient had unawareness of her right hand (asomatognosia), right-sided visual unawareness (hemineglect), aphasia and right-sided weakness (hemiplegia) prior to the stimulation. Transient improvements in impaired sensory, motor, linguistic and cognitive function developed within 30 s following application of the caloric stimulus and onset of horizontal nystagmus. The effect persisted for 3 min and ceased completely after 5 min. While several recent reports have described the capacity of caloric stimulation to transiently improve or reverse a wide range of attentional, cognitive and motor impairments, most examples are in right-hemisphere-damaged patients with long-standing brain injury. Typically, patients have been tested several months or years after the onset of the deficit. A possible mechanism for the temporary reintegration of multiple cognitive functions in this patient is discussed.  (+info)

Audit of patients' awareness of ophthalmic diagnoses. (3/1787)

Providing information to patients about their medical condition and treatment options is important in medical management. To assess patients' knowledge of their ocular disease, prognosis, and treatment a questionnaire based survey was performed. 219 patients selected by random systematic sampling during six months from patients attending general ophthalmic clinics in Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, were questioned and 217 questionnaires were analysed. The findings showed that patients' knowledge of their diagnosis depended on their condition: patients with common conditions such as glaucoma and cataract had a better understanding of their condition, its treatment, and prognosis compared with patients with rarer conditions such as retinal detachment or patients with multiple diagnoses. In all, 152 patients (70%) wanted more information about their condition; 49 (23%) did not (although 12 (25%) had attempted to obtain information); and 16 (7%) were undecided. In view of the few patients with a precise understanding of their ophthalmic diagnosis and prognosis and the majority's wish for access to further information, that access needs improvement and different modes of disseminating the information should be implemented.  (+info)

Prevalence of insomnia: a survey of the enrollees at five managed care organizations. (4/1787)

The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with insomnia among enrollees of managed care organizations (MCOs). A survey was distributed either by mail or during a clinic visit to 7,500 enrollees of five MCOs in the United States. The survey included a sleep questionnaire, demographic questions, and questions about medical encounters and prescription drug use. Three levels of insomnia (none; level I--difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep; level II--insomnia with daytime dysfunction) were defined from the responses. Comorbidities were determined by proxy from prescription drug use reported by respondents. A total of 3,447 survey responses were received, yielding a response rate of 46%. Level I and level II insomnia was reported by 13.5% and 32.5% of the respondents, respectively. Level II insomnia increased with decreasing education, income, and age and was more prevalent in women and non-Caucasians. Insomnia was significantly correlated with all daytime sleepiness and most nighttime disturbances factors. Fifty-two percent of all respondents reported at least one comorbid condition. Respondents with multiple comorbidities reported level II insomnia more frequently than those with no comorbidities. Only 0.9% of clinic visitors were seeing a physician specifically for sleep problems. Of those with level I and level II insomnia, only 5.5% and 11.6%, respectively, were taking prescription medications specifically for sleep problems; 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively, were taking over-the-counter medications for sleep. Insomnia occurs in MCO enrollees at rates comparable to those found in the general population. However, few patients with insomnia are actually being treated for their condition. Proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of insomnia are warranted.  (+info)

Tramadol or morphine administered during operation: a study of immediate postoperative effects after abdominal hysterectomy. (5/1787)

Tramadol may cause awareness and EEG activation during anaesthesia. We compared tramadol with morphine, administered during wound-closure, surmising that tramadol may cause earlier awakening, more rapid recovery, less respiratory depression and equivalent pain relief. Forty patients received nitrous oxide-enflurane for abdominal surgery. At wound closure, patients received tramadol 3 mg kg-1 or morphine 0.2 mg kg-1 and end-tidal enflurane concentrations were maintained at 0.5 kPa until skin closure, whereupon anaesthesia was discontinued. Times to spontaneous respiration, awakening and orientation were similar in the two groups, as were blood-gas tensions, ventilatory frequency, pain scores and incidence of nausea. Half of each group required supplementary analgesia during their 90-min stay in the recovery room. P-deletion counts improved more rapidly in the tramadol group. This study confirms previous reports that tramadol did not antagonize the hypnotic effects of volatile anaesthetics. Tramadol, administered during operation, was as effective as morphine in providing postoperative analgesia while permitting more rapid psychomotor recovery.  (+info)

Impact of network activity on the integrative properties of neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. (6/1787)

During wakefulness, neocortical neurons are subjected to an intense synaptic bombardment. To assess the consequences of this background activity for the integrative properties of pyramidal neurons, we constrained biophysical models with in vivo intracellular data obtained in anesthetized cats during periods of intense network activity similar to that observed in the waking state. In pyramidal cells of the parietal cortex (area 5-7), synaptic activity was responsible for an approximately fivefold decrease in input resistance (Rin), a more depolarized membrane potential (Vm), and a marked increase in the amplitude of Vm fluctuations, as determined by comparing the same cells before and after microperfusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The model was constrained by measurements of Rin, by the average value and standard deviation of the Vm measured from epochs of intense synaptic activity recorded with KAc or KCl-filled pipettes as well as the values measured in the same cells after TTX. To reproduce all experimental results, the simulated synaptic activity had to be of relatively high frequency (1-5 Hz) at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. In addition, synaptic inputs had to be significantly correlated (correlation coefficient approximately 0.1) to reproduce the amplitude of Vm fluctuations recorded experimentally. The presence of voltage-dependent K+ currents, estimated from current-voltage relations after TTX, affected these parameters by <10%. The model predicts that the conductance due to synaptic activity is 7-30 times larger than the somatic leak conductance to be consistent with the approximately fivefold change in Rin. The impact of this massive increase in conductance on dendritic attenuation was investigated for passive neurons and neurons with voltage-dependent Na+/K+ currents in soma and dendrites. In passive neurons, correlated synaptic bombardment had a major influence on dendritic attenuation. The electrotonic attenuation of simulated synaptic inputs was enhanced greatly in the presence of synaptic bombardment, with distal synapses having minimal effects at the soma. Similarly, in the presence of dendritic voltage-dependent currents, the convergence of hundreds of synaptic inputs was required to evoke action potentials reliably. In this case, however, dendritic voltage-dependent currents minimized the variability due to input location, with distal apical synapses being as effective as synapses on basal dendrites. In conclusion, this combination of intracellular and computational data suggests that, during low-amplitude fast electroencephalographic activity, neocortical neurons are bombarded continuously by correlated synaptic inputs at high frequency, which significantly affect their integrative properties. A series of predictions are suggested to test this model.  (+info)

Discharge profiles of abducens, accessory abducens, and orbicularis oculi motoneurons during reflex and conditioned blinks in alert cats. (7/1787)

The discharge profiles of identified abducens, accessory abducens, and orbicularis oculi motoneurons have been recorded extra- and intracellularly in alert behaving cats during spontaneous, reflexively evoked, and classically conditioned eyelid responses. The movement of the upper lid and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle also were recorded. Animals were conditioned by short, weak air puffs or 350-ms tones as conditioned stimuli (CS) and long, strong air puffs as unconditioned stimulus (US) using both trace and delayed conditioning paradigms. Motoneurons were identified by antidromic activation from their respective cranial nerves. Orbicularis oculi and accessory abducens motoneurons fired an early, double burst of action potentials (at 4-6 and 10-16 ms) in response to air puffs or to the electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve. Orbicularis oculi, but not accessory abducens, motoneurons fired in response to flash and tone presentations. Only 10-15% of recorded abducens motoneurons fired a late, weak burst after air puff, supraorbital nerve, and flash stimulations. Spontaneous fasciculations of the orbicularis oculi muscle and the activity of single orbicularis oculi motoneurons that generated them also were recorded. The activation of orbicularis oculi motoneurons during the acquisition of classically conditioned eyelid responses happened in a gradual, sequential manner. Initially, some putative excitatory synaptic potentials were observed in the time window corresponding to the CS-US interval; by the second to the fourth conditioning session, some isolated action potentials appeared that increased in number until some small movements were noticed in eyelid position traces. No accessory abducens motoneuron fired and no abducens motoneuron modified their discharge rate for conditioned eyelid responses. The firing of orbicularis oculi motoneurons was related linearly to lid velocity during reflex blinks but to lid position during conditioned responses, a fact indicating the different neural origin and coding of both types of motor commands. The power spectra of both reflex and conditioned lid responses showed a dominant peak at approximately 20 Hz. The wavy appearance of both reflex and conditioned eyelid responses was clearly the result of the high phasic activity of orbicularis oculi motor units. Orbicularis oculi motoneuron membrane potentials oscillated at approximately 20 Hz after supraorbital nerve stimulation and during other reflex and conditioned eyelid movements. The oscillation seemed to be the result of both intrinsic (spike afterhyperpolarization lasting approximately 50 ms, and late depolarizations) and extrinsic properties of the motoneuronal pool and of the circuits involved in eye blinks.  (+info)

Awareness during anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. (8/1787)

BACKGROUND: Awareness during general anesthesia is a frightening experience, which may result in serious emotional injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. We performed an in-depth analysis of cases from the database of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project to explore the contribution of intraoperative awareness to professional liability in anesthesia. METHODS: The database of the Closed Claims Project is composed of closed US malpractice claims that have been collected in a standardized manner. All claims for intraoperative awareness were reviewed by the reviewers to identify patterns of causation and standard of care. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent patient and anesthetic factors associated with claims for recall during general anesthesia compared to other general anesthesia malpractice claims. RESULTS: Awareness claims accounted for 79 (1.9%) of 4,183 claims in the database, including 18 claims for awake paralysis, i.e., the inadvertent paralysis of an awake patient, and 61 claims for recall during general anesthesia, ie., recall of events while receiving general anesthesia. The majority of awareness claims involved women (77%), younger than 60 yr of age (89%), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class I-II (68%), who underwent elective surgery (87%). Most (94%) claims for awake paralysis represented substandard care involving errors in labeling and administration, whereas care was substandard in only 43% of the claims for recall during general anesthesia (P < 0.001). Claims for recall during general anesthesia were more likely to involve women (odds ratio [OR] = 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 6.06) and anesthetic techniques using intraoperative opioids (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.20, 3.74), intraoperative muscle relaxants (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.22, 4.25), and no volatile anesthetic (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.88, 5.46). CONCLUSIONS: Deficiencies in labeling and vigilance were common causes for awake paralysis. Claims for recall during general anesthesia were more likely in women and with nitrous-narcotic-relaxant techniques.  (+info)

In a medical context, awareness generally refers to the state of being conscious or cognizant of something. This can include being aware of one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences, as well as being aware of external events or sensations.

For example, a person who is awake and alert is said to have full awareness, while someone who is in a coma or under general anesthesia may be described as having reduced or absent awareness. Similarly, a person with dementia or Alzheimer's disease may have impaired awareness of their surroundings or of their own memory and cognitive abilities.

In some cases, awareness may also refer to the process of becoming informed or educated about a particular health condition or medical treatment. For example, a patient may be encouraged to increase their awareness of heart disease risk factors or of the potential side effects of a medication. Overall, awareness involves a deep understanding and perception of oneself and one's environment.

Intraoperative awareness is a situation in which a patient under general anesthesia experiences some or all aspects of surgical manipulations, consciousness, and/or awareness of the surrounding environment, despite being administered anesthetic drugs to produce unconsciousness. It is also known as unintended intraoperative awareness or accidental awareness during general anesthesia. This rare but potentially distressing complication can lead to psychological disturbances such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and sleep disorders. Careful monitoring of the depth of anesthesia and effective communication between the anesthesiologist, surgeon, and patient help reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.

