Autophagy. Medical search

The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of LYSOSOMES containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.

Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of a thioester bond between itself and UBIQUITIN. It then transfers the activated ubiquitin to one of the UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subclass that includes enzymes whose specificity is limited to 1-phosphatidylinositol. Members of this class play a role in vesicular transport and in the regulation of TOR KINASES.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

An abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and the PLASMA MEMBRANE. Loss of expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 is associated with GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE IIB.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Proteolytic breakdown of the MITOCHONDRIA.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Various physiological or molecular disturbances that impair ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM function. It triggers many responses, including UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE, which may lead to APOPTOSIS; and AUTOPHAGY.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

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A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

"The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.

The premier bibliographic database of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. MEDLINE® (MEDLARS Online) is the primary subset of PUBMED and can be searched on NLM's Web site in PubMed or the NLM Gateway. MEDLINE references are indexed with MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH).

Publications in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. (ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p203)

LB-AUT7, a novel symbiosis-regulated gene from an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria bicolor, is functionally related to vesicular transport and autophagocytosis. (1/5833)

We have identified LB-AUT7, a gene differentially expressed 6 h after ectomycorrhizal interaction between Laccaria bicolor and Pinus resinosa. LB-Aut7p can functionally complement its Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog, which is involved in the attachment of autophagosomes to microtubules. Our findings suggest the induction of an autophagocytosis-like vesicular transport process during ectomycorrhizal interaction. (+info)

Apg7p/Cvt2p is required for the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting, macroautophagy, and peroxisome degradation pathways. (2/5833)

Proper functioning of organelles necessitates efficient protein targeting to the appropriate subcellular locations. For example, degradation in the fungal vacuole relies on an array of targeting mechanisms for both resident hydrolases and their substrates. The particular processes that are used vary depending on the available nutrients. Under starvation conditions, macroautophagy is the primary method by which bulk cytosol is sequestered into autophagic vesicles (autophagosomes) destined for this organelle. Molecular genetic, morphological, and biochemical evidence indicates that macroautophagy shares much of the same cellular machinery as a biosynthetic pathway for the delivery of the vacuolar hydrolase, aminopeptidase I, via the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. The machinery required in both pathways includes a novel protein modification system involving the conjugation of two autophagy proteins, Apg12p and Apg5p. The conjugation reaction was demonstrated to be dependent on Apg7p, which shares homology with the E1 family of ubiquitin-activating enzymes. In this study, we demonstrate that Apg7p functions at the sequestration step in the formation of Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes. The subcellular localization of Apg7p fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) indicates that a subpopulation of Apg7pGFP becomes membrane associated in an Apg12p-dependent manner. Subcellular fractionation experiments also indicate that a portion of the Apg7p pool is pelletable under starvation conditions. Finally, we demonstrate that the Pichia pastoris homologue Gsa7p that is required for peroxisome degradation is functionally similar to Apg7p, indicating that this novel conjugation system may represent a general nonclassical targeting mechanism that is conserved across species. (+info)

Glucose-induced autophagy of peroxisomes in Pichia pastoris requires a unique E1-like protein. (3/5833)

Cytosolic and peroxisomal enzymes necessary for methanol assimilation are synthesized when Pichia pastoris is grown in methanol. Upon adaptation from methanol to a glucose environment, these enzymes are rapidly and selectively sequestered and degraded within the yeast vacuole. Sequestration begins when the vacuole changes shape and surrounds the peroxisomes. The opposing membranes then fuse, engulfing the peroxisome. In this study, we have characterized a mutant cell line (glucose-induced selective autophagy), gsa7, which is defective in glucose-induced selective autophagy of peroxisomes, and have identified the GSA7 gene. Upon glucose adaptation, gsa7 cells were unable to degrade peroxisomal alcohol oxidase. We observed that the peroxisomes were surrounded by the vacuole, but complete uptake into the vacuole did not occur. Therefore, we propose that GSA7 is not required for initiation of autophagy but is required for bringing the opposing vacuolar membranes together for homotypic fusion, thereby completing peroxisome sequestration. By sequencing the genomic DNA fragment that complemented the gsa7 phenotype, we have found that GSA7 encodes a protein of 71 kDa (Gsa7p) with limited sequence homology to a family of ubiquitin-activating enzymes, E1. The knockout mutant gsa7Delta had an identical phenotype to gsa7, and both mutants were rescued by an epitope-tagged Gsa7p (Gsa7-hemagglutinin [HA]). In addition, a GSA7 homolog, APG7, a protein required for autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was capable of rescuing gsa7. We have sequenced the human homolog of GSA7 and have shown many regions of identity between the yeast and human proteins. Two of these regions align to the putative ATP-binding domain and catalytic site of the family of ubiquitin activating enzymes, E1 (UBA1, UBA2, and UBA3). When either of these sites was mutated, the resulting mutants [Gsa7(DeltaATP)-HA and Gsa7(C518S)-HA] were unable to rescue gsa7 cells. We provide evidence to suggest that Gsa7-HA formed a thio-ester linkage with a 25-30 kDa protein. This conjugate was not observed in cells expressing Gsa7(DeltaATP)-HA or in cells expressing Gsa7(C518S)-HA. Our results suggest that this unique E1-like enzyme is required for homotypic membrane fusion, a late event in the sequestration of peroxisomes by the vacuole. (+info)

Apg7p/Cvt2p: A novel protein-activating enzyme essential for autophagy. (4/5833)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugating system is essential for autophagy. Apg7p is required for the conjugation reaction, because Apg12p is unable to form a conjugate with Apg5p in the apg7/cvt2 mutant. Apg7p shows a significant similarity to a ubiquitin-activating enzyme, Uba1p. In this article, we investigated the function of Apg7p as an Apg12p-activating enzyme. Hemagglutinin-tagged Apg12p was coimmunoprecipitated with c-myc-tagged Apg7p. A two-hybrid experiment confirmed the interaction. The coimmunoprecipitation was sensitive to a thiol-reducing reagent. Furthermore, a thioester conjugate of Apg7p was detected in a lysate of cells overexpressing both Apg7p and Apg12p. These results indicated that Apg12p interacts with Apg7p via a thioester bond. Mutational analyses of Apg7p suggested that Cys507 of Apg7p is an active site cysteine and that both the ATP-binding domain and the cysteine residue are essential for the conjugation of Apg7p with Apg12p to form the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate. Cells expressing mutant Apg7ps, Apg7pG333A, or Apg7pC507A showed defects in autophagy and cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting of aminopeptidase I. These results indicated that Apg7p functions as a novel protein-activating enzyme necessary for Apg12p-Apg5p conjugation. (+info)

A 60 kDa plasma membrane protein changes its localization to autophagosome and autolysosome membranes during induction of autophagy in rat hepatoma cell line, H-4-II-E cells. (5/5833)

We previously reported the preparation and characterization of an antibody against membrane fraction of autolysosomes from rat liver (J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38, 1571-1581, 1990). Immunoblot analyses of total membrane fraction of a rat hepatoma cell line, H-4-II-E cells by this antibody suggested that H-4-II-E cells expressed several autolysosomal proteins, including a protein with apparent molecular weight of 60 kDa. It was suggested that this 60 kDa protein was a peripheral membrane protein, because it was eluted from the membrane by sodium carbonate treatment. We prepared an antibody against this 60 kDa protein by affinity purification method, and examined its behavior during induction of autophagy. Autophagy was induced by transferring the cells from Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 12% fetal calf serum into Hanks' balance salt solution. In DMEM, the 60 kDa protein showed diffused immunofluorescence pattern, and immunoelectron microscopy suggested that this protein was located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. After inducing autophagy, the immunofluorescence configuration of the 60 kDa protein changed from the diffused pattern to a granulous one. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the 60 kDa protein was localized on the luminal side of the limiting membrane of autolysosomes and endosomes. In the presence of bafilomycin A1 which prevents fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes, the 60 kDa protein was localized on the limiting membrane of the autophagosomes and endosomes. These results suggest that the 60 kDa protein is transported from the plasma membrane to the autophagosome membrane through the endosomes. (+info)

A human intracellular apyrase-like protein, LALP70, localizes to lysosomal/autophagic vacuoles. (6/5833)

Using antibodies against autophagic vacuole membrane proteins we identified a human cDNA with an open reading frame of 1848 bp, encoding a protein of 70 kDa, which we named lysosomal apyrase-like protein of 70 kDa (LALP70). Sequence analysis revealed that LALP70 belongs to the apyrase or GDA1/CD39 family and is almost identical to a human uridine diphosphatase, with the exception of nine extra amino acids in LALP70. Members of this family were originally described as ectoenzymes, with some intracellular exceptions. Transfected LALP70 fused to the green fluorescent protein localized in the cytoplasm with a punctate pattern in the perinuclear space. These structures colocalized with the autophagic marker monodansylcadaverine and the lysosomal protein lamp1. Hydrophobicity analysis of the encoded protein revealed a transmembrane region at the N and C termini. Most of the sequence is arranged between these transmembrane domains, and contains four apyrase conserved regions. In vitro transcription/translation in the presence of microsomes showed that no signal sequence is cleaved off and that the translation product is protected from trypsin treatment. Our data indicate that LALP70 is a type III lysosomal/autophagic vacuole membrane protein with the apyrase conserved regions facing the luminal space of the vacuoles. (+info)

Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway. (7/5833)

Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation system that is ubiquitous for eukaryotic cells. In this process, cytoplasmic components are enclosed in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes/vacuoles. We recently found that a protein conjugation system, in which Apg12p is covalently attached to Apg5p, is indispensable for autophagy in yeast. Here, we describe a novel coiled-coil protein, Apg16p, essential for autophagy. Apg16p interacts with Apg12p-conjugated Apg5p and less preferentially with unconjugated Apg5p. Moreover, the coiled-coil domain of Apg16p mediates self-multimerization that leads to cross-linking of Apg5p molecules and formation of a stable protein complex. Apg16p is not essential for the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugation reaction. These results suggest that the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate requires Apg16p to accomplish its role in the autophagy pathway, and Apg16p is a key molecule as a linker to form the Apg12p-Apg5p-Apg16p multimer. (+info)

Clathrin functions in the absence of heterotetrameric adaptors and AP180-related proteins in yeast. (8/5833)

The major coat proteins of clathrin-coated vesicles are the clathrin triskelion and heterotetrameric associated protein (AP) complexes. The APs are thought to be involved in cargo capture and recruitment of clathrin to the membrane during endocytosis and sorting in the trans-Golgi network/endosomal system. AP180 is an abundant coat protein in brain clathrin-coated vesicles, and it has potent clathrin assembly activity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are 13 genes encoding homologs of heterotetrameric AP subunits and two genes encoding AP180-related proteins. To test the model that clathrin function is dependent on the heterotetrameric APs and/or AP180 homologs, yeast strains containing multiple disruptions in AP subunit genes, as well as in the two YAP180 genes, were constructed. Surprisingly, the AP deletion strains did not display the phenotypes associated with clathrin deficiency, including slowed growth and endocytosis, defective late Golgi protein retention and impaired cytosol to vacuole/autophagy function. Clathrin-coated vesicles isolated from multiple AP deletion mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from those from wild-type cells. These results indicate that clathrin function and recruitment onto membranes are not dependent upon heterotetrameric adaptors or AP180 homologs in yeast. Therefore, alternative mechanisms for clathrin assembly and coated vesicle formation, as well as the role of AP complexes and AP180-related proteins in these processes, must be considered. (+info)

Cuervo, Ana Maria; Bergamini, Ettore; Brunk, Ulf T; Dröge, Wulf; Ffrench, Martine; Terman, Alexei (2005). "Autophagy and Aging ... the Importance of Maintaining "Clean" Cells". Autophagy. 1 (3): 131-40. doi:10.4161/auto.1.3.2017. PMID 16874025.. ... has been shown to up-regulate autophagy, the repair mechanism of the cell.[26] A related hypothesis suggests that caloric ... restriction works by decreasing insulin levels and thereby up-regulating autophagy,[26][27] but caloric restriction affects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restriction

"Genetic perspective on the role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in Parkinson disease". Autophagy. 11 (9): 1443-57. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Parkinson's_disease

"Staphylococcus aureus promotes autophagy by decreasing intracellular cAMP levels". Autophagy. 8 (12): 1865-7. doi:10.4161/auto ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin

"Autophagy. 4 (2): 141-50. doi:10.4161/auto.5190. PMID 17986870.. *. Vashist S, Ng DT (April 2004). "Misfolded proteins are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERAD

autophagy. • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • embryonic placenta development. • lysosome organization. • ... positive regulation of autophagy. • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • immune system ... "MTORC1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of autophagy by preventing nuclear transport of TFEB". Autophagy. 8 (6): 903- ... "RRAG GTPases link nutrient availability to gene expression, autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis". Autophagy. 9 (6): 928-30. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFEB

Kern A, Dikic I, Behl C (2015). "The integration of autophagy and cellular trafficking pathways via RAB GAPs". Autophagy. 11 ( ... Autophagy (from Greek words for "self" and "eating") is a process of digesting or degrading cytoplasmic molecules (proteins, ... Kim BW, Kwon DH, Song HK (2016). "Structure biology of selective autophagy receptors". BMB Reports. 49 (2): 73-80. doi:10.5483/ ... Kruppa AJ, Kendrick-Jones J, Buss F (2016). "Myosins, Actin and Autophagy". Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark). 17 (8): 878-90. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omegasome

His original findings about autophagy in yeast cells:[17] *. Ohsumi, Yoshinori; et al. (October 1992). "Autophagy in Yeast ... Yoshinori Ohsumi (大隅良典, Ōsumi Yoshinori, born February 9, 1945) is a Japanese cell biologist specializing in autophagy, the ... In 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy".[9][10] He ... "Yoshinori Ohsumi wins Nobel prize in medicine for work on autophagy". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2016.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi

Autophagy. 6 (4): 506-22. doi:10.4161/auto.6.4.11863. PMID 20505359. Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, et al. (2006). "The ... "Membrane trafficking events that partake in autophagy". Curr Opin Cell Biol. 22 (2): 150-6. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.013. PMID ... is aberrantly expressed in human cancer and is linked to starvation-induced autophagy". Oncogene. 23 (58): 9314-25. doi:10.1038 ... The Atg proteins regulate autophagy, which is a lysosomal degradation pathway required for maintaining cell health, surviving ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPI2

Xie W, Zhang L, Jiao H, Guan L, Zha J, Li X, Wu M, Wang Z, Han J, You H (Jul 2015). "Chaperone-mediated autophagy prevents ... Hsc70 is known to localize to the cytoplasm and lysosome, where it participates in chaperone-mediated autophagy by aiding the ... Hsc70 is a key component of chaperone-mediated autophagy wherein it imparts selectivity to the proteins being degraded by this ... Majeski AE, Dice JF (2004). "Mechanisms of chaperone-mediated autophagy". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36 (12): 2435-44. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8

