Avian sarcoma viruses. Medical search

Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE with type C morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl.

Connective tissue tumors, affecting primarily fowl, that are usually caused by avian sarcoma viruses.

A group of replication-defective viruses, in the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS, which are capable of transforming cells, but which replicate and produce tumors only in the presence of Murine leukemia viruses (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE).

An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.

A tyrosine-specific protein kinase encoded by the v-src oncogene of ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS. The transforming activity of pp60(v-src) depends on both the lack of a critical carboxy-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation site at position 527, and the attachment of pp60(v-src) to the plasma membrane which is accomplished by myristylation of its N-terminal glycine.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS isolated from fibrosarcoma in cats. The viruses are actually recombinant feline leukemia viruses (FeLV) where part of the genome has been replaced by cellular oncogenes. It is unique to individuals and not transmitted naturally to other cats. FeSVs are replication defective and require FeLV to reproduce.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

Experimentally induced neoplasms of CONNECTIVE TISSUE in animals to provide a model for studying human SARCOMA.

A replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) capable of transforming mouse lymphoid cells and producing erythroid leukemia after superinfection with murine leukemia viruses (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE). It has also been found to transform cultured human fibroblasts, rat liver epithelial cells, and rat adrenocortical cells.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A species of replication-competent oncogene-containing virus in the genus ALPHARETROVIRUS. It is the original source of the src oncogene (V-SRC GENES) and causes sarcoma in chickens.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

A replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) isolated from a rhabdomyosarcoma by Moloney in 1966.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A replication-defective mouse sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) first described by J.J. Harvey in 1964.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.

A signal transducing adaptor protein that is encoded by the crk ONCOGENE from TYPE C AVIAN RETROVIRUSES. It contains SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and is closely related to its cellular homolog, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.

A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.

Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.

A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)

Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (src) originally isolated from the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The proto-oncogene src (c-src) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family and was the first proto-oncogene identified in the human genome. The human c-src gene is located at 20q12-13 on the long arm of chromosome 20.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.

A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS producing tumors in primates. Originally isolated from a fibrosarcoma in a woolly monkey, WMSV is a replication-defective v-onc virus which carries the sis oncogene. In order to propagate, WMSV requires a replication-competent helper virus.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

Biologically functional sequences of DNA chemically synthesized in vitro.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of integrase.

General name for the translation products of a fusion mRNA consisting of a gag gene and a viral oncogene (v-onc). These products are thought to have the ability to transform cells.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

Proteins obtained from species of BIRDS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.

An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A species of ALPHARETROVIRUS causing anemia in fowl.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

Viruses that produce tumors.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A species in the group RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN of the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS that causes a chronic neoplastic and a more acute immunosuppressive disease in fowl.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE infecting fish. Species include Walleye dermal sarcoma virus, Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 1, and Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 2.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. Several cellular oncogenes confer on FeLV the ability to induce sarcomas (see also SARCOMA VIRUSES, FELINE).

The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

A highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. Tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. They are capable of widespread metastases (NEOPLASM METASTASIS).

A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.

Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.

A sarcoma of young, often female, adults of the lower extremities and acral regions, intimately bound to tendons as circumscribed but unencapsulated melanin-bearing tumors of neuroectodermal origin. An ultrastructural finding simulates flattened and curved barrel staves, corresponding to the internal structures of premelanosomes. There is a 45-60% mortality in clear cell sarcoma. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.

A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.

Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

Inhibition of the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat-driven transcription by in vitro methylation: different sensitivity in permissive chicken cells versus mammalian cells. (1/1585)

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer sequences in the long terminal repeat (LTR) have previously been shown to be sensitive to CpG methylation. We report further that the high density methylation of the RSV LTR-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter is needed for full transcriptional inhibition in chicken embryo fibroblasts and for suppression of tumorigenicity of the RSV proviral DNA in chickens. In nonpermissive mammalian cells, however, the low density methylation is sufficient for full inhibition. The time course of inhibition differs strikingly in avian and mammalian cells: although immediately inhibited in mammalian cells, the methylated RSV LTR-driven reporter is fully inhibited with a significant delay after transfection in avian cells. Moreover, transcriptional inhibition can be overridden by transfection with a high dose of the methylated reporter plasmid in chicken cells but not in hamster cells. The LTR, v-src, LTR proviral DNA is easily capable of inducing sarcomas in chickens but not in hamsters. In contrast, Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR-driven v-src induces sarcomas in hamsters with high incidence. Therefore, the repression of integrated RSV proviruses in rodent cells is directed against the LTR. (+info)

HMG protein family members stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and avian sarcoma virus concerted DNA integration in vitro. (2/1585)

We have reconstituted concerted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integration in vitro with specially designed mini-donor HIV-1 DNA, a supercoiled plasmid acceptor, purified bacterium-derived HIV-1 integrase (IN), and host HMG protein family members. This system is comparable to one previously described for avian sarcoma virus (ASV) (A. Aiyar et al., J. Virol. 70:3571-3580, 1996) that was stimulated by the presence of HMG-1. Sequence analyses of individual HIV-1 integrants showed loss of 2 bp from the ends of the donor DNA and almost exclusive 5-bp duplications of the acceptor DNA at the site of integration. All of the integrants sequenced were inserted into different sites in the acceptor. These are the features associated with integration of viral DNA in vivo. We have used the ASV and HIV-1 reconstituted systems to compare the mechanism of concerted DNA integration and examine the role of different HMG proteins in the reaction. Of the three HMG proteins examined, HMG-1, HMG-2, and HMG-I(Y), the products formed in the presence of HMG-I(Y) for both systems most closely match those observed in vivo. Further analysis of HMG-I(Y) mutants demonstrates that the stimulation of integration requires an HMG-I(Y) domain involved in DNA binding. While complexes containing HMG-I(Y), ASV IN, and donor DNA can be detected in gel shift experiments, coprecipitation experiments failed to demonstrate stable interactions between HMG-I(Y) and ASV IN or between HMG-I(Y) and HIV-1 IN. (+info)

Protective effects of type I and type II interferons toward Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors in chickens. (3/1585)

Growth of tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is controlled by alleles at the major histocompatibility complex locus in chickens, indicating that immunological host defense mechanisms play a major role. We show here that the resistance phenotype of CB regressor chickens can be partially reverted by treating the animals with a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the major serotype of chicken type I interferon, ChIFN-alpha. Injection of recombinant ChIFN-alpha into susceptible CC progressor chickens resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of RSV-induced tumor development. This treatment was not effective, however, in CC chickens challenged with a DNA construct expressing the v-src oncogene, suggesting that the beneficial effect of type I interferon in this system resulted from its intrinsic antiviral activity and probably not from indirect immunmodulatory effects. By contrast, recombinant chicken interferon-gamma strongly inhibited tumor growth when given to CC chickens that were challenged with the v-src oncogene, indicating that the two cytokines target different steps of tumor development. (+info)

The role of overlapping U1 and U11 5' splice site sequences in a negative regulator of splicing. (4/1585)

Splicing of Rous sarcoma virus RNA is regulated in part by a cis-acting intronic RNA element called the negative regulator of splicing (NRS). An NRS mutant affecting nt 916-923 disrupts U11 snRNP binding and reduces NRS activity (Gontarek et al., 1993, Genes & Dev 7:1926-1936). However, we observed that a U15' splice site-like sequence, which overlapped the U11 site, was also disrupted by this mutation. To determine whether the U1 or the U11 site was essential for NRS activity, we analyzed twelve additional mutants involving nt 915-926. All mutations that disrupted the potential base pairing between U1 snRNA and the NRS reduced NRS activity, including single point mutations at nt 915, 916, and 919. The point mutation at nt 919 was partially suppressed by a compensatory base change mutation in U1 snRNA. In contrast, a mutation which strengthened the potential base pairing between the U1 site and the NRS increased NRS activity. Surprisingly, mutations that specifically targeted the U115' splice site consensus sequence increased the levels of unspliced RNA, suggesting U11 binding plays an antagonistic role to NRS activity. We propose that U1 snRNP binding to the NRS inhibits splicing and is regulated by U11 snRNP binding to the overlapping sequence. Competition between U1 and U11 snRNPs would result in the appropriate balance of spliced to unspliced RNAs for optimal viral replication. Further, a virus mutated in the U1/U11 region of the NRS was found to have delayed replication. (+info)

Transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP): an additional reporter gene for use in tandem with beta-galactosidase (lacZ). (5/1585)

A fundamental keystone of developmental biology has been the growing use of reporter genes in model transgenic systems. Their use has greatly facilitated investigations of cell lineage and cell fate in addition to aiding experiments aimed at determining patterns of gene expression, gene interaction and gene regulation. Through construction of transgenic mice, ubiquitously expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), we demonstrate the suitability of PLAP as a reporter gene for use in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, beta-galactosidase (lacZ). Our findings demonstrate that over-expression of PLAP has no adverse effects on mouse development or viability, despite a widespread pattern of expression. This technology provides a simple yet effective mechanism based on eukaryotic reporter gene technology to facilitate the identification of transgenic cells within complex in vivo systems. (+info)

A mutant form of the rho protein can restore stress fibers and adhesion plaques in v-src transformed fibroblasts. (6/1585)

The organization of polymerized actin in the mammalian cell is regulated by several members of the rho family. Three rho proteins, cdc42, rac and rho act in a cascade to organize the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Rho proteins are involved in the formation of actin stress fibers and adhesion plaques in fibroblasts. During transformation of mammalian cells by oncogenes the cytoskeleton is rearranged and stress fibers and adhesion plaques are disintegrated. In this paper we investigate the function of the rho protein in RR1022 rat fibroblasts transformed by the Rous sarcoma virus. Two activated mutants of the rho protein, rho G14V and rho Q63L, and a dominant negative mutant, rho N1171, were stably transfected into RR1022 cells. The resulting cell lines were analysed for the organization of polymerized actin and adhesion plaques. Cells expressing rho Q63L, but not rho wt, rho G14V or rho N1171, showed an altered morphology. These cells displayed a flat, fibroblast like shape when compared with the RR1022 ancestor cells. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed that actin stress fibers and adhesion plaques were rearranged in these cells. We conclude from these data that an active rho protein can restore elements of the actin cytoskeleton in transformed cells by overriding the tyrosine kinase phosphorylation induced by the pp60(v-src). (+info)

Molecular dynamics studies on the HIV-1 integrase catalytic domain. (7/1585)

The HIV-1 integrase, which is essential for viral replication, catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the host chromosome, thereby recruiting host cell machinery into making viral proteins. It represents the third main HIV enzyme target for inhibitor design, the first two being the reverse transcriptase and the protease. Two 1-ns molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on completely hydrated models of the HIV-1 integrase catalytic domain, one with no metal ions and another with one magnesium ion in the catalytic site. The simulations predict that the region of the active site that is missing in the published crystal structures has (at the time of this work) more secondary structure than previously thought. The flexibility of this region has been discussed with respect to the mechanistic function of the enzyme. The results of these simulations will be used as part of inhibitor design projects directed against the catalytic domain of the enzyme. (+info)

Biodegradable alginate microspheres as a delivery system for naked DNA. (8/1585)

Sodium alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that can easily be polymerized into a solid matrix to form microspheres. These biodegradable microspheres were used to encapsulate plasmid DNA containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase (LacZ) gene under the control of either the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter or the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) early promoter. Mice inoculated orally with microspheres containing plasmid DNA expressed LacZ in the intestine, spleen and liver. Inoculation of mice with microspheres containing both the plasmid DNA and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAd3) resulted in a significant increase in LacZ expression compared to those inoculated with microspheres containing only the plasmid DNA. Our results suggest that adenoviruses are capable of augumenting transgene expression by plasmid DNA both in vitro and in vivo. (+info)

Incidence- Avian sarcoma is a relatively rare disease, although it is one of the most common types of cancer to affect psittacines (parrots and other similar birds). It primarily affects macaws, cockatoos, African greys, and amazons.

Causes - Avian sarcoma is caused by a virus called polyomavirus, which is thought to be transmitted through the droppings of infected birds. This virus was first identified in the 1970s and has since been found to cause this disease in many species of parrots.

Symptoms - The symptoms of avian sarcoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include swelling or lumps near the site of the tumor, difficulty eating, weight loss, and lethargy. As the disease progresses, it can spread to other parts of the body and cause further symptoms such as difficulty walking or standing, and difficulty breathing.

Diagnosis - The diagnosis of avian sarcoma is typically made through a combination of physical examination, radiographs (x-rays), and biopsy.

Treatment - There are several treatment options for avian sarcoma including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The most effective treatment will depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. Surgery may be possible to remove the tumor, but in some cases, the tumor may have spread too far for this to be an option. Chemotherapy can be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to treat the disease if surgery is not possible. Radiation therapy may also be used to treat the disease.

Prognosis - The prognosis for avian sarcoma is generally poor, as the disease tends to progress quickly and spread to other parts of the body. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some birds can survive for several years or even be cured. It's important to note that the prognosis will depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.

Prevention - There is no known prevention for avian sarcoma, but regular veterinary check-ups can help with early detection and treatment. It's also important to keep your bird in a safe environment, free from hazards such as toxins and infectious diseases, which can increase the risk of developing cancer.

It is important to note that avian sarcoma is a rare disease and not all birds will develop it. If you suspect your bird has avian sarcoma, it's important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

Sarcomas can arise in any part of the body, but they are most common in the arms and legs. They can also occur in the abdomen, chest, or head and neck. There are many different types of sarcoma, each with its own unique characteristics and treatment options.

The causes of sarcoma are not fully understood, but genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease. Sarcomas can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as they often grow slowly and may not cause symptoms until they are advanced.

Treatment for sarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of sarcoma, its location, and the stage of the disease. In some cases, amputation may be necessary to remove the tumor.

Prognosis for sarcoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the size and location of the tumor, and the stage of the disease. In general, the prognosis is best for patients with early-stage sarcoma that is confined to a small area and has not spread to other parts of the body.

Overall, sarcoma is a rare and complex form of cancer that requires specialized treatment and care. While the prognosis can vary depending on the specific type of cancer and the stage of the disease, advances in medical technology and treatment options have improved outcomes for many patients with sarcoma.

Example sentence: The patient was diagnosed with experimental sarcoma and underwent a novel chemotherapy regimen that included a targeted therapy drug.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

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Ewing's sarcoma is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects the bones and soft tissues of the body. It primarily occurs in the pelvis, spine, and limbs. This malignancy usually develops in children and young adults between the ages of 10 and 30.

Ewing's sarcoma is caused by a genetic mutation in the EWS gene, which is responsible for regulating cell growth and division. The mutated gene leads to uncontrollable cell proliferation, resulting in the formation of a tumor.

The symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma vary depending on the location of the tumor but can include pain, swelling, limited mobility, and broken bones. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for Ewing's sarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove the tumor and any affected tissue, while chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for Ewing's sarcoma varies depending on the stage and location of the cancer but can be improved with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

A rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects the connective tissue cells of the body, including blood vessels, lymph nodes, and soft tissue. It is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Symptoms:

* Painless lumps or lesions on the skin or mouth
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats

Diagnosis:

* Biopsy of affected tissue
* Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI

Treatment:

* Chemotherapy to shrink the tumors
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Surgery to remove the affected tissue

Prognosis:

* Poor, especially in people with HIV/AIDS

Etymology:

* Named after the Hungarian-born Jewish doctor, Georg Kaposi, who first described the condition in 1872.

There are several types of avian leukosis, including:

* B-cell leukemia/lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the B cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infection.
* T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the T cells, a type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the immune response.
* Myeloid leukemia/lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the myeloid cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infection.
* Hair follicle leukosis: This type of cancer affects the hair follicles and can cause excessive feather growth or loss.

The symptoms of avian leukosis can vary depending on the type of cancer and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Weight loss
* Lethargy
* Loss of appetite
* Swelling of the abdomen or limbs
* Excessive feather growth or loss
* Pale or enlarged liver and spleen

Avian leukosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment options are limited, and the disease is often fatal. However, some birds may be able to manage the symptoms with supportive care, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and nutritional support.

Prevention is key in managing avian leukosis. Vaccination against ALV is available for certain types of birds, and good husbandry practices, such as providing clean water, a balanced diet, and proper housing, can help reduce the risk of transmission. Additionally, separating infected birds from healthy ones can help prevent the spread of the disease.