Consciousness is a complex and multifaceted concept that is difficult to define succinctly, but in a medical or neurological context, it generally refers to an individual's state of awareness and responsiveness to their surroundings. Consciousness involves a range of cognitive processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and attention, and it requires the integration of sensory information, language, and higher-order cognitive functions.

In medical terms, consciousness is often assessed using measures such as the Glasgow Coma Scale, which evaluates an individual's ability to open their eyes, speak, and move in response to stimuli. A coma is a state of deep unconsciousness where an individual is unable to respond to stimuli or communicate, while a vegetative state is a condition where an individual may have sleep-wake cycles and some automatic responses but lacks any meaningful awareness or cognitive function.

Disorders of consciousness can result from brain injury, trauma, infection, or other medical conditions that affect the functioning of the brainstem or cerebral cortex. The study of consciousness is a rapidly evolving field that involves researchers from various disciplines, including neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Subliminal stimulation refers to the presentation of stimuli (such as visual, auditory, or tactile) below the threshold of conscious perception. The term "subliminal" means "below the limen," with "limen" being the smallest intensity level at which a stimulus can be perceived and recognized.

In subliminal stimulation, the individual is unaware of the presence of the stimuli and cannot consciously identify or respond to them. However, research suggests that such stimuli may still have an impact on cognitive processes, emotions, and behaviors, as they can influence brain activity and activate unconscious mental processes.

It's important to note that subliminal stimulation has been a subject of controversy, particularly in the context of its application in advertising and entertainment. While some studies suggest that subliminal messages may have subtle effects on behavior, other research has failed to replicate these findings or found them to be minimal at best. Additionally, ethical concerns surround the use of subliminal stimulation, as it involves manipulating individuals without their knowledge or consent.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

In the context of medicine and psychology, perception refers to the neurophysiological processes, cognitive abilities, and psychological experiences that enable an individual to interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment. It involves the integration of various stimuli such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell to form a coherent understanding of one's surroundings, objects, events, or ideas.

Perception is a complex and active process that includes attention, pattern recognition, interpretation, and organization of sensory information. It can be influenced by various factors, including prior experiences, expectations, cultural background, emotional states, and cognitive biases. Alterations in perception may occur due to neurological disorders, psychiatric conditions, sensory deprivation or overload, drugs, or other external factors.

In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often assess patients' perceptions of their symptoms, illnesses, or treatments to develop individualized care plans and improve communication and adherence to treatment recommendations.

An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.

A positive attitude to health typically includes:

1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.

On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:

1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.

Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior change to include social and environmental interventions that can positively influence the health of individuals, communities, and populations. Health promotion involves engaging in a wide range of activities, such as advocacy, policy development, community organization, and education that aim to create supportive environments and personal skills that foster good health. It is based on principles of empowerment, participation, and social justice.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malaysia" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Southeast Asia, consisting of thirteen states and three federal territories. If you have any questions about Malaysia's geography, culture, or people, I would be happy to try to help answer those! However, if you have a question related to medicine or healthcare, please provide more details so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.

Phonetics is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of human speech. It involves the study of how these sounds are produced, transmitted, and received, as well as how they are used to convey meaning in different languages. However, there can be some overlap between phonetics and certain areas of medical research, such as speech-language pathology or audiology, which may study the production, perception, and disorders of speech sounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mass Media" is not a term that has a medical definition. Mass media refers to the means of communication that reach large numbers of people simultaneously, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet. It may be used in a public health context to discuss how information about health-related topics is disseminated to the general population. However, it is not a term that is typically used within the field of medicine to describe a specific medical concept or condition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "reading" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Reading is the activity or process of deciphering and understanding written words or text. It is a fundamental skill in language acquisition and communication, and is not typically used in a medical context unless there is a concern related to reading difficulties or disorders, such as dyslexia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Patient education, as defined by the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), is "the teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. It includes the patient's understanding of his or her condition and the necessary procedures for self, assisted, or professional care." This encompasses a wide range of activities and interventions aimed at helping patients and their families understand their medical conditions, treatment options, self-care skills, and overall health management. Effective patient education can lead to improved health outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and better use of healthcare resources.

Visual perception refers to the ability to interpret and organize information that comes from our eyes to recognize and understand what we are seeing. It involves several cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, size estimation, movement detection, and depth perception. Visual perception allows us to identify objects, navigate through space, and interact with our environment. Deficits in visual perception can lead to learning difficulties and disabilities.

Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).

In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

Patient acceptance of health care refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to follow and engage in a recommended treatment plan or healthcare regimen. This involves understanding the proposed medical interventions, considering their potential benefits and risks, and making an informed decision to proceed with the recommended course of action.

The factors that influence patient acceptance can include:

1. Patient's understanding of their condition and treatment options
2. Trust in their healthcare provider
3. Personal beliefs and values related to health and illness
4. Cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic barriers
5. Emotional responses to the diagnosis or proposed treatment
6. Practical considerations, such as cost, time commitment, or potential side effects

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in facilitating patient acceptance by clearly communicating information, addressing concerns and questions, and providing support throughout the decision-making process. Encouraging shared decision-making and tailoring care plans to individual patient needs and preferences can also enhance patient acceptance of health care.

In the context of medicine, 'knowledge' refers to the understanding and comprehension of medical facts, principles, theories, and practices that are acquired through education, training, research, and experience. This encompasses a deep familiarity with anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, clinical guidelines, and evidence-based practices. It also includes awareness of current research developments, emerging trends, and best practices in the field. Medical knowledge is constantly evolving and requires healthcare professionals to engage in lifelong learning to maintain their expertise and provide high-quality care to patients.

Persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged disorder of consciousness. It's not the same as a coma. In PVS, a person may open their eyes, appear to be awake and have periods of sleep and wakefulness, but they do not show signs of awareness or cognition. They do not respond to stimuli, cannot communicate, and do not have any purposeful behaviors.

This condition can occur after a severe brain injury, such as from trauma, stroke, or lack of oxygen supply. The chance of recovery from PVS is very low, and if some recovery does occur, it's usually incomplete.

It's important to note that the term "persistent vegetative state" has been replaced in some clinical settings with "unresponsive wakefulness syndrome" due to the negative connotations associated with the term "vegetative".

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "consciousness monitors." The term "consciousness" generally refers to an individual's state of being awake and aware of their surroundings and experiences. In a medical context, healthcare professionals may monitor a person's level of consciousness as part of their overall assessment of the patient's neurological status.

There are several tools and scales that healthcare providers use to assess a person's level of consciousness, including:

1. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): This is a widely used tool for assessing level of consciousness in patients with traumatic brain injury or other conditions that may affect consciousness. The GCS evaluates a patient's ability to open their eyes, speak, and move in response to stimuli.
2. The Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive (AVPU) scale: This is another tool used to assess level of consciousness. It evaluates whether a patient is alert, responds to voice, responds to pain, or is unresponsive.
3. Pupillary response: Healthcare providers may also monitor the size and reactivity of a person's pupils as an indicator of their level of consciousness. Changes in pupil size or reactivity can be a sign of brainstem dysfunction or increased intracranial pressure.

It's important to note that while healthcare professionals may monitor a patient's level of consciousness, there is no single device or tool that can directly measure "consciousness" itself. Instead, these tools and assessments provide valuable information about a person's neurological status and help healthcare providers make informed decisions about their care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "public opinion" is not a term that has a medical definition. Public opinion refers to the collective views, attitudes, and beliefs held by a group or society about a particular issue or topic. It is typically formed through interaction, discussion, and various forms of communication within a community or population. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medicine, I'd be happy to help with those!

Breast self-examination (BSE) is a procedure in which an individual manually checks their own breasts for any changes or abnormalities. The goal of BSE is to detect breast cancer or other breast abnormalities as early as possible. It involves looking at and feeling the breasts for any lumps, thickenings, or other changes in size, shape, or appearance.

The American Cancer Society recommends that women become familiar with how their breasts normally look and feel and report any changes to their healthcare provider. However, they do not recommend regular monthly BSE as a routine screening tool for breast cancer, as it has not been shown to reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer or improve survival rates. Instead, they recommend regular mammograms and clinical breast exams as the most effective ways to detect breast cancer early.

It's important to note that while BSE can help women become more familiar with their breasts and detect changes early, it should not replace regular medical check-ups and mammograms. Any concerns or changes in the breasts should be reported to a healthcare provider as soon as possible for further evaluation.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Repetition priming is a phenomenon in cognitive psychology and neuroscience that refers to the improvement in an individual's ability to recognize or produce a stimulus as a result of having previously encountered it. In other words, repetition priming is the facilitated processing of a stimulus due to its prior presentation.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, repetition priming has been studied as a potential mechanism underlying various cognitive processes, such as memory, attention, perception, and language. For example, in the field of neuropsychology, researchers have used repetition priming paradigms to investigate the nature of implicit memory in patients with amnesia or other forms of memory impairment.

Repetition priming is typically measured using reaction time or accuracy measures in experimental tasks that involve presenting participants with a series of stimuli, some of which are repeated from earlier in the task. The effect of repetition priming is usually observed as a decrease in reaction time or an increase in accuracy for repeated stimuli compared to new stimuli.

Overall, repetition priming is an important concept in cognitive neuroscience and has implications for our understanding of various aspects of human cognition and behavior.

Clinical competence is the ability of a healthcare professional to provide safe and effective patient care, demonstrating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the job. It involves the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills, judgment, and decision-making abilities in real-world clinical situations. Clinical competence is typically evaluated through various methods such as direct observation, case studies, simulations, and feedback from peers and supervisors.

A clinically competent healthcare professional should be able to:

1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the relevant medical knowledge and its application in clinical practice.
2. Perform essential clinical skills proficiently and safely.
3. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
4. Make informed decisions based on critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
5. Exhibit professionalism, ethical behavior, and cultural sensitivity in patient care.
6. Continuously evaluate and improve their performance through self-reflection and ongoing learning.

Maintaining clinical competence is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients and stay current with advances in medical science and technology.

Agnosia is a medical term that refers to the inability to recognize or comprehend the meaning or significance of sensory stimuli, even though the specific senses themselves are intact. It is a higher-level cognitive disorder, caused by damage to certain areas of the brain that are responsible for processing and interpreting information from our senses.

There are different types of agnosia, depending on which sense is affected:

* Visual agnosia: The inability to recognize or identify objects, faces, or shapes based on visual input.
* Auditory agnosia: The inability to understand spoken language or recognize sounds, even though hearing is intact.
* Tactile agnosia: The inability to recognize objects by touch, despite normal tactile sensation.
* Olfactory and gustatory agnosia: The inability to identify smells or tastes, respectively, even though the senses of smell and taste are functioning normally.

Agnosia can result from various causes, including stroke, brain injury, infection, degenerative diseases, or tumors that damage specific areas of the brain involved in sensory processing and interpretation. Treatment for agnosia typically focuses on rehabilitation and compensation strategies to help individuals adapt to their deficits and improve their quality of life.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

"Focus groups" is a term from the field of social science research, rather than medicine. It does not have a specific medical definition. However, focus groups are sometimes used in medical research to gather data and insights from a small group of people on a specific topic or product. This can include gathering feedback on patient experiences, testing prototypes of medical devices or treatments, or exploring attitudes and perceptions related to health issues. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives and needs of the target population through facilitated group discussion.