... inhibitors cause cell death also in A-375 melanoma cells, which depend on autophagy for growth and proliferation, due ... February 2019). "A family of PIKFYVE inhibitors with therapeutic potential against autophagy-dependent cancer cells disrupt ... February 2019). "A family of PIKFYVE inhibitors with therapeutic potential against autophagy-dependent cancer cells disrupt ... multiple events in lysosome homeostasis". Autophagy. 15 (10): 1694-1718. doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1586257. PMC 6735543. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIKFYVE

... elegans screen identifies autophagy genes specific to multicellular organisms". Cell. 141 (6): 1042-55. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... but unlike macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, it is mediated-in mammals by lysosomal action or in plants and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microautophagy

Autophagy. 15 (12): 2167-2168. doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1666595. PMC 6844521. PMID 31512558. Laraia L, Friese A, Corkery DP, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_domain_containing_1a

"RAB3GAP1 and RAB3GAP2 modulate basal and rapamycin-induced autophagy". Autophagy. 10 (12): 2297-2309. doi:10.4161/15548627.2014 ... Further, the RAB3GAP1 knockdown has shown to affect the autophagy and mineralization potential of human primary osteoblasts. ... RAB3GAP is reported to modulate basal and rapamycin-induced autophagy in human fibroblasts and C. elegans. ... "Estrogen enhances human osteoblast survival and function via promotion of autophagy". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAB3GAP1

Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the ... Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is ... "Entrez Gene: Autophagy related 4D, cysteine peptidase". Betin VM, MacVicar TD, Parsons SF, Anstee DJ, Lane JD (April 2012). "A ... This gene belongs to the autophagy-related protein 4 (Atg4) family of C54 endopeptidases. Members of this family encode ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATG4D

229-32 Martin, S J (August 2011). "Oncogene-induced autophagy and the Goldilocks principle". Autophagy. 7 (8): 922-3. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldilocks_and_the_Three_Bears

... , FMedSci is an American cell biologist who has made significant contributions to the Autophagy field. She is a ... Since then her lab has identified several mammalian Atg proteins and continues to contribute to understanding of autophagy at ... Tooze is an affiliate member of the Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Centre of Biomedical Research Excellence. In 2018, ... "Affiliates and Council Members , Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence". www. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Tooze

Pandey UB, Batlevi Y, Baehrecke EH, Taylor JP (Nov-Dec 2007). "HDAC6 at the intersection of autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome ... "HDAC6 rescues neurodegeneration and provides an essential link between autophagy and the UPS". Nature. 447 (7146): 859-63. ... system and neurodegeneration". Autophagy. 3 (6): 643-5. doi:10.4161/auto.5050. PMID 17912024. Pandey UB, Nie Z, Batlevi Y, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC6

2016). "AUTEN-67, an autophagy-enhancing drug candidate with potent antiaging and neuroprotective effects". Autophagy. 12 (2): ... AUTEN-67 is an autophagy-enhancing drug candidate that increases autophagic flux in cell lines and in vivo models. It hampers ... May 2016). "AUTEN-67 (Autophagy Enhancer-67) Hampers the Progression of Neurodegenerative Symptoms in a Drosophila model of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTEN-67

Autophagy. 2018; 14(10). Robust lysosomal calcium signaling through channel TRPML1 is impaired by lysosomal lipid accumulation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Fliesler

"MAPK15/ERK8 stimulates autophagy by interacting with LC3 and GABARAP proteins". Autophagy. 8 (12): 1724-40. doi:10.4161/auto. ... in a process that stimulates autophagy. A number of additional proteins also interact with MAPK15, including cyclin-dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK15

October 2014). "FLCN, a novel autophagy component, interacts with GABARAP and is regulated by ULK1 phosphorylation". Autophagy ... Additional potential roles for FLCN in autophagy, TGF β signaling, regulation of AMPK activity, and regulation of HIF-1α ... "Folliculin contributes to VHL tumor suppressing activity in renal cancer through regulation of autophagy". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): ... "Folliculin regulates ampk-dependent autophagy and metabolic stress survival". PLOS Genetics. 10 (4): e1004273. doi:10.1371/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculin

Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy-related ... Autophagy. 1 (2): 119-26. doi:10.4161/auto.1.2.1859. PMID 16874047. Ohsumi Y (March 2001). "Molecular dissection of autophagy: ... autophagy autophagin ATG5 ATG7 ATG12 MAP1LC3A GABARAP PDB: 1UGM; Sugawara K, Suzuki NN, Fujioka Y, Mizushima N, Ohsumi Y, ... After starvation autophagy is induced through the activation of Atg proteins both on the protein modification and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATG8

Work with yeast pex6 mutants has shown that PEX6 is a key player in the autophagy of peroxisomes called pexophagy. Mutations in ... Autophagy. 10 (5): 835-45. doi:10.4161/auto.28259. PMC 5119063. PMID 24657987. Waterham HR, Ebberink MS (September 2012). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEX6

Autophagy. 7 (10): 1098-107. doi:10.4161/auto.7.10.15904. PMID 21597319. Rozenknop A, Rogov VV, Rogova NY, Löhr F, Güntert P, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaba_type_a_receptor_associated_protein_like_1

Autophagy. Researching how autophagy-a process by which cells eliminate abnormal proteins-can help prevent the destruction of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Institutes

Klionsky DJ (August 2008). "Autophagy revisited: a conversation with Christian de Duve". Autophagy. 4 (6): 740-3. doi:10.4161/ ... He LQ, Lu JH, Yue ZY (May 2013). "Autophagy in ageing and ageing-associated diseases". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 34 (5): 605- ... Lieberman AP, Puertollano R, Raben N, Slaugenhaupt S, Walkley SU, Ballabio A (May 2012). "Autophagy in lysosomal storage ... Moriyasu Y, Ohsumi Y (August 1996). "Autophagy in Tobacco Suspension-Cultured Cells in Response to Sucrose Starvation". Plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

... is involved in chaperone-assisted selective autophagy. BAG proteins compete with Hip-1 for binding to the Hsc70/Hsp70 ... This process is called chaperone-assisted selective autophagy and is essential for maintaining muscle activity in flies, mice ... Autophagy. 4 (2): 237-9. doi:10.4161/auto.5407. PMID 18094623. "Entrez Gene: BAG3 BCL2-associated athanogene 3". Arndt V, Dick ... "Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy is essential for muscle maintenance". Current Biology. 20 (2): 143-8. doi:10.1016/j.cub. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAG3

Likewise, inhibition of PFKFB3 has been found to induce autophagy. See summary image. Autophagy can prolong cellular survival ... It was found that RA T cell fail to upregulate autophagy, and knockout experiments placed PFKFB3 as an upstream regulator of ... 3PO decreases glucose uptake and increases autophagy. Research is currently exploring various 3PO derivatives (i.e. PFKF15) in ... Enhanced activity of PFKFB3 accelerates ROS production as an end product of glycolysis, and thus increases autophagy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFKFB3

This relationship between autophagy and BNIP3 is widely supported in many studies. In ceramide- and arsenic trioxide- treated ... Zhang J, Ney PA (July 2009). "Role of BNIP3 and NIX in cell death, autophagy, and mitophagy". Cell Death and Differentiation. ... Kroemer and Levine believe that this name is a misnomer because cell death usually occurs with autophagy rather than by ... Its deletion results in the inability to induce autophagy. Once integrated in the OMM, BNIP3 exists as an inactive monomer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNIP3

Autophagy is executed by autophagy-related (Atg) genes. The first autophagy genes were identified by genetic screens conducted ... "Autophagy in Stress, Development & Disease, 2003, Gordon Research Conference".. *^ "Autophagy in Health and Disease (Z3), 2007 ... Negative regulators of autophagy[edit]. Negative regulators of autophagy, such as mTOR, cFLIP, and EGFR are orchestrated to ... relationship between cancer and autophagy continues to be a main theme of autophagy research. The roles of autophagy in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy_

Autophagy is executed by autophagy-related (Atg) genes. The first autophagy genes were identified by genetic screens conducted ... "Autophagy in Stress, Development & Disease, 2003, Gordon Research Conference".. *^ "Autophagy in Health and Disease (Z3), 2007 ... In the selective autophagy is the autophagy of oragenelles; mitophagy,[30] lipophagy,[31] pexophagy,[32] chlorophagy,[33] ... Negative regulators of autophagy[edit]. Negative regulators of autophagy, such as mTOR, cFLIP, and EGFR are orchestrated to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy

Lipolysis and autophagy share similarities in regulation and function but are not known to be interrelated. Here we show a ... Autophagy promotes lipid hydrolysis and generation of free fatty acids by releasing the content of lipid droplets to lysosomes ... This work identifies a critical role of autophagy in regulating lipid metabolism and may provide a new approach to the ... A critical role of autophagy in regulating lipid metabolism is identified, and may provide a new approach to prevent lipid ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07976?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a3c6445f-d855-440a-9367-21740da1c89c

The process of autophagy has been conserved over time among all living organisms. The process is similar in single cellular ... Autophagy is induced when the cell is put under stress or there is depletion of growth factors and/or nutrients in the media ... The process of autophagy has been conserved over time among all living organisms. The process is similar in single cellular ... As the signals for autophagy are in place and there is induction of the process, the next step is to select the material that ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Autophagy-Process.aspx

When there is starvation or nutrient deprivation, the process of autophagy is triggered. This gives rise to formation of double ... Autophagy plays an important role in the survival of cellular organisms. ... Autophagy and cell death. There is an association between cell death and autophagy. There is also a link between programmed ... Autophagy and cellular survival. Autophagy plays an important role in the survival of cellular organisms. When there is ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Autophagy-Functions.aspx

... there has been a proliferation of studies on the physiological and pathological roles of autophagy in a variety of autophagy ... Current autophagy-modulating compounds in clinical trials are also summarized. ... Since the discovery of autophagy-related (Atg) genes in the 1990s, ... Autophagy is a major intracellular degradative process that delivers cytoplasmic materials to the lysosome for degradation. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/cr2013161?error=cookies_not_supported&code=234d3579-d365-488d-833c-0b1befade56d

A lot more work is needed in order for us to really understand how mutations in LRRK2 alter autophagy, but this study provides ... Public lecture: The autophagy signaling network, c--‐myc and pathology: dont mess with the cell cycle! ... suggesting that there may be changes in the way that these cells regulate a key process called autophagy (a term which comes ... seem to have a similar impact on autophagy. This is important because, up until now, there hasnt been a clear cellular symptom ...

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ukpdc/news-publications/pd-lrrk2-mutations-alter-autophagic-starvation-response

Autophagy is the major cellular pathway to degrade dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. Autophagy is particularly ... as well as the cell biology of bulk and selective autophagy in neurons. Finally, we discuss the role of autophagy in neuronal ... Autophagy in Neurons.. Stavoe AKH1, Holzbaur ELF1.. Author information. 1. Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania ... There are both constitutive and stress-induced pathways for autophagy in neurons, which catalyze the turnover of aged or ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31340124

Autophagy, as a highly conserved cellular process, can achieve the degradation and recycling of intracellular substances, and ... Autophagy in stem cells. Autophagy. 2013;9(6):830-49.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar ... Autophagy revisited: a conversation with Christian de Duve. Autophagy. 2008;4(6):740-3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Loss of autophagy in erythroid cells leads to defective removal of mitochondria and severe anemia in vivo. Autophagy. 2010;107( ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-98146-8_1

Autophagy is recognized as the main tool to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Slideshow includes: Autophagic ... Autophagy Research Focus by Proteintech * 1. 1Cardiovascular Research Focus www.ptglab.com AUTOPHAGY RESEARCH FOCUS www.ptglab. ... Autophagy is recognized as the main tool to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Slideshow includes: Autophagic ... 4. 4Cardiovascular Research Focus www.ptglab.com BECLIN 1 ANTIBODY A core component of the autophagy machinery -- Antibody Name ...

https://www.slideshare.net/ProteintechGroup/autophagy-research-focus-by-proteintech

Autophagy and aging.. Rubinsztein DC1, Mariño G, Kroemer G.. Author information. 1. Department of Medical Genetics, University ... Genetic inhibition of autophagy induces degenerative changes in mammalian tissues that resemble those associated with aging, ... Here, we discuss the probable cause and effect relationship between perturbed autophagy and aging, as well as possible ... Pharmacological or genetic manipulations that increase life span in model organisms often stimulate autophagy, and its ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21884931?dopt=Abstract

Postdoc positions in our group are available to (1) study molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy; (2) determine the role ... identify small molecules that target selective autophagy. - Ph.D. or M.D./Ph.D. in immunology, cell biology or molecular ... and to develop successful strategies to increase autophagy in cells, thereby leading to new strategies to treat infectious ... of novel autophagy genes in antibacterial defenses in vivo and identify cell-specific functions of those genes; and (3) ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/resources/jobs/postdoc-autophagy

Background Autophagy is a specific universal biological phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, which is characterized by cytoplasmic ... Mizushima N (2007) Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev 21(22):2861-2873PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Reggiori F, klionsky DJ (2002) Autophagy in the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryot Cell 1(1):11-21PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle ... Autophagy Hippocampal neurons Alzheimers disease (AD) Hypoxia-ischemia Excitotoxicity Vitamin E This is a preview of ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11325-013-0930-4

On page 878 of this issue, Goginashvili et al. (4) show how β cells avoid inappropriate autophagy, and describe a form of this ... This process of autophagy (2), however, poses a problem for the bodys specialized fuel-sensing cells. β cells within the ... autophagy under basal conditions could compromise the ability to respond optimally to fluctuations in blood glucose, posing a ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6224/826

6. Autophagy, Associates in Crime?. Not only can autophagy act as an energy fueler for HSCs activation, it can as well induce ... Autophagy induces the activation of HSCs, a key process for the genesis of hepatic fibrosis. In addition, autophagy plays ... Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) markedly inhibited the production of HBV [77]. HBV induced autophagy is ... S. Jin and E. White, "Role of autophagy in cancer: management of metabolic stress," Autophagy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28-31, 2007. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/436242/

Autophagy * Pharmacologic agents targeting autophagy Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg et al. * Development of autophagy inducers in ... Induction of autophagy decreases tau levels (22, 23). In contrast, loss of autophagy by conditional knockout of the autophagy ... autophagy is required for maintenance of axonal homeostasis, and loss of autophagy results in axonal dystrophy (4). Autophagy ... Immunologic manifestations of autophagy Vojo Deretic et al. * Essential role for autophagy in life span extension Frank Madeo ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/73944

Autophagy and Cancer. Editors. * Hong-Gang Wang Series Title. Current Cancer Research. Copyright. 2013. Publisher. Springer- ... With the explosion of information on autophagy in cancer, this is an opportune time to speed the efforts to translate our ... This book will cover the latest advances in this area from the basics, such as the molecular machinery for autophagy induction ... The remaining chapters will cover topics on autophagy and cancer therapy. These pages will serve as a description on how the ...

