Autonomic fibers preganglionic. Medical search

NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.

Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. They form the structure of some minerals. The medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of PNEUMOCONIOSIS (e.g., ASBESTOSIS) after occupational or environmental exposure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p708)

A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.

An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

A TEXTILE fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the SEEDS) of cotton plant (GOSSYPIUM). Inhalation of cotton fiber dust over a prolonged period can result in BYSSINOSIS.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

Nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.

Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.

The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.

STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.

The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.

A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)

An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)

A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor rescues target-deprived sympathetic spinal cord neurons but requires transforming growth factor-beta as cofactor in vivo. (1/203)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor for several populations of CNS and peripheral neurons. Synthesis and storage of GDNF by the neuron-like adrenal medullary cells suggest roles in adrenal functions and/or in the maintenance of spinal cord neurons that innervate the adrenal medulla. We show that unilateral adrenomedullectomy causes degeneration of all sympathetic preganglionic neurons within the intermediolateral column (IML) of spinal cord segments T7-T10 that project to the adrenal medulla. In situ hybridization revealed that IML neurons express the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked alpha receptor 1 and c-Ret receptors, which are essential for GDNF signaling. IML neurons also display immunoreactivity for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor II. Administration of GDNF (recombinant human, 1 microg) in Gelfoam implanted into the medullectomized adrenal gland rescued all Fluoro-Gold-labeled preganglionic neurons projecting to the adrenal medulla after four weeks. Cytochrome c applied as a control protein was not effective. The protective effect of GDNF was prevented by co-administration to the Gelfoam of neutralizing antibodies recognizing all three TGF-beta isoforms but not GDNF. This suggests that the presence of endogenous TGF-beta was essential for permitting a neurotrophic effect of GDNF. Our data indicate that GDNF has a capacity to protect a population of autonomic spinal cord neurons from target-deprived cell death. Furthermore, our results demonstrate for the first time that the previously reported requirement of TGF-beta for permitting trophic actions of GDNF in vitro (Kreiglstein et al., 1998) also applies to the in vivo situation. (+info)

Electrophysiological properties of electrical synapses between rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones in vitro. (2/203)

1. The electrophysiological properties of electrical synaptic transmission between sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) in slices of rat spinal cord were investigated using simultaneous dual-electrode patch-clamp recordings. Electrotonic coupling was directly demonstrated between 21 pairs of SPNs. 2. Coupling coefficients determined from the steady-state response of both neurones to current steps injected into either neurone ranged from 0. 02 to 0.48 (0.18 +/- 0.02, mean +/- s.e.m.). Synapses were bidirectional and symmetrical for the majority of connections with coupling coefficients similar in either direction. Asymmetrical coupling between a minority of cell pairs was due to differences in passive neuronal properties rather than rectification of the synaptic conductances. 3. Action potentials were manifest in adjoining cells as biphasic electrical postsynaptic potentials (ePSPs), composed of a rapid depolarising component followed by a more prolonged hyperpolarisation with amplitudes of 1.2 +/- 0.2 and 2.1 +/- 0.6 mV, respectively. 4. Postsynaptic potentials resembled low-pass filtered presynaptic spikes with frequency dependence determined by the junctional conductance and postsynaptic membrane properties. Increases in presynaptic action potential frequency caused attenuation of the hyperpolarising component of the ePSP that was attributed to shorter duration presynaptic spikes being more markedly filtered. 5. Synchronisation of spontaneous action potentials between electrotonically coupled neurones was driven by subthreshold membrane potential activity resembling repetitive ePSPs. Synchronous spike firing in previously silent neurones could be driven by suprathreshold ePSPs induced by suprathreshold depolarisation of a single adjoining neurone. 6. These data characterise reliable communication of sub- and suprathreshold activity by electrical synapses enabling synchronised SPN firing which may contribute to generation of coherent sympathetic rhythms and promote summation of inputs to postganglionic neurones. (+info)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (3/203)

