Avian leukosis virus. Medical search

The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.

A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE with type C morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.

An epithelial outgrowth of the cloaca in birds similar to the thymus in mammals. It atrophies within 6 months after birth and remains as a fibrous remnant in adult birds. It is composed of lymphoid tissue and prior to involution, is the site of B-lymphocyte maturation.

Proteins obtained from species of BIRDS.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A species in the group RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN of the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS that causes a chronic neoplastic and a more acute immunosuppressive disease in fowl.

Connective tissue tumors, affecting primarily fowl, that are usually caused by avian sarcoma viruses.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

A genus of BIRDS in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES, containing the common European and other Old World QUAIL.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE).

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A species of ALPHARETROVIRUS causing anemia in fowl.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The type species of the genus MARDIVIRUS in the family HERPESVIRIDAE. It is the etiologic agent of MAREK DISEASE, infecting domestic fowl and wild birds.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MARDIVIRUS. There is lymphoid cell infiltration or lymphomatous tumor formation in the peripheral nerves and gonads, but may also involve visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the eye.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.

An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.

Genome structure and expression of the ev/J family of avian endogenous viruses. (1/808)

We recently reported the identification of sequences in the chicken genome that show over 95% identity to the novel envelope gene of the subgroup J avian leukosis virus (S. J. Benson, B. L. Ruis, A. M. Fadly, and K. F. Conklin, J. Virol. 72:10157-10164, 1998). Based on the fact that the endogenous subgroup J-related env genes were associated with long terminal repeats (LTRs), we concluded that these LTR-env sequences defined a new family of avian endogenous viruses that we designated the ev/J family. In this report, we have further characterized the content and expression of the ev/J proviruses. The data obtained indicate that there are between 6 and 11 copies of ev/J proviruses in all chicken cells examined and that these proviruses fall into six classes. Of the 18 proviruses examined, all share a high degree of sequence identity and all contain an internal deletion that removes all of the pol gene and various amounts of gag and env gene sequences. Sequencing of the gag genes, LTRs, and untranslated regions of several ev/J proviruses revealed a high level of identity between isolates, indicating that they have not undergone significant sequence variation since their introduction into the avian germ line. Although the ev/J gag gene showed a relatively weak relationship (46% identity and 61% similarity at the amino acid level) to that of the avian leukosis-sarcoma virus family, it retains several sequences of demonstrated importance for virus assembly, budding, and/or infectivity. Finally, evidence was obtained that at least some members of the ev/J family are expressed and, if translated, could encode Gag- and Env-related polypeptides. (+info)

Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients. (2/808)

Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity has been detected recently in all chicken cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines. A study of a vaccine manufactured in Europe indicated that the RT is associated with particles containing endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV-0) RNA and originates from the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) used as a substrate for propagation of the vaccine. We investigated the origin of RT in measles and mumps vaccines from a U.S. manufacturer and confirm the presence of RT and EAV RNA. Additionally, we provide new evidence for the presence of avian leukosis virus (ALV) in both CEF supernatants and vaccines. ALV pol sequences were first identified in particle-associated RNA by amplification with degenerate retroviral pol primers. ALV RNA sequences from both the gag and env regions were also detected. Analysis of hypervariable region 2 of env revealed a subgroup E sequence, an endogenous-type ALV. Both CEF- and vaccine-derived RT activity could be blocked by antibodies to ALV RT. Release of ALV-like virus particles from uninoculated CEF was also documented by electron microscopy. Nonetheless, infectivity studies on susceptible 15B1 chicken cells gave no evidence of infectious ALV, which is consistent with the phenotypes of the ev loci identified in the CEF. PCR analysis of ALV and EAV proviral sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 33 children after measles and mumps vaccination yielded negative results. Our data indicate that the sources of RT activity in all RT-positive measles and mumps vaccines may not be similar and depend on the particular endogenous retroviral loci present in the chicken cell substrate used. The present data do not support transmission of either ALV or EAV to recipients of the U.S.-made vaccine and provide reassurance for current immunization policies. (+info)

An avian sarcoma/leukosis virus-based gene trap vector for mammalian cells. (3/808)

RCASBP-M2C is a retroviral vector derived from an avian sarcoma/leukosis virus which has been modified so that it uses the envelope gene from an amphotropic murine leukemia virus (E. V. Barsov and S. H. Hughes, J. Virol. 70:3922-3929, 1996). The vector replicates efficiently in avian cells and infects, but does not replicate in, mammalian cells. This makes the vector useful for gene delivery, mutagenesis, and other applications in mammalian systems. Here we describe the development of a derivative of RCASBP-M2C, pGT-GFP, that can be used in gene trap experiments in mammalian cells. The gene trap vector pGT-GFP contains a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Appropriate insertion of the vector into genes causes GFP expression; this facilitates the rapid enrichment and cloning of the trapped cells and provides an opportunity to select subpopulations of trapped cells based on the subcellular localization of GFP. With this vector, we have generated about 90 gene-trapped lines using D17 and NIH 3T3 cells. Five trapped NIH 3T3 lines were selected based on the distribution of GFP in cells. The cellular genes disrupted by viral integration have been identified in four of these lines by using a 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends protocol. (+info)

Studies of the genomic RNA of leukosis viruses: implications for RNA dimerization. (4/808)

Retroviral particles contain two positive-strand genomic RNAs linked together by noncovalent bonds that can be dissociated under mild conditions. We studied genomic RNAs of wild-type and mutant avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) in an attempt to (i) better understand the site(s) of RNA dimerization, (ii) examine whether the primer binding site (PBS) and tRNA primer are involved in dimerization, and (iii) determine the structure of genomic RNA in protease-deficient (PR(-)) mutants. We showed that extensively nicked wild-type ALV genomic RNAs melt cooperatively. This implies a complex secondary and/or tertiary structure for these RNAs that extends well beyond the 5' dimerization site. To investigate the role of the PBS-tRNA complex in dimerization, we analyzed genomic RNAs from mutant viruses in which the tRNA(Trp) PBS had been replaced with sequences homologous to the 3' end of six other chicken tRNAs. We found the genomic RNAs of these viruses are dimers that dissociate at the same temperature as wild-type viral RNA, which suggests that the identity of the PBS and the tRNA primer do not affect dimer stability. We studied two ALV PR(-) mutants: one containing a large (>1.9-kb) inversion spanning the 3' end of gag and much of pol, rendering it deficient in PR, reverse transcriptase, and integrase, and another with a point mutation in PR. In both of these mutant viruses, the genomic RNA appears to be either primarily or exclusively monomeric. These data suggest that ALV can package its RNA as monomers that subsequently dimerize. (+info)

Point mutations in the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus 3' untranslated region result in a packaging defect. (5/808)