I apologize for any confusion, but "students" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who are engaged in studying or learning at an educational institution, such as a school, college, or university. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, induced by administering various medications, that eliminates awareness, movement, and pain sensation during medical procedures. It involves the use of a combination of intravenous and inhaled drugs to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, allowing patients to undergo surgical or diagnostic interventions safely and comfortably. The depth and duration of anesthesia are carefully monitored and adjusted throughout the procedure by an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) to ensure patient safety and optimize recovery. General anesthesia is typically used for more extensive surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, major orthopedic surgeries, and neurosurgery.

Advertising is a form of communication used to promote or sell products, services, or ideas. In the medical field, advertising is often used by healthcare providers, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies to reach potential patients or customers. Advertisements may appear in various media formats, such as television, radio, print, online platforms, and outdoor displays.

In the context of medical advertising, it is essential to ensure that all information presented is accurate, balanced, and not misleading. The advertising of prescription medications directly to consumers is regulated by government agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, to ensure that the benefits and risks of the medication are clearly communicated.

Healthcare providers may also engage in advertising to promote their services or expertise. This can include listing their qualifications, areas of specialization, and patient testimonials. However, healthcare providers must adhere to ethical guidelines and avoid making exaggerated claims about their abilities or the outcomes that patients can expect.

Overall, medical advertising plays an essential role in informing the public about available healthcare options and promoting healthy behaviors. Still, it is crucial to ensure that all advertisements are truthful, transparent, and adhere to ethical standards.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

A physician is a healthcare professional who practices medicine, providing medical care and treatment to patients. Physicians may specialize in various fields of medicine, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, or radiology, among others. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries, and disorders; prescribing medications; ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests; providing counseling and education to patients; and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care. Physicians may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and academic medical centers. To become a physician, one must complete a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree program and pass licensing exams to practice medicine in their state.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Postcoital contraception, also known as emergency contraception, refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are typically used in situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or forgotten birth control pills.

There are two main types of postcoital contraception:

1. Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): Also known as the "morning-after pill," this is a hormonal medication that can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex, but it is most effective when taken within 72 hours. There are two types of ECPs available: progestin-only and combined estrogen-progestin. The progestin-only pill is preferred because it has fewer side effects and is just as effective as the combined pill.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small, T-shaped device made of flexible plastic and copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The IUD can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available, and it also provides ongoing protection against pregnancy for up to 10 years, depending on the type of IUD.

It's important to note that postcoital contraception should not be used as a regular method of contraception, but rather as a backup in case of emergencies. It is also not effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Regular contraceptive methods, such as condoms and hormonal birth control, are the best ways to prevent unintended pregnancies and STIs.

I am not a medical doctor, but I can provide you with some information on this topic. Self-concept is more commonly discussed in psychology than in medicine, but it still has relevance to understanding individual experiences and behaviors in health and illness.

Self-concept refers to an individual's perception, beliefs, and attitudes about themselves, encompassing various dimensions such as:

1. Physical self (how one perceives their physical appearance, abilities, and health)
2. Social self (how one perceives their relationships with others, social roles, and status)
3. Psychological or personal self (how one perceives their personality traits, values, and beliefs)

Self-concept can influence how people view their own health, cope with illness, and engage in health behaviors. For example, a positive self-concept may contribute to better adherence to treatment plans and healthier lifestyle choices, while negative self-concepts might lead to poorer health outcomes due to decreased motivation or self-efficacy.

Understanding an individual's self-concept can help healthcare professionals tailor their communication style, recommendations, and interventions to better meet the patient's needs and preferences.

"Health personnel" is a broad term that refers to individuals who are involved in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health of populations or individuals. This can include a wide range of professionals such as:

1. Healthcare providers: These are medical doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, allied health professionals (like physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, etc.), and other healthcare workers who provide direct patient care.

2. Public health professionals: These are individuals who work in public health agencies, non-governmental organizations, or academia to promote health, prevent diseases, and protect populations from health hazards. They include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health educators, environmental health specialists, and health services researchers.

3. Health managers and administrators: These are professionals who oversee the operations, finances, and strategic planning of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, or public health departments. They may include hospital CEOs, medical directors, practice managers, and healthcare consultants.

4. Health support staff: This group includes various personnel who provide essential services to healthcare organizations, such as medical records technicians, billing specialists, receptionists, and maintenance workers.

5. Health researchers and academics: These are professionals involved in conducting research, teaching, and disseminating knowledge related to health sciences, medicine, public health, or healthcare management in universities, research institutions, or think tanks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "health worker" as "a person who contributes to the promotion, protection, or improvement of health through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, health promotion, and health education." This definition encompasses a wide range of professionals working in various capacities to improve health outcomes.

Delayed diagnosis is a term used in the medical field to describe a situation where a medical condition or disease was not diagnosed in a timely manner, despite the patient having sought medical attention and presented with symptoms that should have led to an earlier diagnosis. This can occur due to various reasons such as failure to recognize symptoms, misinterpretation of test results, lack of appropriate follow-up care, or communication breakdowns between healthcare providers and patients.

A delayed diagnosis can result in worsening of the medical condition, increased severity of symptoms, decreased treatment options, and potentially poorer outcomes for the patient. It may also lead to additional medical expenses, longer recovery times, and emotional distress for the patient and their family members. In some cases, a delayed diagnosis may be considered medical malpractice if it can be shown that the healthcare provider failed to meet the standard of care required in diagnosing the condition.

Early detection of cancer refers to the identification of malignant cells or tumors in their initial stages, before they have had a chance to grow and spread. This is typically achieved through various screening methods and tests that are designed to detect specific types of cancers. The goal of early detection is to increase the chances of successful treatment and improve the overall prognosis for patients.

Some common methods used for early cancer detection include:

1. Regular screenings such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap tests, which can help identify precancerous or cancerous cells in their earliest stages.
2. Imaging tests like CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans, which can help detect tumors that may not be visible through other screening methods.
3. Blood tests that look for specific biomarkers or tumor markers, which can indicate the presence of cancer in the body.
4. Genetic testing to identify individuals who may be at higher risk of developing certain types of cancer due to inherited genetic mutations.

It's important to note that while early detection is an important tool in the fight against cancer, it is not a guarantee of successful treatment or cure. However, it can significantly improve the odds of successful treatment and increase the chances of survival for many patients.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Health care surveys are research tools used to systematically collect information from a population or sample regarding their experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of health services, health outcomes, and various other health-related topics. These surveys typically consist of standardized questionnaires that cover specific aspects of healthcare, such as access to care, quality of care, patient satisfaction, health disparities, and healthcare costs. The data gathered from health care surveys are used to inform policy decisions, improve healthcare delivery, identify best practices, allocate resources, and monitor the health status of populations. Health care surveys can be conducted through various modes, including in-person interviews, telephone interviews, mail-in questionnaires, or online platforms.

Consumer health information (CHI) refers to the resources and materials that provide health information and education to the general public, who are not necessarily healthcare professionals. CHI is designed to be understandable and accessible to laypeople, and it covers a wide range of topics related to health and wellness, including:

* Diseases and conditions
* Preventive care and healthy lifestyles
* Medications and treatments
* Medical tests and procedures
* Healthcare services and facilities
* Patient rights and responsibilities

CHI can be found in various formats, such as pamphlets, brochures, websites, videos, podcasts, and social media. It is essential to ensure that CHI is accurate, unbiased, and up-to-date to help consumers make informed decisions about their health and healthcare. The goal of CHI is to empower individuals to take an active role in managing their health and making healthcare choices that are right for them.

Perceptual masking, also known as sensory masking or just masking, is a concept in sensory perception that refers to the interference in the ability to detect or recognize a stimulus (the target) due to the presence of another stimulus (the mask). This phenomenon can occur across different senses, including audition and vision.

In the context of hearing, perceptual masking occurs when one sound (the masker) makes it difficult to hear another sound (the target) because the two sounds are presented simultaneously or in close proximity to each other. The masker can make the target sound less detectable, harder to identify, or even completely inaudible.

There are different types of perceptual masking, including:

1. Simultaneous Masking: When the masker and target sounds occur at the same time.
2. Temporal Masking: When the masker sound precedes or follows the target sound by a short period. This type of masking can be further divided into forward masking (when the masker comes before the target) and backward masking (when the masker comes after the target).
3. Informational Masking: A more complex form of masking that occurs when the listener's cognitive processes, such as attention or memory, are affected by the presence of the masker sound. This type of masking can make it difficult to understand speech in noisy environments, even if the signal-to-noise ratio is favorable.

Perceptual masking has important implications for understanding and addressing hearing difficulties, particularly in situations with background noise or multiple sounds occurring simultaneously.

Qualitative research is a methodological approach in social sciences and healthcare research that focuses on understanding the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups within a specific context. It aims to gather detailed, rich data through various techniques such as interviews, focus groups, observations, and content analysis. The findings from qualitative research are typically descriptive and exploratory, providing insights into processes, perceptions, and experiences that may not be captured through quantitative methods.

In medical research, qualitative research can be used to explore patients' experiences of illness, healthcare providers' perspectives on patient care, or the cultural and social factors that influence health behaviors. It is often used in combination with quantitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex health issues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Social Marketing" is not a term typically used in the field of medicine. Instead, it is a marketing strategy that uses commercial marketing techniques and principles to influence the behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal well-being and that of their communities. This approach has been applied to various public health and healthcare initiatives, such as promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing substance abuse, and increasing vaccination rates.

However, if you're looking for a medical definition related to social aspects or interactions, there might be some confusion. In that case, I would need more context to provide an accurate definition. Could you please clarify your question?

Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs an individual's ability to read, write, and spell, despite having normal intelligence and adequate education. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition, poor decoding and spelling abilities, and often accompanied by problems with reading comprehension and reduced reading experience. Dyslexia is not a result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or poor instruction, but rather a specific learning disability that affects the way the brain processes written language. It is typically diagnosed in children, although it can go unnoticed until adulthood, and there are effective interventions and accommodations to help individuals with dyslexia overcome their challenges and achieve academic and professional success.

Physician's practice patterns refer to the individual habits and preferences of healthcare providers when it comes to making clinical decisions and managing patient care. These patterns can encompass various aspects, such as:

1. Diagnostic testing: The types and frequency of diagnostic tests ordered for patients with similar conditions.
2. Treatment modalities: The choice of treatment options, including medications, procedures, or referrals to specialists.
3. Patient communication: The way physicians communicate with their patients, including the amount and type of information shared, as well as the level of patient involvement in decision-making.
4. Follow-up care: The frequency and duration of follow-up appointments, as well as the monitoring of treatment effectiveness and potential side effects.
5. Resource utilization: The use of healthcare resources, such as hospitalizations, imaging studies, or specialist consultations, and the associated costs.

Physician practice patterns can be influenced by various factors, including medical training, clinical experience, personal beliefs, guidelines, and local availability of resources. Understanding these patterns is essential for evaluating the quality of care, identifying potential variations in care, and implementing strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

In the context of medical terminology, "attitude" generally refers to the position or posture of a patient's body or a part of it. It can also refer to the mental set or disposition that a person has towards their health, illness, or healthcare providers. However, it is not a term that has a specific medical definition like other medical terminologies do.

For example, in orthopedics, "attitude" may be used to describe the position of a limb or joint during an examination or surgical procedure. In psychology, "attitude" may refer to a person's feelings, beliefs, and behaviors towards a particular object, issue, or idea related to their health.

Therefore, the meaning of "attitude" in medical terminology can vary depending on the context in which it is used.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pakistan" is a country in South Asia and not a medical term or condition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Health behavior can be defined as a series of actions and decisions that individuals take to protect, maintain or promote their health and well-being. These behaviors can include activities such as engaging in regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, getting sufficient sleep, practicing safe sex, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress.