1 Differences in the mechanism of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory responses to preganglionic- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation were investigated in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. 2 Stimulation of the vagus nerve at frequencies above 4 Hz elicited NANC relaxation of the trachealis muscle. Responses to low frequencies of stimulation (4-8 Hz) were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NOARG (10 microM), while a L-NOARG resistant component was observed at higher stimulus frequencies. The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to higher frequencies of vagus nerve stimulation were significantly attenuated by the proteinase alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml), suggesting that a neuropeptide such as VIP may contribute to NANC responses. 3 When postganglionic nerves were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS), responses were readily elicited at frequencies below 4 Hz. Like responses to vagus nerve stimulation, responses to low frequency (<4 Hz) EFS were abolished by L-NOARG while a L-NOARG-resistant component was apparent at higher stimulus frequencies. 4 The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to EFS was sensitive to alpha-chymotrypsin only if stimuli were delivered in either long trains at a low frequency (4 Hz for 10-30 s) or short trains of high frequency (16 Hz for 2.5-7.5 s). 5 Responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation were approximately 35% of the amplitude of responses to EFS in the same preparations. 6 In conclusion, responses to preganglionic and postganglionic NANC inhibitory nerve stimulation in the guinea-pig trachea differ in maximum amplitude, frequency-response characteristics and the contributions of cotransmitters. We suggest that these differences may be explained by filtering of preganglionic input to postganglionic NANC neurons. These results have implications in all studies where EFS is considered to be representative of physiological stimulation of post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (+info)

Fast (3 Hz and 10 Hz) and slow (respiratory) rhythms in cervical sympathetic nerve and unit discharges of the cat. (4/203)

1. In seven decerebrate cats, recordings were taken from the preganglionic cervical sympathetic (CSy) nerves and from 74 individual CSy fibres. Correlation and spectral analyses showed that nerve and fibre discharges had several types of rhythm that were coherent (correlated) between population and unit activity: respiratory, '3 Hz' (2-6 Hz, usually cardiac related), and '10 Hz' (7-13 Hz). 2. Almost all units (73/74) had respiratory modulation of their discharge, either phasic (firing during only one phase) or tonic (firing during both the inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) phases). The most common pattern consisted of tonic I-modulated firing. When the vagi were intact, lung afferent input during I greatly reduced CSy unit and nerve discharge, as evaluated by the no-inflation test. 3. The incidence of unit-nerve coherent fast rhythms (3 Hz or 10 Hz ranges) depended on unit discharge pattern: they were present in an appreciable fraction (30/58 or 52 %) of tonic units, but in only a small fraction (2/15 or 13 %) of phasic units. 4. When baroreceptor innervation (aortic depressor amd carotid sinus nerves) was intact, rhythms correlated to the cardiac cycle frequency were found in 20/34 (59 %) of units. The cardiac origin of these rhythms was confirmed by residual autospectral and partial coherence analysis and by their absence after baroreceptor denervation. 4. The 10 Hz coherent rhythm was found in 7/34 units when baroreceptor innervation was intact, where it co-existed with the cardiac-locked rhythm; after barodenervation it was found in 9/50 neurones. Where both rhythms were present, the 10 Hz component was sometimes synchronized in a 3:1 ratio to the 3 Hz (cardiac-related) frequency component. 5. The tonic and phasic CSy units seem to form distinct populations, as indicated by the differential responses to cardiac-related afferent inputs when baroreceptor innervation is intact. The high incidence of cardiac-related correlation found among tonic units suggests that they are involved in vasomotor regulation. The high incidence of respiratory modulation of discharge suggests that the CSy units may be involved in regulation of the nasal vasculature and consequent ventilation-related control of nasal airway resistance. (+info)

Effect of pulmonary C-fibre afferent stimulation on cardiac vagal neurones in the nucleus ambiguus in anaesthetized cats. (5/203)

It has been demonstrated previously that the vagal bradycardia evoked by activation of pulmonary C-fibres is not respiratory modulated. Experiments were carried out in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized cats to determine if these cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones (CVPNs) in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), which have respiratory modulated activity, can be activated when pulmonary C-fibre afferents are stimulated by right atrial injections of phenylbiguanide (PBG). Eleven CVPNs with B-fibre axons in the right cardiac vagal branches were identified and found to be localized within or ventrolateral to the nucleus ambiguus. Ionophoretic application of a high current of dl-homocysteic acid (DLH) induced a vagally mediated bradycardia and hypotension in six of eight sites from which CVPNs were recorded. The activity of B-fibre CVPNs, whether spontaneous (n = 4) or induced by ionophoresis of DLH (n = 7) was respiratory modulated, firing perferentially during post-inspiration and stage 2 expiration. This activity also correlated with the rising phase of the arterial blood pressure wave consistent with these CVPNs receiving an arterial baroreceptor input. Right atrial injections of PBG excited nine of eleven CVPNs tested. In eight of these activated neurones the onset latency of the excitation was within the pulmonary circulation time, consistent with being activated only by pulmonary C-fibre afferents. In two neurones the PBG-evoked excitation still occurred when central inspiratory drive was inhibited, as indicated by the disappearance of phrenic nerve activity. In conclusion, B-fibre respiratory modulated CVPNs can be activated following stimulation of pulmonary C-fibre afferents. (+info)