It's important to note that avian leukosis is not transmissible to humans or other animals, and it is not a reportable disease in most jurisdictions. However, if you suspect that your bird has avian leukosis, it is important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible to determine the best course of treatment and provide appropriate supportive care.

The term "Sarcoma 180" was coined by a German surgeon named Otto Kunkel in the early 20th century. He described this type of cancer as a highly malignant tumor that grows slowly but is resistant to treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The exact cause of Sarcoma 180 is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. The disease typically affects middle-aged adults and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Sarcoma 180 can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body and be fatal.

Treatment for Sarcoma 180 usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.

In summary, Sarcoma 180 is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects connective tissue and has a poor prognosis. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of this condition and its symptoms in order to provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and causes symptoms such as sneezing, running nose, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections.
3. Measles: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, rashes, coughing, and redness of the eyes.
4. Rubella (German measles): A mild viral infection that can cause fever, rashes, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.
5. Chickenpox: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, itching, and a characteristic rash of small blisters on the skin.
6. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A viral infection that can cause genital herpes, cold sores, or other skin lesions.
7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A viral infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
8. Hepatitis B: A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and damage to liver cells.
9. Hepatitis C: Another viral infection that affects the liver, often leading to chronic liver disease and liver cancer.
10. Ebola: A deadly viral infection that causes fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding.
11. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia and respiratory failure.
12. West Nile virus: A viral infection that can cause fever, headache, and muscle pain, as well as more severe symptoms such as meningitis or encephalitis.

Viral infections can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces, objects, or insects such as mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include:

1. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or utensils.
5. Using condoms or other barrier methods during sexual activity.
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, such as HPV and hepatitis B.
7. Using insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
8. Screening blood products and organs for certain viruses before transfusion or transplantation.

Treatment for viral infections depends on the specific virus and the severity of the illness. Antiviral medications may be used to reduce the replication of the virus and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Prevention is key in avoiding viral infections, so taking the necessary precautions and practicing good hygiene can go a long way in protecting oneself and others from these common and potentially debilitating illnesses.

Examples of soft tissue neoplasms include:

1. Lipoma: a benign tumor composed of fat cells.
2. Fibroma: a benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue.
3. Leiomyoma: a benign tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue.
4. Synovial sarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises in the soft tissues surrounding joints.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises in the skeletal muscles.
6. Neurofibroma: a benign tumor that arises in the nerve tissue.

Soft tissue neoplasms can occur in various parts of the body, including the extremities (arms and legs), trunk, and head and neck. They can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and biopsy.

Treatment for soft tissue neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may not require treatment, while malignant tumors may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Symptoms of histiocytic sarcoma may include swelling or lumps in the neck, underarm, or groin area, as well as fatigue, fever, and weight loss. The diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, and may vary depending on the location and extent of the cancer.

Histiocytic sarcoma is rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all childhood cancers. While it is generally considered to be a more aggressive form of cancer, the prognosis has improved significantly in recent years with advances in treatment and surgical techniques. With appropriate treatment, many children with histiocytic sarcoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Symptoms of myeloid sarcoma may include:

* Painless lumps or swelling in the skin, often on the arms, legs, or trunk
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Bone pain

Myeloid sarcoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans and PET scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and relieve symptoms. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Myeloid sarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can occur at any age but is more common in adults. Symptoms include painless lumps or swelling in the skin, fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and bone pain. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans and PET scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and relieve symptoms, with bone marrow transplantation sometimes being recommended.

There are several subtypes of myeloid sarcoma, including:

* Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
* Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
* Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation

Myeloid sarcoma is often associated with genetic mutations, such as the FLT3 and NPM1 genes. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. Treatment for myeloid sarcoma can be challenging, as it can be difficult to distinguish from other types of cancer and may require a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation.

Prognosis for myeloid sarcoma varies depending on the subtype, but in general, the prognosis is poor. The 5-year survival rate for all subtypes of myeloid sarcoma is less than 30%, and the disease can be difficult to treat. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some patients with myeloid sarcoma can achieve long-term survival.

Overall, myeloid sarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of this disease and to develop more effective treatment strategies.

The symptoms of sarcoma, endometrial stromal can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and a mass in the pelvis. The tumor can be small or large, and it may or may not have spread to other parts of the body (metastasized) at the time of diagnosis.

The exact cause of sarcoma, endometrial stromal is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing this type of cancer. These include:

* Previous radiation therapy to the pelvis
* Family history of uterine cancer
* Early onset of menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55)
* Never being pregnant or having few or no full-term pregnancies
* Obesity
* Use of tamoxifen, a medication used to treat certain types of breast cancer

To diagnose sarcoma, endometrial stromal, a doctor may perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and use one or more of the following tests:

* Pelvic exam: The doctor will insert a speculum into the vagina to examine the cervix and uterus for any abnormalities.
* Imaging tests: Such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to look for any tumors in the pelvis.
* Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the suspected tumor and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
* Endometrial biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the lining of the uterus to check for any abnormalities.

Treatment for sarcoma, endometrial stromal usually involves a combination of surgery and hormone therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

* Surgery: To remove the tumor and any affected tissues.
* Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus is often necessary to treat sarcoma, endometrial stromal.
* Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy beams to kill cancer cells.
* Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.

It's important for women to talk to their doctor about their risk factors and any symptoms they may be experiencing, so that they can be monitored closely and receive appropriate treatment if necessary.

Also known as: Clear cell sarcoma, clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue.

Epidemiology: Clear cell sarcoma is a rare cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all adult soft tissue sarcomas. It can occur at any age but is most common in the second to third decade of life. The incidence is approximately 1-2 cases per 1 million people per year.

Clinical features: Clear cell sarcoma typically presents as a painless mass or lump in the soft tissues of the extremities, trunk, or retroperitoneum. It can also occur in the gastrointestinal tract or other organs. The tumor is often firm and well-circumscribed, with a variable size range.

Imaging features: On imaging studies, clear cell sarcoma typically appears as a heterogeneous mass with areas of both bright and isointense signal on T1-weighted MRI sequences, and areas of hyperintensity on T2-weighted MRI sequences. There may be associated calcifications or ossification within the tumor.

Histopathology: The hallmark of clear cell sarcoma is the presence of clear cells, which are cells that have a clear or pale appearance due to the absence of pigment. These cells are often arranged in a pattern of "spindle-shaped" or "stellate" nuclei. Other features include atypical mitoses, increased mitotic activity, and necrosis.

Treatment: The treatment of clear cell sarcoma is generally surgical resection, with or without radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The prognosis is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50%.

Differential diagnosis: Clear cell sarcoma must be differentiated from other soft tissue sarcomas, such as liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma, as well as from other benign tumors that can occur in the soft tissues, such as lipomas and hemangiomas.

Genetics: Clear cell sarcoma is associated with genetic mutations in the TP53 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth and division. Other genes that may be mutated in clear cell sarcoma include the HEXA, MYC, and PTEN genes.

In summary, clear cell sarcoma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that affects adults and children, typically presenting as a painless mass in the soft tissues of the extremities or trunk. The imaging features are nonspecific, but the presence of clear cells on histopathology is diagnostic. Treatment is generally surgical resection, with or without radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy, and the prognosis is poor. Clear cell sarcoma must be differentiated from other soft tissue sarcomas and benign tumors that can occur in the soft tissues.

There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).

Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.

It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.

The symptoms of Sarcoma, Yoshida can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected limb. The diagnosis of this condition is based on a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for Sarcoma, Yoshida usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for this condition is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 30%. However, early detection and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes.

