Avulavirus Infections

Avulavirus

Newcastle disease virus

Newcastle Disease

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Chicken

Avian metaavulavirus 2

List of MeSH codes (C02)

List of biosafety level 4 organisms

Virulent Newcastle disease

Paramyxoviridae

Virulent Newcastle disease

Thogotovirus

Paramyxoviridae18

• Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is classified into the family of Paramyxoviridae and genus Avulavirus [ 2 ]. (medsci.org)
• The disease is caused by the Newcastle disease virus, also called avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), that is an RNA, negative sense, single stranded, non-segmented, enveloped virus which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Avulavirus. (cornell.edu)
• NDV, a member of the Avulavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family, replicates poorly in mammalian cells but is known for its ability to induce significant amounts of IFN-α/β and to provide a strong stimulus for DC maturation ( 6 , 30 ). (asm.org)
• NDV is an enveloped, single stranded RNA virus within the family of Paramyxoviridae , genus Avulavirus . (pirbright.ac.uk)
• Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. (bvsalud.org)
• The infection is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), more formally termed avian paramyxovirus type I (APMV-1), which is a member of the Avulavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. (biomedcentral.com)
• Avian paramyxovirus (APMV) belongs to the genus Avulavirus , family Paramyxoviridae . (cdc.gov)
• Viruses of the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), synonymous with Newcastle disease viruses (NDV), belong to the genus Avulavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae ( 34 ) and encompass a diverse group of single-stranded, negative-sense, nonsegmented RNA viruses of approximately 15.2 kb that have a broad host range in bird species. (asm.org)
• Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an RNA virus from the genus Avulavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae (Mayo, 2002). (ijlr.org)
• Recently, the International Committee On Taxonomy of Viruses amended the taxonomy of genus Avulavirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. (engormix.com)
• Newcastle disease (ND) is economically important and highly infectious viral disease of birds caused by virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus Type 1 of the genus Avulavirus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The causative agents are virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which belong to the genus Avulavirus, sub-family Paramyxoviridae, family Paramyxovirinae. (biomedcentral.com)
• NDV is classified as a member in the Avulavirus genus, within the Paramyxoviridae family. (scielo.br)
• Just lately they are classified in the genus Avulavirus in the sub family members Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae. (pdgf-receptor.com)
• Paramyxoviruses belong to the paramyxoviridae family, paramyxovirinae subfamily and avulavirus genus. (bvsalud.org)
• El paramixovirus aviario pertenece a la familia paramyxoviridae, subfamilia paramyxovirinae y género avulavirus. (bvsalud.org)
• NDV/APMV-1 belong to the genus Avulavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae . (wikipedia.org)
• It is a highly contagious disease produced by avian paramixovirus type I (APMV-1), which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae of the genus Avulavirus . (veterinariadigital.com)

Genus3

• All paramyxoviruses that have been isolated to date from avian species can be segregated into two genera based on the taxonomic criteria mentioned above: genus Avulavirus , whose members are called the avian paramyxoviruses (APMV), and genus Metapneumovirus , whose members are called avian metapneumoviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
• Recent efforts discover this info here to sequence complete genomes of representative strains for all serotypes have drastically contribu ted to our comprehending in the Avulavirus genus gen ome organisation. (pdgf-receptor.com)
• In our body, the viral dis-ease , Enterovirus Infection is a viral infection, caused by a member of the enterovirus genus . (wellnessadvocate.com)