http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461465607

... Guest Editors: Arkadiusz Orzechowski, Saverio Bettuzzi, Patrycja Pawlikowska, and Beata Pająk * ... Roles of Autophagy Induced by Natural Compounds in Prostate Cancer, V. Naponelli, A. Modernelli, S. Bettuzzi, and F. Rizzi ... The Importance of Autophagy Regulation in Breast Cancer Development and Treatment, Joanna Magdalena Zarzynska Review Article (9 ... Control of Autophagy in Cancer, Arkadiusz Orzechowski, Saverio Bettuzzi, Patrycja Pawlikowska, and Beata Pająk Editorial (2 ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/si/135209/

... comprises several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for uptake and transport of proteins and even cytoplasmic ... Autophagy is carried out by a set of more than 30 proteins encoded by the Autophagy‐Related genes (ATGs), the functions of ... Autophagy 10: 1154-1166.. Ward C, Martinez‐Lopez N, Otten EG, et al. (2016) Autophagy, lippophagy and lysosomal storage ... Jain N and Ganesh S (2016) Emerging nexus between RAB GTPases, autophagy and neurodegeneration. Autophagy 12: 900-904. ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0021581.html

Autophagy is a fundamental biological process that enables cells to autodigest their own cytosol during starvation and other ... Autophagy in Immunity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Model System to Dissect Immunological Roles of Autophagy ... An immunological role of autophagy was first recognized with the discovery of autophagys ability to sanitize the cellular ... Autophagy is an effector of Th1/Th2 polarization; it fuels MHC II presentation of cytosolic (self and microbial) antigens; it ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642003011?wt_mc=

This entry represents autophagy protein 16 (Apg16), which is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate. ... Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway.. EMBO J. 18 3888-96 1999 ... During autophagy, cytoplasmic components are enclosed in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes/vacuoles. Auotphagy protein ... Autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) is directly required for the import of aminopeptidase I via the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR013923

Autophagy in mammalian systems by Daniel J. Klionsky; 1 edition; First published in 2009; Subjects: Autophagic vacuoles, ... Biochemistry, Apoptosis, Cellular control mechanisms, Eukaryotic cells, Life Sciences, Autophagy, SCIENCE, Eukaryotic Cells, ... Autophagy in mammalian systems edited by Daniel J. Klionsky Published 2009 by Academic in San Diego, Calif, London . Written in ... Methods for monitoring autophagy Using GFP-LC3 transgenic mice / Noboru Mizushima. Using photoactivatable proteins to monitor ...

https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16986094W/Autophagy_in_mammalian_systems

UMass Medical School researcher Eric Baehrecke has identified a protein in Drosophila that plays an essential role in autophagy ... Autophagy is the process cells use to degrade used or damaged components inside the cell for recycling. Normally autophagy acts ... Communication between neighboring cells triggers autophagy. Breakdown of a link between immune response and autophagy may ... "Autophagy, a natural and highly regulated degradation process, appears to be influenced by systemic, body-wide signals, such as ...

https://umassmed.edu/news/news-archives/2017/06/communication-between-neighboring-cells-triggers-autophagy/

... Curr Biol. 2017 Apr 24;27(8):R318-R326. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.061. ... we highlight the considerable progress made recently towards understanding the diverse roles of the cytoskeleton in autophagy. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28441569/?dopt=Abstract

Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of most long-lived proteins and some organelles. Cytoplasmic constituents, ... Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation system that is found ubiquitously in eukaryotes. ... Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation system that is found ubiquitously in eukaryotes. Autophagy is responsible for ... Methods for monitoring autophagy Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2491-502. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.005. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15325587/?dopt=Abstract

Autophagy may be the key to finding treatments for early Huntingtons disease Autophagy disruption may be at the root of early ... Recent evidence indicates that autophagy plays a central role in synaptic maintenance, and the disruption in autophagy may be ... "Autophagy plays a specialized role in the maintenance and function of the synapse, and mHtt may disrupt this function, leading ... "We have long thought that autophagy played a role in the pathophysiology of HD, but what this role is has been unclear until ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/574071

GTPases in Trafficking, Autophagy and Disease. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology ... Autophagy, Rag GTPases, and GTPases and disease. The sessions will include 30 regular talks and at least 12 short talks ... Autophagy and Disease". Represented disciplines will include biochemists, structural biologists, membrane biologists, cell ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/foas-git012216.php

Autophagy may refer to: Autophagy (cellular process), a process in cellular biology Autophagia, a mental disorder or a symptom ... a scientific journal Self-cannibalism This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Autophagy. If an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy_(disambiguation)

When the autophagy protein Atg7 is absent, nutrient withdrawal does not stop the cell cycle. ... When the autophagy protein Atg7 is absent, nutrient withdrawal does not stop the cell cycle. ... Starvation stimulates withdrawal from the cell cycle, as well as stimulating autophagy. Are these two events connected? Lee et ... show a direct and nutrient-sensitive interaction between the tumor suppressor p53 and the essential autophagy gene Atg7. ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/5/220/ec114

Autophagy is the major cellular pathway to degrade dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. (nih.gov)
Here we review the core components of the pathway for autophagosome biogenesis, as well as the cell biology of bulk and selective autophagy in neurons. (nih.gov)
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD (2000) Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. (springer.com)
PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a major contributor for autophagy. (hindawi.com)
The pathway for major molecular steps in autophagy. (els.net)
Autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) is directly required for the import of aminopeptidase I via the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway [ PMID: 10712513 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway. (ebi.ac.uk)
image: Proposed pathway of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) contribution to cognitive dysfunction and cell death through impairments in synaptic autophagy: the Huntingtin protein (mHtt) interferes with autophagic efficiency, leading to a decline in synaptic autophagy. (eurekalert.org)
Next, they review the growing evidence that the lysosome-mediated degradation pathway autophagy plays a central role in synaptic maintenance, and how the disruption in autophagy may contribute to early cognitive changes in HD. (eurekalert.org)
Although initially characterised as a primordial degradation pathway induced to protect against starvation, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy also plays a major role in the homeostasis of non-starved cells. (wikipedia.org)
This pathway highlights the triggers of autophagy, such as hypoxia or nutrient starvation and how autophagy helps maintain cell homeostasis. (abcam.com)
Download our Autophagy in heart disease pathway. (abcam.com)
Collectively, the current data reveal that autophagy suppresses light-dependent retinal degeneration in collaboration with the endosomal degradation pathway and that rhodopsin is a key substrate for autophagic degradation in this context. (mendeley.com)
We have collected recent evidence implicating autophagy, a highly conserved pathway for recycling intracellular proteins and organelles, in the pressure-stressed heart. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Autophagy is a major cellular metabolic pathway that facilitates degradation of a subset of long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
In LAP, elements of the autophagy pathway conjugate LC3 to phagosomes, which contain engulfed particles, including dying cells. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Autophagy is a major intracellular pathway in the delivery of cytoplasmic material to lysosomes for degradation. (uniprot.org)
Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, plays a crucial role in removing protein aggregates as well as damaged organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis during various stress conditions ( 8 , 9 ) that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. (diabetesjournals.org)
Chlorogenic acid alleviates autophagy and insulin resistance by suppressing JNK pathway in a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
The tuberous sclerosis complex-Ras homologue enriched in brain-mammalian target of rapamycin (TSC-Rheb-mTOR) pathway is known to play a central role in modulating protein synthesis and autophagy. (pnas.org)
At present, no one has tried to link autophagy to the sir-2 pathway, although Levine admits that she's pondered the notion. (fightaging.org)
When the genes for autophagy in cells are disabled, the longevity enhancing effects of spermidine go away, which reinforces its role in this important pathway. (abovetopsecret.com)
Although in most mammalian cells autophagy occurs at basal levels, stress or starvation strongly upregulate this pathway ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Autophagy primitively portrayed as an evolutionarily conserved process is involved in cellular homeostasis by facilitating the lysosomal degradation pathway for the recycling and elimination of intracellular defective macromolecules and organelles. (intechopen.com)
The process and regulation of macroautophagy, which is the primary and most studied autophagy pathway, is depicted in the figure below. (biolegend.com)
Autophagy is an essential degradative pathway that maintains neuronal homeostasis and prevents axon degeneration. (jneurosci.org)
By identifying key components of this broadly conserved membrane traffic pathway, yeast geneticists generated tools for microbiologists and immunologists to explore whether autophagy contributes to host defenses. (jimmunol.org)
Mounting evidence also indicates that autophagy equips cells to deliver cytosolic Ags to the MHC class II pathway. (jimmunol.org)
By applying knowledge of the autophagy machinery and exploiting microbes as genetic probes, experimentalists can now examine in detail how this ancient membrane traffic pathway contributes to these and other mechanisms critical for infection and immunity. (jimmunol.org)
The autophagy pathway engulfs and degrades a variety of bacteria that invade the cytoplasm (Table I ⇓ ), establishing its credentials as a component of innate immunity. (jimmunol.org)
For example, Schlossmacher reported that levels of a key autophagy marker drop in immune cells containing mutant LRRK2, suggesting this pathway is impaired. (alzforum.org)
Autophagy is a survival pathway wherein non-functional proteins and organelles are degraded in lysosomes for recycling and energy production. (scielo.br)
Autophagy is a process of cellular self-degradation and is a major pathway for elimination of cytoplasmic material by the lysosomes. (mdpi.com)
researchers have "shown that autophagy, a pathway preserved during evolution, functions to engulf and digest cholesterol accumulated in artery walls. (fightaging.org)
The autophagy pathway, which means self-digestion, developed early in single-cell organisms to allow the clearance of accumulated dysfunctional molecules. (fightaging.org)
The finding that autophagy also functions to digest and liberate cholesterol from cells and the fact that we know this pathway is regulated offers hope for the development of new drugs that could activate export of cholesterol from the walls of arteries. (fightaging.org)
Upon starvation cells undergo autophagy, a cellular degradation pathway important in the turnover of whole organelles and long lived proteins. (mcponline.org)
Autophagy is considered as an unselective bulk degradation pathway. (mcponline.org)
Dysregulation of autophagy or mutations in proteins involved in this pathway have been shown to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (biolegend.com)
We compared the effect of short- and long-established steatosis on the intensity of autophagy-lysosomal pathway in rat liver A commonly used approach to monitor and analyze autophagy flux is via blockade of autophagic activity. (musicaenlamochila.net)
we performed an autophagy flux assay using CQ, which prevents fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes (Fig. Overexpression of a dominant negative form of Atg5 increased paraquat- and MPP + -induced cell death Autophagy autophagy flux chloroquine modulation, through rapamycin or chloroquine, induced a reduction of cell proliferation (Figure 4(c)), confirming that autophagy is a finely controlled pathway. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Further exploration of the possible mechanisms of MOF-induced autophagy revealed that the inhibition of mTOR pathway as well as the enhancement of Becline1 and Atg5 contributed to autophagy induction. (rsc.org)
Based on the pathway via which cargo marked for degradation is delivered to the lysosome, three types of autophagy have been described ( Figure 1 ). (sigmaaldrich.com)
The third type of autophagy is known as macroautophagy, which it is the major autophagy pathway in mammalian cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The Atg proteins regulate autophagy, which is a lysosomal degradation pathway required for maintaining cell health, surviving periods of nutrient deprivation and also plays a role in cancer, neurodegeneration and immune responses to a diverse range of pathogens. (wikipedia.org)