"Avian sarcoma and leukosis virus-receptor interactions: from classical genetics to novel insights into virus-cell membrane ... Avian sarcoma leukosis virus is characterized by a wide range of tumors, the most common of which are lymphomas. Lymphoid ... Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) is an endogenous retrovirus that infects and can lead to cancer in chickens; experimentally ... In 1961, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which is closely related to ASLV, was shown to contain RNA, and oncogenic viruses, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_sarcoma_leukosis_virus

Maki Y, Bos TJ, Davis C, Starbuck M, Vogt PK (May 1987). "Avian sarcoma virus 17 carries the jun oncogene". Proceedings of the ... The viral homolog v-jun was discovered in avian sarcoma virus 17 and was named for ju-nana, the Japanese word for 17. The human ... Ten undifferentiated and highly aggressive sarcomas showed amplification of the jun gene and JUN overexpression at both RNA and ... Virus Genes. 21 (1-2): 51-64. doi:10.1023/A:1008132313289. PMID 11022789. S2CID 2303249. Velazquez Torres A, Gariglio Vidal P ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor_Jun

RSE element was first identified in the genome of the Rous Sarcoma Virus but appears to be widely conserved across the avian ... Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) (/raʊs/) is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described. It causes sarcoma in ... the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) at rcn.com Archived 2006-04-29 at the Wayback Machine molecular expressions at magnet.fsu.edu ... Wills JW, Cameron CE, Wilson CB, Xiang Y, Bennett RP, Leis J (October 1994). "An assembly domain of the Rous sarcoma virus Gag ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus

Rubin, H; Vogt PK (1962). "An avian leukosis virus associated with stocks of Rous sarcoma virus". Virology. 17: 184-94. doi: ... Maki, Y; Bos TJ; Davis C; Starbuck M; Vogt PK (1987). "Avian sarcoma virus 17 carries the jun oncogene". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S ... Toyoshima, K; Vogt PK (1969). "Temperature sensitive mutants of an avian sarcoma virus". Virology. 39 (4): 930-1. doi:10.1016/ ... Vogt, PK; Ishizaki R (1966). Burdette, WJ (ed.). "Criteria for the classification of avian tumor viruses". Viruses Inducing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Vogt

... end of the avian sarcoma virus genome". Nucleic Acids Research. 8 (13): 2967-84. doi:10.1093/nar/8.13.2967. PMC 324138. PMID ... terminus of the avian sarcoma virus genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (4): 1473-7. Bibcode:1977PNAS ... Retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) use this basic mechanism. As 5' and 3' LTRs are identical upon ... Valsamakis, A; Schek, N; Alwine, JC (1992). "Elements upstream of the AAUAAA within the human immunodeficiency virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_terminal_repeat

v-CRK avian sarcoma virus CT10-homolog-like contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. CRKL has been shown to activate the ... "Entrez Gene: CRKL v-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog (avian)-like". Matsuki T, Pramatarova A, Howell BW (June 2008). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRKL

"Entrez Gene: ROS1 v-ros UR2 sarcoma virus oncogene homolog 1 (avian)". Berge EM, Doebele RC (February 2014). "Targeted ... Matsushime H, Wang LH, Shibuya M (August 1986). "Human c-ros-1 gene homologous to the v-ros sequence of UR2 sarcoma virus ... Matsushime H, Wang LH, Shibuya M (August 1986). "Human c-ros-1 gene homologous to the v-ros sequence of UR2 sarcoma virus ... sarcoma, cholangiocarcinomas and others. Crizotinib or other ROS1 inhibitors may be effective in other tumor histologies beyond ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROS1

"Identification of a transformation-specific antigen induced by an avian sarcoma virus". Nature. Springer Science and Business ... Brugge, Joan S.; Erikson, E.; Erikson, R.L. (1981). "The specific interaction of the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein, ... "Enhancement of cellular src gene product associated tyrosyl kinase activity following polyoma virus infection and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_W._Anderson

"Uninfected vertebrate cells contain a protein that is closely related to the product of the avian sarcoma virus transforming ... "Detection and enumeration of transformation-defective strains of avian sarcoma virus with molecular hybridization". Virology. ... It belongs to a family of Src family kinases and is similar to the v-Src (viral Src) gene of Rous sarcoma virus. It includes an ... "Entrez Gene: SRC v-src sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog (avian)". Wheeler DL, Iida M, Dunn EF (July 2009). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

Species include the Rous sarcoma virus, avian leukosis virus, and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). Not all animals that can ... Perbal, Bernard (2008). "Avian myeoloblastosis virus (AMV): only one side of the coin". Retrovirology. 5 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/ ... The tumor caused by the virus is usually in the form of lymphoma and leukemia. It occurs after a long and latent process. The ... Members can cause sarcomas, other tumors, and anaemia of wild and domestic birds and also affect rats. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpharetrovirus

v-Crk, a transforming oncoprotein from avian sarcoma viruses, is a fusion of viral "gag" protein with the SH2 and SH3 domains ... "Entrez Gene: CRK v-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog (avian)". Tetsuya Nakamoto; Ryuichi Sakai; Keiya Ozawa; Yoshio ... The name Crk is from "CT10 Regulator of Kinase" where CT10 is the avian virus from which was isolated a protein, lacking kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_molecule_crk

1978). "Uninfected avian cells contain RNA related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma viruses". Cell. 13 (2): 371-379. ... She later worked with the research group of Harold E. Varmus on understanding how avian src protoncogenes worked. She ... at the time when the barriers to infection of bacterial cells by virus (bacteriophage) first became apparent, leading to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Roulland-Dussoix

"Identification of a transformation-specific antigen induced by an avian sarcoma virus." Nature 269.5626 (1977): 346-8. Brugge, ... "Identification of a transformation-specific antigen induced by an avian sarcoma virus." Nature 269.5626 (1977): 346-8. Brugge, ... She continued her studies on the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that she had discovered in her postdoctorate work. Much of her ... "Rous sarcoma virus-induced phosphorylation of a 50,000-molecular weight cellular protein." Nature 295.5846 (1982): 250-3. Bolen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Brugge

Her initial focus used the avian sarcoma leukosis viruses (ASV) of chickens as a model system. With Bill McClements and others ... including the AIDS virus) replicate and insert their genetic material into the host genome." She was elected to the American ... the laboratory cloned part of the avian endogenous provirus ev-1 as well as its integration site; the results suggested ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Marie_Skalka

"Nucleotide sequence of an avian sarcoma virus oncogene (src) and proposed amino acid sequence for gene product". Nature. 287 ( ... G. Steve Martin of the University of California, Berkeley demonstrated that SRC was indeed the gene of the virus that acted as ... The first confirmed oncogene was discovered in 1970 and was termed SRC (pronounced "sarc" as it is short for sarcoma). SRC was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogene

"Evidence that the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus encodes a protein kinase associated with a phosphoprotein". Cell. 15 ... Crise B, Rose JK (April 1992). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor retains a CD4-p56lck complex in the ... Soula M, Fagard R, Fischer S (February 1992). "Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein 160 with CD4 in Jurkat ... on the syncytium formation induced by human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein". International Immunology. 4 (2): 233 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lck

... of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA". Nature. 260 (5547): 170-173. Bibcode:1976Natur.260..170S. doi:10.1038 ... of DNA complementary to nucleotide sequences required for neoplastic transformation of fibroblasts by avian sarcoma viruses". ... the chick was used to isolate the mumps virus for vaccine development and it is still used to culture some viruses and ... Human fascination with the chicken and its egg are so deeply rooted in history that it is hard to say exactly when avian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_as_biological_research_model

... of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA". Nature. 260 (5547): 170-173. Bibcode:1976Natur.260..170S. doi:10.1038 ... that gave rise to the v-src oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus, a cancer-causing virus first isolated from a chicken sarcoma by ... Bates, P; Young, JA; Varmus, HE (1993). "A receptor for subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus is related to the low density lipoprotein ... Jacks, T.; Varmus, H.E. (1985). "Expression of the Rous sarcoma virus pol gene by ribosomal frameshifting". Science. 230 (4731 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus

... of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA". Nature. 260 (5547): 170-173. Bibcode:1976Natur.260..170S. doi:10.1038 ... that gave rise to the v-src oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus, a cancer-causing virus first isolated from a chicken sarcoma by ... These changes can be produced by viruses, by radiation, or by exposure to some chemicals. Bishop is a member of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop

"Nucleotide sequence of an avian sarcoma virus oncogene (src) and proposed amino acid sequence for gene product". Nature. 287 ( ... The chicks developed sarcomas. The causative agent in the liquid was a virus, this is now called the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). ... "Detection and enumeration of transformation-defective strains of avian sarcoma virus with molecular hybridization". Virology. ... v-Src is a gene found in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that encodes a tyrosine kinase that causes a type of cancer in chickens. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Src