Health behaviors are influenced by various factors, including knowledge and attitudes towards health, beliefs and values, cultural norms, social support networks, environmental factors, and individual genetic predispositions. Understanding health behaviors is essential for developing effective public health interventions and promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases and improve overall quality of life.

Health services accessibility refers to the degree to which individuals and populations are able to obtain needed health services in a timely manner. It includes factors such as physical access (e.g., distance, transportation), affordability (e.g., cost of services, insurance coverage), availability (e.g., supply of providers, hours of operation), and acceptability (e.g., cultural competence, language concordance).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accessibility is one of the key components of health system performance, along with responsiveness and fair financing. Improving accessibility to health services is essential for achieving universal health coverage and ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Factors that affect health services accessibility can vary widely between and within countries, and addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community engagement.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "universities" is a term that refers to institutions of higher education and research, and it is not a medical term. A university typically offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs leading to the award of degrees such as bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "information dissemination" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine. It refers to the process of spreading or distributing information to a specific audience or the public.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, information dissemination often relates to sharing clinical guidelines, research findings, public health messages, or patient education materials with healthcare professionals, patients, or the general public. This can occur through various channels, such as scientific conferences, peer-reviewed journals, newsletters, websites, social media platforms, and other communication methods.

The goal of information dissemination in medicine is to ensure that accurate, evidence-based, and up-to-date information reaches the intended audience, ultimately improving healthcare quality, patient outcomes, and decision-making processes.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

In the medical context, communication refers to the process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings between two or more individuals in order to facilitate understanding, cooperation, and decision-making. Effective communication is critical in healthcare settings to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnoses, treatment plans, and follow-up care. It involves not only verbal and written communication but also nonverbal cues such as body language and facial expressions.

Healthcare providers must communicate clearly and empathetically with their patients to build trust, address concerns, and ensure that they understand their medical condition and treatment options. Similarly, healthcare teams must communicate effectively with each other to coordinate care, avoid errors, and provide the best possible outcomes for their patients. Communication skills are essential for all healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, therapists, and social workers.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Articulation disorders are speech sound disorders that involve difficulties producing sounds correctly and forming clear, understandable speech. These disorders can affect the way sounds are produced, the order in which they're pronounced, or both. Articulation disorders can be developmental, occurring as a child learns to speak, or acquired, resulting from injury, illness, or disease.

People with articulation disorders may have trouble pronouncing specific sounds (e.g., lisping), omitting sounds, substituting one sound for another, or distorting sounds. These issues can make it difficult for others to understand their speech and can lead to frustration, social difficulties, and communication challenges in daily life.

Speech-language pathologists typically diagnose and treat articulation disorders using various techniques, including auditory discrimination exercises, phonetic placement activities, and oral-motor exercises to improve muscle strength and control. Early intervention is essential for optimal treatment outcomes and to minimize the potential impact on a child's academic, social, and emotional development.

Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.

Hypertension is a medical term used to describe abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries, often defined as consistently having systolic blood pressure (the top number in a blood pressure reading) over 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) over 80 mmHg. It is also commonly referred to as high blood pressure.

Hypertension can be classified into two types: primary or essential hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for about 95% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by underlying medical conditions such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or use of certain medications.

If left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health complications such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is important for individuals with hypertension to manage their condition through lifestyle modifications (such as healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management) and medication if necessary, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.

Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.

There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.

In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

In the context of medical science, culture refers to the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, under controlled conditions in a laboratory setting. This process is used to identify and study the characteristics of these microorganisms, including their growth patterns, metabolic activities, and sensitivity to various antibiotics or other treatments.

The culture medium, which provides nutrients for the microorganisms to grow, can be modified to mimic the environment in which the organism is typically found. This helps researchers to better understand how the organism behaves in its natural habitat.

In addition to its use in diagnosis and research, culture is also an important tool in monitoring the effectiveness of treatments and tracking the spread of infectious diseases.

"Communications media" is a broad term that refers to the various means by which information or messages are transmitted from one person or group to another. In the context of healthcare and medicine, communications media can include both traditional and electronic methods used to share patient information, medical research, and other health-related data.

Traditional communications media in healthcare may include written documents such as medical records, charts, and reports, as well as verbal communication between healthcare providers and patients or among healthcare professionals.

Electronic communications media, on the other hand, refer to digital technologies used to transmit and store information. Examples of electronic communications media in healthcare include:

1. Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Digital versions of a patient's medical history and records, which can be shared among authorized healthcare providers.
2. Telemedicine: The use of telecommunication and information technologies to provide healthcare services remotely, allowing patients and healthcare professionals to communicate via video conferencing, phone calls, or messaging platforms.
3. Health Information Exchanges (HIEs): Secure, electronic networks that enable the sharing of health-related data among authorized healthcare organizations, providers, and patients.
4. Medical Imaging Systems: Digital systems used for storing, accessing, and sharing medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs.
5. Personal Health Applications (mHealth): Mobile applications and wearable devices that allow individuals to monitor their health, track fitness goals, and manage chronic conditions.

Effective communication media are crucial in healthcare for ensuring accurate diagnoses, coordinating care, improving patient outcomes, and conducting medical research. It is essential to maintain confidentiality, privacy, and security when using electronic communications media to protect sensitive health information.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Writing" is a common term used to describe the act or process of creating written content, whether it's for literary, professional, or personal purposes. However, if you're asking for a medical term related to writing, perhaps you meant "graphomotor," which refers to the fine motor skills required to produce handwriting or signing one's name. If this is not what you were looking for, please clarify your question so I can provide a more accurate answer.

Anniversaries and special events generally do not have a specific medical definition. However, in the context of mental health and psychotherapy, these terms may refer to significant dates or occurrences that can impact an individual's emotional well-being.

Anniversaries might include the date of a loved one's death, a personal trauma, or the start of recovery from a mental health condition or addiction. These anniversaries can serve as reminders and may trigger strong emotions or symptoms related to the original event.

Special events could be any occasions that bring about changes in routine, increased stress, or heightened emotional experiences, such as holidays, weddings, graduations, or family reunions. For some individuals, these events might exacerbate existing mental health conditions or even trigger new symptoms.

Mental health professionals should be aware of the potential impact of anniversaries and special events on their clients' well-being and provide appropriate support and interventions during these times.

"Mental recall," also known as "memory recall," refers to the ability to retrieve or bring information from your memory storage into your conscious mind, so you can think about, use, or apply it. This process involves accessing and retrieving stored memories in response to certain cues or prompts. It is a fundamental cognitive function that allows individuals to remember and recognize people, places, events, facts, and experiences.

In the context of medical terminology, mental recall may be used to assess an individual's cognitive abilities, particularly in relation to memory function. Impairments in memory recall can be indicative of various neurological or psychological conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or amnesia.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Australia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the world's largest island and smallest continent, located in the Southern Hemisphere, surrounded by the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is composed of many diverse ecosystems, including deserts, rainforests, and coastal areas, and is home to a wide variety of unique plant and animal species.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!

In the context of medical ethics and law, "intention" refers to the purpose or aim behind an action. It is a mental state that is formed when an individual consciously decides to perform a certain act or achieve a specific goal. In medical procedures and treatments, healthcare providers must consider their intentions and ensure that they are acting in the best interest of the patient, with the primary intent being to benefit the patient's health and well-being.

In some cases, such as in end-of-life care, determining the intention behind a medical intervention can be critical in assessing its ethical and legal implications. For example, if a healthcare provider administers pain relief medication with the primary intention of alleviating the patient's suffering, rather than shortening their life, then this is considered ethically and legally acceptable. However, if the primary intention is to hasten the patient's death, then this would be considered unacceptable and potentially illegal.

Therefore, understanding and clarifying the intention behind medical actions is an essential aspect of ensuring that healthcare providers act ethically and within the bounds of the law.

In the context of healthcare and medicine, "minority groups" refer to populations that are marginalized or disadvantaged due to factors such as race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability status, or socioeconomic status. These groups often experience disparities in healthcare access, quality, and outcomes compared to the dominant or majority group.

Minority groups may face barriers to care such as language barriers, cultural differences, discrimination, lack of trust in the healthcare system, and limited access to insurance or affordable care. As a result, they may have higher rates of chronic diseases, poorer health outcomes, and lower life expectancy compared to the majority population.

Healthcare providers and policymakers must recognize and address these disparities by implementing culturally sensitive and equitable practices, increasing access to care for marginalized populations, and promoting diversity and inclusion in healthcare education and leadership.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "linguistics" is not a term that has a medical definition. Lingustics is the scientific study of language and its structure. It involves analysing language form, language meaning, and language in context.

If you have any questions related to healthcare or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

Consumer participation in the context of healthcare refers to the active involvement and engagement of patients, families, caregivers, and communities in their own healthcare decision-making processes and in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies, programs, and services. It emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care, where the unique needs, preferences, values, and experiences of individuals are respected and integrated into their healthcare.

Consumer participation can take many forms, including:

1. Patient-provider communication: Consumers engage in open and honest communication with their healthcare providers to make informed decisions about their health.
2. Shared decision-making: Consumers work together with their healthcare providers to weigh the benefits and risks of different treatment options and make evidence-based decisions that align with their values, preferences, and goals.
3. Patient education: Consumers receive accurate, timely, and understandable information about their health conditions, treatments, and self-management strategies.
4. Patient advocacy: Consumers advocate for their own health needs and rights, as well as those of other patients and communities.
5. Community engagement: Consumers participate in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies, programs, and services that affect their communities.
6. Research partnerships: Consumers collaborate with researchers to design, conduct, and disseminate research that is relevant and meaningful to their lives.

Consumer participation aims to improve healthcare quality, safety, and outcomes by empowering individuals to take an active role in their own health and well-being, and by ensuring that healthcare systems are responsive to the needs and preferences of diverse populations.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Community networks, in the context of public health and medical care, typically refer to local or regional networks of healthcare providers, organizations, and resources that work together to provide integrated and coordinated care to a defined population. These networks can include hospitals, clinics, primary care providers, specialists, mental health services, home health agencies, and other community-based organizations.

The goal of community networks is to improve the overall health outcomes of the population they serve by ensuring that individuals have access to high-quality, coordinated care that meets their unique needs. Community networks can also help to reduce healthcare costs by preventing unnecessary hospitalizations and emergency department visits through better management of chronic conditions and prevention efforts.

Effective community networks require strong partnerships, clear communication, and a shared commitment to improving the health of the community. They may be organized around geographic boundaries, such as a city or county, or around specific populations, such as individuals with chronic illnesses or low-income communities.

In the context of medical and clinical neuroscience, memory is defined as the brain's ability to encode, store, retain, and recall information or experiences. Memory is a complex cognitive process that involves several interconnected regions of the brain and can be categorized into different types based on various factors such as duration and the nature of the information being remembered.

The major types of memory include:

1. Sensory memory: The shortest form of memory, responsible for holding incoming sensory information for a brief period (less than a second to several seconds) before it is either transferred to short-term memory or discarded.
2. Short-term memory (also called working memory): A temporary storage system that allows the brain to hold and manipulate information for approximately 20-30 seconds, although this duration can be extended through rehearsal strategies. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, typically thought to be around 7±2 items.
3. Long-term memory: The memory system responsible for storing large amounts of information over extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity compared to short-term memory and is divided into two main categories: explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.

Explicit (declarative) memory can be further divided into episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts, and semantic memory, which refers to the storage and retrieval of general knowledge, facts, concepts, and vocabulary, independent of personal experience or context.