The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) between the 3' end of env and the long terminal repeat is well conserved among avian retroviruses and is essential for efficient replication. Deletion of the dr1 element within the 3' UTR has been reported to have various effects, including reduced levels of unspliced RNA in the cytoplasm, decreased stability of unspliced RNA, decreased particle production, and decreased genomic RNA packaging. To probe the role of specific sequences within dr1 in virus replication, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to perturb parts of the predicted secondary structure of dr1. Seven of thirteen mutations had no significant effect; the others resulted in an approximately 10- to 20-fold reduction in replication. These mutants were further characterized and found to impair cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced RNA only slightly. Furthermore, no decreases were observed in the stability of the unspliced RNA or in the production of virus particles. Genomic RNA packaging, however, was reduced by about 10-fold. Similar amounts of particles were produced by cells containing the mutant and wild-type DNA, and all particles contained similar levels of reverse transcriptase activity. The results suggest that the region of the dr1 disrupted by the mutations plays a role in genomic RNA packaging, although that packaging may not be the only role for dr1. (+info)

Retroviral vectors preloaded with a viral receptor-ligand bridge protein are targeted to specific cell types. (6/808)

Successful targeting methods represent a major hurdle to the use of retroviral vectors in cell-specific gene-delivery applications. We recently described an approach for retroviral targeting with a retroviral receptor-ligand bridge protein that was bound to the cognate cell-surface ligand receptors before viral challenge. We now report a significant improvement made to this viral targeting method by using a related bridge protein, designated TVB-EGF, comprised of the extracellular domain of the TVB receptor for subgroup B avian leukosis virus fused to epidermal growth factor (EGF). The most important activity of TVB-EGF was that it allowed specific viral entry when preloaded onto virions. Furthermore, virions preloaded with TVB-EGF were thermostable and could be produced directly from virus- packaging cells. These data suggest an approach for targeting retroviral vectors to specific cell types by using virions preloaded with a retroviral receptor-ligand bridge protein and indicate that these types of bridge proteins may be useful reagents for studying the normal mechanism of retroviral entry. (+info)

Production and design of more effective avian replication-incompetent retroviral vectors. (7/808)

Retroviral vectors have been invaluable tools for studies of development in vertebrates. Their use has been somewhat constrained, however, by the low viral titers typically obtained with replication-incompetent vectors, particularly of the avian type. We have addressed this problem in several ways. We optimized the transient production of avian replication-incompetent viruses in a series of cell lines. One of the optimal cell lines was the mammalian line 293T, which was surprising in light of previous reports that avian viral replication was not supported by mammalian cells. We also greatly increased the efficiency of viral infection. Pseudotyping with the vesicular stomatitus virus G (VSV-G) protein led to an over 350-fold increase in the efficiency of infection in ovo relative to infection with virus particles bearing an avian retroviral envelope protein. To further increase the utility of the system, we developed new Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-based replication-incompetent vectors, designed to express a histochemical marker gene, human placental alkaline phosphatase, as well as an additional gene. These modified retroviral vectors and the VSV-G pseudotyping technique constitute significant improvements that allow for expanded use of avian replication-incompetent viral vectors in ovo. (+info)

A genetically engineered cell line resistant to subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection (C/J). (8/808)

A cell line (DF-1 inverted question markJ) expressing the envelope protein isolated from the ADOL-Hc1 strain of the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) was used to analyze receptor interference to six different isolates of ALV-J as well as ALV subgroups A-D. The traditional gag-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as flow cytometry was used to evaluate viral infection. The parental cell line (DF-1) was susceptible to all ALV subgroups tested while the DF-1 inverted question markJ cell line was selectively resistant to the subgroup J isolates. The DF-1 inverted question markJ cell line was resistant to infection by all six ALV-J isolates as determined using the gag-specific ELISA. There was no interference with the other ALV subgroups (A-D) induced by the expression of the ADOL-Hcl envelope. The ALV-J isolates used in this analysis are serologically distinct when analyzed by flow cytometry. Convalescent sera to ADOL-Hcl cross-reacts with all of the ALV-J isolates tested; however, sera to HPRS-103 did not bind to four of the six isolates. Based on the intensity and differential binding of these antisera using flow cytometry, the six ALV-J isolates used can be grouped into four categories. Thus the DF-1 inverted question markJ cell line is resistant to infection by a serologically and genetically diverse group of ALV-J isolates and should be useful as a diagnostic tool. (+info)

There are several types of avian leukosis, including:

* B-cell leukemia/lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the B cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infection.
* T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the T cells, a type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the immune response.
* Myeloid leukemia/lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the myeloid cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infection.
* Hair follicle leukosis: This type of cancer affects the hair follicles and can cause excessive feather growth or loss.

The symptoms of avian leukosis can vary depending on the type of cancer and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Weight loss
* Lethargy
* Loss of appetite
* Swelling of the abdomen or limbs
* Excessive feather growth or loss
* Pale or enlarged liver and spleen

Avian leukosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment options are limited, and the disease is often fatal. However, some birds may be able to manage the symptoms with supportive care, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and nutritional support.

Prevention is key in managing avian leukosis. Vaccination against ALV is available for certain types of birds, and good husbandry practices, such as providing clean water, a balanced diet, and proper housing, can help reduce the risk of transmission. Additionally, separating infected birds from healthy ones can help prevent the spread of the disease.

It's important to note that avian leukosis is not transmissible to humans or other animals, and it is not a reportable disease in most jurisdictions. However, if you suspect that your bird has avian leukosis, it is important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible to determine the best course of treatment and provide appropriate supportive care.

Some common poultry diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu): A highly contagious viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans.
2. Newcastle disease: A viral disease that causes respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in birds.
3. Infectious bronchitis: A viral disease that causes respiratory symptoms in birds.
4. Marek's disease: A viral disease that affects the nervous system of birds.
5. Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease caused by the Eimeria protozoa, which can cause diarrhea and weight loss in birds.
6. Chicken anemia virus: A viral disease that causes anemia and weakened immune systems in chickens.
7. Fowl pox: A viral disease that causes skin lesions and other symptoms in birds.
8. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE): A viral disease that affects the brain and spinal cord of birds, causing neurological symptoms such as paralysis and death.
9. Mycoplasmosis: A bacterial disease caused by the Mycoplasma bacteria, which can cause respiratory and other symptoms in birds.
10. Aspergillosis: A fungal disease that affects the respiratory system of birds, causing symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

Poultry diseases can have a significant impact on bird health and productivity, and can also be transmitted to humans in some cases. It is important for poultry farmers and owners to monitor their flocks closely and take steps to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing clean water and feed, maintaining good hygiene, and vaccinating birds against certain diseases.

Incidence- Avian sarcoma is a relatively rare disease, although it is one of the most common types of cancer to affect psittacines (parrots and other similar birds). It primarily affects macaws, cockatoos, African greys, and amazons.

Causes - Avian sarcoma is caused by a virus called polyomavirus, which is thought to be transmitted through the droppings of infected birds. This virus was first identified in the 1970s and has since been found to cause this disease in many species of parrots.