UTR of Avian sarcoma, Rous sarcoma and Avian leukosis viruses (Alpharetroviruses and Avian type C retroviruses). dr1 is ... Aschoff JM, Foster D, Coffin JM (September 1999). "Point mutations in the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus 3' untranslated region ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus_direct_repeat_1_(dr1)

"Uninfected vertebrate cells contain a protein that is closely related to the product of the avian sarcoma virus transforming ... His discovery in 1911 that a chicken tumor was caused by a virus (later named Rous sarcoma virus) led to more discoveries and ... This finding, that cancer could be transmitted by a virus (now known as the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus), was widely ... The virus nature of the Rous sarcoma was shown by William Ewart Gye of the National Institute for Medical Research at Hampstead ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous

... where he became immersed in avian sarcoma virus-mediated transformation of cells. After his sabbatical, in 1976 at the Richard ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_L._Erikson

His Master's thesis was titled "Analysis of Susceptibility and Resistance to Rous Sarcoma Virus in Inbred Line of Minor Poultry ... KOREC, E., & HLOŽÁNEK, I. Detection of avian leukosis virus group-specific antigens in feather pulp of chickens by Elisa. Folia ... KOREC, E., & HLOŽÁNEK, I. Analysis of the susceptibility of the Minor inbred chicken strain to Rous sarcoma virus infection. ... Effect of the expression of an endogenous viral gene on the growth of tumours induced by Rous sarcoma virus in chickens. Folia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evžen_Korec

The Env proteins of the Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis virus (ASLV) and the Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) are both trimers of SU-TM ... Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses (ASLV) have ten subgroups (A through J). The envelope glycoprotein of subgroup A is called ... Balliet JW, Gendron K, Bates P (April 2000). "Mutational analysis of the subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus putative ... "Low pH is required for avian sarcoma and leukosis virus Env-dependent viral penetration into the cytosol and not for viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env_(gene)

... demonstrated that avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) can act as a "helper virus" for RSV. This research earned Rubin the 1964 ... In 1958 Temin and Rubin published an important paper Characteristics of an assay for Rous sarcoma virus and Rous sarcoma cells ... Temin, Howard M.; Rubin, Harry (1958). "Characteristics of an assay for Rous sarcoma virus and Rous sarcoma cells in tissue ... There he worked in Renato Dulbecco's laboratory and discovered in 1955 that, in a tumor infected with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rubin_(virologist)

The AP-1 subunit Jun was identified as a novel oncoprotein of avian sarcoma virus, and Fos-associated p39 protein was ... Xie J, Pan H, Yoo S, Gao SJ (December 2005). "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induction of AP-1 and interleukin 6 ... "Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB pathways by a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K15 membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor

... horses Leucosis in sheep Feline leucosis Feline leukemia virus Avian leucosis and related diseases Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ... ISBN 0-7020-0718-8. H. Graham Purchase and L.N. Payne, Leukosis/sarcoma Group, in Diseases of poultry, ed. by M.S. Hofstad, ... Bovine leucosis Enzootic bovine leucosis, caused by bovine leukemia virus. Sporadic bovine leucosis Calf lymphosarcoma Leucosis ... "Bovine leukemia virus". The dictionary of virology (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 61-62. ISBN 9780080920368 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucosis

Viruses portal Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) Endogenous viral element ERV3 HERV-FRD Horizontal gene transfer Jaagsiekte ... DNA viruses - herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi's sarcoma- ... human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1); 2) RNA viruses - influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), severe acute respiratory ... Murine leukemia virus (MLV) and xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) Paleovirology Belshaw R, Pereira V, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus

... chain and bovine cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and the src gene product of Rous avian and Moloney murine sarcoma viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oakley_Dayhoff

This is because antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Aspergillosis Avian influenza in cats Bladder cancer in cats and ... lower urinary tract disease Feline lymphoma Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion Feline panleukopenia Feline sarcoma virus ... Feline cognitive dysfunction Feline coronavirus Feline cystitis Feline cutaneous asthenia Feline distemper Feline foamy virus ... infectious peritonitis Feline leprosy syndrome caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium Feline leptospirosis Feline leukemia virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feline_diseases

Killian ML (2008). "Hemagglutination assay for the avian influenza virus". Avian Influenza Virus. Methods in Molecular Biology ... and cell surface sialylation in 10 metastatic-variant derivatives of a rat renal sarcoma cell line". Proceedings of the ... Sendai virus was also used as a backbone for vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). This virus (HRSV), is a major ... The virus genome has high similarity with human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1) and the two viruses share common antigenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus

O'Leary JJ, Kennedy MM, McGee JO (February 1997). "Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV/HHV 8): epidemiology, ... "Molecular biology of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus". Vet Res. 38 (2): 261-279. doi:10.1051/vetres:200657. PMID ... As all viruses in the realm are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, the realm belongs to Group I: dsDNA viruses of Baltimore ... fold MCP viruses, and the suffix -virae, which is the suffix used for virus kingdoms. All viruses in Duplodnaviria contain a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplodnaviria

... avian MeSH C04.619.857.822 - sarcoma, yoshida MeSH C04.619.935.120 - avian leukosis MeSH C04.619.935.313 - epstein-barr virus ... sarcoma 180 MeSH C04.557.450.795.830.800 - sarcoma, avian MeSH C04.557.450.795.830.850 - sarcoma, yoshida MeSH C04.557.450.795. ... sarcoma, clear cell MeSH C04.557.450.565.825 - sarcoma, small cell MeSH C04.557.450.565.835 - sarcoma, synovial MeSH C04.557. ... sarcoma, alveolar soft part MeSH C04.557.450.795.800 - sarcoma, clear cell MeSH C04.557.450.795.820 - sarcoma, endometrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C04)

Duesberg's early work on cancer included being the first to identify the oncogene v-src from the genome of Rous sarcoma virus, ... Duesberg P, Vogt P (1970). "Differences between the ribonucleic acids of transforming and nontransforming avian tumor viruses ... he reported in 1970 that a cancer-causing virus of birds had extra genetic material compared with non-cancer-causing viruses, ... Science, March 8, 2010 Duesberg, PH (1996). Inventing the AIDS Virus. Regnery. ISBN 0-89526-399-8. Cohen, Jon (December 9, 1994 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Duesberg

... leukosis virus, avian MeSH B04.820.650.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH B04.820.650.070.775 - sarcoma viruses, avian ... avian MeSH B04.909.574.807.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH B04.909.574.807.070.775 - sarcoma viruses, avian MeSH ... avian MeSH B04.909.777.731.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH B04.909.777.731.070.775 - sarcoma viruses, avian MeSH ... sarcoma virus, woolly monkey MeSH B04.820.650.375.800 - sarcoma viruses, feline MeSH B04.820.650.375.860 - sarcoma viruses, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

... such as Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), feline leukemia virus (FLV), and feline sarcoma virus (FESV). This family also ... Borisenko L (2003). "Avian endogenous retroviruses". Folia Biol. (Praha). 49 (5): 177-82. PMID 14680291. Stansell E, Tytler E, ... Matrix proteins are also components of beta-retroviruses such as Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) and mouse mammary tumor virus ... "RNA dimerization defect in a Rous sarcoma virus matrix mutant". J. Virol. 74 (1): 164-72. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.1.164-172.2000. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroviral_matrix_protein

"Positionally independent and exchangeable late budding functions of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus Gag ... Stake M, Singh D, Singh G, Marcela Hernandez J, Kaddis Maldonado R, Parent LJ, Boris-Lawrie K. HIV-1 and two avian retroviral 5 ... Viruses. 2016 Sep 20; 8(9). PMID 27657110. Rye-McCurdy T, Olson ED, Liu S, Binkley C, Reyes JP, Thompson BR, Flanagan JM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Parent

AZT proved to be a remarkably potent inhibitor of both Friend virus and Harvey sarcoma virus, and a search of the company's ... It had recently become known, due to the work of Nobel laureates Howard Temin and David Baltimore, that nearly all avian ... Secondary testing was performed in mouse cells infected with the retroviruses Friend virus or Harvey sarcoma virus, as the ... "Induction of Endogenous Virus and of Thymidline Kinase by Bromodeoxyuridine in Cell Cultures Transformed by Friend Virus" (PDF ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine

Research using flow cytometry on another member of the herpes virus family, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, indicates ... Avian Diseases. 57 (2): 192-8. doi:10.1637/10383-092412-reg.1. PMID 24689173. S2CID 23804575. Shih JC (22 February 1999). " ... adenovirus simian virus 40, vaccinia virus, reovirus, poliovirus and herpes simplex virus. When HSV particles are exposed to ... Animal herpes viruses all share some common properties. The structure of herpes viruses consists of a relatively large, double- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus

13 January The World Health Organization monitors an avian flu outbreak in Taiwan, as H5N8 avian flu virus infects nine farms. ... 3 March - Lucille Han [zh], 57, Taiwanese food critic, uterine sarcoma. 6 March - Andrew Oung, 64, Taiwanese businessman and ... Yang, Shu-ming; Chang, Maubo (12 January 2014). "H5N8 avian flu virus found in 3 more fowl farms in Taiwan". Focus Taiwan. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_Taiwan

Temin HM, Mizutani S (June 1970). "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus". Nature. 226 (5252): 1211-3. ... After the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago killed off the non-avian dinosaurs, mammals increased ... More than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the ... Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that replicate inside the cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

... sarcoma, avian MeSH C22.131.921 - tuberculosis, avian MeSH C22.180.350 - feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C22.180 ... marburg virus disease MeSH C22.735.500.850 - simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C22.735.750 - monkeypox MeSH ... MeSH C22.021.322 - brucellosis, bovine MeSH C22.131.094 - avian leukosis MeSH C22.131.321 - fowlpox MeSH C22.131.450 - ... bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease MeSH C22.196.148 - brucellosis, bovine MeSH C22.196.250 - encephalopathy, bovine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C22)

Avian Sarcoma Viruses1. *Fellowships and Scholarships1. *Financing, Organized1. *Guidelines as Topic1 ... Start Over You searched for: Format Text ✖ Remove constraint Format: Text Subject Hepatitis B virus ✖ Remove constraint Subject ... 2. Memorandum from Harold Varmus to Gladys Kist and Susan Shultz [on grant application for 1985 Hepatitis B Virus Meeting] Date ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/mv/catalog?f%5Breadonly_format_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Text&f%5Breadonly_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Hepatitis+B+virus&per_page=100&search_field=all_fields&sort=readonly_date-yyyymmdd_ssim+desc&view=gallery

Before last summer, his work had focused on the proteins role in replicating the avian sarcoma virus. ... In March 2020, as the United States was just beginning to grapple with the virus, I wrote about how public health policy and ... be intentional about protecting human rights as they develop and implement policies aimed at abating the spread of the virus. ...

https://www.uab.edu/cas/news/arts-sciences-magazine/itemlist/tag/Department%20of%20Anthropology?start=20

Effect of Rous sarcoma virus on sulfated proteoglycan synthesis by chicken chondrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:4173-4177. ... 1990) Distinct and different effects of the oncogenes v-myc and v-src on avian sympathetic neurons: retroviral transfer of v- ... 1981) In vitro differentiation of chicken embryo skin cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. J Cell Physiol 109:373-385. ... 1982) Expression of neuronal markers in chick and quail embryo neuroretina cultures infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Cell ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/5/1464

These include the retroviruses avian leucosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSV) and reticuloendothesiosis viruses (REV), and the ... Experimentally, cancer has been induced in primates infected with these viruses. These viruses have been shown to be capable of ... It has been shown that poultry workers and subjects in the general population are also commonly infected with these viruses. ... These workers have the highest human exposure to these viruses, since they come into contact with thousands of chickens and ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=agricultur%2A+or+farm%2A&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=357&RecNo=3561&View=f&

... has an env gene related to those of endogenous elements EAV-0 and E51 and an E element found previously only in sarcoma viruses ... Recovery of acutely transforming viruses from myeloid leukosis induced by the HPRS-103 strain of avian leukosis virus. Avian ... Binrui X, Weixing D, Chunming D, He ZP, Lu YL, Sun YZ, Occurrence of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in commercial layer flocks ... tests for the detection of subgroup J avian leukosis virus. Virus Res. 1998;54:87-98. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/10/10-0780

... particularly due to the budding mechanism of viral egress in which viruses acquire their external lipid membrane directly from ... proteins were present in the envelopes of animal viruses such as the avian myeloblastosis virus and in murine leukemia virus [7 ... Aoki, T.; Stephenson, J.R.; Aaronson, S.A. Demonstration of a Cell-Surface Antigen Associated with Murine Sarcoma Virus by ... and host-encoded proteins in vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, influenza virus, and HIV-1 [24,25,26,28,48,49,50]. ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/1/85/htm

Replaced for 2015 by Avian Myeloblastosis Virus) Avian Proteins D12.776.95 Avian Sarcoma Viruses B4.909.574.807.70.120 B4.613. ... Sarcoma Viruses, Murine B4.909.574.807.375.860 B4.613.807.375.860 B4.909.777.731.375.860 Sarcoma, Avian C4.619.935.800 C4.925. ... Avian leukosis virus B4.909.574.807.70.100 B4.613.807.70.100 B4.909.777.731.70.100 (Replaced for 2015 by Avian Leukosis Virus) ... GB virus A B4.909.777.310.400 GB virus B B4.909.777.310.475.405 GB virus C B4.909.777.310.410 Gemella B3.353.500.310 Gene ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2016.txt

Avian Sarcoma Viruses Entry term(s). Avian Sarcoma Virus Sarcoma Virus, Avian Sarcoma Viruses, Avian Virus, Avian Sarcoma ... Fujinami sarcoma viruses. Sarcoma Virus, Avian. Sarcoma Viruses, Avian. Virus, Avian Sarcoma. Viruses, Avian Sarcoma. sarcoma ... Avian Sarcoma Virus. Avian Sarcoma Virus B77. Chicken Sarcoma Virus B77. Chicken Tumor 1 Virus. Fujinami sarcoma virus. ... Fujinami sarcoma virus Entry term(s). Fujinami sarcoma viruses sarcoma virus, Fujinami virus, Fujinami sarcoma viruses, ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=31791

... virusPlant VirusesDNA VirusesDefective VirusesMeasles virusAvian Sarcoma VirusesRespiratory Syncytial VirusesInfluenza A Virus ... Mammary Tumor Virus, MouseRNA VirusesOncogenic VirusesVaccinia virusSimian virus 40Influenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeAvian ... HumanChikungunya virusMice, Inbred C3HCowpox virusMosaic VirusesAvian myeloblastosis virusLeukemia Virus, FelineJC VirusCapsid ... ViralSimian virus 40Viral ProteinsGenes, ViralInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeVirus SheddingAvian leukosis virusPlant Viruses ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/definitions/tumor-virus-infections

Avian Sarcoma Medicine & Life Sciences 32% * Cell Cycle Medicine & Life Sciences 30% ... a cellular tyrosine kinase homologous to the oncogene product of Rous sarcoma virus2,3. Activation of p60c-src by middle-T is ... Kaech S, Covic L, Wyss A, Ballmer-Hofer K. Association of p60c-src with polyoma virus middle-T antigen abrogating mitosis- ... Kaech, S, Covic, L, Wyss, A & Ballmer-Hofer, K 1991, Association of p60c-src with polyoma virus middle-T antigen abrogating ...

https://ohsu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/association-of-p60supc-srcsup-with-polyoma-virus-middle-t-antigen

Because Crk was originally isolated as an avian sarcoma virus CT10 encoding oncoprotein v-Crk, we examined a potential role for ... Because Crk was originally isolated as an avian sarcoma virus CT10 encoding oncoprotein v-Crk, we examined a potential role for ... Because Crk was originally isolated as an avian sarcoma virus CT10 encoding oncoprotein v-Crk, we examined a potential role for ... Because Crk was originally isolated as an avian sarcoma virus CT10 encoding oncoprotein v-Crk, we examined a potential role for ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/molecular-and-immunohistochemical-analysis-of-signaling-adaptor-p

Proviruses of avian sarcoma virus are terminally redundant, co-extensive with unintegrated linear DNA and integrated at many ...

https://hub.tmu.edu.tw/zh/publications/?ordering=type&descending=true&showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&originalSearch=&improvedLayoutOrganisationUuid=&format=&page=692