Newcastle14

• 1-12 Authors: Aziz-Ul-Rahman, Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Mustafa G, Chaudhry U, Shabbir MZ Abstract Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV 1), affects a wide range of avian species worldwide. (medworm.com)
• Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute viral infection of great economic significance to the poultry industry worldwide. (cornell.edu)
• We have tested the hypothesis that weak stimulation of innate immunity by RSV correlates with ineffective adaptive responses by asking whether expression of the fusion glycoprotein of RSV by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would stimulate a more robust immune response to RSV than primary RSV infection. (asm.org)
• This includes NEWCASTLE DISEASE and other infections of domestic fowl. (bvsalud.org)
• Abstract Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV 1), affects a wide range of avian species worldwide. (medworm.com)
• An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. (curehunter.com)
• Newcastle disease (ND), which is caused by infections of poultry species with virulent strains of Avian orthoavulavirus-1, also known as avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), and formerly known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), may cause neurological signs and encephalitis. (base2bio.com)
• These findings provide evidence for the existence of epidemiological links between Newcastle disease outbreaks in commercial poultry and infections with virulent AAvV-1 strains in other avian species kept in proximity to poultry. (engormix.com)
• Newcastle disease virus NDV APMV-1 Pakistan Captive birds Epidemiology Endemicity Avian avulavirus 1, AAvV-1. (engormix.com)
• Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious and fatal disease affecting poultry and a wide range of wild birds worldwide that is caused by infections with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (Miller et al. (engormix.com)
• Newcastle disease virus and all avian paramyxoviruses 2-13 were renamed to avian avulavirus (AAvV) 1 to 13, respectively (https:// talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy). (engormix.com)
• This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines for the protection against ND infection and virus-shedding period of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) field strain after different immunization schemes. (scielo.br)
• vND, formerly referred to as avian avulavirus 2 and exotic Newcastle disease, 1 was reportedly discovered about 90 years ago when outbreaks occurred in Indonesia, England and, possibly, Korea in 1926. (burdockgroup.com)
• Genetic diversity of avian avulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus genotypes VIg and VIIb) circulating in wild birds in Kazakhstan. (nih.gov)

Viruses12

• Our findings suggest that these 3 new viruses represent members of 3 novel avulavirus species. (cdc.gov)
• Lentogenic viruses typically cause subclinical infections or mild respiratory disease. (asm.org)
• Virulent viruses of the panzootic Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV-1) of sub-genotype VIIi were repeatedly isolated (2011-2016)from commercial chickens and from multiple non-poultry avian species in Pakistan. (engormix.com)
• Furthermore, the immune-challenge experiment indicated that LaSota could not provide complete protection against infection with the E347K variant NDVs as the vaccinated birds were still able to be infected and shed virulent challenge viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
• Parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause respiratory infections, while morbilliviruses (including measles) and mumps virus cause systemic infections. (kenyon.edu)
• Mesogenic viruses impact birds and poultry differently in that animals develop respiratory and neurological effects, but the infection is self-limiting, therefore animals typically survive. (burdockgroup.com)
• Rhinoviruses are small, single-stranded RNA viruses in the picornavirus family that are responsible for more than half of all upper respiratory tract infections. (datexis.com)
• A comparative infection study of pigeon and avian paramyxovirus type 1 viruses in pigeons: evaluation of clinical signs, virus shedding and seroconversion. (microbiologyresearch.org)
• We describe for the first time the genetic and antigenic characterization of 18 avian avulavirus type-6 viruses (AAvV-6) that were isolated from wild waterfowl in the Americas over the span of 12 years. (gisaid.org)
• Before 2013, zoonotic influenza infections were dominated by H5N1 viruses in China. (usda.gov)
• However, the emergence of the H7N9 viruses in early 2013 changed this dominance greatly, and more than 1,600 laboratory‐confirmed human cases of H7N9 infections have been reported since then. (usda.gov)
• In 2015 and 2016, up to 190 Egyptian geese from Western Germany were investigated serologically for antibodies (Ab) against influenza A viruses (IAV), Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV-1), aviadenoviruses, Duck atadenovirus A (syn. (springer.com)

Paramyxoviruses2

• Double immunofluorescence (DIFA) with markers for neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and NDV nucleoprotein detected the three strains in all three cell types at similar levels.These data indicate that similar to other paramyxoviruses, neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) are susceptible to vNDV infection, and suggest that factors other than cellular tropism are likely the major determinant of the neurotropic phenotype. (base2bio.com)
• In our body, Viral Bronchiolitis is an acute inflammatory viral dis-ease of the lower respiratory tract , caused by the avulavirus (avian paramyxoviruses) . (wellnessadvocate.com)