Autophagy allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. (wikipedia.org)
A second cellular response to starvation is the induction of autophagy, which delivers intracellular proteins and organelles sequestered in double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) to lysosomes for degradation and use as an energy source. (nature.com)
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradative process that delivers cytoplasmic materials to the lysosome for degradation. (nature.com)
Autophagy, as a highly conserved cellular process, can achieve the degradation and recycling of intracellular substances, and is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and remodeling of normal development. (springer.com)
3. 3Cardiovascular Research Focus www.ptglab.com AUTOPHAGIC DEGRADATION Figure 1: Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy play main roles in the lysosomal degradation pathways in mammalian cells. (slideshare.net)
Autophagy comprises several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for uptake and transport of proteins and even cytoplasmic organelles to the lysosome for degradation. (els.net)
Autophagy is a process in which a cup‐shaped, double‐membrane phagophore develops from a region of or near modified endoplasmic reticulum and closes, either unselectively in bulk or selectively, around sequestered cytoplasmic cargos, finally fusing with a lysosome to deliver the contents for degradation. (els.net)
An immune-related protein deployed between neighboring cells in Drosophila plays an essential role in the cell-degradation process known as autophagy, according to new research by Eric H. Baehrecke, PhD, at UMass Medical School. (umassmed.edu)
Using the development of the salivary gland in Drosophila, which degrades as flies mature, to isolate and study the components of autophagy, Baehrecke theorized that a rise in a protein called Mcr in the glands prior to cell death was somehow connected to its degradation. (umassmed.edu)
Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation system that is found ubiquitously in eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of most long-lived proteins and some organelles. (nih.gov)
Autophagy is a cellular process that isolates cytoplasmic components that can be directed to the lysosome for degradation. (abcam.com)
Autophagy involves a series of sequential steps that start with initiation/sequestration, continue with fusion with lysosomes, ultimately leading to degradation. (abcam.com)
Autophagy-mediated degradation of specific proteins and organelles can occur via targeting proteins. (abcam.com)
Autophagy sees a cell destroy its own contents by enclosing it in membranes, forming sack-like vesicles that had been transported to a recycling compartment, called the lysosome, for degradation. (siliconrepublic.com)
Autophagy is a tightly regulated process that facilitates degradation of overabundant or malfunctioning cellular components, including damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, invasive microorganisms and cells themselves [ 1 , 2 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Professor Christian Behl said, "The controlled protein degradation by autophagy is a core aspect of protein homoeostasis, which means the complex interplay between the formation, folding, and decomposition of proteins. (medindia.net)
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that maintains cellular viability during periods of metabolic stress. (mdpi.com)
Autophagy can also involve the degradation of damaged or aged organelles, and misfolded or damaged proteins to eliminate these components that might otherwise be deleterious to cellular survival. (mdpi.com)
For instance, blockage of autophagy and autophagolysosomal degradation in mice using genetic tools resulted in hepatosteatosis and hepatomegaly (9). (thefreelibrary.com)
Autophagy is required for the degradation of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins, as well as for the development of glands such as the breast and prostate. (wellnessresources.com)
The study, published in the February 1 issue of Cancer Research, found that deletion of the Sirt1 gene in mice resulted in PIN lesion formation associated with reduced autophagy, which is the necessary degradation of a cell's own components and most likely essential for tumor suppression. (wellnessresources.com)
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process in which cytoplasmic components, including organelles, are directed to the lysosome by a membrane-mediated process ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
Cells mainly deploy 3 mechanisms to counteract misfolded proteins: up-regulating chaperones to assist protein refolding ( 1 ), proteolytic degradation of the misfolded/damaged proteins involving ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems ( 2 ), and formation of detergent-insoluble aggresome by transporting the misfolded proteins to the juxtanuclear region in a microtubule-dependent manner ( 3 , 4 ). (pnas.org)
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes ( 15 , 16 ). (pnas.org)
Consistent with the inhibitory role of mTORC1 in autophagy regulation ( 15 , 16 ), the TSC1 −/− mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF), which has high mTORC1 activity ( 20 ), displayed a lower basal conversion of the autophagy marker LC3-I to LC3-II than the TSC1 +/+ MEF ( Fig. 1 A ). One would predict that the TSC1 −/− MEFs should accumulate more aggresomes when proteasome degradation is inhibited. (pnas.org)
In cell biology , autophagy, or autophagocytosis, is a catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. (fightaging.org)
I believe that the induction of autophagy in caloric restriction-or loss-of-function mutation in insulin signaling -leads to increased degradation of damaged mitochondria and reduction of oxidative stress ," says Levine. (fightaging.org)
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, p62) is a ubiquitin binding protein that binds LC3/Atg8, thereby promoting autophagy by bringing SQSTM1-containing protein aggregates to the autophagosome for degradation. (cellsignal.com)
Many other autophagy proteins are then involved in the downstream process of creating and elongating the phagophore (2), joining the phagophore ends to complete the phagosome around cytoplasmic contents (3), and finally fusing the phagosome with the lysosome for degradation (4). (biolegend.com)
Rather, constitutive autophagy in neurons may function to maintain cellular homeostasis by balancing synthesis and degradation, especially within distal axonal processes far removed from the soma. (jneurosci.org)
Another special property illustrated in Fig. 1 is that autophagy acts as a topological inverter-bringing molecules and objects from the cytosolic side to the luminal side for degradation or processing, interaction with luminal receptors, or secretion from cells. (jimmunol.org)
Autophagy enables eukaryotic cells to capture cytoplasmic components for degradation within lysosomes. (jimmunol.org)
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, gained new insights into autophagy -- a cellular degradation process associated with a form of programmed cell death -- by studying the salivary gland cells of the fruit fly. (science20.com)
In "Growth arrest and autophagy are required for salivary gland cell degradation in Drosophila," published in the December 14 issue of Cell, Eric Baehrecke, PhD, UMMS Associate Professor of Cancer Biology, and colleagues examined fly salivary glands, which contain all of the machinery required to dismantle and recycle their own cellular components and thus provide a genetic model system for elucidating the complex functions of autophagy. (science20.com)
Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles and protein aggregates and therefore plays a significant role in cellular homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
Despite the initial belief that autophagy is a nonselective bulk process, there is growing evidence during the last years that sequestration and degradation of cellular material by autophagy can be accomplished in a selective and specific manner. (mdpi.com)
Thus, starvation induces degradation via autophagy, which appears to be selective and to degrade proteins in an ordered fashion and not completely arbitrarily as anticipated so far. (mcponline.org)
Autophagy is responsible for cytoplasmic bulk degradation and thought to be important for the turnover of whole organelles and long lived proteins ( 8 , 9 ). (mcponline.org)
However, lately selective types of autophagy have been described that lead to the elimination of specific organelles or protein aggregates ( 17 ), such as ER-phagy for ER-specific degradation ( 18 ), mitophagy for mitochondria-specific degradation ( 19 ), and ribophagy for ribosome-specific degradation ( 20 ). (mcponline.org)
Autophagy is a non-selective and bulk intracellular degradation system of eukaryotic cells and is highly conserved from yeast to human. (genome.jp)
Autophagy is a regulated process for protein degradation and turnover of damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. (biolegend.com)
Autophagy is the lysosomal-dependent degradation process of intracellular substances in adaptation to environmental or developmental changes. (rsc.org)
Upon the induction of selective autophagy, proteins prone for degradation are initially gathered around the cell nucleus. (innovations-report.com)
Less research has been done on the interplay of autophagy with other mechanisms, such as the intake of substrates by the invagination of the cell membrane (endocytosis), programmed cell death (apoptosis), and the ubiquitin system, which marks proteins for degradation by the proteasome. (innovations-report.com)
Autophagy describes the segregation and delivery of cytoplasmic cargo, including proteins and organelles, for degradation by hydrolytic enzymes through the lysosomal machinery. (thermofisher.com)
Listeria lacking ActA becomes rapidly ubiquitinated and targeted by the selective autophagy receptor p62 and autophagic degradation, leading to decreased survival as compared with wild-type (WT) bacteria. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

A new era of autophagy research began in 1990s when several groups of scientists independently discovered autophagy-related genes using the budding yeast . (wikipedia.org)
A unified nomenclature was advocated in 2003 by the yeast researchers to use ATG to denote autophagy genes. (wikipedia.org)
Knowledge of ATG genes provided scientists more convenient tools to dissect functions of autophagy in human health and disease. (wikipedia.org)
Since the discovery of autophagy-related ( Atg ) genes in the 1990s, there has been a proliferation of studies on the physiological and pathological roles of autophagy in a variety of autophagy knockout models. (nature.com)
Table 1 summarizes the association between genetic variants of autophagy-related genes and selected human diseases. (nature.com)
The broad objectives of the Xavier lab are to identify new candidate host genes and pathways that contribute to the induction of autophagy (perform genome-wide CRISPR screens, biochemical analysis, and analysis of mutant animals to define target mechanisms), and to develop successful strategies to increase autophagy in cells, thereby leading to new strategies to treat infectious diseases and disorders of mucosal immunity. (genomeweb.com)
We detail the ever increasing list of neurodegenerative diseases in which autophagy perturbations have been reported and discuss a new class of diseases caused by mutations in core autophagy genes. (jci.org)
Autophagy is carried out by a set of more than 30 proteins encoded by the Autophagy‐Related genes ( ATGs ), the functions of which have been dissected using genetic and biochemical approaches. (els.net)
lncreasingly, it is becoming clear that proteins encoded by ATG genes carry out functions in cellular pathways independent of their roles in autophagy. (els.net)
The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s allowed researchers to deduce the mechanisms of autophagy, which eventually led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi. (wikipedia.org)
Light-dependent retinal degeneration in the Drosophila visual system is caused by the knockdown or mutation of autophagy-essential components, such as autophagy-related protein 7 and 8 (atg-7/atg-8), or genes essential for PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) biogenesis and autophagosome formation, including Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd) and CDP-ethanolamine:diacylglycerol ethanolamine-phosphotransferase (Ept). (mendeley.com)
It is tightly regulated by almost 40 different ATG (Autophagy) genes. (thefreelibrary.com)
The transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master gene for lysosomal biogenesis, coordinated this program by driving expression of autophagy and lysosomal genes. (sciencemag.org)
More than 31 autophagy-related genes (ATG) whose products regulate autophagy have been identified, primarily through yeast genetics, and several have mammalian counterparts ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
Recent studies have not only identified a large number of autophagy genes (ATGs) but also expanded the autophagic cargos from intracellular pathogens to misfolded proteins ( 15 - 18 ). (pnas.org)
Like all important cellular processes, autophagy is complex, regulated by a web of genes and proteins. (fightaging.org)
Following early studies that displayed similarities between yeast and mammalian macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) ( 9 ), extensive studies in yeast revealed more than 30 atg genes that orchestrate autophagy. (diabetesjournals.org)
The molecular basis of autophagosome formation was largely demonstrated in budding yeast through the identification of autophagy-related ATG genes (ScATGs). (frontiersin.org)
The orthologues of ScATGs that function for autophagosome formation are conserved in plant species, and therefore the studies using the mutants of these ATG genes in model plants has helped develop our understanding of plant autophagy. (frontiersin.org)
The molecular machinery of autophagy was largely discovered in yeast and is directed by a number of autophagy-related (Atg) genes. (cellsignal.com)
Several genes involved in tumor suppression and/or are associated with cancer susceptibility are also regulators of autophagy. (biolegend.com)
He discovered specific genes involved in the regulation of autophagy. (care2.com)
Several Parkinson's risk genes, including LRRK2, have been previously linked to autophagy, a waste disposal system inside cells (see ARF related news story ). (alzforum.org)
The molecular processes and signalling pathways controlling autophagy include numerous autophagy-related (Atg) genes, important stress-inducible intracellular protein, such as p62/A170/SQSTM1 and autophagosome localizing proteins such as LC3, among many others making this a complex network of control. (horizondiscovery.com)
Furthermore, SNPs and mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in autophagy have been implicated in a wide variety of conditions including asthma, Crohn's disease and cancers. (horizondiscovery.com)
The gene regulations were then related to the biological processes by the study of signaling pathways that showed the induction of autophagy-related genes in early transfection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The role of autophagy-related genes (Atgs) in basal, starvation, and stress-induced autophagy in mammalian cells. (uio.no)
After the Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of autophagy genes in 2016, several biotech companies launched with plans to develop drugs that either boost or inhibit autophagy to treat a bevy of diseases, including Alzheimer's and cancer. (acs.org)
The contributors describe strategies for identifying and evaluating the biochemical and morphological changes that occur during apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and other forms of cell death, as well as for pinpointing the genes and proteins that may be involved. (cshlpress.com)

and (3) identify small molecules that target selective autophagy. (genomeweb.com)
Presents detailed information on the role of mitophagy, the selective autophagy of mitochondria, in health and disease, by delivering an in-depth treatment of the molecular mechanisms involved in mitophagy initiation and execution, as well as the role of mitophagy in Parkinson Disease, cardiac aging, and skeletal muscle atrophy. (elsevier.com)
Recent studies have identified several types of selective autophagy processes in plant cells that degrade specific organelles or unwanted components. (frontiersin.org)
We hope that this Research Topic will successfully show the recent advances of the studies on the role of plant selective autophagy throughout plant development, and help a large number of researchers to explore new avenues towards the further development of related fields. (frontiersin.org)
Given the role of autophagy and selective autophagy in several disease related processes such as tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration and infections, it is very important to dissect the molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy, in the context of the system and the organism. (mdpi.com)
However, the mechanisms of selective autophagy in Drosophila have been largely unexplored. (mdpi.com)
Luhr M, Szalai P, Sætre F, Gerner L, Seglen PO, Engedal N. A simple cargo sequestration assay for quantitative measurement of non-selective autophagy in cultured cells. (uio.no)

[16] [17] This was the first time the fact that lysosomes were established as the sites of intracellular autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
Here we show a previously unknown function for autophagy in regulating intracellular lipid stores (macrolipophagy). (nature.com)
There are usually intracellular stimuli and signals that induce autophagy. (news-medical.net)
Crotzer VL, Blum JS (2005) Autophagy and intracellular surveillance: modulating MHC class II antigen presentation with stress. (springer.com)
An immunological role of autophagy was first recognized with the discovery of autophagy's ability to sanitize the cellular interior by killing intracellular microbes. (springer.com)
This was the first time the fact that lysosomes are the sites of intracellular autophagy was established. (wikipedia.org)
Paradoxically, autophagy is a "double-edged sword" because it eliminates some pathogens, whereas it can be used by some intracellular pathogens to multiply and cause infection. (elsevier.com)
In Sindbis virus, tobacco mosaic virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and several bacterial infections, autophagy may have a protective function by restricting intracellular pathogen replication or by ensuring the survival of infected and/or uninfected cells ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
Traditionally, autophagy was considered a one-lane system for protein turnover and a mechanism for replenishing the intracellular amino acid pool during starvation. (diabetesjournals.org)
Autophagy is a process that degrades and removes dysfunctional proteins, damaged organelles, and intracellular pathogens by delivering cytoplasmic material to the lysosome. (biolegend.com)
Intracellular components are delivered by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) 1 ( 4 ), microautophagy ( 5 ), or macroautophagy ( 6 , 7 ), hereafter referred to as autophagy. (mcponline.org)
A ligand library interfering with the detected intracellular pathways showed concentration-dependent effects on the transfection efficiency of splice correction oligonucleotide complexed with PepFect14, proving that the autophagy process is induced upon the uptake of complexes. (sigmaaldrich.com)

There are both constitutive and stress-induced pathways for autophagy in neurons, which catalyze the turnover of aged or damaged mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, other cellular organelles, and aggregated proteins. (nih.gov)
The protein kinase complex, mTORC1, made up of the catalytic subunit, Target of Rapamycin (TOR), the Raptor regulatory/scaffold subunit and other proteins plays the central role in the signaling pathways involved in regulation of autophagy. (els.net)
Accumulation of activated rhodopsin in some Drosophila mutants leads to retinal degeneration, and although it is known that activated rhodopsin is degraded in endosomal pathways in normal photoreceptor cells, the contribution of autophagy to rhodopsin regulation has remained elusive. (mendeley.com)
This study reveals that activated rhodopsin is degraded by autophagy in collaboration with endosomal pathways to prevent retinal degeneration. (mendeley.com)
Here, we provide an integrated review of recent studies implicating autophagy dysfunction in the progression of mammalian disorders and summarize research suggesting that the molecular pathways involved in autophagy could serve as potential therapeutic targets. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
First, signal transduction pathways, frequently regulated by mTOR, initiate autophagy in response to a stimulus. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Although the core molecular components involved in the execution of autophagy are well studied there is limited information on how cellular signaling pathways, particularly kinases, regulate this complex process. (mdpi.com)
Finally, emerging evidence suggests that cross-talk exists between apoptotic and autophagic pathways, in that established regulators of apoptosis, such as the tumor suppressor p53 and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, also regulate autophagy. (mdanderson.org)
Autophagy products feed into cellular energy-generation pathways, facilitating cell survival under stressful conditions. (thefreelibrary.com)
Moreover, autophagy has been described as one of the central pathways for liver health and disease. (thefreelibrary.com)
Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of autophagy pathways that are operational in HCCs may be most rewarding, allowing development of new diagnosis and treatment techniques. (thefreelibrary.com)
These protein complexes play key roles in the regulation of cellular growth, cell-cycle progression, cell migration, and protein synthesis as well as the coordination of the catabolic autophagy activation with the activity of these essential cellular anabolic pathways. (thefreelibrary.com)
These pathways also represent important regulators of cell growth and proliferation, motility, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and survival ( 1 - 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Interestingly, autophagy is regulated by the above-mentioned nutrient-sensing pathways ( 9 - 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Here, we provide a review and perspective regarding the potential actions of nutrient-sensing pathways and autophagy in diabetic nephropathy. (diabetesjournals.org)
In cell biology research it seems that building gets more attention than destruction: work on the cell cycle leapt ahead while apoptosis research was in its infancy, and protein synthesis pathways were well established when autophagy was, for most researchers, a word that drew blank stares. (rupress.org)
In conditions of starvation, autophagy is boosted to produce amino acids and ATP for cell survival, but in the presence of growth factors, autophagy pathways are shut off. (biolegend.com)
Three main autophagy pathways have been described: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. (biolegend.com)
Animal and human studies have shown that autophagy is protective against neurodegeneration, and defects in autophagy pathways are associated with diseased brains. (biolegend.com)
Therapies that activate the autophagy pathways are therefore being investigated as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. (biolegend.com)
That autophagy represents a point of convergence for the secretory and the endosomal pathways suggests a number of interesting implications for immunity. (jimmunol.org)
However, one common element of autophagy pathways involves the importation of cytoplasmic components into the lysosome. (sigmaaldrich.com)