Cell adhesion collection includes cell surface receptors and their extracellular matrix ligands

https://dshb.biology.uiowa.edu/collections/cell-adhesion/custitem16/MIgG2c,MIgM/custitem40/ELISA?collections%2Fcell-adhesion%2Fcustitem34%2FPig%2CPrimate%2Fcustitem40%2FFFPE%2CFunction-Blocking=

... avian sarcoma virus, c-src, c-src gene, All tags... characterization, genes, nucleotide sequence, oncogenes, transduction, ... Transduction of the cellular src gene and 3 adjacent sequences in avian sarcoma virus PR2257. ... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: V 22050 Viral genetics including virus reactivation; N 14540, Virology & AIDS ...

https://cmerwebmap.cr.usgs.gov/catalog/items?q=&filter0=partyWithName%3DXX_BA+Yatsula&filter1=partyWithName%3DXX_AV+Rynditch&filter2=partyWithName%3DXX_G++Calothy&filter6=partyWithName%3DXX_P+Dezelee&filter7=browseCategory%3DPublication

ROS1 was first discovered as the oncogene product of an avian sarcoma RNA tumor virus [77]. ROS1 is activated by chromosomal ...

https://ebrary.net/190439/health/brain_metastases

Ski is an avian sarcoma virus oncogene homolog best known for inhibiting TGF beta signaling through its association with the ... Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common of the hepatitis viruses that cause chronic liver infections in humans and it is ... HSPB1 is an intracellular antiviral factor against hepatitis B virus. Tong, Shi-Wen; Yang, Yi-Xuan; Hu, Huai-Dong; An, Xuan; Ye ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=au:Li,+Sang

strong,Rabbit anti c-Jun (pSer63) antibody,/strong, recognizes proto-oncogene c-Jun, also known as V-jun avian sarcoma virus 17 ... Rabbit anti c-Jun (pSer63) antibody recognizes proto-oncogene c-Jun, also known as V-jun avian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene ...

https://www.bio-rad-antibodies.com/polyclonal/human-c-jun-pser63-antibody-ahp2576.html

Heptad repeat 2-based peptides inhibit avian sarcoma and leukosis virus subgroup a infection and identify a fusion intermediate ... The reliance of viruses upon ion channels is not restricted to RNA viruses. It was recently shown that both K+ and Ca2+ ... B(ii)) The virus traffics to late endosomes where the M2 viroporin is activated by acidic pH. (B(iii)) The influx of K+ and H+ ... Many viruses encode their own ion channels [11][12][13] termed "viroporins," highlighting the importance of ionic balance ...

https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/history/show/3600

... avian leukosis virus, include the potent Rous sarcoma virus, Rous-associated viruses, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian ... Johnson ES, Overby L, Philpot R. Detection of antibodies to avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses and reticuloendotheliosis viruses in ... Avian leukosis virus (aka avian leukemia virus or ALV) is a retroviral pathogen that infects large segments of the modern ... myelocytoma virus, avian erythroblastosis virus, Fujinami sarcoma virus, etc. One group of researchers studying the mechanism ...

https://www.currenthealthscenario.com/2012/07/what-is-coming-through-that-needle.html

Gallus gallus Metastatic cutaneous neuro- myofibroblastic sarcoma induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a rooster ( ... Avian influenza virus Molecular evaluation of M2 protein of Iranian avian influenza viruses of H9N2 subtype in order to find ... Rooster Metastatic cutaneous neuro- myofibroblastic sarcoma induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a rooster (Gallus ... M2 protein Molecular evaluation of M2 protein of Iranian avian influenza viruses of H9N2 subtype in order to find mutations of ...

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/keyword.index?vol=7639&vl=Volume%2010%20

We started with two avian sarcoma viruses (ASV): the wild-type ASV that causes cancer in chickens and a mutant ASV that was ... The process depends on two viruses integrating their genomes into two places in the host. Sometimes, one of the viruses ... Because the mutant virus lacked the src gene, the src cDNA was left in its single-stranded state. The single-stranded src cDNA ... We concluded the virus stole the gene from the chicken. Further proof came when we looked at the structure of the viral and ...

https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/16834-Animation-40-Living-things-share-common-genes-.html

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1968; 2: 576-586. ... Presumptive histiocytic sarcoma in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). J Zoo Wildl Med 1992; 23: 113-121. ... In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1968; 2: 576-586. ... In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1968; 2: 576-586. ...

https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/244/12/javma.244.12.1393.xml

Roxadustat The avian sarcoma and leukosis pathogen (ASLV) is a superb model for research of viral entrance, as its envelope ... Enveloped viruses infect host cells by fusing their membranes with those of the host cell, an activity mediated by viral ... To day, however, just a few research have directly analyzed the link between your pH in virus-carrying endosomes as well as the ... Enveloped viruses infect host cells by fusing their membranes with those. November 21, 2018 ...

http://bioerc-iend.org/2018/11/21/enveloped-viruses-infect-host-cells-by-fusing-their-membranes-with-those/

Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. *Avian influenza. *Avian sarcoma leukosis virus. *Histomoniasis (blackhead disease) ...

https://wiki.privacytools.io/wiki/Chicken_eyeglasses?lang=en

Kovacs, G; Avian, A; Wutte, N; Hafner, F; Moazedi-Fürst, F; Kielhauser, S; Aberer, E; Brodmann, M; Graninger, W; Foris, V; ... Resch, B; Bramreiter, VS; Kurath-Koller, S; Freidl, T; Urlesberger, B Respiratory syncytial virus associated hospitalizations ... and Death Improve the Prediction of Outcome in Patients With Soft Tissue Sarcomas? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017; 475(5):1427- ... Poggenburg, S; Reinisch, M; Höfler, R; Stigler, F; Avian, A; Siebenhofer, A General practitioners in Styria - who is willing to ...

https://forschung.medunigraz.at/fodok/suchen.publikationen_suchergebnis?sprache_in=en&ansicht_in=&menue_id_in=400&suchbegriff_in=Austria%20-%20%20&suchfeld_in=mesh

Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. [Erratum in: Lancet 1998, 351: 1292]. Lancet ... the virus associated with Kaposis sarcoma,12 of human coronavirus NL63,13 a new respiratory pathogen, and of Klassevirus 1,14 ... The role of bats as reservoir hosts of emerging neurological viruses. In: Schoskes C, ed. Neurotropic Virus Infections. ... Over the past two decades, approximately 75% of novel viruses have been zoonoses, with new viruses arising from ecological ...

https://ojs.wpro.who.int/ojs/index.php/wpsar/article/view/110/13

AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.. Terms. Gammaretrovirus ... AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.. Entry Term(s). Mammalian Type C ... Tumor Viruses, Murine Related Concept UI. M0014125. Terms. Tumor Viruses, Murine Preferred Term Term UI T027048. Date01/01/1999 ... Viruses [B04] * Oncogenic Viruses [B04.613] * Retroviridae [B04.613.807] * Alpharetrovirus [B04.613.807.070] * Betaretrovirus [ ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017988

In recent years, cases of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection and tumors in commercial layer chickens and breeders of egg-type chickens have been emerging in the People's Republic of China. (cdc.gov)
Roxadustat The avian sarcoma and leukosis pathogen (ASLV) is a superb model for research of viral entrance, as its envelope glycoprotein (Env) needs two consecutive sets off, binding to cognate receptors and acidic pH, to mediate membrane fusion (27,C29). (bioerc-iend.org)

Middle-T associates with and thereby activates p60 c-src , a cellular tyrosine kinase homologous to the oncogene product of Rous sarcoma virus 2,3 . (elsevierpure.com)
ROS1 was first discovered as the oncogene product of an avian sarcoma RNA tumor virus [77]. (ebrary.net)

Because Crk was originally isolated as an avian sarcoma virus CT10 encoding oncoprotein v-Crk, we examined a potential role for c-Crk in the carcinogenesis of human cancers. (elsevier.com)

The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. (cdc.gov)
Quantifying within-host diversity of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in Cambodia. (cdc.gov)

Enveloped viruses infect host cells by fusing their membranes with those of the host cell, an activity mediated by viral glycoproteins upon binding to cognate host receptors or getting into acidic intracellular compartments. (bioerc-iend.org)