Implicit (non-declarative) memory encompasses various forms of learning that do not require conscious awareness or intention, such as procedural memory (skills and habits), priming (facilitated processing of related stimuli), classical conditioning (associative learning), and habituation (reduced responsiveness to repeated stimuli).

Memory is a crucial aspect of human cognition and plays a significant role in various aspects of daily life, including learning, problem-solving, decision-making, social interactions, and personal identity. Memory dysfunction can result from various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression.

Decision-making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. In a medical context, decision-making refers to the process by which healthcare professionals and patients make choices about medical tests, treatments, or management options based on a thorough evaluation of available information, including the patient's preferences, values, and circumstances.

The decision-making process in medicine typically involves several steps:

1. Identifying the problem or issue that requires a decision.
2. Gathering relevant information about the patient's medical history, current condition, diagnostic test results, treatment options, and potential outcomes.
3. Considering the benefits, risks, and uncertainties associated with each option.
4. Evaluating the patient's preferences, values, and goals.
5. Selecting the most appropriate course of action based on a careful weighing of the available evidence and the patient's individual needs and circumstances.
6. Communicating the decision to the patient and ensuring that they understand the rationale behind it, as well as any potential risks or benefits.
7. Monitoring the outcomes of the decision and adjusting the course of action as needed based on ongoing evaluation and feedback.

Effective decision-making in medicine requires a thorough understanding of medical evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences. It also involves careful consideration of ethical principles, such as respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ultimately, the goal of decision-making in healthcare is to promote the best possible outcomes for patients while minimizing harm and respecting their individual needs and values.

Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.

There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).

Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.

It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.

Hemianopsia is a medical term that refers to a loss of vision in half of the visual field in one or both eyes. It can be either homonymous (the same side in both eyes) or heteronymous (different sides in each eye). Hemianopsia usually results from damage to the optic radiations or occipital cortex in the brain, often due to stroke, trauma, tumor, or other neurological conditions. It can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and may require visual rehabilitation to help compensate for the vision loss.

Community health services refer to a type of healthcare delivery that is organized around the needs of a specific population or community, rather than individual patients. These services are typically focused on preventive care, health promotion, and improving access to care for underserved populations. They can include a wide range of services, such as:

* Primary care, including routine check-ups, immunizations, and screenings
* Dental care
* Mental health and substance abuse treatment
* Public health initiatives, such as disease prevention and health education programs
* Home health care and other supportive services for people with chronic illnesses or disabilities
* Health services for special populations, such as children, the elderly, or those living in rural areas

The goal of community health services is to improve the overall health of a population by addressing the social, economic, and environmental factors that can impact health. This approach recognizes that healthcare is just one factor in determining a person's health outcomes, and that other factors such as housing, education, and income also play important roles. By working to address these underlying determinants of health, community health services aim to improve the health and well-being of entire communities.

Emergency Medical Service (EMS) communication systems are networks and technologies used to facilitate the communication and coordination of emergency medical services. These systems typically include dispatch centers, radio and telephone communications, computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems, and other technologies that enable EMS personnel to quickly and effectively respond to medical emergencies.

The primary goal of an EMS communication system is to ensure that the right resources are dispatched to the right location in a timely manner, and that EMS providers have the information they need to provide appropriate care. This may include transmitting patient information, such as medical history and symptoms, from the dispatch center to the responding EMS personnel, as well as coordinating the response of multiple agencies, such as fire departments and law enforcement, to a single incident.

EMS communication systems are an essential component of emergency medical services, as they help ensure that patients receive the care they need as quickly and efficiently as possible.

A language test is not a medical term per se, but it is commonly used in the field of speech-language pathology, which is a medical discipline. A language test, in this context, refers to an assessment tool used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate an individual's language abilities. These tests typically measure various aspects of language, including vocabulary, grammar, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Language tests can be standardized or non-standardized and may be administered individually or in a group setting. The results of these tests help speech-language pathologists diagnose language disorders, develop treatment plans, and monitor progress over time. It is important to note that language testing should be conducted by a qualified professional who has experience in administering and interpreting language assessments.

Practice guidelines, also known as clinical practice guidelines, are systematically developed statements that aim to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence, consensus of expert opinion, and consideration of patient preferences. Practice guidelines can cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, management, prevention, and treatment options for various medical conditions. They are intended to improve the quality and consistency of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote evidence-based medicine. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized patient care.

**Referral:**
A referral in the medical context is the process where a healthcare professional (such as a general practitioner or primary care physician) sends or refers a patient to another healthcare professional who has specialized knowledge and skills to address the patient's specific health condition or concern. This could be a specialist, a consultant, or a facility that provides specialized care. The referral may involve transferring the patient's care entirely to the other professional or may simply be for a consultation and advice.