Symptoms - The symptoms of avian sarcoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include swelling or lumps near the site of the tumor, difficulty eating, weight loss, and lethargy. As the disease progresses, it can spread to other parts of the body and cause further symptoms such as difficulty walking or standing, and difficulty breathing.

Diagnosis - The diagnosis of avian sarcoma is typically made through a combination of physical examination, radiographs (x-rays), and biopsy.

Treatment - There are several treatment options for avian sarcoma including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The most effective treatment will depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. Surgery may be possible to remove the tumor, but in some cases, the tumor may have spread too far for this to be an option. Chemotherapy can be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to treat the disease if surgery is not possible. Radiation therapy may also be used to treat the disease.

Prognosis - The prognosis for avian sarcoma is generally poor, as the disease tends to progress quickly and spread to other parts of the body. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some birds can survive for several years or even be cured. It's important to note that the prognosis will depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.

Prevention - There is no known prevention for avian sarcoma, but regular veterinary check-ups can help with early detection and treatment. It's also important to keep your bird in a safe environment, free from hazards such as toxins and infectious diseases, which can increase the risk of developing cancer.

It is important to note that avian sarcoma is a rare disease and not all birds will develop it. If you suspect your bird has avian sarcoma, it's important to seek veterinary care as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The virus that causes Marek disease is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected birds, as well as through contact with contaminated feathers, bedding, or other objects. Infected birds may not show any symptoms until they are stressed, exposed to cold weather, or experience a weakened immune system.

The symptoms of Marek disease can vary depending on the strain of the virus and the age and health of the bird. Some common symptoms include:

* Paralysis of the legs, wings, or beak
* Loss of coordination and balance
* Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
* Swelling of the eyes or neck
* Weight loss
* Decreased egg production in laying hens

There is no cure for Marek disease, and it is usually fatal. However, vaccines are available to help prevent the disease in healthy birds. If you suspect that your bird has Marek disease, it is important to isolate it immediately and seek veterinary care as soon as possible.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

The symptoms of tenosynovitis can vary depending on the location of the affected tendon, but common symptoms include:

* Pain and tenderness in the affected area
* Swelling and redness in the affected area
* Stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected joint
* Difficulty moving the affected limb or joint
* Clicking or snapping sensation in the affected joint

Tenosynovitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Overuse or repetitive strain on the tendon
* Injury or trauma to the affected area
* Age-related wear and tear on the tendons
* Certain medical conditions, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment for tenosynovitis usually involves rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged tendon. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated tenosynovitis can lead to chronic pain and limited mobility.

Symptoms of EBL can vary widely and may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Chronic diarrhea
* Weight loss
* Anemia
* Lethargy
* Enlarged spleen and liver
* Neoplastic diseases such as lymphosarcoma, leukemia, or other types of cancer.

EBL is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. There is no cure for EBL, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing the spread of the disease.

Prevention of EBL includes:

* Testing herds for BLV regularly
* Avoiding close contact between animals
* Practicing good hygiene and sanitation
* Implementing strict biosecurity measures
* Eliminating infected animals from the herd

It is important to note that EBL is not a reportable disease in all countries, and testing for BLV may not be mandatory in all regions. However, it is still important for farmers and veterinarians to be aware of the risk of EBL and take appropriate measures to prevent its spread.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

Symptoms of histiocytic sarcoma may include swelling or lumps in the neck, underarm, or groin area, as well as fatigue, fever, and weight loss. The diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, and may vary depending on the location and extent of the cancer.

Histiocytic sarcoma is rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all childhood cancers. While it is generally considered to be a more aggressive form of cancer, the prognosis has improved significantly in recent years with advances in treatment and surgical techniques. With appropriate treatment, many children with histiocytic sarcoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

"Avian sarcoma and leukosis virus-receptor interactions: from classical genetics to novel insights into virus-cell membrane ... Avian sarcoma leukosis virus is characterized by a wide range of tumors, the most common of which are lymphomas. Lymphoid ... Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) is an endogenous retrovirus that infects and can lead to cancer in chickens; experimentally ... ISBN 978-1-118-71973-2. Riddell, C. (May-June 1999). "The current problem with Avian Leukosis J Virus". California Poultry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_sarcoma_leukosis_virus

Rubin, H; Vogt PK (1962). "An avian leukosis virus associated with stocks of Rous sarcoma virus". Virology. 17: 184-94. doi: ... Vogt, PK; Ishizaki R (1966). Burdette, WJ (ed.). "Criteria for the classification of avian tumor viruses". Viruses Inducing ... Maki, Y; Bos TJ; Davis C; Starbuck M; Vogt PK (1987). "Avian sarcoma virus 17 carries the jun oncogene". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S ... Duesberg, PH; Bister K; Vogt PK (1977). "The RNA of avian acute leukemia virus MC29". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 74 (10): 4320-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Vogt

Lymphoid Leukosis A, B; Avian Lymphoid Leukosis Virus; Lymphoid Leukosis Viruses A,B,C,D,E,J; Marek's Disease (Serotypes 1,2, 3 ... Avian Nephritis Virus, Avian Paramyxovirus Type 2, Avian Reovirus S 1133, Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus; Avian Rotavirus; Avian ... Avian Adenovirus Group II (HEV), Avian Adenovirus Group III (EDS), Avian Encephalomyelitis, Avian Influenza (Type A), ... For SPF eggs the specific pathogens are: Avian Adenovirus Group I, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific-pathogen-free

Species include the Rous sarcoma virus, avian leukosis virus, and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). Not all animals that can ... Perbal, Bernard (2008). "Avian myeoloblastosis virus (AMV): only one side of the coin". Retrovirology. 5 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/ ... The tumor caused by the virus is usually in the form of lymphoma and leukemia. It occurs after a long and latent process. The ... Virus genera, All stub articles, Virus stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpharetrovirus

... caused by the retrovirus Avian leukosis virus. It is a neoplastic disease caused by a virus, which may take the form of a tumor ... "The Poultry Guide - Avian Lymphoid Leukosis". Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2007-12-12. v t e (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_leucosis

Curristin SM, Bird KJ, Tubbs RJ, Ruddell A (1997). "VBP and RelA regulate avian leukosis virus long terminal repeat-enhanced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFKBIE

... demonstrated that avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) can act as a "helper virus" for RSV. This research earned Rubin the 1964 ... "Tolerance and immunity in chickens after congenital and contact infection with an avian leukosis virus". Virology. 17: 143-156 ... At UC Berkeley's Virus Laboratory, Rubin, working with postdoctoral fellows, Peter K. Vogt and Hidesaburo Hanafusa, ... In 1958 Temin and Rubin published an important paper Characteristics of an assay for Rous sarcoma virus and Rous sarcoma cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rubin_(virologist)