These include the retroviruses avian leucosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSV) and reticuloendothesiosis viruses (REV), and the herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV). (cdc.gov)

showed that influenza virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) triggers intracellular [Ca 2+ ] oscillations that are required for viral infection [ 16 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In the production of viral vaccines on a commercial scale, the virus of concern must be reproduced in large quantities. (currenthealthscenario.com)
Viruses cannot survive or reproduce without being introduced into cells that nourish them, which enables the viral reproductive activity. (currenthealthscenario.com)
One of the most prominent is a pestivirus called bovine viral diarrhea virus (2). (currenthealthscenario.com)
agents most frequently detected in CCL's [continuous cell lines] have been bovine viral diarrhea virus and mycoplasma. (currenthealthscenario.com)
To day, however, just a few research have directly analyzed the link between your pH in virus-carrying endosomes as well as the performance/kinetics of following viral fusion (12,C15). (bioerc-iend.org)

Can this virus cause infection or disease in humans? (currenthealthscenario.com)

Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas. (nih.gov)

Tumor virus infections. (lookformedical.com)

Transduction of the cellular src gene and 3' adjacent sequences in avian sarcoma virus PR2257. (usgs.gov)
A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN , and a reptilian virus. (nih.gov)

Cancer risk in workers exposed to oncogenic viruses. (cdc.gov)
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses . (lookformedical.com)
The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses . (lookformedical.com)

It has been shown that poultry workers and subjects in the general population are also commonly infected with these viruses. (cdc.gov)
Human exposure to these viruses occur occupationally (workers in poultry slaughtering/processing plants and poultry farm s, egg candlers, veterinarians, cooks, laboratory workers, etc. (cdc.gov)

This has been driven by fears arising from the rapid emergence, spread and public health impact of several recent outbreaks, such as the international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (2003), the potential of avian influenza H5N1 to emerge as a highly lethal pandemic as increasing numbers of human cases are reported (2003 and continuing), and the very rapid global spread of pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009-2010. (who.int)

Grupo de ALPHARETROVIRUS que producen sarcomas y otros tumores en pollos y otras aves de corral, así como en palomas, patos y RATAS. (bvsalud.org)
Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS. (bvsalud.org)

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. (lookformedical.com)

Certain viruses naturally infect and cause cancer in chickens and turkeys. (cdc.gov)

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
In that sense all viruses can be considered parasitic on other cells. (currenthealthscenario.com)

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
There is now heightened concern that this virus and others can cross species lines, creating new strains as they adapt to their new hosts, and this would include passage of the virus to and from humans. (currenthealthscenario.com)

Whether the human strain of BVDV causes overt illness is uncertain, because physicians may be uninformed and not even be looking for this virus. (currenthealthscenario.com)

Two critical pieces of evidence are needed to incriminate these viruses as causing cancer in humans: 1) laboratory demonstration of ALSV integrated within the human genome, and 2) epidemiologic evidence of excess cancer occurrence in human exposed to these viruses. (cdc.gov)
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. (lookformedical.com)
Comparative genomic analysis reveals an 'open' pan-genome of African swine fever virus. (cdc.gov)
Whole genome sequencing and genetic variations in several dengue virus type 1 strains from unusual dengue epidemic of 2017 in Vietnam. (cdc.gov)

Examples of the former include Sin Nombre virus, which first came to light in 1993 as the cause of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Four Corners area of the United States of America, and Nipah virus, which was first isolated in 1999 as a cause of acute neurological disease in peninsular Malaysia. (who.int)

This product can carry many types of bovine blood-borne viruses, and is one of the primary sources of vaccine contaminants. (currenthealthscenario.com)
The viruses and other agents that can contaminate bovine calf serum are numerous. (currenthealthscenario.com)
and finally, �In conclusion, most commercially available bovine sera are contaminated with BVDV and, although there is no evidence that the virus is infectious, bovine sera should be screened for this virus�for the development or production of vaccine. (currenthealthscenario.com)

This summary, while making no claim of being a complete review of the subject, will point out sufficient examples and illustrations of contamination with bacteria, viruses, and their components, so as to enable the reader to make a more informed decision regarding accepting a vaccination (or forcing others to receive one). (currenthealthscenario.com)

However, in spite of the scientific evidence accumulated thus far, definitive proof that can confirm beyond any doubt that these viruses cause cancer in humans is currently lacking. (cdc.gov)

Living cell types commonly used to reproduce viruses in the lab include monkey kidney cells, chicken embryos, as well as other animal and human cells. (currenthealthscenario.com)

Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES , are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus. (lookformedical.com)
Genetic characterization of influenza A(H3N2) viruses circulating in coastal Kenya, 2009-2017. (cdc.gov)

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE . (lookformedical.com)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE . (lookformedical.com)

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)

Treatments that deliver drugs to the neighborhood of cancer cells in nanoscale capsules have recently become available for breast and ovarian cancers and for Kaposi's sarcoma. (siliconinvestor.com)

Ebola virus (EBOV) also requires Ca 2+ channels for its entry into host cells. (encyclopedia.pub)

More recent evidence highlights how viruses can regulate and/or depend on the ion channels expressed by host cells, highlighting them as new host targets for therapeutic intervention (reviewed by Hover et al. (encyclopedia.pub)

Collectively, these outcomes highlight the part of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic elements in regulating Roxadustat the effectiveness and kinetics of computer virus access and fusion with focus on cells. (bioerc-iend.org)
It really is therefore most likely that cell type-dependent rules of endosomal pH modulates the effectiveness and kinetics of computer virus fusion. (bioerc-iend.org)

The design of immunogens susceptible to elicit potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a veritable challenge in the course of vaccine development. (bvsalud.org)

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)

These viruses have been shown to be capable of infecting human cells in vitro, and causing them to become cancerous. (cdc.gov)
All virus isolation was performed in DF-1 cells. (cdc.gov)

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)

Results showed that the predominant virus in the samples was ALV-J. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy8

Organisms44

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes37

Information Science3

Health Care1

Inhibition of the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat-driven transcription by in vitro methylation: different sensitivity in permissive chicken cells versus mammalian cells. (1/1585)

HMG protein family members stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and avian sarcoma virus concerted DNA integration in vitro. (2/1585)

Protective effects of type I and type II interferons toward Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors in chickens. (3/1585)

The role of overlapping U1 and U11 5' splice site sequences in a negative regulator of splicing. (4/1585)

Transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP): an additional reporter gene for use in tandem with beta-galactosidase (lacZ). (5/1585)

A mutant form of the rho protein can restore stress fibers and adhesion plaques in v-src transformed fibroblasts. (6/1585)

Molecular dynamics studies on the HIV-1 integrase catalytic domain. (7/1585)

Biodegradable alginate microspheres as a delivery system for naked DNA. (8/1585)

Avian Sarcoma Viruses

Alpharetrovirus

Sarcoma, Avian

Sarcoma Viruses, Murine

Cell Transformation, Viral

Sarcoma

Chick Embryo

Avian leukosis virus

Oncogene Protein pp60(v-src)

Genes, Viral

Sarcoma Viruses, Feline

Quail

Sarcoma, Experimental

Kirsten murine sarcoma virus

Viral Proteins

Rous sarcoma virus

Defective Viruses

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

Moloney murine sarcoma virus

RNA, Viral

Chickens

DNA, Viral

RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

Ducks

Base Sequence

Harvey murine sarcoma virus

Helper Viruses

Retroviridae Proteins

Retroviridae

Integrases

Oncogene Protein v-crk

Sarcoma, Ewing

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Oncogenes

Virus Replication

Gammaretrovirus

Gene Products, gag

Cell Line

Sarcoma, Kaposi

Sarcoma, Synovial

Genes, src

Receptors, Virus

Avian Leukosis

Sarcoma Virus, Woolly Monkey

Fibroblasts

Protein Kinases

Coturnix

Genes, Synthetic

Cells, Cultured

Integrase Inhibitors

Fusion Proteins, gag-onc

RNA Viruses

Molecular Weight

Culture Techniques

Avian Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Virus Integration

DNA Restriction Enzymes

Sarcoma 180

Moloney murine leukemia virus

Ribonuclease T1

Mutation

Avian myeloblastosis virus

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Virus Cultivation

Oncogenic Viruses

Recombination, Genetic

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acid Sequence

Antigens, Viral

Vaccinia virus

Phosphoproteins

Temperature

Transcription, Genetic

DNA, Circular

Species Specificity

Virus Assembly

Genes

DNA, Recombinant

Simian virus 40