Species8

• This vast genomic diversity may be favoured by large variety of avian species susceptibility to APMV-1 infection, and by the availability of highly mobile wild birds. (lancs.ac.uk)
• Only in the case of APMV-1, the infection of non-avian species has been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
• There are 13 recognized Avulavirus species, each with 1 member, called avian paramyxovirus 1-13 (APMV-1-APMV-13) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• The present study employed the Affymetrix chicken genome array and performed transcriptome analysis on chicken cecal epithelia in response to infection for 4.5 days in vivo by the cecal-specific species E. tenella. (jove.com)
• Production of poultry species that are resistant to NDV infection at the cellular level could hypothetically lead to the development of new means of controlling ND, especially in areas where ND is endemic and difficult to eradicate. (biomedcentral.com)
• Infection is often benign but has also been associated with disease in some species of birds under some circumstances. (wordpress.com)
• Argas (Persicargas) giganteus soft tick infection with Rickettsia hoogstraali and relapsing fever Borrelia in wild avian species of the. (thefreelibrary.com)
• In and on our body's skin, viral skin dis-ease , Molluscum Contagiosum (Condyloma Subcutaneum) is a poxviridae infection , contagious by any skin-to-skin and indirect incidental contact with the infecting virus, associated with a mild skin health challenge caused by the molluscipoxvirus virus species Molluscum contagiosum. (wellnessadvocate.com)

Poultry9

• A detailed veterinary and laboratory investigation revealed an unusual case of concurrent avian avulavirus type 1 (AAvV-1, formerly called avian paramyxovirus type 1)) and low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus infections of chickens during March 2010 in a mixed poultry and livestock farm in Great Britain. (flutrackers.com)
• citation needed] Avian metaavulavirus 2 has been known to cause disease, specifically mild respiratory infections in domestic poultry, including turkeys and chickens, and has many economic effects on egg production and poultry industries. (wikipedia.org)
• If chicken induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) are genetically or epigenetically modified to resist NDV infection, it may be possible to generate ND resistant poultry. (biomedcentral.com)
• The occurrence of vNDV infections in birds is a notifiable event, and when these infections occur in poultry, trade restrictions are imposed. (asm.org)
• vNDV infections present a significant threat to the U.S. poultry industry, as evidenced by the California outbreak in 2002 to 2003 ( 41 ), which resulted in the destruction of 3.3 million birds and cost nearly $200 million dollars to eradicate ( 53 ). (asm.org)
• Experimental infection of chickens with APMV4 and APMV6 showed mild respiratory pathology, suggestive of attainable viral illness in poultry. (pdgf-receptor.com)
• Birds from live poultry market system and backyard flocks have higher infection rates. (farm.com.np)
• When AI infection occur it spreads rapidly through integrated poultry system from farm to farm causing epizootics of LP or HP AI. (farm.com.np)
• This study concludes an evolutionary nature of avian avulavaris 1 (AAvV-1), ascertaining continuous surveillance of migratory fowl to better elucidate their infection, epidemiology and subsequent impacts on commercial and backyard poultry. (bvsalud.org)

Chickens7

• Comparative clinico-pathological assessment of velogenic (sub-genotype VIIi) and mesogenic (sub-genotype VIm) Avian avulavirus 1 in chickens and pigeons. (medworm.com)
• However, our understanding on how chickens respond to coccidian infection is highly limited at both molecular and cellular levels. (jove.com)
• Co-infections of chickens with Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 and Moroccan Italy 02 Infectious Bronchitis Virus: effect on pathogenesis and protection conferred by different vaccination programs. (medworm.com)
• Infection with Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1), formerly known as Pacheco's disease (PD) , is characterized by massive hepatic necrosis with formation of syncytial cells.18 Amazon tracheitis virus (ATV) is a cause of upper-respiratory-tract lesions similar to ILTV in chickens.18 There are several other herpesviruses associated with more chronic, non-lifethreatening skin and/or mucosal lesions. (wordpress.com)
• Chickens in both groups developed detectable levels of anti-hemagglutinin antibodies 7 days after infection. (gisaid.org)
• The avian metapneumovirus infections continue to emerge as a disease threat with 4 defined serotypes, A-D,being recognized and producing clinical disease in both turkeys and chickens. (poultrymania.com)
• The young chickens upto 3 weeks are susceptible to the virus infection. (farm.com.np)