**Consultation:**
A consultation in healthcare is a process where a healthcare professional seeks the opinion or advice of another professional regarding a patient's medical condition. This can be done in various ways, such as face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or written correspondence. The consulting professional provides their expert opinion to assist in the diagnosis, treatment plan, or management of the patient's condition. The ultimate decision and responsibility for the patient's care typically remain with the referring or primary healthcare provider.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Look up awareness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Awareness. Media related to Awareness ... The term of context awareness is a superset including the concept of location awareness. It extends the awareness to context ... Awareness ribbon Choiceless awareness Consciousness raising Ethics Indefinite monism List of awareness ribbons Mental Health ... Presence of mind Public awareness of climate change Public awareness of science Suicide awareness Values Situation awareness " ...
... is regarded as an enabling technology for ubiquitous computing systems. Context awareness is used to design ... Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources. Context awareness has ... To date, systems that use context awareness to improve situational awareness can be characterised by: the context(s) that they ... Narrowly defined for mobile devices, context awareness does thus generalize location awareness. Whereas location may determine ...
... is a proactive effort to raise awareness around suicidal behaviors. It is focused on reducing social stigmas ... Awareness is the first stage that can ease the need for prevention. Awareness signifies a fundamental consciousness of the ... Suicide awareness in adolescents focuses on the age group between 10-24 years, beginning with the onset of puberty. Stigmas are ... Suicide awareness is linked to suicide prevention as both address suicide education and the dissemination of information to ...
... open or suspicion awareness based on the differences in the way people engage in different behaviors within the awareness ... The open awareness context, on the other hand, is a situation where everyone is aware of the condition of the patient. It is ... Awareness context is classified as closed if the patient does not know but suspects her condition in varying degrees so that ... Awareness contexts refers to the varying levels of knowledge or suspicion that both patients and medical staff possess about ...
... is supported by navigation systems, positioning systems and/or locating services. Location awareness without ... While location awareness began as a matter of static user location, the notion was extended to reflect movement. Context models ... Currently location awareness is applied to design innovative process controls, and is integral to ubiquitous and wearable ... Location awareness refers to devices that can passively or actively determine their location. Navigational instruments provide ...
... "opening of awareness" (kāi wù 開悟) or "awakening of awareness" (jué wù 覺悟) of the interconnectedness of reality in terms of the ... awareness of yuan fen stirs one to respond to events rather than resigning. Awareness is a dynamic factor and appears in two ... This spiritual awareness, wu, works as an engine that moves these themes from being mere ideas to be motivating forces in one's ... Wu (Chinese: 悟) is a concept of awareness, consciousness, or spiritual enlightenment in the Chinese folk religion. According to ...
... is one of two dimensions from brand knowledge, an associative network memory model. Brand awareness is a key ... Strong brand awareness can be a predictor of brand success. Brand awareness is strengthened by its brand-related associations ... While awareness is a necessary precondition for a purchase, awareness alone cannot guarantee the ultimate purchase. Consumers ... Just as different types of brand awareness can be identified, there are a variety of methods for measuring awareness. Typically ...
"PAX". awareness-foundation.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017. "Faith and Peace Education , Awareness Foundation". www.awareness- ... The charity was later renamed the Awareness Foundation. Work in the Middle East: Awareness Foundation Middle East is headed by ... "Ambassadors for Peace". awareness-foundation.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018. Official website "Little Heroes". awareness- ... The Awareness Foundation is based in London, the UK, with supporters in North America, the Middle East, and Hong Kong. The ...
Between March 20 to April 5 annual legal awareness celebrations take place in Australia. Australian Employee Legal Awareness ... an NGO working for the promotion of legal awareness) definition, legal awareness can be defined as "critical knowledge of legal ... "Employee Legal Awareness Day". Days Of The Year. Supreme Court of India website as read on 26th Feb 2013 "Archived copy" (PDF ... Legal awareness helps to promote consciousness of legal culture, participation in the formation of laws and the rule of law. ...
The terms phonemic awareness and phonics are often used interchangeably with phonological awareness. However, these terms have ... Phonological awareness is an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. Phonological ... Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness that focuses specifically on recognizing and manipulating phonemes, ... For most children, strong readers have strong phonological awareness, and poor readers have poor phonological awareness skills ...
... is the basis for learning phonics. Phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are often confused since ... Phonemic awareness is a part of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, ... Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes. Phonological awareness includes this ability, but ... requires phonemic awareness. The National Reading Panel has found that phonemic awareness improves children's word reading and ...
If we were to assume that a company has "no investor awareness" or "poor investor awareness," then the company has probably ... "Tool used to Score how well Companies manage Investor Awareness". Investor Awareness Index. 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-10-17. ( ... Investor awareness is knowledge the investment community has of a company. [1] It can be looked at like this: "Do investors ... Investor Awareness is a term used in investor relations, by public companies and similar bodies, to describe how well their ...
"Shelf Awareness for Readers". shelf-awareness.com. Retrieved July 7, 2014. "Shelf Awareness Bookstore Edition". shelf-awareness ... In 2011, Shelf Awareness launched a consumer book review version called Shelf Awareness for Readers. The company hired Marilyn ... The circulation of Shelf Awareness Pro (also called Shelf Awareness for the Book Trade) is more than 39,000 industry ... The consumer version, called Shelf Awareness for Readers (also known as Shelf Awareness: Enlightenment for Readers), has an ...
Quotes Maslow on choiceless awareness; Magida 1981, p. C45. "Uncovered through vipassana's 'choiceless awareness'"; Wardy 2005 ... awareness itself and unchanging - so live happily"; Kabat-Zinn 2011, p. 289; choiceless awareness has also been related to ... act according to this awareness - the action will be the manifestation and result of this awareness, rather than the result of ... For more on Krishnamurti and choiceless awareness see Choiceless awareness, volume 5 in his Collected Works (Kendall Hunt 1991 ...
A child's print awareness is closely associated with his or her word awareness or the ability to recognize words as distinct ... A number of characteristics of the home environment can be altered to enhance a child's print awareness. Since print awareness ... print awareness is a strong determinant of early reading achievement (Adams, 1990). Print awareness is included in the ... Print awareness is a multi-faceted skill that is difficult to isolate and define. The most effective measures analyze the ...
"PrivCo Awareness Technologies profile". Retrieved April 19, 2014. Cohan, Peter. "Awareness Technologies Spies on Workers, Teens ... "Awareness Technologies Inc.com Company Profile". Inc.com. Retrieved April 19, 2014. Group, T. Z. P. "TZP Group Acquires ... In 2014, Awareness Technologies joined an alliance with Credit Union National Association as part of "CUNA Strategic Services ... Awareness Technologies is a Westport, Connecticut-based American technology company founded in 2002. The company provides ...
Animal abuse awareness is also well known for its use of the purple ribbon. Consciousness raising List of awareness ribbons ... "Awareness Ribbons Chart: Color and Meaning of Awareness Ribbon Causes". Disabled World. Retrieved 2018-09-19. "Animal Legal ... Hill, Myleea D.; Thompson-Hayes, Marceline (2017). From Awareness to Commitment in Public Health Campaigns: The Awareness Myth ... Awareness ribbons are symbols meant to show support or raise consciousness for a cause. Different colors and patterns are ...
Awareness under anesthesia, also referred to as intraoperative awareness or accidental awareness during general anesthesia ( ... Postoperative interview by an anesthetist is common practice to elucidate whether awareness occurred in the case. If awareness ... American Association of Nurse Anesthetists Awareness Brochure at aana.com Anesthetic Awareness Fact Sheet at aana.com (American ... Anesthesia, an award-winning horror film about anesthesia awareness. Return, a Korean thriller movie about anesthesia awareness ...
Situational awareness or situation awareness (SA) is the understanding of an environment, its elements, and how it changes with ... "CrowdSA - Crowdsourced Situation Awareness for Crisis Management". cis.jku.at. Retrieved 9 January 2017. "Situation Awareness ... A great deal of that training describes situational awareness as an approach toward environmental awareness but also self- ... Klein, Moon, and Hoffman distinguish between situation awareness and sensemaking as follows: ...situation awareness is about ...
... or (UNAWE) is an international programme that aim to expose very young children in under-privileged ... Universe Awareness (UNAWE) was born. Shortly afterwards, Carolina Ödman was appointed as the first UNAWE International Project ... the European Union awarded a grant of 1.9 million euros to fund a 3-year project called European Universe Awareness (EU-UNAWE ... which builds on the work of Universe Awareness (UNAWE). With this grant, EU-UNAWE is now being further developed in six ...
... is an initiative of the Awareness Foundation. "Awareness Sunday is an annual opportunity to reflect on the ... www.awareness-foundation.co.uk/index.php/awareness-sunday Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine "Awareness Sunday Quotes ... Awareness Sunday takes place each year on a Sunday in September. Awareness Sunday in 2014 took place on Sunday 14 September. ... www.awareness-foundation.co.uk/index.php/awareness-sunday (Webarchive template wayback links, Articles needing additional ...
Awareness at IMDb Awareness at Rotten Tomatoes (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Use dmy ... Awareness is a 2023 Spanish-American science-fiction action thriller film directed by Daniel Benmayor [ca] from a screenplay by ... Awareness was presented at the 26th Málaga Film Festival on 16 March 2023, screened within the non-competitive 'Málaga Premiere ... "Awareness, la nueva película de ciencia ficción española, se estrenará el 11 de octubre". Vanguardia. 14 July 2023. Picón, José ...
The dialect awareness approach has been criticized for lack of attention to language and power issues; some researchers ... Dialect awareness is an instructional approach that teaches basic sociolinguistic concepts to students with the purpose of ... Dialect awareness teaching is composed of three general components: Building respect for different languages and language ... Dialect awareness instruction has been shown to increase instances of Standard English in academic writing. ...
Over-acute body-awareness, under-acute body-awareness, and distorted body-awareness are symptoms present in a variety of health ... Social self-awareness This is seen in highly social animals and is the awareness that allows animals to interact with each ... Self-awareness in plants is a fringe topic in the field of self-awareness, and is researched predominantly by botanists. The ... Mirror Self Awareness Development (MSAD) activities were used as a four-step framework to measure increases in self-awareness ...
Awareness is an album by American saxophonist Buddy Terry recorded in 1971 and released on the Mainstream label. The Allmusic ... Awareness - Review at AllMusic. Retrieved October 1, 2015. (Articles with short description, Short description is different ... "Awareness (Suite)" - 10:49 "Omnipotence" "Babylon" "Unity" "Humility (Trio for Two Bassists and Tenor)" "Kamili" (Mtumé) - 8:00 ...
... was a record label founded in the mid-1980s by its owner, Andy Ware. The label was based in England and had ...
... word awareness, syntactic awareness and pragmatic awareness. Phonological awareness and word awareness work in tandem in order ... an awareness, therefore, of the flexibility of language through irony, sarcasm and other forms of word play an awareness, ... Pragmatic awareness refers to the awareness of the relationships between sentences and their contextual/relational quality. ... a critical look at the concept of metalinguistic awareness". Language Awareness. 28 (1): 49-73. doi:10.1080/09658416.2019. ...
... (AmA) is a term used by social scientists to describe a form of peripheral social awareness through social ... Social media is the lattice work for ambient awareness. Without social media the state of ambient awareness cannot exist. A ... Academic Andreas Kaplan defines ambient awareness as "awareness created through regular and constant reception, and/or exchange ... Socially speaking, ambient awareness and social media are products of the new generations who are being born or growing up in ...
... a Lesson in Human Awareness" artsfuse.org, accessed August 13, 2015 Hurwitt, Robert. "Body Awareness review: Tap ... Essentially, the body awareness the script explores is not a matter of a healthy self image but a more nurturing awareness of ... Body Awareness is a one-act play by Annie Baker. The play premiered Off-Broadway in 2008. This play marked the Off-Broadway ... Body Awareness,' which opened Wednesday night at the Atlantic Stage 2, is not exactly a dazzler. It announces its everyday ...
Systems of fertility awareness may be referred to as fertility awareness-based methods; the term Fertility Awareness Method ( ... Fertility awareness may be used to avoid pregnancy or to aid in conception. Use of fertility awareness can give insight to the ... Fertility awareness has a number of unique characteristics: Fertility awareness can be used to monitor reproductive health. ... Fertility awareness does not protect against sexually transmitted disease. The effectiveness of fertility awareness, as of most ...
May is Hepatitis Awareness Month, and May 19 is Hepatitis Testing Day. Basic facts about hepatitis are provided, along with ... CDC promotes awareness of viral hepatitis with a number of annual observances. ...
World Lymphoma Awareness Day (WLAD) is held on September 15 every year and is a day dedicated to raising awareness of lymphoma ... Increasing awareness of lymphoma will allow people around the world to better recognize its signs and symptoms, leading to ... Greater awareness will also empower patients and their families to demand specialist treatment and care from qualified lymphoma ... WLAD was initiated in 2004 to raise public awareness of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in terms of symptom recognition, ...
This briefing session is designed for managers and supervisors whose staff may come into contact with asbestos; Area Health and Safety Co-ordinators and building managers. All staff who might have cause to undertake minor work to the fabric of their building(s) should also attend. This is likely to include laboratory, workshop and IT technicians and building attendants.. COURSE DATES & TIMES:. This course is currently available via E-Learning and is in 2 parts.. Asbestos Awareness Part 1 E-Learning. Asbestos Awareness Part 2 E-Learning. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS: 30. COURSE TUTOR: August Pistorius ...
5. Would you be willing to participate in further research or awareness campaigns focused on scams and fraud targeting young ... As part of this effort, were gathering insights on awareness and experience of online scams and mitigation techniques directly ...
Judy tells her son Steves Rx Awareness story and shares the tragedy of losing her son to a prescription opioid overdose. ... Now they are a noose around my neck." Since his passing, Judy founded the Steve Rummler Hope Network to raise awareness of the ...
Look up awareness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Awareness. Media related to Awareness ... The term of context awareness is a superset including the concept of location awareness. It extends the awareness to context ... Awareness ribbon Choiceless awareness Consciousness raising Ethics Indefinite monism List of awareness ribbons Mental Health ... Presence of mind Public awareness of climate change Public awareness of science Suicide awareness Values Situation awareness " ...