Rous sarcoma and Avian leukosis viruses (Alpharetroviruses and Avian type C retroviruses). dr1 is required for efficient viral ... Aschoff JM, Foster D, Coffin JM (September 1999). "Point mutations in the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus 3' untranslated region ... The direct repeat 1 (dr1) element is an RNA element commonly found in the 3' UTR of Avian sarcoma, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus_direct_repeat_1_(dr1)

Avian leukosis virus is an example of a virus that causes a disease by insertional mutagenesis. Newly hatched chicks infected ... with Avian leukosis virus will begin to form tumours that will begin to appear in their bursa of Fabricius (like the human ... The virus inserts a gene (known as a viral oncogene) normally near the cellular myc (c-myc)gene. The c-myc gene is normally ... Because many viruses integrate their own genomes into the genomes of their host cells in order to replicate, mutagenesis caused ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertional_mutagenesis

... after Marek's disease and avian leukosis virus. The various syndromes caused by REV resemble both Marek's and avian leukosis. ... Reticuloendotheliosis virus represents a third distinct etiological group of avian viral neoplasms, ... MI is the primary laboratory for research in REV and other tumor viruses. The American Association of Avian Pathologists ... The virus presents some unusual characteristics, such as a similarity to mammalian retroviruses and its presence in the genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticuloendotheliosis_virus

Her initial focus used the avian sarcoma leukosis viruses (ASV) of chickens as a model system. With Bill McClements and others ... including the AIDS virus) replicate and insert their genetic material into the host genome." She was elected to the American ... the laboratory cloned part of the avian endogenous provirus ev-1 as well as its integration site; the results suggested ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Marie_Skalka

KOREC, E., & HLOŽÁNEK, I. Detection of avian leukosis virus group-specific antigens in feather pulp of chickens by Elisa. Folia ... "The Expression and Detection of Virus Proteins of Tumor Viruses." After 1986, Korec completed long-term research fellowships at ... KOREC, E., HLOŽÁNEK, I., & BENDA, V. A rapid detection of avian oncovirus group-specific antigens in feather pulp by the enzyme ... His Master's thesis was titled "Analysis of Susceptibility and Resistance to Rous Sarcoma Virus in Inbred Line of Minor Poultry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evžen_Korec

The most common immunosuppressive viruses are Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), Avian Leukosis, Marek's Disease (MD) and ... "Development of the Avian Immune System." Avian Immunology. 4:51-66. Masteller EL, Pharr GT, Funk PE, Thompson CB (1997). "Avian ... Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia are ubiquitous and have increased interest in combatting avian pathogens. ... Jenkins KA, Bean AG, Lowenthal JW (2007). "Avian genomics and the innate immune response to viruses." Cytogenet. Genome Res. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_immune_system

The Env proteins of the Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis virus (ASLV) and the Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) are both trimers of SU-TM ... Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses (ASLV) have ten subgroups (A through J). The envelope glycoprotein of subgroup A is called ... Balliet JW, Gendron K, Bates P (April 2000). "Mutational analysis of the subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus putative ... "Low pH is required for avian sarcoma and leukosis virus Env-dependent viral penetration into the cytosol and not for viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env_(gene)

... for instance between Avian sarcoma leukosis virus and Marek's disease virus (MDV) in domestic fowl.[citation needed] Both ... In coinfected cells, the retroviral DNA of the avian leukosis virus can integrate into the MDV genome, producing altered ... The drop in HIV virus levels may be due to a lack of target CD4+ T cells in which they replicate, or measles virus may ... "Hepatitis B virus infection among American patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Prevalence, racial/ethnic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndemic

... horses Leucosis in sheep Feline leucosis Feline leukemia virus Avian leucosis and related diseases Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ... ISBN 0-7020-0718-8. H. Graham Purchase and L.N. Payne, Leukosis/sarcoma Group, in Diseases of poultry, ed. by M.S. Hofstad, ... Bovine leucosis Enzootic bovine leucosis, caused by bovine leukemia virus. Sporadic bovine leucosis Calf lymphosarcoma Leucosis ... "Bovine leukemia virus". The dictionary of virology (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 61-62. ISBN 9780080920368 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucosis

American Literary Version Avian leukosis virus Autoliv (ticker symbol) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALV

Concerns about temperature stability and avian sarcoma leukosis virus prevented it from being used more widely during the ... In 1939, Allan Watt Downie showed that the vaccinia virus was serologically distinct from the "spontaneous" cowpox virus. This ... Vaccines that only contain attenuated vaccinia viruses (an attenuated virus is one in which the pathogenicity has been ... Volz, A.; Sutter, G. (2017). "Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara". Advances in Virus Research. 97: 187-243. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine

Ancient DNA Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) Endogenous retrovirus ERV3 HERV-FRD Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) Koala ... Murine leukemia virus (MLV), and xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) Paleovirology Polydnavirus Viral ... February 2021). "Virus-like insertions with sequence signatures similar to those of endogenous nonretroviral RNA viruses in the ... An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element

Viruses portal Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) Endogenous viral element ERV3 HERV-FRD Horizontal gene transfer Jaagsiekte ... human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1); 2) RNA viruses - influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), severe acute respiratory ... Murine leukemia virus (MLV) and xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) Paleovirology Belshaw R, Pereira V, ... Yolken R (June 2004). "Viruses and schizophrenia: a focus on herpes simplex virus". Herpes. 11 (Suppl 2): 83A-88A. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus

Bang and Ellerman demonstrated that avian sarcoma leukosis virus could be transmitted between chickens after cell-free ... Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: Viruses with a DNA genome, such as adenovirus, and viruses with an RNA genome, like ... Human T-lymphotropic virus and hepatitis B virus, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA virus but ... "tumor virus" or "cancer virus". The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncovirus

... avian MeSH C04.619.857.822 - sarcoma, yoshida MeSH C04.619.935.120 - avian leukosis MeSH C04.619.935.313 - epstein-barr virus ... enzootic bovine leukosis MeSH C04.557.337.372 - leukemia, experimental MeSH C04.557.337.372.216 - avian leukosis MeSH C04.557. ... avian leukosis MeSH C04.619.531.594 - leukemia L1210 MeSH C04.619.531.602 - leukemia L5178 MeSH C04.619.531.782 - leukemia p388 ... avian MeSH C04.651.600.500 - multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 MeSH C04.651.600.505 - multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C04)

... caused by Infectious bursal disease virus Lymphoid leukosis caused by avian sarcoma leukosis virus Marek's disease Newcastle ... Avian infectious bronchitis, caused by a strain of Avian coronavirus previously known as infectious bronchitis virus Avian ... Focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus". Cytokine. 127: 154961. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154961. PMC ... de Wit, J.J. Sjaak; Cook, Jane K.A. (August 2020). "Spotlight on avian coronaviruses". Avian Pathology. 49 (4): 313-316. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_disease

... including Avian leukosis virus and Rous sarcoma virus Genus Betaretrovirus; including Mouse mammary tumour virus Genus ... as RNA viruses and classes them separately. "Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ... including Murine leukemia virus and Feline leukemia virus Genus Deltaretrovirus; including Bovine leukemia virus and the cancer ... This virus passes to newborn mice through mammary milk. When they are 6 months old, the mice carrying the virus get mammary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus

Family 1.G.12 The Avian Leukosis Virus gp95 Fusion Protein (ALV-gp95) Family 1.G.13 The Orthoreovirus Fusion-associated Small ... 1.A.39 Type C influenza virus CM2 channel family 1.A.40 Human immunodeficiency virus type I Vpu channel family 1.A.41 Avian ... 1.A.58 The Type B Influenza Virus Matrix Protein 2 (BM2-C) Family 1.A.59 The Bursal Disease Virus Pore-Forming Peptide, Pep46 ( ... Family 1.G.16 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Fusion Peptide (HIV-FP) Family 1.G.17 The Bovine Leukemia Virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database

... leukosis virus, avian MeSH B04.820.650.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH B04.820.650.070.775 - sarcoma viruses, avian ... avian MeSH B04.909.574.807.070.500 - leukosis virus, avian MeSH B04.909.574.807.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH ... avian MeSH B04.909.777.731.070.500 - leukosis virus, avian MeSH B04.909.777.731.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH ... encephalomyelitis virus, avian MeSH B04.820.565.400.410 - hepatitis a virus MeSH B04.820.565.400.410.500 - hepatitis a virus, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

... avian leukosis MeSH C22.131.321 - fowlpox MeSH C22.131.450 - influenza in birds MeSH C22.131.498 - malaria, avian MeSH C22.131. ... marburg virus disease MeSH C22.735.500.850 - simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C22.735.750 - monkeypox MeSH ... avian MeSH C22.131.921 - tuberculosis, avian MeSH C22.180.350 - feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C22.180.440 - ... enzootic bovine leukosis MeSH C22.196.274 - ephemeral fever MeSH C22.196.339 - freemartinism MeSH C22.196.400 - hemorrhagic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C22)

... avian leukosis MeSH C02.782.815.200 - deltaretrovirus infections MeSH C02.782.815.200.260 - enzootic bovine leukosis MeSH ... marburg virus disease MeSH C02.782.417.762 - rift valley fever MeSH C02.782.450.100 - hepatitis d, chronic MeSH C02.782.580.124 ... bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease MeSH C02.782.350.675.200 - classical swine fever MeSH C02.782.350.675.400 - hemorrhagic ... epstein-barr virus infections MeSH C02.256.466.313.165 - burkitt lymphoma MeSH C02.256.466.313.400 - infectious mononucleosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C02)

It is not uncommon that more than one avian tumor virus can be present in a chicken, thus one must consider both the diagnosis ... The lymphomatous infiltrates need to be differentiated from other conditions that affect poultry including lymphoid leukosis ... One vaccine in particular is the vaccine for avian influenza. Leaky vaccine use for avian influenza can select for virulent ... standard and quantitative PCR for identification of the virus, virus isolation to confirm infections, and serology to confirm/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek's_disease

Sahagan, BG; Haseltine WA (1979). "Structural Analysis of the Genomes of Woolly Monkey and Gibbon Ape Leukosis Viruses". ... "Specific Binding of Tryptophan Transfer RNA to Avian Myeloblastosis Virus Reverse Transcriptase". Proceedings of the National ... They proposed to use methods similar to those used to isolate the HTLV virus to find this new virus. These methods were ... IN: HIV and Other Highly Pathogenic Viruses. pp. 25-32. Haseltine, WA (1988). "Replication and Pathogenesis of the AIDS Virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Haseltine

Recovery of acutely transforming viruses from myeloid leukosis induced by the HPRS-103 strain of avian leukosis virus. Avian ... Occurrence of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in commercial layer flocks in China. Avian Pathol. 2004;33:13-7. DOIPubMedGoogle ... tests for the detection of subgroup J avian leukosis virus. Virus Res. 1998;54:87-98. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Emerging of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a flock of Chinese local breed [in Chinese]. Acta Microbiol Sin. 2005;45:584-7. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/10/10-0780

"Pathogenicity of Two Recombinant Avian Leukosis Viruses," Avian Diseases, 47(2), 425-432, (1 April 2003) Include:. ... Pathogenicity of Two Recombinant Avian Leukosis Viruses. Blanca Lupiani, Susan M. Williams, Robert F. Silva, Henry D. Hunt, Aly ... We have recently described the isolation and molecular characteristics of two recombinant avian leukosis subgroup J viruses ( ... with an avian leukosis virus subgroup A envelope (r5701A and r6803A). In the present study, we examined the role of the ...

https://complete.bioone.org/journals/avian-diseases/volume-47/issue-2/0005-2086_2003_047_0425_POTRAL_2.0.CO_2/Pathogenicity-of-Two-Recombinant-Avian-Leukosis-Viruses/10.1637/0005-2086

Avian leukosis virus contaminated early 17-D vaccines, but leukosis-free vaccine is now prepared. ... Virus Sections. Virus Name/Prototype. Original Source. Method of Isolation. Virus Properties. Antigenic Relationship. Biologic ... Section V - Antigenic Relationship and Lack of Relationship to Other Viruses. Yellow fever virus is the type species of the ... Click on the PDF icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in PDF format. You can get a copy of the PDF viewer by ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Arbocat/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=531&SID=5

Additional file 1 of Diversity of endogenous avian leukosis virus subgroup E (ALVE) insertions in indigenous chickens Mason, ...

https://unow.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/10.17639/1/browse?authority=fd0bf2eb-098d-4d29-a13f-9f8acc089f5f&type=author

In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1968; 2: 576-586. ... In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1968; 2: 576-586. ... In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. J Virol 1968; 2: 576-586. ... In vitro chick embryo cell response to strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. . J Virol. 1968. ; 2. : 576. -. 586. .. 10.1128/jvi. ...

https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/244/12/javma.244.12.1393.xml

This study examined the cecal microbiome of chickens infected with avian leukosis virus (ALV) using 16S rRNA genes Illumina ... Avian leukosis virus; Bacteroidetes; Enterococcus; Erysipelotrichaceae; Helicobacteraceae; Staphylococcus; Weissella; abdomen; ... differential cecal microbiome in specific pathogen free chickens infected with different subgroup of avian leukosis viruses ... viruses. Abstract:. ... Intestinal flora play important roles in the pathogenisis of many pathogens. ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=Enterococcus&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=Enterococcus&f%5Btext_availability_facet%5D%5B%5D=Citation+in+PubAg&per_page=20&search_field=author&sort=title

Avian leukosis virus B4.909.574.807.70.100 B4.613.807.70.100 B4.909.777.731.70.100 (Replaced for 2015 by Avian Leukosis Virus) ... Replaced for 2015 by Avian Myeloblastosis Virus) Avian Proteins D12.776.95 Avian Sarcoma Viruses B4.909.574.807.70.120 B4.613. ... GB virus A B4.909.777.310.400 GB virus B B4.909.777.310.475.405 GB virus C B4.909.777.310.410 Gemella B3.353.500.310 Gene ... Hepatitis A virus B4.909.777.618.400.410 Hepatitis A Virus, Human B4.909.777.618.400.410.500 Hepatitis B virus B4.909.204.340. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2016.txt