Reelin controls position of autonomic neurons in the spinal cord. (6/203)

Mutation of the reeler gene (Reln) disrupts neuronal migration in several brain regions and gives rise to functional deficits such as ataxic gait and trembling in the reeler mutant mouse. Thus, the Reln product, reelin, is thought to control cell-cell interactions critical for cell positioning in the brain. Although an abundance of reelin transcript is found in the embryonic spinal cord [Ikeda, Y. & Terashima, T. (1997) Dev. Dyn. 210, 157-172; Schiffmann, S. N., Bernier, B. & Goffinet, A. M. (1997) Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1055-1071], it is generally thought that neuronal migration in the spinal cord is not affected by reelin. Here, however, we show that migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord is affected by reelin. This study thus indicates that reelin affects neuronal migration outside of the brain. Moreover, the relationship between reelin and migrating preganglionic neurons suggests that reelin acts as a barrier to neuronal migration. (+info)

Reflex secretion of proteins into submandibular saliva in conscious rats, before and after preganglionic sympathectomy. (7/203)

1. An indwelling catheter was placed in the left submandibular duct of rats, under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, and connected to an outflow cannula that emerged above the skull. 2. Saliva was collected from the outflow cannula in conscious rats, the same day after recovery from anaesthesia, under four different reflex conditions: grooming, heat exposure, rejection of a bitter tasting substance and feeding on softened chow, repeated in different orders. 3. Saliva flow was greatest for grooming and least for rejection. Protein concentrations were least with heat but much greater and similar for the other stimulations. Acinar peroxidase activity was high for feeding, intermediate for grooming and rejection, and again lowest with heat. Tubular tissue kallikrein activities were moderately low, being greatest with feeding and least with grooming. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration was least with heat and similar for the other stimulations. 4. The next day, under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, the left preganglionic sympathetic trunk was sectioned (sympathetic decentralization) and, after recovery, the preceding stimulations were repeated. Flow of saliva showed little change, but protein and peroxidase concentrations and outputs decreased dramatically with grooming, rejection and feeding to levels similar to those with heat, which showed little change. Tissue kallikrein was lowered less dramatically, but the reductions in output were significant except with heat. Patterns of proteins resolved by electrophoresis changed for grooming, rejection and feeding and became similar to saliva from heat, which showed little change. No significant effects on SIgA concentrations occurred. 5. Gland weights from the sympathetically decentralized side were greater than from the intact side at the end of the experiments and histologically showed retention of acinar mucin. 6. Thus reflex sympathetic drive varied with the different stimulations; it was least during heat, but it had pronounced effects on acinar secretion of proteins during the other stimulations. At the same time this sympathetic drive had less impact on tissue kallikrein secretion from tubules and had little influence on flow or the concentration of SIgA secreted. (+info)

Lack of neurotrophin-4 causes selective structural and chemical deficits in sympathetic ganglia and their preganglionic innervation. (8/203)

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is perhaps the still most enigmatic member of the neurotrophin family. We show here that NT-4 is expressed in neurons of paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, i.e., the superior cervical (SCG), stellate (SG), and celiac (CG) ganglion. Mice deficient for NT-4 showed a significant reduction (20-30%) of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord. In contrast, neuron numbers in the SCG, SG, and CG were unchanged. Numbers of axons in the thoracic sympathetic trunk (TST) connecting the SG with lower paravertebral ganglia were also reduced, whereas axon numbers in the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) were unaltered. Axon losses in the TST were paralleled by losses of synaptic terminals on SG neurons visualized by electron microscopy. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for the synaptic vesicle antigen SV2 was clearly reduced in the SG and CG. Levels of catecholamines and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were dramatically reduced in the SG and the CG but not in the SCG. Despite this severe phenotype in the sympathetic system, blood pressure levels were not reduced and displayed a pattern more typical of deficits in baroreceptor afferents. Numbers of IML neurons were unaltered at postnatal day 4, suggesting a postnatal requirement for their maintenance. In light of these and previous data, we hypothesize that NT-4 provided by postganglionic sympathetic neurons is required for establishing and/or maintaining synapses of IML neurons on postganglionic cells. Impairment of synaptic connectivity may consequently reduce impulse flow, causing a reduction in transmitter synthesis in postganglionic neurons. (+info)

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. All preganglionic ... Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are ... This is due to the number of synapses formed by the preganglionic fibers with ganglionic neurons. Postganglionic fibers Nerve ... Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. Whereas in the parasympathetic division ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers

These fibers continue on into the spinal cord where they synapse with preganglionic autonomic neurons. Hypothalamic efferents ... thoraco-lumbar preganglionic sympathetic neurons, and 6) lumbo-sacral preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Note that at least ... These fibers synapse onto the hypothalamus and carry visceral information to the brain. Brainstem afferents in DLF include ... These fibers then descend through the brain stem periaqueductal gray matter along the base of the fourth ventricle. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus

They are usually general visceral afferent fibers and preganglionic nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system. They are used ... Group B nerve fibers are axons, which are moderately myelinated, which means less myelinated than group A nerve fibers, and ... more myelinated than group C nerve fibers. Their conduction velocity is 3 to 14 m/s. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_nerve_fiber

... all of these exceptions are still stimulated by cholinergic preganglionic fibers. In both divisions of the autonomic nervous ... In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The ... Preganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Noback C, Ruggiero DA, Demarest RJ, Strominger NL (2005). The Human Nervous System: Structure ... Autonomic nervous system, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers

In some ganglia, these intemeurons receive preganglionic cholinergic fibers and may modulate ganglionic transmission. In other ... Although an autonomic ganglion is the site where pregangllonlc fibers synapse on postganglionic neurons, the presence of small ... of the Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The neurotransmitter for these cells is dopamine. They are a ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autonomic nervous system. (Cell biology, Commons category link is locally defined, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intensely_fluorescent_cell

... and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system. The adrenal medulla affects ... receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers. The cells form clusters around fenestrated capillaries where ... They are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, ... These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These adrenal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

Postganglionic nerve fibers from the deep petrosal nerve join with preganglionic nerve fibers from the greater petrosal nerve ... The nasal mucosa in the nasal cavity is also supplied by the autonomic nervous system. ... This plexus is made up of large thin-walled veins with little soft tissue such as muscle or fiber. The mucosa of the plexus is ... Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are distributed to the blood vessels of the nose. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nose

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the brain stem from inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve and ... The autonomic innervation controls the rate of saliva production and is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve. The cell bodies ... There, they synapse with postganglionic fibers which reach the gland by hitch-hiking via the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch ... The parotid gland receives both sensory and autonomic innervation. General sensory innervation to the parotid gland, its sheath ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland

The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers ... are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.: 34-35 Instead, autonomic sensory ... the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and ... The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system

Through the center of the SN runs the solitary tract, a white bundle of nerve fibers, including fibers from the facial, ... The first central neurons within the SN can participate in simple autonomic reflexes. Information goes from the solitary ... The SN projects to, among other regions, the reticular formation, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, hypothalamus and ... thalamus, forming circuits that contribute to autonomic regulation. Cells along the length of the SN are arranged roughly in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_nucleus

It extends from T1 to L3, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the ... Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System", Fundamental Neuroscience (Fourth Edition ... sympathetic nervous system, (preganglionic sympathetic general visceral efferents). Powley, Terry L. (2013-01-01), Squire, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediolateral_nucleus

The preganglionic fibers that innervate the SCG are the thoracic spinal nerves, which extend from the T1-T8 region of the ... When left to their own accord, the fibers reinnervated the SCG and the initial autonomic reflexes were recovered, though there ... A mature preganglionic axon can innervate anywhere from 50-200 SCG cells. Postganglionic fibers then leave the SCG via the ... These preganglionic neurons then enter the SCG and synapse with the postganglionic neurons that leave the rostral end of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_cervical_ganglion

The vagus nerve delivers two fiber types to the esophageal plexus: Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers - These fibers have ... Afferent fibers - These fibers are primarily concerned with autonomic reflexes and they have their cell bodies in the inferior ... The cell bodies of these fibers are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia . The cell bodies of the preganglionic fibers, the ... The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_plexus

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while ... Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. ... In the autonomic nervous system there are both sympathetic and ... A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion, but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. Ganglia are primarily made up ... is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion but has only nerve fibers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion

Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or ... Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. Most postganglionic sympathetic ... The other postganglionic fibers of the peripheral autonomic system belong to the parasympathetic division; all are cholinergic ... postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor

... mossy fibers, hippocampal MeSH A08.663.542.234 - cholinergic fibers MeSH A08.663.542.234.060 - autonomic fibers, preganglionic ... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.122 - autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.145 - axons MeSH ... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.060 - autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.150 - celiac ... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.800.060.060 - autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.800.800.060.150 - celiac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A08)