SANS Security Awareness Training courses are taught by world-class experts to help increase engagement and maximize ... The Annual SANS Security Awareness Summit is the premier event for Security Awareness professionals in the industry. This two- ... What Your Awareness Program Cant Fix - And How You Fix That. John Scott, Head of Security Education, Cyber Security Division, ... The security awareness team can be a critical piece to the puzzle when it comes to developing, implementing, and carrying out a ...
Safeguarding awareness training for taxi and private hire drivers ... Safeguarding awareness course. Navigation tips: You can use the ... If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of the Safeguarding awareness course in a more ... In line with the DfTs Statutory Taxi and Private Hire Vehicle Standards, we have developed a Safeguarding Awareness course for ... Operation Makesafe - a Met police campaign developed in partnership with Londons boroughs to raise awareness of child sexual ...
Avoid these online scams. Learn to identify McAfee imposters and McAfee branded scams. Actively updated to reduce brand fraud. Report an online scam here!
ENISA aims to raise cybersecurity awareness and promote behavioural change ... Awareness Raising. Building on ENISAs mission for a trusted and cyber secure Europe, the Agency is running awareness raising ... Through its awareness campaigns, ENISA aims to disseminate and promote its work in specific cybersecurity fields but also to ... ENISAs awareness activities are also supporting greater causes with the eventual aim of creating a diverse and resilient ...
To effectively diagnose, increasing awareness and enhancing communication are imperative. ... Sleep Apnea Diagnosis: Awareness and Tools * 2001/viewarticle/sleep-disturbance-may-predict-increased-risk-suicidal- ... To effectively diagnose OSA in primary care, increasing awareness and enhancing communication are imperative. Fortunately, ... Cite this: Sleep Apnea Diagnosis: Awareness and Tools - Medscape - Sep 11, 2023. ...
Dates for Black Awareness Day - Brazil, 2023, 2024 and other years. ... Is Black Awareness Day a Public Holiday?. Black Awareness Day is not a public holiday. Businesses have normal opening hours. ... When Is Black Awareness Day 2023?. 20Nov2023BrazilMon, Nov 20, 2023 Add to calendar. Quick Facts. This year:. Mon, Nov 20, 2023 ...
Security awareness has begun to blend into programs related to physical safety and awareness, Kron said. Just like safety ... The Evolution of Security Awareness Training In recent years, security awareness training has evolved to incorporate adult ... the need to bring awareness and education to employees through security awareness training has been given more priority. It has ... The idea behind awareness training is, Change everyones reflexes, Bihya said. If I see an email with a link, my reflex ...
Personal branding is an essential part of your online presence. Learn how to develop and manage your brand online.. ...
DHL Fraud Awareness Guidelines Thank you for joining our effort to combat online fraud. DHL goes to great lengths to protect ...
The 2023 SANS Security Awareness Report analyzes data provided by nearly 2,000 security awareness professionals from around the ... The SANS Security Awareness Report enables organizations to make data-driven decisions on how to improve and mature awareness ... SANS 2023 Security Awareness Report Your Global Guide to Cyber Awareness and Managing Human Risk ... Become a SANS Security Awareness Insider Sign up for the OUCH! Newsletter - the worlds leading, free security awareness ...
This week (18 Sept- 24th Sept ) is ADHD awareness week entitled ADHD is REAL which will be run by the charity ADHD ... Professor Eric Taylor, Professor of child and adolescent psychiatry, will be be a key spokesperson for this awareness week, For ...
Learn what the fertility awareness (rhythm method) of birth control is and how it works - and some of the reasons why it might ... What Is Fertility Awareness?. Fertility awareness is a way to try to prevent pregnancy by not having sex around the time of ... Does Fertility Awareness Help Prevent STDs?. No. Fertility awareness does not protect against STDs. Couples having sex must ... How Well Does Fertility Awareness Work?. Fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most people. Over ...
Attending the ACA 2018 Conference and Expo in Atlanta? Wrap up Counseling Awareness Month with a professional photo taken at ...
On October 26, we proudly recognize the voices and human rights of intersex people around the world. The Department of State is committed to promoting and protecting the rights, dignity, and equality of all individuals, including intersex persons. It is the policy of the United States to pursue an end to violence and discrimination on the basis of gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and sex characteristics, while acknowledging the intersections with disability, race, ethnicity, religion, national origin, or other status.. Intersex persons are subject to violence, discrimination, and abuse on the basis of their sex characteristics. Many intersex persons, including children, experience invasive, unnecessary, and sometimes irreversible medical procedures. The Department supports the empowerment of movements and organizations advancing the human rights of intersex persons and the inclusion of intersex persons in the development of policies that impact their enjoyment of human ...
The Movember movement aims to help men get healthier by raising awareness for common ailments men face. ... Manning Up for Mens Health Awareness. By ABC News November 19, 2014 ... Movember in November helps raise awareness for mens health. Credit: Getty Images. ...
But back in the office, how do you get 100% of the companys employees to complete the security awareness training? ... But back in the office, how do you get 100% of the companys employees to complete the security awareness training?. * ... At Issue: Security awareness training has to be completed by all employees in order for the company to be PCI-compliant. ... Prior to departing for Black Hat, I had set up our yearly security awareness training for employees and contractors. We ...
April, which is national Distracted Driving Awareness Month, is a good time to regroup and take responsibility for the choices ... During a portion of Distracted Driving Awareness Month, from April 3 through 10, you may see increased law enforcement on the ...
It is a shame that we are one of the countries in the world where Rapes still happen inspite of running so much awareness on ... It is a shame that we are one of the countries in the world where Rapes still happen inspite of running so much awareness on ... I would like to sincerely request you to please consider running an awareness message in the form of a video or a short ... I am sure this will yield great results over time in the form of awareness and instilling a sense of inhibition to such ...
As Drinking Water Awareness Week concludes, it is important to reflect on the work needed to achieve a healt ... The Drinking Water Awareness Week campaign is part of the larger Focus on Water Initiative, commissioned by the Office of the ... As Drinking Water Awareness Week concludes, it is important to reflect on the work needed to achieve a healthy water future for ... Drinking Water Awareness Week also highlighted common drinking water quality concerns, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl ...
... https://www.cabq.gov/municipaldevelopment/images/copy_of_storm-drain-images/public-awareness https://www.cabq. ...
... Submitted by Abbey Lincon. The Air Force ROTC program prepares students to become officers in the ... This years Arnold Air Society candidacy class will host a 5K for Suicide Awareness at 1 p.m. Saturday, Dec. 4, at Anneberg ... Feel free to come run or walk to help raise awareness for suicide. ...
Self Awareness is your own ability to perceive and understand the things that make you who you are as an... ... Self-awareness Essays. *. Examples Of Self Awareness Quotes In Julius Caesar. 651 Words , 3 Pages. Self Awareness is your own ... Promoting Self Awareness. 805 Words , 4 Pages. Promoting self -awareness and self-efficacy for psychiatric nurses Faten H. Alam ... Self Awareness In Nursing. 1316 Words , 6 Pages. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to review an article written by ...
The Challenge Of Self DiscoveryThe idea that we can live successfully without achieving a certain level of self awareness ... Self Awareness. Achieving self awareness is the only way of piercing the vail of that delusion in order to see reality clearly ... Its all about the levels of awareness that we are able to achieve at any given time in our lives. On the one hand we can ... The Boundaries Of Awareness Personal creative power is closely associated with personal responsibility, but just how do you ...
Celebrating Global Diversity Awareness Month Celebrating Global Diversity Awareness Month at Girls on the Run If the heart of ... 5 Ways to Give Back With Your Girl During National Youth Homelessness Awareness Month 5 Ways to Give Back With Your Girl During ... National Youth Homelessness Awareness Month A warm room. A clean shirt. ...
  • See a selection of presentations from our 2021 SANS Security Awareness Summit. (sans.org)
  • Applicants for a new or renewal PHV driver licence are strongly recommended to undertake the Safeguarding awareness course prior to sitting the Safey, Equality and Regulatory Understanding requirement assessment, which has been mandatory for all drivers since 1 October 2021. (tfl.gov.uk)
  • The USGS joins our community partners, including the National Ground Water Association , in recognizing March 5-11, 2017, as National Groundwater Awareness Week because groundwater is important to all of us! (usgs.gov)
  • The Annual SANS Security Awareness Summit is the premier event for Security Awareness professionals in the industry. (sans.org)
  • This interactive and engaging session guaranteed to provide insight and 'aha' moments will leave you with innovative practical approaches that can immediately be applied in how you deal with your security awareness efforts. (sans.org)
  • Ransomware, Security Awareness, and YOU! (sans.org)
  • The security awareness team can be a critical piece to the puzzle when it comes to developing, implementing, and carrying out a solid ransomware prevention plan. (sans.org)
  • We'll also discuss how the security awareness team can take part in the response effort should a ransomware incident occur, and more. (sans.org)
  • Want to revisit all of the SANS Security Awareness Summit archives? (sans.org)
  • Security awareness training, in particular, has risen from obscurity a decade ago and is now a huge industry. (shrm.org)
  • According to Cybersecurity Ventures, the security awareness training market is worth $5.6 billion in 2023 and is expected to almost double in value by 2027 to over $10 billion. (shrm.org)
  • With human error being the path of least resistance for cybercriminals, the need to bring awareness and education to employees through security awareness training has been given more priority. (shrm.org)
  • While providing people information does have value, changing behavior should be the focus of an awareness program,' said Erich Kron, security awareness advocate at cybersecurity training firm KnowBe4. (shrm.org)
  • People have become the primary attack vector for threat actors around the world and every year, SANS Institute surveys thousands of security awareness practitioners to benchmark and gain a deeper understanding of how organizations are managing human risk. (sans.org)
  • The recommended ratio of technical security professionals to human-focused security awareness professionals. (sans.org)
  • The 8th edition of SANS Institute's Security Awareness Report features data from nearly 2000 security awareness practitioners from over 80 countries spanning the globe. (sans.org)
  • Newsletter - the world's leading, free security awareness newsletter designed for everyone. (sans.org)
  • I needed something that integrated with the innovative approach I was building when it came to security awareness and culture. (sans.org)
  • But back in the office, how do you get 100% of the company's employees to complete the security awareness training? (computerworld.com)
  • In the past few weeks, I was able to go deep into security issues (this was during my yearly pilgrimage to the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas), and then concentrate on the basics (by getting our employees to fulfill our security awareness requirements). (computerworld.com)
  • Security awareness training has to be completed by all employees in order for the company to be PCI-compliant. (computerworld.com)
  • Prior to departing for Black Hat, I had set up our yearly security awareness training for employees and contractors. (computerworld.com)
  • WBG is looking for a subscription-based security awareness platform with services to customize the content to our requirements. (worldbank.org)
  • The scope includes information security awareness training products, strong learning services in the design, development and deployment of self-paced learning, robust training performance metrics, and reporting. (worldbank.org)
  • We are the founder of Cybersecurity Awareness Month, the champion of Data Privacy Day, and have the world's coolest url, staysafeonline.org . (sans.org)
  • October is traditionally recognized as Cybersecurity Awareness Month for many countries and companies around the globe. (veeam.com)
  • But, when done right, cybersecurity awareness should not be contained to just one month. (veeam.com)
  • At Veeam, we run a highly coordinated, multi-media internal cybersecurity awareness program throughout the year that directly ties back to our internal human cyber risks, key behaviors to mitigate those risks and general overall cyber aptitude. (veeam.com)
  • For the month of October, we lean on the great work of the National Cybersecurity Alliance and Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Agency (CISA) 's Cybersecurity Awareness Month program to remind all of us that it's easy to stay safe online . (veeam.com)
  • IT'S ALSO NATIONAL CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS MONTH - President Barack Obama kicked things off with a presidential proclamation that highlighted his executive order to promote information sharing between government and industry, as well as the implementation of the National Cybersecurity Framework. (politico.com)
  • As awareness provides the materials from which one develops subjective ideas about their experience, it is said that one is aware of one's own awareness state. (wikipedia.org)
  • This organization of awareness of one's own inner experience is given a central role in self-regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Basic awareness of one's internal and external world depends on the brain stem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Higher" forms of awareness including self-awareness require cortical contributions, but "primary consciousness" or "basic awareness" as an ability to integrate sensations from the environment with one's immediate goals and feelings in order to guide behavior, springs from the brain stem which human beings share with most of the vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychologist Carroll Izard emphasizes that this form of primary consciousness consists of the capacity to generate emotions and awareness of one's surroundings, but not an ability to talk about what one has experienced. (wikipedia.org)
  • One's self-awareness shows how a character views themselves and how others view them. (ipl.org)
  • The current study tested whether the estimated pitch of one's articulation (termed pitch awareness) is affected by manipulated auditory feedback. (lu.se)
  • citation needed] Popular ideas about consciousness suggest the phenomenon describes a condition of being aware of oneself (self-awareness). (wikipedia.org)
  • Modern systems theory, which offers insights into how the world works through an understanding that all systems follow system rules, approach self-awareness within its understanding of how large complex living systems work. (wikipedia.org)
  • Modern systems theory maintains that humans, as living systems, have not only awareness of their environment but also self-awareness particularly with their capability for logic and curiosity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Self Awareness is your own ability to perceive and understand the things that make you who you are as an individual, including your personality, emotions, beliefs, and thoughts. (ipl.org)
  • Eckroth-Bucher (2010), defines the concept 'self-awareness' as a "cerebral exercise of introspection. (ipl.org)
  • The idea that we can live successfully without achieving a certain level of self awareness probably depends on what we think of as successful living. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Especially at those times when in the course of my own personal journey of self awareness I encounter those less than attractive truths about myself, the truths that don't fit my fantasy version of myself, and take a while to get used to. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Achieving self awareness is the only way of piercing the vail of that delusion in order to see reality clearly as it truly is. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Power, success and self awareness are integral elements of the process of awakening to the true nature of reality. (selfgrowth.com)