Avian Leukosis Sarcoma Viruses Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Virus Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Viruses Leukosis-Sarcoma Virus, Avian ... Avian Erythroblastosis Viruses. Avian Leukosis Sarcoma Viruses. Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Virus. Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Viruses. ... Erythroblastosis Virus, Avian. Erythroblastosis Viruses, Avian. Leukosis-Sarcoma Virus, Avian. Leukosis-Sarcoma Viruses, Avian ... Virus, Avian Erythroblastosis. Virus, Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma. Viruses, Avian Erythroblastosis. Viruses, Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=31787&filter=ths_exact_term&q=RETROVIRUS+TIPO+C+AVI%C3%81RIO

Clonal anergy of CD117+chB6+ B cell progenitors induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J is associated with immunological ... The CCCH-Type Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein Relieves Immunosuppression of T Cells Induced by Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J ... Identification of Cell Types and Transcriptome Landscapes of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Infected Porcine Small Intestine ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/?lang=es&q=au:Zhu,+Mingjun

Avian leukosis virusPlant VirusesDNA VirusesDefective VirusesMeasles virusAvian Sarcoma VirusesRespiratory Syncytial Viruses ... ViralSimian virus 40Viral ProteinsGenes, ViralInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeVirus SheddingAvian leukosis virusPlant Viruses ... HumanChikungunya virusMice, Inbred C3HCowpox virusMosaic VirusesAvian myeloblastosis virusLeukemia Virus, FelineJC VirusCapsid ... Mammary Tumor Virus, MouseRNA VirusesOncogenic VirusesVaccinia virusSimian virus 40Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/definitions/tumor-virus-infections

Avian leukosis virus Ag [Units/volume] in Serum. Concept Status. Published. Concept Status Date. 03/21/2023. ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.1&code=31724-8

bic, a novel gene activated by proviral insertions in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas, is likely to function through its ...

http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=094898&pid=S1677-3888201000020000300034&lng=pt

... we tested the antiviral effects of this drug on selected human and avian viruses belonging to different subtypes and displaying ... To explore whether the low pH-dependency of influenza A viruses might affect the antiviral effects of chloroquine at clinically ... This timing approximately corresponds to that of virus/cell fusion. Moreover, there was a clear correlation between the EC50 of ... chloroquine in vitro and the electrostatic potential of the HA subunit (HA2) mediating the virus/cell fusion process. Overall, ...

https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-4-39

Endogenous avian leukosis virus in combination with serotype 2 Mareks disease virus significantly boosted the incidence of ... Enhancing therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 with integrin B1 blocking antibody OS2966. Lee, T. J., Nair ... lymphoid leukosis-like bursal lymphomas in susceptible chickens. Mays, J. K., Black-Pyrkosz, A., Mansour, T., Schutte, B. C., ...

https://augusta.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2011&publicationYear=2012&publicationYear=2014&publicationYear=2015&publicationYear=2016&publicationYear=2018&format=&nofollow=true&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false&page=920

Heptad repeat 2-based peptides inhibit avian sarcoma and leukosis virus subgroup a infection and identify a fusion intermediate ... The reliance of viruses upon ion channels is not restricted to RNA viruses. It was recently shown that both K+ and Ca2+ ... B(ii)) The virus traffics to late endosomes where the M2 viroporin is activated by acidic pH. (B(iii)) The influx of K+ and H+ ... Many viruses encode their own ion channels [11][12][13] termed "viroporins," highlighting the importance of ionic balance ...

https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/history/show/3600

... avian leukosis virus, include the potent Rous sarcoma virus, Rous-associated viruses, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian ... Avian leukosis virus (aka avian leukemia virus or ALV) is a retroviral pathogen that infects large segments of the modern ... Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells ... Tissue tropism of the HPRS-103 strain of J subgroup avian leukosis virus and of a derivative acutely transforming virus. Vet ...

https://www.currenthealthscenario.com/2012/07/what-is-coming-through-that-needle.html

Gallus gallus Metastatic cutaneous neuro- myofibroblastic sarcoma induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a rooster ( ... Avian influenza virus Molecular evaluation of M2 protein of Iranian avian influenza viruses of H9N2 subtype in order to find ... Rooster Metastatic cutaneous neuro- myofibroblastic sarcoma induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a rooster (Gallus ... M2 protein Molecular evaluation of M2 protein of Iranian avian influenza viruses of H9N2 subtype in order to find mutations of ...

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/keyword.index?vol=7639&vl=Volume%2010%20

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

... retrovirus avian leukosis was found in a measles vaccine, a virus similar to simian retrovirus was identified in Rotateq anti- ... Numerous studies that claim the virus has been isolated actually turn out to mean: "We have the virus in a soup in a dish in ... I say ASSUMED because, where is the actual virus? Where is the virus isolated from all surrounding material?. If you dont have ... Germany Poised To Cut International Air Travel "To Almost Zero" On Virus Variant Fears.. "The danger from the numerous virus ...

https://www.gamleboeger.dk/2021/02/

Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. *Avian influenza. *Avian sarcoma leukosis virus. *Histomoniasis (blackhead disease) ...

https://wiki.privacytools.io/wiki/Chicken_eyeglasses?lang=en

Roxadustat The avian sarcoma and leukosis pathogen (ASLV) is a superb model for research of viral entrance, as its envelope ... Enveloped viruses infect host cells by fusing their membranes with those of the host cell, an activity mediated by viral ... To day, however, just a few research have directly analyzed the link between your pH in virus-carrying endosomes as well as the ... Enveloped viruses infect host cells by fusing their membranes with those. November 21, 2018 ...

http://bioerc-iend.org/2018/11/21/enveloped-viruses-infect-host-cells-by-fusing-their-membranes-with-those/

Response of bone marrow to MC29 avian leukosis virus in vitro. * Restricted expression of WT1 messenger ribonucleic acid in ... Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. II. Serological characterization. * Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. IV. ... Isolation of a transplantable cell line induced by the MC29 avian leukosis virus. ... Chicken RNA tumor viruses: a model for virus-induced carcinogenesis]. * [Morphogenesis and structure of RNA tumor viruses. ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/meshD002645

West Nile Virus. *Animal Disease Traceability. *Animal Health Laboratory *Laboratory Information. *Avian Influenza (AI) ... Bovine Leukosis. *Brucellosis (Brucella Abortus). *Brucellosis (Brucella Melitensis). *Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease. *Equine ...

https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/AnimalHealthFeedsLivestockID/VetResources/Pages/OVIS.aspx

Tumor Virus Infections [C01.925.928] Tumor Virus Infections * Avian Leukosis [C01.925.928.120] ... A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MARDIVIRUS. There is ... A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MARDIVIRUS. There is ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=29457

H5N1 avian flu virus, habitat fragmentation, hantaviruses, Hendra virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes B, herpesviruses, human ... Posted in virology and tagged AIDS, antibiotic resistance, antibiotics, avian leukosis, bacteria, bacteriophages, bats, ... virus hunters, viruses, W.W. Norton & Company, West Nile virus, wet markets, World Health Organization (WHO), yellow fever, ... Lassa virus, Lyme disease, macaques, malaria, Marburg virus, measles, microbiology, mosquitoes, mutations, myxoma virus, ...