Gibbons, Christopher; Freeman, Roy (August 2004). "The evaluation of small fiber function-autonomic and quantitative sensory ... The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic cholinergic sudomotor (and to a lesser extent adrenergic) neurons in the ... The gold standard for diagnosis of small fiber neuropathies is Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density (IENFD) measured from punch ... Illigens, Ben M. W.; Gibbons, Christopher H. (April 2009). "Sweat testing to evaluate autonomic function". Clinical Autonomic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor

The lateral grey column contains preganglionic cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system and sensory relay neurons. Neurons ... The afferent neurons are either A fibers or C fibers. A fibers are myelinated allowing for faster signal conduction. Among ... The C fibers are not myelinated and therefore slower. C fibers that carry nociceptive signals can be divided into two types: ... Non-peptidergic C fibers are linked to the skin, where they innervate the epidermis while peptidergic C fibers innervate other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_column

Some of these SN neurons are tonically activated by this resting blood pressure and thus activate excitatory fibers to the ... Baroreflex-induced changes in blood pressure are mediated by both branches of the autonomic nervous system: the parasympathetic ... to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord. Hence, when the ... The activated CVLM then sends inhibitory fibers (GABAergic) to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), thus inhibiting the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreflex

... (GVE) or visceral efferents or autonomic efferents, are the efferent nerve fibers of the ... Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve Drake, Vogl, Mitchell (2010). Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition. ... GVE fibers may be either sympathetic or parasympathetic. The cranial nerves containing GVE fibers include the oculomotor nerve ... Autonomic nervous system, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers

The nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers and general visceral afferent fibers. There are three main thoracic ... Autonomic Nervous System". StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30969667 - via Europe PMC. Bapna, Anisha; Adin, Christopher; Engelman, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_splanchnic_nerves

One possible cause of Harlequin syndrome is a lesion to the preganglionic or postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibers and ... It is an autonomic disorder that may occur at any age. Harlequin syndrome affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United ... Such bundles are able to send an action potential from the autonomic nervous system to the rest of the body. However, action ... "Autonomic Nervous System". PubMed Health. Lance, J. W. (2005). "Harlequin syndrome". Practical Neurology. 5 (3): 176-177. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_syndrome

Preganglionic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord enter into the cervical ganglions and synapse with its postganglionic fibers ... www.instantanatomy.net/headneck/nerves/autonomic/cervicalganglianeck.html (Autonomic ganglia). ... Wilson-Pauwels, Linda; Stewart, Patricia A.; Akesson, Elizabeth J. (January 1997). Autonomic Nerves. Canada: B. C. Decker, Inc ... http://www.instantanatomy.net/headneck/nerves/autonomic/cervicalgangliaconnections.html http:// ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_ganglia

During urination, the preganglionic neurons of this sympathetic pathway are inhibited via signals arising in the pontine ... It is composed of smooth muscle, so it is under the control of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic ... It prevents urine leakage as the muscle is tonically contracted via sympathetic fibers traveling through the inferior ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_urethral_sphincter

Slightly myelinated preganglionic fibers (aka visceral efferent fibers) leave the lateral grey column through the ventral roots ... The lateral grey column is composed of sympathetic preganglionic visceral motor neurons which are part of the autonomic nervous ... The lateral grey column receives input signals from preganglionic, myelinated fibers from viscera (internal organs), which ... It is caused by problems in autonomic pathways such as damage to the lateral grey column. Progressive autonomic failure is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_grey_column

The sympathetic trunk permits preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system to ascend to spinal levels superior to T1 ... The sympathetic trunk is a fundamental part of the sympathetic nervous system, and part of the autonomic nervous system. It ... The sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the ... "Autonomic Connections of the Spinal Cord" Diagram at umm.edu Portal: Anatomy (Webarchive template wayback links, Wikipedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk

The autonomic nervous system is unique in that it requires a sequential two-neuron efferent pathway; the preganglionic neuron ... Interestingly, although the ANS is also known as the visceral nervous system and although most of its fibers carry non-somatic ... The activity of autonomic ganglionic neurons is modulated by "preganglionic neurons" located in the central nervous system. ... The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs. Autonomic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system

Illigens, Ben M.W.; Gibbons, Christopher H. (2009-04-01). "Sweat testing to evaluate autonomic function". Clinical Autonomic ... Small nerve fibers called thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature and can act as sensors that initiate axon reflex ... Axon Thermoregulation Hypothermia Frostbite Hunting reaction Langley, J. N. (1900-08-29). "On axon-reflexes in the pre-ganglionic ... Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy and Axon Reflex. Moor Instruments". Moor Instruments. Retrieved 2014-05-07. Farlex Partner ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_reflex

Splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves carrying preganglionic sympathetic and general visceral afferent fibers. The ... that causes dysregulation of the central and autonomic nervous system. This causes an upregulation of pain and temperature ... The lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from the ganglia here, and contribute sympathetic efferent fibers to the nearby plexuses. ... Because the lumbar sympathetic nerve fibers control the muscle of the lower extremities during "fight or flight" response, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_ganglia

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus of the Pons, via the chorda tympani and lingual nerve ... The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one ... In summary, the fibers carried in the ganglion are: Sympathetic fibers from the external carotid plexus, via the facial nerve ... the submandibular ganglion is the site of synapse for parasympathetic fibers and carries other types of nerve fiber that do not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion

When the body receives sensory information, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to preganglionic nerve fibers, which ... Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) can occur if left untreated. The sympathoadrenal system activity is ... These stimuli travel through the sympathetic nervous system by means of preganglionic nerve fibers that emerge from the ... Chromaffin cells contained in the adrenal medulla act as postganglionic nerve fibers that release this chemical response into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

... tract corticostriate fiber costal cartilages costal margin costophrenic angle Cowper's gland coxae cranial cranial autonomic ... gyrus precuneus prefrontal cortex preganglionic preganglionic neurons preganglionic parasympathetic neurons preganglionic ... ossicles auditory radiations auditory system auditory tube auricle auriculotemporal nerve auscultation autonomic autonomic ... claustrum clava clavicle climbing fiber clinoid clitoris clivus cloaca clonus coccyx cochlea cochlear duct cochlear nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the eye, constricting the pupil, accommodating ... It contributes the autonomic parasympathetic[citation needed] (i.e. visceral) component to the oculomotor nerve, providing ... Preganglionic oculomotor neurons within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are to be referred to as the EWpg, and the neuropeptide- ... Unlike the classical preganglionic neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the Centrally-projecting Edinger- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinger–Westphal_nucleus

Heavily myelinated, small preganglionic sympathetic fibers are blocked last. The desired result is total numbness of the area. ... some autonomic blockade (parasympathetic plexi), but no sensory or motor block. Locoregional analgesia, due to mainly the ... sensory and autonomic (sympathic) blockade. Administering analgesics (opioid, alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist) in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_anaesthesia

From here motor nerves belonging to the autonomic nervous system are stimulated to influence the activity of chiefly the heart ... This information is then conveyed, via afferent nerve fibers, to the solitary nucleus in the medulla oblongata. ... "preganglionic" sympathetic nerves, to secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) into the blood. This hormone enhances the tachycardia ... The medulla oblongata then distributes messages along motor or efferent nerves belonging to the autonomic nervous system to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

Direct sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands takes place via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which ... Salivary glands are innervated, either directly or indirectly, by the parasympathetic and sympathetic arms of the autonomic ... and the floor of the mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue. They are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and unlike the major glands, ... Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical. 156 (1-2): 104-10. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.014. PMID 20435522. S2CID 25907120. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland

Preganglionic parasympathetics to the heart also flow through the external formation of the nucleus. The muscles supplied by ... This nucleus gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X) terminating in the laryngeal, ... which may have a component of autonomic dysregulation. Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. The ... The external formation of the nucleus ambiguus also sends bronchoconstrictor fibers to the bronchopulmonary system, which can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus

The facial nerve also supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to several head and neck ganglia. The facial and ... Autonomic nervous system, Gustatory system, Human mouth anatomy). ... Nerve fibers for taste are supplied by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve via special visceral afferent fibers. The ... Postsynaptic fibers of the greater petrosal nerve innervate the lacrimal gland. In the tympanic segment, the facial nerve runs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve

"Renaming all spinal autonomic outflows as sympathetic is a mistake". Autonomic Neuroscience. 206: 60-62. doi:10.1016/j.autneu. ... in classifying the connections of nerve fibers to peripheral nerve cells. Previous researchers had utilized different terms ... identified several transcription factors within pre-ganglionic neurons of the lower lumbar and sacral regions that are ... The autonomic nervous system is divided primarily into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems with a third system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_peripheral_nerves

Fibers in the pelvic nerves constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder ... The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase, the ... Low-frequency afferent signals cause relaxation of the bladder by inhibiting sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and ... is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from the sacral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination

They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. Visceral afferent fibers go to ... Autonomic and Somatic Systems to the Anorectum and Pelvic Floor", Peripheral Neuropathy (Fourth Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. ... and the rest of the proximal gastrointestinal tract is supplied its parasympathetic fibers by the vagus nerve. Damage to the ... which arise from the sympathetic trunk and provide sympathetic efferent fibers. The pelvic splanchnic nerves contribute to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerves

The ciliary ganglion contain many more nerve fibers directed to the ciliary muscle than nerve fibers directed to the ... Both of these muscles are involuntary since they are controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system ... Three types of axons enter the ciliary ganglion but only the preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse there. The entering ... Aberrant regeneration of nerve fibers intended for the ciliary muscle causes abnormal, tonic contraction of the pupil with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion

The vagus is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human body and comprises both sensory and motor fibers. ... which gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that ... The sensory fibers originate from neurons of the nodose ganglion, whereas the motor fibers come from neurons of the dorsal ... Efferent vagus nerve fibers innervating the pharynx and back of the throat are responsible for the gag reflex. In addition, 5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve

Neuropathies are characterized by a progressive loss of nerve fiber function. A widely accepted definition of diabetic ... Autonomic neurons consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic types. In the periphery, preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and ... The smaller fibers are affected first in DM. With continued exposure to hyperglycemia, the larger fibers become affected. ... epigenetic factors are involved in the development of autonomic neuropathy. T1DM patients with autonomic neuropathy showed ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1170337-4888/how-is-diabetic-neuropathy-defined

The fiber passes through the ganglion without synapsing. However, in the autonomic nervous system, a preganglionic fiber enters ... The 2 nerve fibers in the pathway are termed preganglionic and postganglionic. At the level of the autonomic ganglia, the ... Autonomic ganglia, which are often irregular in shape, are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic ... When 1 preganglionic neuron fires, it can excite multiple postganglionic fibers that lead to different target organs (mass ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948687-overview

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. All preganglionic ... Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are ... Preganglionic nerve fibers. Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic (craniosacral) ... "Preganglionic nerve fibers" - news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_neuron

... contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system ... The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subcomponent of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates involuntary ... A central degenerative disease process involving preganglionic neuronal degeneration, presenting with orthostatic hypotension ... Primary autonomic dysfunction involves primary (idiopathic) degeneration of autonomic postganglionic fibers without other ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430888/

Cholinergic fibers include:. • somatic motor fibers • preganglionic autonomic fibers • parasympathetic fibers. Adrenergic ... Parasympathetic, has longer preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. Sympathetic, has shorter preganglionic and longer ... preganglionic?. Are the first neurons in a two neuron chain for the ANS. They are lightly myelinated, thin fibers. SHORT. ... In the sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS where are the preganglionic neurons located? Parasympathetic fibers emerge from ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-2294812

A sensory and autonomic branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that carries taste axons from the palate and preganglionic ... They contain preganglionic parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers. SYN: SEE: nervus erigens ... A nerve that contains axons of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in addition to other fiber types. ... Any of the nerves traveling to the cardiac plexus that contain primarily autonomic fibers. The superior cardiac nerve, middle ...

https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730433/all/sinuvertebral_nerve

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic A8.675.542.122 A11.671.501.122 Avastrovirus B4.909.777.99.80 Avena sativa J2.500.200.66 J2.500. ... Dietary Fiber G7.203.300.400 Dietary Proteins G7.203.300.428 Dietary Sucrose G7.203.300.362.325 G7.203.300.512.400.700.750.250 ... Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies C10.114.750.137 C10.668.829.800.175 C10.314.750.600 C10.668.829.800.625 C10.668. ... Tectospinal Fibers A8.186.211.865.753 Tectum Mesencephali A8.186.211.653.727 Tegmentum Mesencephali A8.186.211.653.413.500 ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2016.txt

Fiber, Preganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic Autonomic Preganglionic Autonomic Fiber Preganglionic Autonomic Fibers ... Autonomic Fiber, Preganglionic. Fiber, Preganglionic Autonomic. Fibers, Preganglionic Autonomic. Preganglionic Autonomic Fiber ... Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic Entry term(s). Autonomic Fiber, Preganglionic ... Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic - Preferred Concept UI. M0002009. Scope note. NERVE FIBERS which project from the central ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=1346

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the ... Autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system The ANS is a component of the peripheral nervous system that uses both ... The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They ... The nerve fibers Nerve Fibers Slender processes of neurons, including the axons and their glial envelopes (myelin sheath). ...

https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/general-structure-of-the-nervous-system/

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ...

http://medbox.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_en_medicine_2019-12/A/Chemical_synapse