Strains7

• The isolate was genetically distinct from the first avian isolate suggesting the circulation of at least two different SINV strains in Germany.In order to reveal the infection frequency in SINV positive mosquito regions 749 bird blood samples were assaye. (medworm.com)
• and non-pathogenic (lentogenic) strains, which cause inapparent infections. (biomedcentral.com)
• 2009). Lentogenic strains of NDV can produce mild respiratory infection, whereas mesogenic strains can cause low level mortality and neural signs and velogenic strains can result in severe mortality. (ijlr.org)
• Experimental infections have shown that the replication of virulent NDV (vNDV) strains is in the brain parenchyma and is possibly confined to neurons and ependymal cells. (base2bio.com)
• Nowadays, vaccine strains Lasota, B1 and F strains are used widely in India to control the infection of NDV. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Lentogenic NDV strains cause subclinical infection with mild respiratory or enteric disease and are considered low-virulent. (biomedcentral.com)
• Epidemiological and genetic analysis of Avian avulavirus-1 in Israel reveals parallel circulating strains and a new sub-genotype within genotype VI. (nih.gov)

Birds5

• Baumeister E, Leotta G, Pontoriero A, Campos A, Monalti D. Serological evidence of influenza A virus infection in Antarctica migratory birds. (cdc.gov)
• 3 Velogenic ND often infects the intestines of birds causing hemorrhagic lesions, which is referred to as viscerotropic velogenic ND, or it may cause respiratory and nueorological infections and is referred to as neurotropic velogenic ND. (burdockgroup.com)
• Birds that are partially immune to velogenic infections typically develop a chronic infection but may develop neurological effects, such as tremors, ataxia, torticollis, and paresis or paralysis in the wings and or legs within days of contracting the disease. (burdockgroup.com)
• WNV infection has also been reported in animals and birds. (datexis.com)
• Though adult birds may acquire infection, the clinical signs are not seen in them. (farm.com.np)

Henipavirus1

• Henipavirus, Rubulavirus, Avulavirus. (poultrymania.com)

Family1

• In our body, Enterovirus Infections are picornaviridae infections caused by a picornavirus in the picornaviridae virus family . (wellnessadvocate.com)

Viral infection4

• Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. (bioportfolio.com)
• reported the first outbreak of DHF viral infection in Makkah in 2004, and the isolated virus serotypes were DENV-2 and DENV-3. (datexis.com)
• In our body, a Viral Infection (Virus Infection), a viral dis-ease , is the detrimental colonization by a virus in a host (our body). (wellnessadvocate.com)
• In our body, the DNA virus infection , Human Parvovirus B19 Infection is a viral infection , indicative to a specific set of signs, symptoms or other health indicators, associated with a viral skin dis-ease . (wellnessadvocate.com)

Influenza2

• 5 ] showed that activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exerted a cytotoxic effect on melanoma, colon cancer and breast carcinoma, upon influenza A virus infection. (medsci.org)
• Simultaneous subcutaneous and conjunctival administration of the influenza viral vector based Brucella abortus vaccine to pregnant heifers provides better protection against B. abortus 544 infection than the commercial B. abortus S19 vaccine. (nih.gov)

Lentogenic1

• According to Alexander and Jones [ 3 ], NDV can be further divided into three pathotypes based on the virulence and severity of the disease, which are velogenic (highly contagious), mesogenic (moderate) and lentogenic (mild infection). (medsci.org)

Paramyxovirus Infections1

• Investigations on the occurrence of ortho- and paramyxovirus infections among free living greylag geese ( Anser anser Linne, 1758)] [in German]. (cdc.gov)