  • WLAD was initiated in 2004 to raise public awareness of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in terms of symptom recognition, early diagnosis and treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Lymphoma Club was founded in 2010 to recognize those affected by all lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) and to help raise awareness for lymphoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since his passing, Judy founded the Steve Rummler Hope Network to raise awareness of the dilemma of chronic pain and the disease of addiction, and to improve the associated care process. (cdc.gov)
  • The course is designed to raise awareness of safeguarding and the role drivers can play. (tfl.gov.uk)
  • Operation Makesafe - a Met police campaign developed in partnership with London's boroughs to raise awareness of child sexual exploitation in the business community. (tfl.gov.uk)
  • Movember in November helps raise awareness for men's health. (go.com)
  • Feel free to come run or walk to help raise awareness for suicide. (k-state.edu)
  • The National MS Society amplifies the stories of people living with MS to raise awareness - until the moment we find a cure. (nationalmssociety.org)
  • The Pathways Awareness Foundation organization works to raise awareness concerning early detection and benefits of early therapy for infants and children with motor delays. (disabled-world.com)
  • The Pathways Awareness Foundation is a national nonprofit organization that works to raise awareness concerning early detection and the benefits of early therapy for infants and children with motor delays. (disabled-world.com)
  • Today through Oct. 25, the coalition will raise awareness and share practices to help charities and other not-for-profit organizations avoid fraud and stop financial crime. (irs.gov)
  • Electric Boat is once again pooling local resources in a continuing attempt to raise awareness about women's health issues. (constantcontact.com)
  • These efforts continue to raise awareness about the importance of testing for indoor radon in homes and schools, installing mitigation systems to reduce indoor radon concentrations, and using radon-resistant construction techniques to prevent exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The week is an opportunity to advocate for the proper use of antibiotics and raise awareness of antibiotics as a precious resource that must only be taken with a doctor's prescription. (who.int)
  • When we raise our voices as one, we can increase awareness of HIV prevention and treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Help us raise awareness all year long. (cdc.gov)
  • What Is Fertility Awareness? (kidshealth.org)
  • Fertility awareness is sometimes called natural family planning, periodic abstinence, or the rhythm method. (kidshealth.org)
  • How Does Fertility Awareness Work? (kidshealth.org)
  • During this time, a couple using only fertility awareness for birth control should not have sex. (kidshealth.org)
  • Fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most people. (kidshealth.org)
  • Over the course of a year, as many as 24 out of 100 typical couples who use fertility awareness alone will have an accidental pregnancy. (kidshealth.org)
  • Fertility awareness requires a commitment to monitoring body changes, keeping daily records, and not having sex during the fertile period. (kidshealth.org)
  • Does Fertility Awareness Help Prevent STDs? (kidshealth.org)
  • No. Fertility awareness does not protect against STDs . (kidshealth.org)
  • What is the Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)? (brown.edu)
  • Fertility awareness actually involves a combination of methods that aim to predict when ovulation will occur. (brown.edu)
  • By carefully recording these observations, a user of the fertility awareness method can abstain from vaginal intercourse during the time when they ovulate and are most likely to become pregnant. (brown.edu)
  • Think of it this way: Agility is the ability to move quickly and change direction with ease, which is just one of the outcomes of cognitive awareness drills. (acefitness.org)
  • But, for better outcomes, awareness and regular health checkups are important. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Increasing awareness of lymphoma will allow people around the world to better recognize its signs and symptoms, leading to earlier diagnosis and more timely treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is necessary to implement the clinical suspicion of oral cancer throughout the undergraduate course to enable awareness and early diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • I will forever pursue the challenge to build brand awareness, trust, and a brand's reputation with consumers in the ever-changing media landscape, regardless of the medium (traditional, web, social media, etc. (iit.edu)
  • WASHINGTON - The IRS is joining an international coalition in launching the second annual International Charity Fraud Awareness Week (ICFAW). (irs.gov)
  • Visit the Charity Fraud Awareness Hub to view resources on preventing charity fraud. (irs.gov)
  • Wrap up Counseling Awareness Month with a professional photo taken at Opening Night Celebration at Omni Hotel CNN Center, Friday, April 27, 8:30 - 9:30 pm. (counseling.org)
  • April, which is national Distracted Driving Awareness Month, is a good time to regroup and take responsibility for the choices we make when we're on the road. (nhtsa.gov)
  • The Job Accommodation Network has just released a brain injury training module this month in conjunction with the national awareness campaign. (askjan.org)
  • This special event coincides with October being Breast Cancer Awareness Month and the on-site Yale Mobile Mammography Van. (constantcontact.com)
  • This April, during Testicular Cancer Awareness Month, spread the word about the most common cancer among men ages 20 to 35. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Testicular self-examination: a public awareness program. (cdc.gov)
  • Building on ENISA's mission for a trusted and cyber secure Europe, the Agency is running awareness raising campaigns to promote cybersecurity good practices and eventually achieve behavioural and cultural change. (europa.eu)
  • The current study assesses (1) whether pedestrians are sufficiently aware of their surroundings to successfully negotiate obstacles in a city, and (2) whether various common walking practices affect awareness of obstacles and, or, avoidance behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • According to Gregory Bateson, the mind is the dynamics of self-organization and that awareness is crucial in the existence of this process. (wikipedia.org)
  • This conceptualization is posited amid the difficulty in developing an analytic definition of awareness or sensory awareness. (wikipedia.org)
  • This suggests that pitch awareness is not solely based on a prearticulatory representation of intended speech or on a sensory prediction, but also on sensory feedback. (lu.se)
  • Neural systems that regulate attention serve to attenuate awareness among complex animals whose central and peripheral nervous systems provide more information than cognitive areas of the brain can assimilate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The absence of awareness does not imply any absence of cognitive and perceptual processing. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here are five great cognitive awareness drills that will help your athletes enhance their performance during competition. (acefitness.org)
  • 5 . Would you be willing to participate in further research or awareness campaigns focused on scams and fraud targeting young adults? (surveymonkey.com)
  • This week (18 Sept- 24th Sept ) is ADHD awareness week entitled 'ADHD is REAL' which will be run by the charity ADHD Information Services or ADDISS starting with the launch of results of the largest families living with ADHD research survey ( http://www.addiss.co.uk . (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Every year, Cancer Research UK's Cancer Awareness Roadshow sets off to talk to people about cancer. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • The research Pathways Awareness is involved in has found that two-thirds of pediatric therapists believe that more infants are missing some of their milestones. (disabled-world.com)
  • The hundreds of media stories, blogs, and social media mentions in outlets around the world are a testament to how the research truly has contributed to increasing public understanding and awareness of how ones' individual choices affect the climate. (lu.se)
  • Surprisingly, little research has look at the teaching practice in pre-school regarding phonological awareness development. (bvsalud.org)
  • As part of this effort, we're gathering insights on awareness and experience of online scams and mitigation techniques directly from this age group. (surveymonkey.com)
  • Awareness training enables the mitigation of human risk when sitting in front of a computer. (shrm.org)
  • National Adult Immunization Awareness Week draws attention to efforts that promote prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, GRASP provided expertise in geospatial science and GIS to CDC's Division of Cancer Prevention and Control (DCPC) to support radon awareness efforts in state cancer control plans. (cdc.gov)
  • Through its awareness campaigns, ENISA aims to disseminate and promote its work in specific cybersecurity fields but also to educate stakeholders and the public on the regulatory developments and the latest technical know-how. (europa.eu)
  • What's next after Drinking Water Awareness Week? (michigan.gov)
  • This week, Michigan's Office of the Clean Water Public Advocate, in collaboration with the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS), the Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), and community partners, led efforts to promote Drinking Water Awareness Week. (michigan.gov)
  • Watch the video below celebrating the activities and collaboration that took place this week during Drinking Water Awareness Week as well as highlighting how you can get involved in ensuring you have healthy, quality drinking water. (michigan.gov)
  • October 22-28, 1989, is the fourth annual National Adult Immunization Awareness Week. (cdc.gov)
  • Mind wandering, being engaged in secondary tasks such as talking with a companion or using a mobile phone, and being familiar with a route, did not affect awareness nor avoidance behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • How is CDC increasing awareness of Viral Hepatitis? (cdc.gov)
  • To effectively diagnose OSA in primary care, increasing awareness and enhancing communication are imperative. (medscape.com)
  • Peripheral awareness is the capacity to perceive stimuli that is not directly in front of us and is in relation to all five senses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our scope of situational awareness extends into broader realms when we analyze vast amounts of data in real time and visualize the results. (sas.com)
  • Neuromuscular training is crucial to helping increase awareness and decision-making on the field or court. (acefitness.org)
  • Efforts to describe consciousness in neurological terms have focused on describing networks in the brain that develop awareness of the qualia developed by other networks. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the one hand we can understand things on an intellectual level of awareness which is really only perceiving a conceptual version of the actual reality and is very safe, and on the other hand, we can know these two ideas as actual mental, emotional and physical experiences that are integral parts of what we are and how we are what we are, which requires some risk. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Our Cancer Awareness nurses chat to people about how small health changes can reduce their cancer risk, encourage them to know what's normal for their body and give them confidence to go to the GP with any concerns. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • In conclusion, despite being very common there was no evidence that walking without awareness necessarily results in risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • Whether simple or complex - or low or high risk - many circumstances call upon the concepts behind situational awareness. (sas.com)
  • We found high awareness about the risk of Zika virus experiences and behaviors before, during, and after infection during pregnancy and about advisories to avoid pregnancy among women with a live birth. (cdc.gov)
  • One million people worldwide live with lymphoma [4] and nearly 1,000 people are diagnosed with the disease every day, [4] but there continues to be very little awareness of the signs and symptoms of lymphoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Know Your Nodes is a public awareness campaign created with the insight that people know little about their lymphatic systems and, in turn, lymphoma . (wikipedia.org)
  • Established in 2003, it is a global initiative dedicated to raising awareness of lymphoma, a common form of cancer, and promoting the well-being of people affected by lymphoma worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peripheral awareness refers to the human ability to process information at the periphery of attention, such as acknowledging distant sounds of people outside while siting indoors and concentrating on a specific task such as reading. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thanks to their partnership we've helped bring cancer awareness information to more than half a million people. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • There are now too many circumstances in which wildly unqualified people - often illiterate and sloppy in their work product - anoint themselves as Napoleonic dictators for how to advance thought and who often do so without the nuts-and-bolts wisdom or attentive awareness that inspires people to conjure up truly incredible offerings. (edrants.com)
  • This leads to awareness of objects, people or events in a specific volume of time and space, and their current states or actions. (sas.com)
  • Through real-time situational awareness, SAS ® helps decision makers predict peaks, maximize resources and work together based on common mental models of an operational scenario - knowing instantly when threats begin to re-emerge. (sas.com)
  • Is Black Awareness Day a Public Holiday? (timeanddate.com)
  • The Kelsey's Law Distracted Driving Awareness Scholarship is open to 11th and 12th grade students attending any public or private Michigan high school who is a Michigan resident with a valid Michigan driver's license. (fastweb.com)
  • World Lymphoma Awareness Day (WLAD) is held on September 15 every year and is a day dedicated to raising awareness of lymphoma , an increasingly common form of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • This year, Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer signed a proclamation establishing May 4 as Private Residential Well Awareness Day, highlighting the importance of well maintenance. (michigan.gov)
  • After exposure to a block of high-pitched auditory feedback (+500 cents pitch shift), participants were more likely to label subsequent auditory feedback as "lower than my actual production," suggesting that prolonged exposure to high-pitched auditory feedback led to a drift in participants' pitch awareness. (lu.se)
  • The present study investigated the relationship between teaching practice and development of phonological awareness and letter knowledge. (bvsalud.org)
  • I am sure this will yield great results over time in the form of awareness and instilling a sense of inhibition to such thoughts of the crime doers. (change.org)
  • It's all about the levels of awareness that we are able to achieve at any given time in our lives. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Pathways Awareness states that a new baby needs to spend a certain amount of time each day playing on their tummy. (disabled-world.com)
  • Pathways Awareness gives parents and caregivers ideas on ways to engage babies during the time they spend on their tummy through, 'Tummy Time Central,' and, 'Essential Tummy Time Moves,' a video. (disabled-world.com)
  • Having real-time information to inform situational awareness avoids the lag time inherent in manual methods of gathering and assessing information. (sas.com)
  • The results showed that children at the teacher´s class that spent more time with literacy activities such reading stories, working with phonological awareness were the ones that have greater improvement in phonological awareness knowledge. (bvsalud.org)
  • The connection of place, policy, and health is key to raising awareness and expanding prevention measures against environmental hazards such as radon. (cdc.gov)
  • There is quite a lot of agreement in the literature that phonological awareness is a important contributor to literacy acquisition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Greater awareness will also empower patients and their families to demand specialist treatment and care from qualified lymphoma physicians as well as gain access to the most up-to-date information, support and treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • ENISA's awareness activities are also supporting greater causes with the eventual aim of creating a diverse and resilient ecosystem. (europa.eu)
  • We propose that this drift in pitch awareness could be indicative of a sense of agency over the pitch-shifted auditory feedback in the exposure block. (lu.se)