macroautophagy , microautophagy , and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). (wikipedia.org)
Cuervo AM, Wong E. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: roles in disease and aging. (springer.com)
The term autophagy describes a range of processes, including chaperone-mediated autophagy, microautophagy, and macroautophagy. (jci.org)
Four forms of autophagy have been identified: macroautophagy, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and crinophagy. (wikipedia.org)
There are three types of autophagy: Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. (abcam.com)
There are several different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), microautophagy and non-canonical autophagy, such as LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) [ 3 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Mammalian cells exhibit three distinct forms of autophagy to deliver cytosolic cargo to the lysosomes, namely, macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and microautophagy ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The second form of autophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, displays functional selectivity for the lysosomal targeting of specific soluble cytosolic proteins with the KFERQ signature ( 7 ) and requires the lysosome-associated membrane protein-2A receptor ( 7 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Chaperone-mediated autophagy utilizes heat shock proteins and transporters on lysosomal membranes to degrade proteins that express a targeting motif, making it a highly specific process. (biolegend.com)
Chaperone-mediated autophagy is regulated by environmental stress, and LAMP-2A expression levels can dictate the rate at which it occurs. (biolegend.com)
They are chaperone-mediated autophagy, microautophagy, and macroautophagy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) involves the direct translocation of cytosolic proteins across the lysosomal membrane. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Lipolysis and autophagy share similarities in regulation and function but are not known to be interrelated. (nature.com)
Regulation of autophagy is genetically linked. (news-medical.net)
Here we review the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and cancer stem cells. (springer.com)
An Atg1/Atg13 complex with multiple roles in TOR-mediated autophagy regulation. (springer.com)
With the explosion of information on autophagy in cancer, this is an opportune time to speed the efforts to translate our current knowledge about autophagy regulation into better understanding of its role in cancer. (springer.com)
This book will cover the latest advances in this area from the basics, such as the molecular machinery for autophagy induction and regulation, up to the current areas of interest such as modulation of autophagy and drug discovery for cancer prevention and treatment. (springer.com)
There will be ten sessions on topics such as Activation and deactivation of GTPases, Regulation of and by post translational modifications, Structural and molecular mechanisms, Small GTPases in the endocytic system, Small GTPases in the secretory system, Small GTPases in membrane trafficking in specialized cells, Autophagy, Rag GTPases, and GTPases and disease. (eurekalert.org)
This review focuses on the regulation of autophagy by several kinases with particular emphasis on serine/threonine protein kinases such as mTOR, AMP-activated kinase, Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK, p38 and JNK) and protein kinase C that are often deregulated in cancer and are important therapeutic targets. (mdpi.com)
Such specific regulation of autophagy may also be important for cell types in the muscle, brain and pancreas," said Dr. Min Chen, assistant professor of immunology at BCM and a corresponding author of this work. (medgadget.com)
This article comments on the fundamental developments on roles for autophagy in metabolic regulation and discusses currently available methods to monitor autophagy. (diabetesjournals.org)
The kinase mTOR is a critical regulator of autophagy induction, with activated mTOR (Akt and MAPK signaling) suppressing autophagy, and negative regulation of mTOR (AMPK and p53 signaling) promoting it. (cellsignal.com)
The regulation of autophagy has attracted more and more attention with the promise for improving treatment of diseases as a potential therapeutic target. (rsc.org)
In this study, the effects of Fe-MIL-101_NH 2 on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were investigated and the potential applications of these nanoparticles in the regulation of autophagy were explored. (rsc.org)
Regulation of autophagy by calcium perturbation and signaling from ER stress / the unfolded protein response (UPR) in malignant and nonmalignant cells. (uio.no)

Lipid droplets and autophagic components associated during nutrient deprivation, and inhibition of autophagy in cultured hepatocytes and mouse liver increased triglyceride storage in lipid droplets. (nature.com)
Inhibition of autophagy leads to increased TG accumulation. (nature.com)
Inhibition of autophagy decreases TG β-oxidation and decay. (nature.com)
Genetic inhibition of autophagy induces degenerative changes in mammalian tissues that resemble those associated with aging, and normal and pathological aging are often associated with a reduced autophagic potential. (nih.gov)
Pharmacological or genetic manipulations that increase life span in model organisms often stimulate autophagy, and its inhibition compromises the longevity-promoting effects of caloric restriction, Sirtuin 1 activation, inhibition of insulin/insulin growth factor signaling, or the administration of rapamycin, resveratrol, or spermidine. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of AMPK-mediated autophagy led to reduced lung branching in vitro. (jci.org)
Many, if not most chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation also promote autophagy, which is generally considered a cytoprotective response, in that its inhibition frequently promotes apoptotic cells death. (mdpi.com)
Crocin has a paradoxical protective effect by regulating both the induction and inhibition of autophagy in ischemia and reperfusion injury. (greenmedinfo.com)
Here, we discuss the molecular mechanism of ER stress and autophagy and their induction and inhibition signaling network. (intechopen.com)
Autophagy inhibition enhanced 5FUinduced cell death in human gast. (ingentaconnect.com)
Additionally, inhibition of autophagy by either 3MA or beclin1 ablation increased 5FUinduced cell death in BGC823 cells. (ingentaconnect.com)
Autophagy inhibition through manipulation of sirtuin proteins may increase the therapeutic efficacy of the 5FU chemotherapeutic drug against gastric carcinoma. (ingentaconnect.com)
Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin with Torin1 also was not sufficient to markedly upregulate neuronal autophagy. (jneurosci.org)
Neuronal autophagy is not robustly upregulated in response to starvation or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition, suggesting that constitutive autophagy in neurons maintains homeostasis by playing an integral role in regulating the quality of the neuronal proteome. (jneurosci.org)
A Novel Role of Listeria monocytogenes Membrane Vesicles in Inhibition of Autophagy and Cell Death. (uio.no)
Moreover, inhibition of both ER stress and autophagy promote the sensitivity of melanoma cells to dabrafenib. (dovepress.com)
These results provide us with promising evidence that the inhibition of autophagy and ER stress could serve a therapeutic effect for the conventional dabrafenib chemotherapy. (dovepress.com)
The inhibition of autophagy through chloroquine had no effect on the genotoxicity induced by the tested compounds, but it led to a high increase of cytotoxicity. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Historically known for its anti-malarial activity, chloroquine is a widely used biological research tool for studying autophagy inhibition. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Chloroquine diphosphate is an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) Accordingly, we found that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of specific autophagy regulators synergistically enhanced the ability of ERK inhibitors to. (musicaenlamochila.net)

ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery. (springer.com)
Atg1, the first autophagy-related protein identified, is a serine/threonine kinase and it is regulated by another serine/threonine kinase mTOR. (mdpi.com)
However, in spite of the constitutive activation of mTOR and the abrogated autophagy activity in TSC1- or TSC2-deficient cells, the TSC mutant cells are defective in aggresome formation and undergo apoptosis upon misfolded protein accumulation both in vitro and in vivo. (pnas.org)
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates diverse signals to regulate fundamental cellular processes, such as translation, cell growth, autophagy, and stress response ( 5 , 6 ). (pnas.org)
However, opposite to AMPK, mTOR actually inhibits autophagy. (care2.com)
In general, once you ve depleted the glycogen stores in your liver, AMPK is activated, mTOR is suppressed and autophagy kicks in ( 7 ). (care2.com)
mTOR is a key regulator of autophagy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Under normal physiological conditions mTOR inhibits autophagy, but, under extreme nutritional deficiency mTOR can be inactivated, which leads to autophagy activation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
mTOR activity negatively regulates autophagy, which may involve AMP kinase induced phosphorylation of mTOR on specific sites. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Autophagy can also be induced in mTOR-independent manner by lowering the levels of myo-inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate in cells by using lithium, carbamezapine, or sodium valproate. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The importance of autophagy for maintaining quality control on proteins and organelles is underscored by the fact that many diseases exhibit dysfunctional autophagic activities, for example neurodegenerative diseases. (els.net)
Describes the various aspects of the complex process of autophagy in a myriad of devastating human diseases, expanding from a discussion of essential autophagic functions into the role of autophagy in proteins, pathogens, immunity, and general diseases. (elsevier.com)
This review will describe autophagic cell death induced in breast tumor cells, lung cancer cells as well as glioblastoma, demonstrating that it cannot be concluded that stress induced autophagy is, of necessity, cytoprotective in function. (mdpi.com)
In contrast, overactivation of autophagy may indeed lead to cell death through so far not well understood mechanisms as an alternative nonapoptotic programmed cell death mechanism, "autophagic cell death" has been reported to be responsible for killing cells in a number of scenarios (2-4). (thefreelibrary.com)
In this review, we will briefly introduce the basic autophagic machinery and autophagy-cell death connections and summarize implication of autophagy-related cell death and survival for HCC management. (thefreelibrary.com)
The endoplasmic reticulum was proposed as the source of the autophagic membranes (Dunn, 1990), although uncertainties about this and other details of autophagy remain. (rupress.org)
Decreased autophagic function can result from gene mutations that inhibit autophagosome maturation and lysosome fusion, or from aging-related declines in CNS expression of autophagy proteins. (biolegend.com)
In this Brief Review , we cover the immunological roles of macroautophagy ( 1 ), a specific autophagic process that will be referred to herein as sensu stricto autophagy or simply autophagy. (jimmunol.org)
An excellent genetically tractable model organism to study autophagy is Drosophila , which appears to have a highly conserved autophagic machinery compared with mammals. (mdpi.com)
Autophagy is induced upon cellular stress, such as starvation, organelle damage, pathogen invasion, and oxidative stress ( 11 ), and serves as a prosurvival response because mice with a defect in the autophagic response die upon neonatal starvation ( 12 ). (mcponline.org)
An advantage to monitoring p62 to measure autophagic flux is that lysosomal inhibitors are not necessary, because unlike LC3-II, p62 does not usually increase when autophagy is induced. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Cited by: 248 Publish Year: 2008 Author: Eri Iwai-Kanai, Hua Yuan, Chengqun Huang, M. and the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine could be used to measure autophagic flux in both in vitro and in vivo model systems Chloroquine (CQ) is an antimalarial drug and late-stage inhibitor of autophagy currently FDA-approved for use in the treatment of autophagy flux chloroquine rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. (musicaenlamochila.net)
The Autophagy Team aims to understand central regulatory mechanisms and mediators of autophagic processes in mammalian cells. (uio.no)

This review focuses on the role of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) in human diseases. (nature.com)
Here we focus on macroautophagy, which we refer to as autophagy. (jci.org)
Although most types of autophagy occur in most eukaryotic cells, the term 'autophagy' is commonly used to describe macroautophagy (and will be used herein). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
However, it is now becoming increasingly clear that autophagy, in particular macroautophagy, exhibits significant versatility in its ability to degrade mitochondria (mitophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy), ribosomes (ribophagy), and peroxisomes (pexophagy) ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Proper activation of autophagy can maintain neuronal health through several mechanisms, including aggrephagy and mitophagy , both of which are forms of selective macroautophagy. (biolegend.com)
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a conserved homeostatic process that occurs in all eukaryotes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Besides that, autophagy can induce some liver diseases to develop while it may play a protective role in hepatocellular abnormal aggregates related liver diseases and reduces fibrosis. (hindawi.com)
Numerous stimuli can induce autophagy - for example hypoxia and nutrient starvation - which enable the cell to free vital amino acids to re-use as well as clear aberrant structures or organelles. (abcam.com)
Many stressors, such as starvation, ischaemia and oxidative stress can induce autophagy. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Under certain conditions, autophagy can also induce programmed cell death ( apoptosis ). (rxlist.com)
Intermittent fasting is a possible way to induce autophagy. (rxlist.com)
A currently popular diet known as the ketogenic diet , in which 75% of the daily calories come from fat, is believed to induce ketosis and autophagy. (rxlist.com)
For instance, fasting may induce autophagy in any type of cell and not necessarily in fat cells. (rxlist.com)
However, do not attempt to fast to induce autophagy without discussing this method with your doctor . (rxlist.com)
Furthermore, it has been shown that conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation alone rarely induce a form of autophagy that leads to cell death. (mdpi.com)
The UPR and autophagy are interlinked, which indicates that the ER stress can not only induce autophagy but also suppress it. (intechopen.com)
Surprisingly, starvation did not induce autophagy in either the axonal or somatodendritic compartment. (jneurosci.org)
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDI) induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, while promoting autophagy, chloroquine and autophagy inhibitor which promotes cancer cell survival when apoptosis is compromised. (musicaenlamochila.net)