Protection against viral infections2

• That fact, by the way, should limit one's faith in latex as protection against viral infections. (newmediaexplorer.org)
• Long lasting protection against viral infections is best achieved via vaccinations through live attenuated virus es (LAVs). (mediaatlas.si)

Pneumonia3

• Histologically, the infection resulted in lung lesions consistent with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of varying severity and nasal turbinates with blunting or loss of cilia of the epithelium lining the nasal septa. (biomedcentral.com)
• In our body's respiratory tract , the respiratory infection , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral disorder, characterized by high fever, dry cough, shortness of breath (dyspnea) or breathing difficulties, and atypical pneumonia. (wellnessadvocate.com)
• Acinetobacter lwoffii, a serious human pathogen, has been identified as a cause of nosocomial infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia and meningitis. (usda.gov)

Antibodies1

• Antibodies can be detected in the blood serum of breed flocks in case of infection. (farm.com.np)

Velogenic1

• The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of vaccines (B1, LaSota, and inactivated vaccines) against velogenic ND infection in broilers after different vaccination schemes. (scielo.br)

APMV3

• The majority of APMV-infected hamsters exhibited transient histological lesions that self resolved by 14 days post infection (dpi). (biomedcentral.com)
• The sampling system employed enabled us to follow APMV-1 infections and the shedding of one particular viral strain in one individual bird over several days. (biomedcentral.com)
• Las enfermedades causadas por paramixovirus (APMV) ocurren mundialmente, tanto en aves de corral, en aquellas en vida libre o en cautiverio, lo que demuestra la importancia económica y ecológica de estos virus. (bvsalud.org)

AAvV1

• The observed gross and microscopic lesions were typical of AAvV 1 infection. (medworm.com)

Genetic1

• Pathotyping and genetic characterization of avian avulavirus-1 from domestic and wild waterfowl, geese and black swans in Pakistan, 2014 to 2017. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Waterfowl1

• Waterfowl have strong innate immune responses, which minimize the impact of virus infection, however, are unable to prevent the viral shedding. (lancs.ac.uk)

Morbidity3

• Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) result in significant morbidity and mortality rates, with as many as 76% of patients dying during their index admission. (bioportfolio.com)
• NDV can cause clinical signs ranging from subclinical infections to 100% morbidity and/or mortality, depending on the virulence of the virus and the susceptibility of the host. (asm.org)
• Among the three genotypes (A, B, and C) types A and C are most often associated with increased morbidity and bacterial secondary infection. (datexis.com)

Humans1

• There is no effective treatment for clinical WNV infection in humans, horses or any other animal. (datexis.com)

Chronic viral hep1

• This nationwide, population-based cohort study assessed the subsequent risk of oral cavity cancer among patients with chronic viral hepatitis infection. (jove.com)

Diseases3

• The Danish Study Group of Infections of the Brain is a collaboration between all departments of infectious diseases in Denmark. (bioportfolio.com)
• The study of virulence and the identification of viral determinants of disease severity is important because an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the outcome of infection may enable a more effective prophylactic or therapeutic approach for viral diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
• In our body, Virus Diseases (Viral Diseases) is a general term for the viral infections causing infectious diseases produced by virus . (wellnessadvocate.com)

MERS-CoV1

• However, in the case of the mutant bearing the S530∆, the mutation helped to sustain the wild-type MERS-CoV infection by producing a free S1 subunit with a "sticky" hydrophobic tail and the additional disulfide bonds caused the aggregation and mis-folding of proteins. (mediaatlas.si)