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https://essentialbiosafety.info/varicella-zoster-virus-average-antibody-count/

In recent years, cases of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection and tumors in commercial layer chickens and breeders of egg-type chickens have been emerging in the People's Republic of China. (cdc.gov)
We have recently described the isolation and molecular characteristics of two recombinant avian leukosis subgroup J viruses (ALV J) with an avian leukosis virus subgroup A envelope (r5701A and r6803A). (bioone.org)
In the present study, we examined the role of the subgroup A envelope in the pathogenesis of these recombinant viruses. (bioone.org)

The broad-spectrum antiviral effects of chloroquine deserve particular attention in a time in which there are several cases of avian influenza A virus transmission to humans from poultry, and the availability of antiviral drugs is fundamental during preparation and evaluation of effective vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

ALV-J was first isolated from meat-type chickens with myeloid leukosis in 1988. (cdc.gov)
This study examined the cecal microbiome of chickens infected with avian leukosis virus (ALV) using 16S rRNA genes Illumina sequencing. (usda.gov)
Fowl Pox (pigeon pox), and Avian Encephalomyelitis, Fowl Cholera chickens. (chickenheavenonearth.com)
About Corona Virus Covid 19 and Chickens. (chickenheavenonearth.com)

bic, a novel gene activated by proviral insertions in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas, is likely to function through its noncoding RNA. (bvsalud.org)

Backed by numerous infographics, the book alternates between chapters on basic principles of virology and brief portraits of noteworthy viruses. (inquisitivebiologist.com)
Fortunately, the third edition of Carl Zimmer's famous virology primer A Planet of Viruses is here to prove those suspicions wrong. (inquisitivebiologist.com)

However, the strain of yellow fever virus that was passed by Reed, et al. (cdc.gov)
Whether the human strain of BVDV causes overt illness is uncertain, because physicians may be uninformed and not even be looking for this virus. (currenthealthscenario.com)

Enveloped viruses infect host cells by fusing their membranes with those of the host cell, an activity mediated by viral glycoproteins upon binding to cognate host receptors or getting into acidic intracellular compartments. (bioerc-iend.org)
Roxadustat The avian sarcoma and leukosis pathogen (ASLV) is a superb model for research of viral entrance, as its envelope glycoprotein (Env) needs two consecutive sets off, binding to cognate receptors and acidic pH, to mediate membrane fusion (27,C29). (bioerc-iend.org)

There is now heightened concern that this virus and others can cross species lines, creating new strains as they adapt to their new hosts, and this would include passage of the virus to and from humans. (currenthealthscenario.com)

Tumor virus infections. (lookformedical.com)

Avian leukosis virus contaminated early 17-D vaccines, but leukosis-free vaccine is now prepared. (cdc.gov)
The report covered the significant aspects that are contributing the growth of Avian Influenza Vaccines Market. (bellatv.it)
In the production of viral vaccines on a commercial scale, the virus of concern must be reproduced in large quantities. (currenthealthscenario.com)
Inactivated vaccines such as Newcastle Disease Virus, Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Reovirus and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. (chickenheavenonearth.com)

Living cell types commonly used to reproduce viruses in the lab include monkey kidney cells, chicken embryos, as well as other animal and human cells. (currenthealthscenario.com)

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses . (lookformedical.com)
The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses . (lookformedical.com)
Some of us previously analysed the reported effects of chloroquine on replication of several viruses and concluded that the drug should be studied as a broad spectrum antiviral agent against emerging viral infections, being relatively well tolerated, cheap, and immediately available worldwide [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

12] not only confirmed the contention of Carlos Finlay that yellow fever was transmitted by Aedes aegypti but also demonstrated that the causative agent was filterable and thus were the first to show that a disease in man was due to a virus infection. (cdc.gov)
showed that influenza virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) triggers intracellular [Ca 2+ ] oscillations that are required for viral infection [ 16 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Can this virus cause infection or disease in humans? (currenthealthscenario.com)

ALV-induced tumors and mortality in the two groups inoculated with recombinant viruses were different. (bioone.org)
Viruses that produce tumors. (lookformedical.com)

The data suggest that differences in pathogenicity between the two recombinant viruses might be due to differences in the sequence of the 3′ untranslated region (presence or absence of the E element), and, therefore, not only the envelope but also other elements of the viral genome play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALV. (bioone.org)
Viruses cannot survive or reproduce without being introduced into cells that nourish them, which enables the viral reproductive activity. (currenthealthscenario.com)
One of the most prominent is a pestivirus called bovine viral diarrhea virus (2). (currenthealthscenario.com)
agents most frequently detected in CCL's [continuous cell lines] have been bovine viral diarrhea virus and mycoplasma. (currenthealthscenario.com)
To day, however, just a few research have directly analyzed the link between your pH in virus-carrying endosomes as well as the performance/kinetics of following viral fusion (12,C15). (bioerc-iend.org)
A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MARDIVIRUS. (bvsalud.org)

Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. (lookformedical.com)

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE . (lookformedical.com)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE . (lookformedical.com)
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are one of the leading platforms for gene delivery for the treatment of human genetic diseases, but the antiviral cellular mechanisms that interfere with optimal transgene expression are incompletely understood. (bvsalud.org)
It ran me about $250 to have a budgie tested for PBFD, Chlyamidia, and a few others.Furthermore, novel avian models of human diseases or embryonic development could also be established for research purposes. (bellatv.it)

Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the varicella zoster virus average antibody count reagents distributed by Genprice. (essentialbiosafety.info)

In this review, we discuss diverse genome modification technologies used in avian species, and future applications of avian biotechnology.Real Name. (bellatv.it)

All virus isolation was performed in DF-1 cells. (cdc.gov)
It would, therefore, seem appropriate to assign the first ""isolation"" of the virus to its continuous passage in monkeys by Stokes, et al. (cdc.gov)

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
In that sense all viruses can be considered parasitic on other cells. (currenthealthscenario.com)

The viruses and other agents that can contaminate bovine calf serum are numerous. (currenthealthscenario.com)
The Varicella Zoster Virus Average Antibody Count reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (essentialbiosafety.info)

Yellow fever virus is the type species of the Group B arboviruses, or flavi- viruses. (cdc.gov)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl. (lookformedical.com)
The full potential of avian species as research models will be realized through studies in the agricultural, biomedical, and industrial fields. (bellatv.it)