Host defence mechanism - autophagy helps kill cells that are infected or invaded by foreign pathogens. (news-medical.net)
Although the changes are quite subtle, there are differences between the way that fibroblasts that contain mutant LRRK2 respond to being starved - suggesting that there may be changes in the way that these cells regulate a key process called autophagy (a term which comes from the greek meaning to eat yourself, and is one of the ways that cells get rid of waste and recycle proteins and organellles). (ucl.ac.uk)
Autophagy is particularly important in neurons, which are terminally differentiated cells that must last the lifetime of the organism. (nih.gov)
It helps us understand the relationship between autophagy and stem cells. (springer.com)
Autophagy is a specific universal biological phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, which is characterized by cytoplasmic vacuoles in the process of degrading cellular contents in lysosomes. (springer.com)
This process of autophagy ( 2 ), however, poses a problem for the body's specialized fuel-sensing cells. (sciencemag.org)
4 ) show how β cells avoid inappropriate autophagy, and describe a form of this process tailored to the needs of these cells. (sciencemag.org)
Autophagy participates in hepatic fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells and may participate as well through influencing other fibrogenic cells. (hindawi.com)
Autophagy, a catabolic process by which cells develop, differentiate, survive, and stay homeostasis under conditions such as nutrients deprivation and hypoxia, has been implicated in many liver diseases including viral hepatitis, alcohol liver diseases, nonalcohol liver diseases, acute liver injury, and alpha1-antitrypsin (AT) deficiency related liver diseases [ 2 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Autophagy, a metabolic process that eukaryotic cells digest their own organelles and long-lived proteins, is critical for development, differentiation, and homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
These pages will serve as a description on how the pro-survival function of autophagy may help cancer cells resist chemotherapy and radiation treatment as well as how the pro-death functions of autophagy may enhance cell death in response to cancer therapy, and how to target autophagy for cancer prevention and therapy − what to target and how to target it. (springer.com)
Autophagy is a fundamental biological process that enables cells to autodigest their own cytosol during starvation and other forms of stress. (springer.com)
Our studies revealed an unexpected finding where one cell triggers autophagy in neighboring cells. (umassmed.edu)
Autophagy is the process cells use to degrade used or damaged components inside the cell for recycling. (umassmed.edu)
A breakdown in autophagy is associated with diseases such as cancer, immune disorders and neurodegeneration, but little is known about the system-wide signals between cells that control autophagy in complex, multicellular animals. (umassmed.edu)
When Baehrecke and colleagues turned off the Mcr gene in Drosophila salivary gland cells, fragments consistent with a breakdown in autophagy appeared, indicating that Mcr played a role in the clearance of cellular debris by activating autophagy. (umassmed.edu)
2021. "Advances in Plant Autophagy" Cells 10, no. 1: 194. (mdpi.com)
Autophagy is the process of 'self-eating' that cells go through, destroying their own contents and recycling certain components. (siliconrepublic.com)
Referring to his work as part of a "series of brilliant experiments", the Nobel Foundation said Ohsumi subsequently showed that sophisticated machinery is used in humans cells to achieve autophagy. (siliconrepublic.com)
Autophagy can provide fuel for renewal of cells, alleviating against starvation and fighting against viruses and bacteria. (siliconrepublic.com)
In autophagy, cells engulf unwanted material in vesicles that are then deposited in a trash bin called the vacuole or lysosome. (genengnews.com)
Autophagy serves on the one hand for the recycling of the building blocks of cells and the provision of energy, but is also activated specifically in stress situations. (medindia.net)
Autophagy is a natural cellular mechanism by which the cells in our body degrade unnecessary or damaged components within the cell. (rxlist.com)
Though autophagy sounds like self-destruction, the process actually helps clean up harmful material inside the cells and rejuvenates them. (rxlist.com)
In times of stress , when cells are deprived of nutrients or oxygen , autophagy can provide an alternate source of energy from the recycled cellular material to help them survive. (rxlist.com)
Autophagy forms a part of the metabolic process which helps cells convert food into a form of energy that cells can use to grow and divide. (rxlist.com)
When fasting starves the cells, autophagy helps digest some of the cell components, to provide the necessary energy for survival. (rxlist.com)
It is also not clear what type of cells initiate autophagy in response to fasting. (rxlist.com)
Autophagy therefore plays an important role during tumorigenesis, as it allows early solid tumors to survive prior to vascularization (angiogenesis), and it promotes chemoresistance by allowing tumor cells to remove damaged proteins and organelles. (mdanderson.org)
A process of self-digestion called autophagy prompts the maturation of red blood cells. (medgadget.com)
When other cells get old or stressed, their organelles may become damaged and need to be cleared by autophagy for quality control. (medgadget.com)
Autophagy is a catabolic response of cells to stress. (thefreelibrary.com)
Autophagy is active at a basal level in cells, and it may further be upregulated in response to several types of stresses that disturb cellular homeostasis, including low cellular ATP levels, nutrient and growth factor deprivation, hypoxic conditions, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, pathogen entry, or anticancer drug treatment (1). (thefreelibrary.com)
A number of studies showed that during transitions from normal cells to cancer cells, autophagy either plays a tumor-suppressor role or prevents cancer formation. (thefreelibrary.com)
Sirt1 induction of autophagy occurred at the level of autophagosome maturation and completion in cultured prostate cancer cells. (wellnessresources.com)
Capsaicin inhibits 5-FU-induced autophagy and rendering Cholangiocarcinoma cells more susceptible to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. (greenmedinfo.com)
An antioxidant-rich extract of seaweed polyphenols combined with current PC treatment modalities may inhibit tumor relapse by targeting therapy-orchestrated autophagy in residual cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
TSC Null Cells Are Aggresome-Defective Despite Abrogated Autophagy. (pnas.org)
If you don't know, autophagy is the process by which your body cleans out old, damaged structures and cells to make room for the new, healthy ones. (robbwolf.com)
Autophagy is, broadly speaking, the process by which your cells recycle damaged components. (fightaging.org)
Scientists believe that a number of the benefits of calorie restriction result from an increased level of autophagy , producing a lower level of damage in your cells at any given point in time. (fightaging.org)
Autophagy is an essential cellular process by which cells take out the trash, so to speak. (abovetopsecret.com)
The effects of prolonged fasting on the immune system, namely, how it clears away damaged white blood cells via autophagy and how this causes hematopoietic stem cells to self renew and make more stem cells and also produce new blood cells to fully replenish the white blood cell population. (abovetopsecret.com)
Autophagy performs a self-digestion function, and its activation protects cells against certain pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Autophagy is the "self-eating process" that degrades the portion of cytoplasm including organelles in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
Dysregulation of autophagy can have fatal consequences for cells, which is why it has been linked to diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and pathogenic infections. (biolegend.com)
These protein aggregates become too large to pass through the pore of the proteasome, so cells rely on autophagy for their removal to maintain health. (biolegend.com)
Greek for self-eating, autophagy is a natural cleansing process in the body that allows cells to essentially eat themselves. (care2.com)
In fact, autophagy is essential to our survival cells would not thrive or survive without it. (care2.com)
One study to support this found that the cells of long-living individuals (people age 100 and over) showed higher rates of autophagy than younger seniors (at 75 years old) ( 1 ). (care2.com)
It is of note that the 5FU treatment only promoted autophagy in BGC823 cells. (ingentaconnect.com)
As a result, autophagy is now recognized to be another barrier confronted by microbes that invade eukaryotic cells. (jimmunol.org)
The autophagy narrative has become a hot topic in PD research, since a blockage in this process may help explain why cells accumulate α-synuclein deposits. (alzforum.org)
In mammalian cells, Wolozin showed that one such gene, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), directly binds LRRK2 and mediates the ability of the G2019S LRRK2 mutant to dial down autophagy. (alzforum.org)
Paradoxically, autophagy is not only a major mechanism by which a starving cell reallocates nutrients to ensure survival, scientists are now demonstrating that autophagy also provides cells that cannot undergo apoptosis with an alternate form of self-destruction. (science20.com)
For instance, in vitro and animal and human studies indicate that autophagy dysfunction in bone cells is associated with the onset of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. (scielo.br)
Moreover, we found a greater accumulation of LC3-II after exposure to an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), combined with Gd 3+ than that after exposure to CQ alone, suggesting that Gd 3+ activated autophagy in HEK293 cells. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Therefore, it is interesting and significant to study the effects of MOFs on living cells from safety aspects as well as the therapeutic viewpoint, especially their effects on autophagy which have not been reported yet. (rsc.org)
In autophagy cells destroy their own cytoplasmic components in a very systematic manner and recycle them. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In mammalian cells, autophagy occurs constitutively at basal rates and its primary function is to protect cells under stress conditions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
However, if cellular damage becomes irreparable, cells can destroy themselves completely by autophagy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Autophagy occurs in organisms as simple as yeast cells and as complex as human beings. (innovations-report.com)
Even entire cellular organelles can be removed by autophagy when they do not function properly any longer and viruses or bacteria that invade cells can be neutralized. (innovations-report.com)
The components recovered in the process can then be reused by cells as basic material, which is why autophagy is also employed as a strategy for cell survival when the energy supply is low. (innovations-report.com)
As it has become increasingly clear that the cells can target the process and that its disturbance is associated with an entire series of disorders, autophagy research has really taken off," explained Professor Christian Behl, Deputy Speaker of the CRC and Director of the Institute of Pathobiochemistry at the Mainz University Medical Center. (innovations-report.com)
On the other hand, cancer cells make use of autophagy processes in order to survive the nutrient shortage associated with fast tumor growth. (innovations-report.com)
Torgersen ML, Engedal N, Boe SO, Hokland P, Simonsen A. Targeting autophagy potentiates the apoptotic effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors in t(8;21) AML cells. (uio.no)
Our studies support that both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy were induced in the melanoma cells after the treatment with dabrafenib. (dovepress.com)
In addition, ER stress-induced autophagy protects melanoma cells from the toxicity of dabrafenib. (dovepress.com)
Taken together, the data suggest that ER stress-induced autophagy determines the sensitivity of melanoma cells to dabrafenib. (dovepress.com)
It is critical to the healthy functioning of cells and the failure of autophagy is a major reason for the accumulation of cell damage and aging. (thermofisher.com)

Finally, we discuss the role of autophagy in neuronal development, homeostasis, and aging and the links between deficits in autophagy and neurodegeneration. (nih.gov)
Therefore, exploring the mechanism of autophagy in maintaining stem cell homeostasis is crucial. (springer.com)
Although the importance of autophagy for cell homeostasis and survival has long been appreciated, our understanding of how autophagy is carried out at the molecular level has recently benefited from genetic studies that have revealed the functions of many of the participating proteins. (els.net)
therefore, autophagy acts as a housekeeping mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The process of autophagy helps maintain normal functioning ( homeostasis ) in the cell. (rxlist.com)
In short, autophagy is a part of a cellular process that maintains cell homeostasis by finding a balance between making and breaking cellular components. (rxlist.com)
Autophagy is a Greek-derived concept that means "self-eating" and is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of homeostasis and disease. (jci.org)
In addition to its cellular homeostasis function, autophagy is emerging as a central component of antimicrobial host defense against diverse infections. (pnas.org)
Other intersections of autophagy with immune processes encompass effects on inflammasome activation and secretion of its substrates, including IL-1β, effector and regulatory interactions with TLRs and Nod-like receptors, Ag presentation, naive T cell repertoire selection, and mature T cell development and homeostasis. (jimmunol.org)
Moreover, recent studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. (scielo.br)
Autophagy plays a central role in normal development and cell homeostasis of yeast. (genome.jp)
In addition, exercise is not able to lower serum lipids as effectively in the mutant mice, highlighting the importance of autophagy for the beneficial effects of exercise on glucose and lipid homeostasis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Interestingly, mutant mice fed a high-fat diet but not exercised are largely indistinguishable from wild-type mice regarding these metabolic parameters, suggesting that basal autophagy does not contribute substantially to resting lipid or glucose homeostasis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
To investigate how a defect in autophagy translates into this type of metabolic disorder, the authors focus on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central regulator of energy homeostasis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

These Atg proteins form distinct functional complexes that regulate each step of the process, including induction of autophagy, generation of the nucleation complex, autophagosome formation, and cargo recognition ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

This information is important because one of the major functions of autophagy is to degrade and eliminate excessive, old, and harmful materials from the cell. (elsevier.com)

In disease, autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress, which promotes survival, whereas in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity . (wikipedia.org)
Autophagy plays an important role in the survival of cellular organisms. (news-medical.net)
Mazure NM, Pouysségur J (2010) Hypoxia-induced autophagy: cell death or cell survival? (springer.com)
As a necessary process to maintain cell survival during starvation and damage, the proteins involved in autophagy are highly conserved from yeast to mammalian. (hindawi.com)
The text will include an explanation on how autophagy can function in both oncogenesis and tumor suppression and a description of its function in tumor development and tumor suppression through its roles in cell survival, cell death, cell growth as well as its influences on inflammation, immunity, DNA damage, oxidative stress, tumor microenvironment, etc. (springer.com)
Although autophagy is considered a survival mechanism when faced with cellular stress, extensive autophagy can also lead to cell death. (mdpi.com)
Autophagy is a process of cellular self-digestion, whereby the cell degrades subcellular materials in order to generate energy and metabolic precursors in order to prolong survival, classically under conditions of nutrient deprivation. (mdpi.com)
Autophagy, on the other hand, is primarily a cell survival rather than a cell death process. (mdanderson.org)
It is important to understand the relationship between autophagy and cell death, as the association of autophagy with cell growth, nutrient utilization, survival and death indicates that this catabolic process is relevant to the treatment of many human disorders including cancer. (science20.com)
Under conditions such as stress or starvation, autophagy contributes to the breakdown of proteins and cellular compartments to generate amino acids required for the synthesis of proteins essential for cell survival. (biolegend.com)
By degrading cytoplasmic components autophagy releases amino acids for protein synthesis and fatty acids for oxidation in mitochondria to produce energy for survival. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The second autophagy process is termed as microautophagy. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Defects in autophagy have been linked to various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer, and interest in modulating autophagy as a potential treatment for these diseases has grown rapidly. (wikipedia.org)
Understanding the importance and necessity of the role of autophagy in health and disease is vital for the studies of cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, immunology, and infectious diseases. (elsevier.com)
The role of autophagy during cell death remains controversial but is important to our understanding and treatment of many human disorders including cancer and neurodegeneration," Baehrecke said. (science20.com)
At first glance, drugging autophagy sounds like a panacea, but each approach carries a risk: boosting autophagy might prevent neurodegeneration at the expense of increasing cancer risk, while inhibiting autophagy might kill cancer at the expense of the brain and other organs. (acs.org)

Autophagy concludes by the fusion of the autophagosome with the lysosome, where the cytoplasmic constituents are degraded by lysosomal hydrolases. (abcam.com)
2012) while Bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine inhibit the autophagy by neutralizing the lysosomal pH and blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion (see Fig. …. Autophagy flux, as measured by LC3-I and -II in the presence of Chloroquine, showed a variable level in PCC and CAFs. (musicaenlamochila.net)

The dynamic interaction of AMBRA1 with the dynein motor complex regulates mammalian autophagy. (springer.com)
Finally, the work explores the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis, with attention to the ways in which autophagy regulates apoptosis, and the ways in which autophagy has been explored in Lepidoptera, elucidating the use of larval midgut as a model for such exploration. (elsevier.com)
mTORC1 regulates the downstream Atg1/Ulk1 autophagy-related kinase complex (11). (thefreelibrary.com)
Thus, a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism regulates autophagy by controlling the biogenesis and partnership of two distinct cellular organelles. (sciencemag.org)
Gene expression analysis further demonstrated that loss of endogenous Sirt1 inhibited autophagy, which regulates normal gland development. (wellnessresources.com)
To determine whether JFH-1-HCV infection regulates autophagy, we examined the conversion of endogenous LC3 to LC3 II. (pnas.org)