Virus20

• Infectious bronchitis virus infection was suspected initially and virus isolation in SPF embryonated fowls' eggs was attempted at APHA-Weybridge. (flutrackers.com)
• Furthermore, the intracellular perforin and granzyme levels were also increased upon virus infection. (medsci.org)
• 8 ] described that virus-induced IFN-α and IFN-β are potent inducers of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and that NK cells are important contributors to innate defense against viral infections. (medsci.org)
• This has complicated the search for an effective live attenuated viral vaccine, and past trials with inactivated virus preparations have led to enhanced immunopathology following natural infection. (asm.org)
• While the direct antiviral effects of IFN-α/β are their best-characterized function, their ability to influence dendritic cell (DC) activation has suggested a role for these cytokines in shaping adaptive immune responses to virus infection ( 14 , 38 , 57 ). (asm.org)
• Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. (jove.com)
• Abstract To determine whether geese are infection of avian leukosis virus (ALV), 702 serum samples from domestic and foreign goose breeds were screened for p27 antigen as well as being inoculated into DF-1 cell cultures to isolate ALV. (medworm.com)
• Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is often detected together with H9N2, suggesting disease exacerbation in cases of co-infections. (medworm.com)
• Results showed that ciPSCs were permissive to infection with NDV, and susceptible to virus-mediated cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
• AI virus infection usually causes sporadic or no disease. (farm.com.np)
• The spike gene deletion would cause the production of a defective virus which was incapable of causing infections or with a lowered rate of infection. (mediaatlas.si)
• Greater understanding of transmission cycles, reservoirs, and the role of wildlife in the dynamics of AIV invoke questions related to the epidemiology and ecology of the virus, including host range and spatial and temporal variation in infection ( 12,13 ). (cdc.gov)
• They discovered that the existing drug benztropine mesylate, which is approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other dystonia disorders, interferes with Ebola infection and virus uptake. (warf.org)
• In our body, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection results in wheezing, either by causing bronchiolitis or by inducing an acute exacerbation of asthma. (wellnessadvocate.com)
• In our body, the viral dis-ease , Human Papillomavirus Infection (Hpv Infection) is a DNA virus infection caused by the Human papillomavirus (HPV). (wellnessadvocate.com)
• The objective of this study was to compare the severity of reproductive failure caused by either a single or a dual infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)‐1 and PRRSV‐2 in late‐term pregnancy gilts. (usda.gov)
• To prevent these viral infections an understanding of the host-virus response is critical, especially for the development of novel therapeutics. (usda.gov)
• Although there is no cure for this disorder, supportive therapies and antibiotics to fight secondary infections may give the patient a better chance of surviving the virus. (wagwalking.com)
• As this virus can easily spread through a population of snakes, proper hygiene should observed when working with infected animals to ensure no cross infection takes place. (wagwalking.com)
• Antibiotics are often prescribed to snakes that are infected with this virus as they are more prone to contracting secondary bacterial infections than uninfected reptile. (wagwalking.com)

Concurrent1

• In four out of six outbreaks concurrent moderate to heavy infection of Ascardii galli in one flock and Railetina spp. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Immune3

• We have hypothesized that poor stimulation of innate immune defenses by RSV might be the basis for the inadequate adaptive immune response to this infection. (asm.org)
• The mature chicken immune system is a tight biological barrier against T. cruzi and the infection is eradicated upon development of its immune system by the end of the first week of growth 3 . (jove.com)
• It was noted that immune serum offered protection to canine distemper immediately after infection, during the incubation period of the disease , 48 hours after infection and early phase of the disease(at the appearance of clinical signs). (edu.pk)

Pigeons1

• Marlier D , Vindevogel H . Viral infections in pigeons. (microbiologyresearch.org)

SARS1

• In our body, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a coronavirus infections caused by the sars coronavirus . (wellnessadvocate.com)

Acute3

• This study will establish whether the patient population of the Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic is suitable for the study of early, acute infection. (bioportfolio.com)
• The Trypanosoma cruzi acute infections acquired in infancy and childhood seem asymptomatic, but approximately one third of the chronically infected cases show Chagas disease up to three decades or later. (jove.com)
• The origin and development of plant tissue culture The beginning of plant tissue culture was made as early as 1898, when a German Botanist G. It is associated with an acute illness similar to that seen with Hepatitis A and does not cause chronic infection. (kiwiandanemu.org)

Bacterial1

• Focal skin lesions can also be seen which may be accompanied with bacterial infection which is known as blue wing disease. (farm.com.np)

Asymptomatic1

• Most infections are asymptomatic. (bioportfolio.com)