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES. (lookformedical.com)

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES , are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus. (lookformedical.com)

This summary, while making no claim of being a complete review of the subject, will point out sufficient examples and illustrations of contamination with bacteria, viruses, and their components, so as to enable the reader to make a more informed decision regarding accepting a vaccination (or forcing others to receive one). (currenthealthscenario.com)
Viruses are possibly even more maligned than bacteria, spoken of exclusively in terms of disease. (inquisitivebiologist.com)

As a weak base capable of accumulating within cellular organelles, chloroquine appears to be capable of interfering with pH-dependent steps in the replication of several viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Accordingly, the antiviral effects are exerted at an early step of virus replication. (biomedcentral.com)

A unique biological property of avian PGCs is that they circulate temporarily in the vasculature during early development, and this allows us to access and manipulate avian germ lines. (bellatv.it)

All except one chicken inoculated with the recombinant viruses (98%) developed neutralizing antibodies by 10 wk PI compared with only 16% and 46% of the ADOL-Hcl and RAV-1-inoculated birds, respectively. (bioone.org)

As such, it was reasoned that these drugs exert their inhibitory effects on EBOV through the blockade of TPCs (Figure 1E), subsequently confirmed through EBOV virus-like particle (VLP) assays [ 18 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

This product can carry many types of bovine blood-borne viruses, and is one of the primary sources of vaccine contaminants. (currenthealthscenario.com)
and finally, �In conclusion, most commercially available bovine sera are contaminated with BVDV and, although there is no evidence that the virus is infectious, bovine sera should be screened for this virus�for the development or production of vaccine. (currenthealthscenario.com)

To explore whether the low pH-dependency of influenza A viruses might affect the antiviral effects of chloroquine at clinically achievable concentrations, we tested the antiviral effects of this drug on selected human and avian viruses belonging to different subtypes and displaying different pH requirements. (biomedcentral.com)
We here report the results of an initial evaluation of susceptibility to chloroquine of human and avian influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
While the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus grabbed center stage this year, Israeli biotech startup eggXYt turned its attention to avian influenza- the deadly "bird flu" that's led to the slaughter of millions of infected poultry and threatens human health as well. (bellatv.it)

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. (lookformedical.com)

More recent evidence highlights how viruses can regulate and/or depend on the ion channels expressed by host cells, highlighting them as new host targets for therapeutic intervention (reviewed by Hover et al. (encyclopedia.pub)

Third, ectopic manifestation of IFITMs, recognized to potently stop influenza computer virus fusion with past due compartments, was discovered to only partly inhibit ASLV fusion with early endosomes. (bioerc-iend.org)

Click on the PDF icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in PDF format. (cdc.gov)
IMPORTANCE The oral cavity is a primary site of initial contact and entry for many viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Ebola virus (EBOV) also requires Ca 2+ channels for its entry into host cells. (encyclopedia.pub)

17-D virus passaged in mice has also been used as a vaccine. (cdc.gov)

Jan 29, 2015 · Search titles only By: Search Advanced search… Avian Borna Virus, the causative agent for Proventricular Dilatation Disease ("PDD") and several other neurological problems, has with good reason been an important issue in the avian community for some time. (bellatv.it)

This timing approximately corresponds to that of virus/cell fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, there was a clear correlation between the EC 50 of chloroquine in vitro and the electrostatic potential of the HA subunit (HA2) mediating the virus/cell fusion process. (biomedcentral.com)
Susceptibility to chloroquine appears to be dependent on the pH requirements of the viruses and the electrostatic potential of haemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2), which is involved in virus/cell fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Collectively, these outcomes highlight the part of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic elements in regulating Roxadustat the effectiveness and kinetics of computer virus access and fusion with focus on cells. (bioerc-iend.org)
It really is therefore most likely that cell type-dependent rules of endosomal pH modulates the effectiveness and kinetics of computer virus fusion. (bioerc-iend.org)

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)

This business is working in the following industry: Research, development and testing services.Avian Biotech International. (bellatv.it)

Anatomy5

Organisms17

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes20

Information Science3

Genome structure and expression of the ev/J family of avian endogenous viruses. (1/808)

Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients. (2/808)

An avian sarcoma/leukosis virus-based gene trap vector for mammalian cells. (3/808)

Studies of the genomic RNA of leukosis viruses: implications for RNA dimerization. (4/808)

Point mutations in the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus 3' untranslated region result in a packaging defect. (5/808)

Retroviral vectors preloaded with a viral receptor-ligand bridge protein are targeted to specific cell types. (6/808)

Production and design of more effective avian replication-incompetent retroviral vectors. (7/808)

A genetically engineered cell line resistant to subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection (C/J). (8/808)

Avian leukosis virus

Avian Leukosis

Alpharetrovirus

Chickens

Avian Sarcoma Viruses

Bursa of Fabricius

Avian Proteins

Chick Embryo

Poultry Diseases

Receptors, Virus

Reticuloendotheliosis virus

Sarcoma, Avian

Quail

Genes, pol

Coturnix

DNA, Viral

Genes, env

Proviruses

Genes, gag

Avian myeloblastosis virus

Virus Replication

Hemangioma

Defective Viruses

Herpesvirus 2, Gallid

RNA, Viral

Marek Disease

Genes, Viral

Molecular Sequence Data

Lymphoma

Endogenous Retroviruses

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

Viral Interference

Cell Line

Tenosynovitis

Culture Techniques

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

Base Sequence

Recombination, Genetic

Virus Integration

Retroviridae

Oncogenes

Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral

Birds

Retroviridae Proteins

Cell Transformation, Viral

Antigens, Viral

Viral Envelope Proteins

Fibroblasts

Amino Acid Sequence

Genetic Vectors

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

RNA Viruses

Species Specificity

Viral Proteins

Helper Viruses

Vaccinia virus

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Cells, Cultured

Genome, Viral

Virus Cultivation

Cloning, Molecular

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Histiocytic Sarcoma

Genome structure and expression of the ev/J family of avian endogenous viruses. (1/808)

Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients. (2/808)

An avian sarcoma/leukosis virus-based gene trap vector for mammalian cells. (3/808)

Studies of the genomic RNA of leukosis viruses: implications for RNA dimerization. (4/808)

Point mutations in the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus 3' untranslated region result in a packaging defect. (5/808)

Retroviral vectors preloaded with a viral receptor-ligand bridge protein are targeted to specific cell types. (6/808)

Production and design of more effective avian replication-incompetent retroviral vectors. (7/808)

A genetically engineered cell line resistant to subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection (C/J). (8/808)

Avian sarcoma leukosis virus

Peter K. Vogt

Specific-pathogen-free

Alpharetrovirus

Lymphoid leucosis

NFKBIE

Harry Rubin (virologist)

Retrovirus direct repeat 1 (dr1)