The counterpart of the yeast Apg12p conjugation system essential for autophagy. (springer.com)
Formation of the approximately 350-kDa Apg12-Apg5.Apg16 multimeric complex, mediated by Apg16 oligomerization, is essential for autophagy in yeast. (springer.com)
The basic autophagy mechanism is conserved from yeast to man. (thefreelibrary.com)
The results suggest that the Sirt1 gene promotes autophagy and further highlight the role of the protein SIRT1 (the human homologue of the yeast Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2) gene) as a tumor suppressor in the prostate. (wellnessresources.com)
Autophagy requires the de novo formation of the nucleation complex, which in turn requires Beclin (Atg6 in yeast) to dissociate from its binding partner Bcl-2 ( 1 , 4 ) ( Fig. 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In yeast, nutrient withdrawal is the primary stimulus that induces autophagy. (genome.jp)
BECN1, the ortholog of the yeast autophagy-related protein Atg6, is a critical component required for a lipid kinase complex involved in autophagy induction. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Thus, autophagy is required for multiple roles in the prevention of human disease. (els.net)
In this review, we highlight the considerable progress made recently towards understanding the diverse roles of the cytoskeleton in autophagy. (nih.gov)
In addition to its physiological roles, autophagy also occurs in a wide variety of pathological processes, including tumour progression, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative and lung diseases. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
This clarifies the roles and relationships of three of the major features of neurodegenerative disease: aging, immunity, and autophagy," Giniger told Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
Recent findings now highlight roles for autophagy in mobilization of diverse cellular energy stores ( 4 ) and in adipocyte differentiation ( 5 , 6 ), thus presenting autophagy as an emerging player in the metabolic arena. (diabetesjournals.org)
Physiological roles of organelles autophagy in plant development and crop productivity. (frontiersin.org)
Autophagy is a fundamental eukaryotic process with multiple cytoplasmic homeostatic roles, recently expanded to include unique stand-alone immunological functions and interactions with nearly all parts of the immune system. (jimmunol.org)
In this article, we review this growing repertoire of autophagy roles in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. (jimmunol.org)

Physiological autophagy in the Syrian hamster Harderian gland / Ignacio Vega-Naredo and Ana Coto-Montes. (openlibrary.org)
Thanks to Ohsumi and others following in his footsteps, we now know that autophagy controls important physiological functions where cellular components need to be degraded and recycled," said the Nobel Foundation. (siliconrepublic.com)
In mammals, autophagy plays a vital role in maintenance of physiological steady state, biosynthesis of macromolecules, cellular development, tissue remodelling and adaptation to the environment [ 6 , 7 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The researchers were able to show that the complex plays an important role in autophagy, a physiological process that breaks down cellular proteins and organelles. (medindia.net)
These studies support the idea that the "housekeeping" role of autophagy, in fact, translates to key physiological functions. (diabetesjournals.org)
As novel functions for autophagy continue to unfold, it becomes critical to be able to precisely monitor autophagy in diverse physiological systems. (diabetesjournals.org)
Autophagy is generally activated by conditions of nutrient deprivation but has also been associated with physiological as well as pathological processes such as development, differentiation, neurodegenerative diseases, stress, infection, obesity, and cancer. (cellsignal.com)
These observations suggest that the primary physiological function of autophagy in neurons may not be to mobilize amino acids and other biosynthetic building blocks in response to starvation, in contrast to findings in other cell types. (jneurosci.org)

Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades damaged organelles or protein aggregation, which participates in many pathological processes including liver diseases. (hindawi.com)
Dysregulated autophagy contributes to many pathologic processes including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. (els.net)
This study suggests a potential role of autophagy in complement-associated processes that are associated with human diseases. (umassmed.edu)
Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging: Volume 9: Human Diseases and Autophagosome offers a valuable guide to both cellular processes while helping researchers explore their potentially important connections. (elsevier.com)
The role of autophagy in cancer-related processes is currently under investigation. (thefreelibrary.com)
In this regard, autophagy serves as an innate host defense mechanism, and some viruses and bacteria produce virulence factors that counteract these antimicrobial processes ( 4 - 7 ). (pnas.org)
Thus, the aim of this Research Topic is to extend our understanding of plant autophagy processes that degrade specific organelles during plant development. (frontiersin.org)
Relationship among autophagy and other processes for organelle turnover. (frontiersin.org)
Although typically considered to be degradative, autophagy also functions in homeostatic and even biosynthetic processes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The researchers trust that they will be able to impact autophagy processes in the future in order to treat various forms of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, and inflammatory reactions more effectively. (innovations-report.com)
Strikingly, this new strategy used by L. monocytogenes to avoid autophagy is independent of ActA, suggesting that InlK-MVP interactions and actin polymerization are two processes that favor the infection process in the same way. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

At the very least, autophagy under basal conditions could compromise the ability to respond optimally to fluctuations in blood glucose, posing a health risk. (sciencemag.org)
Though a basal or constitutive level of autophagy is present in almost all cell types all the time for elimination of damaged proteins and even dysfunctional organelles, for example, mitochondria, autophagy can be strongly induced to compensate for nutritional imbalances or in response to stresses such as DNA damage. (els.net)
Using live-cell imaging in mouse hippocampal neurons, we establish the compartment-specific mechanisms of constitutive autophagy under basal conditions, as well as in response to stress induced by nutrient deprivation. (jneurosci.org)
Autophagy occurs constitutively at a basal level, but is substantially induced by various stressors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

This book introduces the reader to the fundamentals of autophagy, guides a novice and the well-informed reader alike through different immunological aspects of autophagy as well as the countermeasures used by highly adapted pathogens to fight autophagy, and provides the expert with the latest, up-to-date information on the specifics of the leading edge of autophagy research in infection and immunity. (springer.com)
Pathogens and autophagy: Subverti. (mendeley.com)
Autophagy could be excessive or damaged organelles, such as mitochondria, invading pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, or cytoplasmic macromolecules. (medindia.net)
In recent years, autophagy has been recognized to be also essential for several functions of innate and acquired immunity, e.g. antigen presentation and elimination of cytosolic pathogens. (fz-juelich.de)
Autophagy may engulf non-specific cell components, or selectively remove damaged components or invasive bacteria and other pathogens. (rxlist.com)
To counteract this mechanism, many pathogens have evolved to evade, subvert, or exploit autophagy. (pnas.org)
B) Alternatively, autophagy can sequester cytosolic proteins such as ubiquitin and ribosomal proteins (pear-shaped tan-colored shapes, ribosomes) and digest them into antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that can be delivered to pathogens confined in phagosomes. (jimmunol.org)

In crinophagy (the least well-known and researched form of autophagy), unnecessary secretory granules are degraded and recycled. (wikipedia.org)
A novel form of autophagy identified in primary rat hepatocytes. (uio.no)

Substrate proteins are unfolded prior to their internalization, which is not required in other forms of autophagy. (sigmaaldrich.com)

In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that autophagy also plays a key role in the development of mammalian diseases, a function that has garnered substantial attention and study. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy dysfunction is related to several pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. (scielo.br)

The class III type phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K class III or hVps34) is a major regulator of autophagy. (cellsignal.com)
The amino acid leucine , which is contained in nearly all proteins, is also a key regulator of autophagy. (care2.com)

wherein optionally the protein comprises or consists of a Tat-Atg5K130R (Tat-Atg5 K130R ) (inhibitor of autophagy), a Tat-Beclin 1 (stimulates or increases autophagy), or a peptidomimetic or synthetic form thereof, or an equivalent thereof. (freepatentsonline.com)
The coaddition of ERβ agonist and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine resulted in a significant accumulation of sub-G 1 DNA which was completely prevented by the addition of the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK.Wepropose that combined therapies with anERb agonist and an inhibitor of autophagy may provide the basis for a novel approach to the. (musicaenlamochila.net)

There is also a link between programmed cell death like apoptosis and autophagy. (news-medical.net)
Treatment with melittin induces apoptosis and autophagy of fibroblastlike synoviocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (greenmedinfo.com)

Explores the role of autophagy in specific diseases and developments, including: Crohn's Disease, Gaucher Disease, Huntington's Disease, HCV infection, osteoarthritis, and liver injury, with a full section devoted to in-depth exploration of autophagy in tumor development and cancer, as well as the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis. (elsevier.com)
This review had the purpose of discussing the issue to confirm whether a relationship between autophagy dysfunction and osteoporosis exits. (scielo.br)

Here, we discuss the probable cause and effect relationship between perturbed autophagy and aging, as well as possible molecular mechanisms that may mediate the anti-aging effects of autophagy. (nih.gov)
Klionsky DJ (2005) The molecular machinery of autophagy: unanswered questions. (springer.com)
This extracellular molecular link raises the possibility that the breakdown between an immune system signal and autophagy could contribute to human diseases. (umassmed.edu)
Work is underway to elucidate molecular mechanisms of autophagy in heart and to explore its contribution to the pathogenesis of heart failure. (utsouthwestern.edu)
An in-depth understanding of the molecular role that autophagy plays in pathological settings is vital for both the diagnosis and treatment of mammalian diseases and will aid in the search for novel targets for therapeutic drug intervention. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Thus the molecular description of autophagy is a relatively recent phenomenon (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). (rupress.org)
The goal of the new research center is a better understanding of autophagy at the molecular and cellular level. (innovations-report.com)
Within the new collaborative research center, scientists are planning to investigate autophagy at the molecular, cellular, and model organism level. (innovations-report.com)

A double membrane surrounds organelles such as mitochondria (A) during autophagy. (rupress.org)
Removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy is called mitophagy, which is triggered by accumulation of activated PINK1 at the mitochondrial membrane. (biolegend.com)

In addition, stress-induced autophagy has been linked to several diseases, one of them being cancer. (mcponline.org)
In order to specifically examine the role of stress-induced autophagy in exercise, He et al. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Autophagy is recognized as the main tool to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. (slideshare.net)
1. 1Cardiovascular Research Focus www.ptglab.com AUTOPHAGY RESEARCH FOCUS www.ptglab.com Autophagy is recognized as the main tool to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. (slideshare.net)
But by flipping the ATG8 protein 180°, scientists based at Washington University in St. Louis have discovered a whole new set of receptors that can draw cellular wallflowers-poorly folded proteins and dysfunctional organelles-into the autophagy dance. (genengnews.com)
During autophagy, a semicircular membrane known as phagophore forms and closes around some of the molecules and organelles in the cytoplasm and becomes what is known as an autophagosome. (rxlist.com)
Autophagy is the destructive process in which a double membrane envelops cytoplasm and organelles before targeting them to lysosomes for destruction. (rupress.org)
Autophagy is a dynamic cellular recycling system that degrades cytoplasmic contents, abnormal protein aggregates, and excess or damaged organelles so that the building blocks, such as amino acids, can be used to create new cellular components. (cellsignal.com)
A primary and unique function of autophagy is to degrade entire organelles, which can be used to recycle cell components and generate energy. (biolegend.com)
Autophagy is unique in its capacity to sequester, remove, or process bulk cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles ( 1 ), invading microbes, and immunological mediators ( 2 ), as depicted in Fig. 1 . (jimmunol.org)
B) As a topological inverter device, autophagy can deliver cytosolic PAMPs to the lumen of endomembranous organelles, where they can interact with the receptor portions of TLRs. (jimmunol.org)
Autophagy is generally considered to be a cytoprotective response to stress, whether in the form of nutrient deprivation or the presence of dysfunctional organelles. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

The ULK1/2 kinase complex initiates autophagy when mTORC1 inactivation interrupts the inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1/2. (els.net)
In the presence of growth signals, TOR kinase suppresses autophagy initiation by inhibiting a kinase complex containing ATG17 . (biolegend.com)

During autophagy, cytoplasmic components are enclosed in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes/vacuoles. (ebi.ac.uk)
Autophagy, which literally translates into "eating one's own self," is an evolutionarily conserved cellular recycling program that maintains "in-house" quality control by turning over cytoplasmic components within lysosomes ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Example of IC data by Autophagy Watch Starvation induces increasing the amount of LC3-II. (musicaenlamochila.net)

In this review, experts describe how autophagy, the cellular process responsible for clearing old or damaged parts of the cell, plays a critical role supporting synaptic maintenance in the healthy brain, and how autophagy dysfunction in HD may thereby lead to impaired synaptic maintenance and thus early manifestations of disease. (eurekalert.org)
Autophagy may refer to: Autophagy (cellular process), a process in cellular biology Autophagia, a mental disorder or a symptom of a mental disorder Autophagy (journal), a scientific journal Self-cannibalism This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
Autophagy is an important cellular process that is involved in energy production, cellular stress response, and immune reactions. (innovations-report.com)
He had just joined the life sciences-based venture capital firm Third Rock Ventures, and the investors there were building a company centered on the cellular process of autophagy, the subject of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , announced just months before. (acs.org)

Autophagy is a catabolic process. (rxlist.com)
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that relies on the cooperation of autophagosomes and lysosomes. (sciencemag.org)
While apoptosis is the most understood type of programmed cell death, recently scientists have begun to take a closer look at autophagy- a highly regulated, catabolic process that essentially allows a cell to eat itself. (science20.com)

This study identifies a critical function for autophagy in lipid metabolism that could have important implications for human diseases with lipid over-accumulation such as those that comprise the metabolic syndrome. (nature.com)
However, these experimental results do not directly demonstrate that defects in autophagy contribute to pathogenesis of human diseases. (nature.com)
Thus, it has become particularly important to understand the genetic basis of putative human autophagy-related diseases. (nature.com)
Dysfunctions in autophagy would cause a variety of illnesses including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases. (springer.com)
As hepatic fibrosis is a common outcome of a variety of chronic liver diseases, this review will highlight and summarize recent progresses of the role of autophagy in hepatic fibrosis. (hindawi.com)
In this Review, we consider how certain neurodegenerative diseases may be associated with impaired autophagy and how this may affect pathology. (jci.org)
While these misfolded proteins may cause pathology via diverse mechanisms, in recent years there has been a focus on the role of autophagy in these diseases, both as a pathologic mechanism and as a therapeutic target. (jci.org)
In this Review we discuss the evidence that a disruption in autophagy might be a contributing factor in aggregate formation and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (jci.org)
Deregulation of autophagy has been implicated in a number of severe human diseases, in particular neurodegenerative disorders and neoplasias. (fz-juelich.de)
Volume 9 emphasizes the role of autophagy in diseases, such as leukemia, antifungal and antibacterial immunity, and transplantation. (elsevier.com)
Aberrations in autophagy are associated with several diseases, including cancer. (mdpi.com)
Abnormalities related to autophagy are known to be related to various human pathologies ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (5). (thefreelibrary.com)
On the other hand, autophagy is related to several liver diseases, including fatty liver disease and HCC (7,8). (thefreelibrary.com)
Several other studies have shown links between autophagy defects, aging and degenerative diseases like Parkinson s, Alzheimer s and even cancer ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). (care2.com)
At the 11th International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, held 6-10 March 2013 in Florence, Italy, researchers intrigued the crowd with compelling evidence for an inflammatory role, strengthened evidence that LRRK2 affects endocytosis and autophagy, and pointed to kinase activity as a plausible target for intervention. (alzforum.org)
Autophagy plays a key role in human physiology, and its dysregulation is implicated in many diseases. (uio.no)

During autophagy, a nascent, double-membrane-bound vesicle called an autophagosome sequesters and transports a portion of cytoplasm into the vacuolar lumen for digestion. (frontiersin.org)
Autophagy occurs when the protein, organelle, or cytoplasmic content to be degraded is surrounded by a small portion of membrane, creating an autophagosome. (cellsignal.com)
The morphological hallmark of autophagy is the formation of a double-membrane cytosolic vesicle, the autophagosome, which sequesters cytoplasm and delivers it to the lysosome where it is degraded and recycled. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

The process of autophagy has been conserved over time among all living organisms. (news-medical.net)
As the signals for autophagy are in place and there is induction of the process, the next step is to select the material that is to be removed or broken down. (news-medical.net)
Retrieved on January 27, 2020 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Autophagy-Process.aspx. (news-medical.net)
When there is starvation or nutrient deprivation, the process of autophagy is triggered. (news-medical.net)
Half a century ago, Christian de Duve coined the term "autophagy" (literally, "self-eating" in Greek) to describe a process where the cell digests its cytoplasmic materials within lysosomes 1 . (nature.com)
Mizushima N (2007) Autophagy: process and function. (springer.com)
Autophagy is a powerful process for removing such proteins. (jci.org)
The 2016 Nobel Prize winner for physiology or medicine is Yoshinori Ohsumi, for his 1990s work on autophagy, discovering the mechanism behind the process. (siliconrepublic.com)
The process of autophagy can be broken down into a series of sequential stages ( figure 1 ). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
What is the process of autophagy? (rxlist.com)
Autophagy is a natural process that occurs all the time in the cell, less when well-fed, and more when under stress. (rxlist.com)
Protein kinases are integral to the autophagy process. (mdpi.com)
While fasting is definitely a useful tool to keep in your health-kit, it's not the only way to increase the autophagy process. (robbwolf.com)
This automatic process is called autophagy and it works when the body is in a fasted state. (care2.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autophagy is an essential homeostatic process in neurons, but neuron-specific mechanisms are poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
Axonal autophagy is a vectorial process that delivers cargo from the distal axon to the soma. (jneurosci.org)
Collectively, the unique features of autophagy as an immunological process and its contributions to other arms of the immune system represent a new immunological paradigm. (jimmunol.org)
Recent reviews provide a more comprehensive introduction to autophagy and reagents that affect the process ( 2 , 7 ). (jimmunol.org)
Therefore, autophagy is fundamental for the maintenance of cell viability, acting as a quality control process that prevents the accumulation of unnecessary structures and oxidative stress. (scielo.br)
As demonstrated by the 2016 Nobel Prize winner, Yoshinori Ohsumi , autophagy is a fundamental process vital to cellular health. (horizondiscovery.com)
Autophagy is a highly regulated process that is involved in cell growth, development, and death. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The process of autophagy can be divided into several phases. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We conclude that autophagy, an inherent cellular response process, is triggered by the cellular uptake of CPP-based transfection system. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Autophagy represents an extremely complex and precisely regulated process that depends on the coordination of many players. (innovations-report.com)
It has long been thought that autophagy represents an unspecific process. (innovations-report.com)
Autophagy, the cellular equivalent of housecleaning, is now recognized as a crucial process of self-renewal. (acs.org)
Autophagy is an essential, homeostatic process by which cytoplasmic materials are degraded in lysosomes. (invivogen.com)

Role in cellular stress - autophagy is a response to cellular stress. (news-medical.net)
Embryonic development - autophagy plays an important role in development of the embryo by maintain a critical balance of energy levels and sources. (news-medical.net)
This short review discusses and summarizes this correlation with a focus on the possible role of autophagy and mechanisms in it. (springer.com)
Recent evidence indicates that autophagy plays a central role in synaptic maintenance, and the disruption in autophagy may be at the root of these early cognitive changes. (eurekalert.org)
We have long thought that autophagy played a role in the pathophysiology of HD, but what this role is has been unclear until recently. (eurekalert.org)
Autophagy plays a specialized role in the maintenance and function of the synapse, and mHtt may disrupt this function, leading to the early synaptic changes seen in HD patients and model systems," explained Dr. Grosso Jasutkar. (eurekalert.org)
however, the role of autophagy in retinal degeneration has remained unclear. (mendeley.com)
Additionally, the Psd knockdown-induced retinal degeneration phenotype was enhanced by Ppt1 inactivation, which causes infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, implying that autophagy plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. (mendeley.com)
Analysis of a subset also harboring ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domains revealed a role for UIM-directed autophagy in clearing nonfunctional CDC48/p97 complexes, including some impaired in human disease," the article detailed. (genengnews.com)
This volume also includes an explanation of the role of the autophagy-related gene ATG5 in cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer). (elsevier.com)
The current study aimed to investigate the occurrence of autophagy in the developing mouse lung and its regulatory role in airway branching and terminal sacculi formation. (jci.org)
These results illustrate a previously unappreciated role for autophagy in the establishment of a viral infection and they suggest that different host factors regulate the translation of incoming viral genome and translation of progeny HCV RNA once replication is established. (pnas.org)
How these potentially anti-aging results are achieved is also still in question, but in addition to oxidation defense and upregulation of cell metabolism, it appears that autophagy plays a major role. (abovetopsecret.com)
Additionally, autophagy was inhibited using 3methyladenine (3MA) and beclin1 ablation, to determine its role in 5FUmediated cell death. (ingentaconnect.com)
Role of autophagy in cell-penetrating peptide transfection model. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We have a particular interest in the role of autophagy in cancer. (uio.no)
ActA is a surface protein produced by L. monocytogenes to polymerize actin and mediate intra- and intercellular movements, which plays a critical role in autophagy escape. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Understanding the role of MVP may provide new insights into bacterial infection and autophagy. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
While the role of ActA in autophagy is now well established, the role of many other surface proteins during Listeria infection remains elusive. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

In 1999, a landmark discovery connecting autophagy with cancer was published by Beth Levine's group. (wikipedia.org)
[24] To this date, relationship between cancer and autophagy continues to be a main theme of autophagy research. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms of autophagy and relevant small-molecule compounds for targeted cancer therapy. (springer.com)
The remaining chapters will cover topics on autophagy and cancer therapy. (springer.com)
Dr. Wang is a leading research scientist in the area of autophagy and cancer. (springer.com)
A full section is devoted to in-depth exploration of autophagy in tumor development and cancer. (elsevier.com)
Autophagy and liver cancer. (thefreelibrary.com)
S.v. Autophagy and liver cancer. (thefreelibrary.com)
During the early phase of cancer development when tumors have not yet gained access to the blood system and thus have to survive in a nutrient-limited environment, autophagy may act as a prosurvival mechanism securing cellular energy needs ( 13 , 14 ). (mcponline.org)
Intersections between autophagy and apoptosis under ER stress conditions, and mechanisms of cell death induced by therapeutically relevant anti-cancer drugs. (uio.no)

Martinet W, De Meyer GR, Andries L, Herman AG, Kockx MM (2006) In Situ Detection of Starvation-induced Autophagy. (springer.com)
We studied global protein dynamics during amino acid starvation-induced autophagy by quantitative mass spectrometry and were able to record nearly 1500 protein profiles during 36 h of starvation. (mcponline.org)

Although the discovery of lysosomes dates back to the 1950s through the electron microscopic work of Christian De Duve, recent years have seen a growing interest in autophagy research, and reports now link compromised autophagy to a wide array of common human pathologies, for instance, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic alterations, microbial pathogenesis, and cancers, to mention just a few ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Autophagy in Neurons. (nih.gov)
The article could shed light on why autophagy sometimes fails, allowing defective cellular material to accumulate and contribute to disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and Lou Gehrig's Disease/ALS, where this trash blocks neurons from transmitting signals. (genengnews.com)
The scientists traced the cause to weakened autophagy in neurons, which in turn unleashed a massive inflammatory response that accelerated age-related neuron loss. (alzforum.org)
Restoring autophagy or inflammation to normal saved neurons. (alzforum.org)
When they stimulated autophagy in the flies, neurons made fewer AMPs and more dopaminergic neurons survived. (alzforum.org)
There is a cascade where defective autophagy hyperstimulates immunity, hyperimmunity kills neurons, and this specific insult acts synergistically with the general fragility of aging to produce the overall effects of disease," he proposed. (alzforum.org)
Initial observations suggest that autophagy is spatially regulated in neurons, but how autophagy is regulated in distinct neuronal compartments is unclear. (jneurosci.org)
While starvation robustly decreased mTORC1 signaling in neurons, this decrease was not sufficient to activate autophagy. (jneurosci.org)

Autophagy has certain links with a variety of causes of hippocampal neuronal injury. (springer.com)
The current correlation between autophagy and hippocampal neuronal injury has not been completely determined by the general public alike. (springer.com)
Further studies are needed to determine special effects of autophagy on hippocampal neuronal injury, which might accelerate the development of therapeutic interventions in hippocampal neuronal injury in many neurological disorders. (springer.com)
Nixon RA, Yang DS (2012) Autophagy and neuronal cell death in neurological disorders. (springer.com)
Thus, decreasing autophagy appears to prevent neuronal degeneration The LC3 Antibody Kit for Autophagy includes a rabbit polyclonal antibody against LC3B that has been validated for use in fluorescence microscopy and high content imaging and analysis. (musicaenlamochila.net)

Reggiori F, klionsky DJ (2002) Autophagy in the eukaryotic cell. (springer.com)

Perinuclear aggresome formation is a key mechanism to dispose of misfolded proteins that exceed the degradative capacity of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems. (pnas.org)

With a better understanding of the potential effects of autophagy on hepatic fibrosis, targeting autophagy might be a novel therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis in the near future. (hindawi.com)

The most well known mechanism of autophagy involves the formation of a membrane around a targeted region of the cell, separating the contents from the rest of the cytoplasm . (fightaging.org)

This also indicates that autophagy might be involved in degrading cell structures after death related proteases are activated. (news-medical.net)
Recent evidence indicates that autophagy may be important in maintaining the synapse. (eurekalert.org)

Pharmacological modulation of autophagy: therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. (springer.com)

Ascorbic acid significantly decreased the cerebral damage, reduced oxidative stress and inhibited autophagy by reducing de novo synthesis of beclin 1. (greenmedinfo.com)

Classic autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) can inhibit lung and colon cancers and thus have potential for tumor treatment [16-18]. (musicaenlamochila.net)

Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy. (springer.com)
show a direct and nutrient-sensitive interaction between the tumor suppressor p53 and the essential autophagy gene Atg7. (sciencemag.org)
When the autophagy protein Atg7 is absent, nutrient withdrawal does not stop the cell cycle. (sciencemag.org)

Anatomy8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes13

Information Science7

Geographicals1

LB-AUT7, a novel symbiosis-regulated gene from an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria bicolor, is functionally related to vesicular transport and autophagocytosis. (1/5833)

Apg7p/Cvt2p is required for the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting, macroautophagy, and peroxisome degradation pathways. (2/5833)

Glucose-induced autophagy of peroxisomes in Pichia pastoris requires a unique E1-like protein. (3/5833)

Apg7p/Cvt2p: A novel protein-activating enzyme essential for autophagy. (4/5833)

A 60 kDa plasma membrane protein changes its localization to autophagosome and autolysosome membranes during induction of autophagy in rat hepatoma cell line, H-4-II-E cells. (5/5833)

A human intracellular apyrase-like protein, LALP70, localizes to lysosomal/autophagic vacuoles. (6/5833)

Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway. (7/5833)

Clathrin functions in the absence of heterotetrameric adaptors and AP180-related proteins in yeast. (8/5833)

Autophagy

Phagosomes

Microtubule-Associated Proteins

Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins

Lysosomes

Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes

TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Vacuoles

Adenine

Apoptosis

Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2

Models, Biological

Signal Transduction

Cell Line, Tumor

Sirolimus

Membrane Proteins

Mitochondrial Degradation

Cell Survival

Chloroquine

Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Proteolysis

Cell Death

RNA, Small Interfering

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

RNA Interference

Reactive Oxygen Species

Gene Knockdown Techniques

Multiprotein Complexes

Cytoprotection

Starvation

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cell Line

Ubiquitin

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

Stress, Physiological

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Encyclopedias as Topic

Cytoplasm

Germany

Organelles

Lipid Metabolism

Lipids

Triglycerides

Energy Metabolism

PubMed

Periodicals as Topic

Books

Publishing

MEDLINE

Serial Publications

LB-AUT7, a novel symbiosis-regulated gene from an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria bicolor, is functionally related to vesicular transport and autophagocytosis. (1/5833)

Apg7p/Cvt2p is required for the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting, macroautophagy, and peroxisome degradation pathways. (2/5833)

Glucose-induced autophagy of peroxisomes in Pichia pastoris requires a unique E1-like protein. (3/5833)

Apg7p/Cvt2p: A novel protein-activating enzyme essential for autophagy. (4/5833)

A 60 kDa plasma membrane protein changes its localization to autophagosome and autolysosome membranes during induction of autophagy in rat hepatoma cell line, H-4-II-E cells. (5/5833)

A human intracellular apyrase-like protein, LALP70, localizes to lysosomal/autophagic vacuoles. (6/5833)

Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway. (7/5833)

Clathrin functions in the absence of heterotetrameric adaptors and AP180-related proteins in yeast. (8/5833)

Autophagy Flux Chloroquine

REDD1/autophagy pathway promotes thromboinflammation and fibrosis in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through NETs...

Uba1 functions in Atg7- and Atg3-independent autophagy by Tsun-Kai Chang, Bhupendra V. Shravage et al.

Frontiers | TOR-Dependent and -Independent Pathways Regulate Autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana | Plant Science

Aging | Prognostic implications of autophagy-associated gene signatures in non-small cell lung cancer - Full Text

北京大学医学部机构知识库([email protected]): Matrine, a novel autophagy inhibitor, blocks trafficking and the proteolytic activation of lysosomal...

Autophagy modulators - Pipeline Insights, 2017 | Healthcare

Mechanistic study of TRPM2-Ca2+-CAMK2-BECN1 signaling in oxidative stress-induced autophagy inhibition - CityU Scholars | A...

The autophagy gene Atg16l1 differentially regulates Treg and TH2 cells to control intestinal inflammation. - The Kennedy...

Autophagy-mediated stress response in motor neuron after transient ischemia in rabbits<...

Dietary Impact on Neuronal Autophagy Control and Brain Health | IntechOpen

Cells | Free Full-Text | The Selectivity and Specificity of Autophagy in Drosophila

Mechanisms of Action of Autophagy Modulators Dissected by Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Analysis

A novel method for autophagy detection in primary cells: impaired levels of macroautophagy in immunosenescent T cells. - Oxford...

Identification of autophagy-associated MicroRNAs and their prognostic significance in patients with laryngeal squamous cell...

Chaperone-mediated autophagy and endosomal microautophagy: Joint by a chaperone. | Tau Centers Without Walls

Cells | Free Full-Text | Assays to Monitor Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lack of autophagy in the hematopoietic system leads to loss of hematopoietic stem cell function and dysregulated myeloid...