The preganglionic fibers travel in the vagus. Stimulation of the adrenergic sympathetic fibers causes dilation of bronchial and ... muscle of the airways from the trachea down to the alveolar ducts is under the control of efferent fibers of the autonomic ... The muscle fibers of the diaphragm are inserted into the sternum and the 6 lower ribs and into the vertebral column by the two ... Stimulation of the cholinergic parasympathetic postganglionic fibers causes constriction of bronchial smooth muscle as well as ...

https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=575§ionid=42512980

The pelvic splanchnic nerves also known as nervi erigentes are preganglionic (presynaptic) parasympathetic nerve fibers that ... These nerves form the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system in the pelvis. ... The greater splanchnic nerve, composed of myelinated preganglionic and visceral afferent fibers, typically is thought to ... These thick peripheral axon bundles carry both afferent and efferent fibers.. What are the different splanchnic nerves?. There ...

https://www.cravencountryjamboree.com/personal-blog/are-splanchnic-nerves-symmetrical/

These cells are innervated by preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers from the central nervous system. ... Secretion of these hormones is stimulated by acetylcholine release from preganglionic sympathetic fibers innervating the ... The hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that control endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla via neuronal control. ... It is a part of the brain, extending down from the hypothalamus, and contains mostly nerve fibers and neuroglial cells, which ...

https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/801/overview

https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730433/all/nerve?q=investing

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1170337-4931/what-are-the-symptoms-of-diabetic-neuropathy

The sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic system because its preganglionic fibers ... What is a autonomic?. The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating ... Are sympathetic nerve fibers autonomic?. Sympathetic nervous system. ... The sympathetic nervous system, sometimes abbreviated as SNS, is a component of the autonomic nervous system-the portion of the ...

https://www.heyiamindians.com/what-is-the-role-of-the-sns/

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ...

https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dendrite

Print Autonomic Nervous System flashcards and study them anytime, anywhere. ... In which of the following cranial nerves do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that innervate organs of the thorax ... Nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in which of the following segments of the ... Preganglionic axons of this division of the autonomic nervous system originate in the brainstem and from the sacral region of ...

https://www.easynotecards.com/print_cards/13843

Lecture video Data Feedback Mcq 1_Smooth muscle contraction is one of a- Autonomic actions b- Somatic actions c- Autonomic & ... c- Relay of preganglionic sympathetic fibers only. d- All of the above ... 5- The source of compensation for the limited origin of the autonomic nervous system in relation to its wide distribution is: ... L4, Autonomic nervous system, physiology 02 November 2022 2022-11-02T05:24:00+02:00. 2022-11-02T17:30:48+02:00. SWG assistants ...

https://www.swgsites.com/2022/11/autonomic-nervous-system-physiology.html

The autonomic nervous system can intervene in this system: Postganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons ... Parasympathetic fibers excite the motor neurons for the circular and longitudinal muscles and inhibit the motor neurons of the ... sphincter, while sympathetic fibers do exactly the opposite. Individual evidence. * ↑ a b Jan C. Behrends et al .: Dual series ...

https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Peristaltischer_Reflex

A11.671.501.100 Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic A8.663.542.122 A8.675.542.122 A8.663.542.234.60 A8.675.542.234.60 A11.671.107 ... E4.502.250.630 Nerve Fibers A8.663.542 A8.675.542 A11.671.501 Nerve Fibers, Myelinated A8.663.542.512 A8.675.542.512 A11.671. ... A8.186.211.730.885.287.500.814.249 Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic A8.663.542.100 A8.675.542.100 A11.671.78 ... I1.137 Cotton Fiber J1.576.885.800.299 J1.576.655.937.800.299 Cross-Cultural Comparison I1.880.143.257 I1.880.853.100.257 ...

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2015.txt

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic A8.675.127.500.60 A11.671.188.500.60 Autophagy G4.299.139.399 G4.146.399 G4.299.482.350.91 ... Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic A8.675.127.500.700 A11.671.188.500.700 Parity G8.686.785.760.769.472 G8.686.784.769.472 ... Cholinergic Fibers A8.675.127.500 A11.671.188.500 Chondrocalcinosis C5.550.354.125 Chondrogenesis G7.700.320.500.325.377. ...

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2017.txt

3.) Vagal preganglionic neurons are located in discrete groups located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and also, in a ... 4.) Myelinated nerve fibers in the cardiac vagus enabling rapid communication between the central nervous system and the heart ... To investigate whether this tonic elevation of heart rate impairs the ability for autonomic regulation of heart during ... All heart rate changes were abolished by autonomic blockade with the combination of atropine and propranolol. The digesting ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/bolivia/?lang=es&q=au:Abe,+Augusto+S

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine. (studystack.com)
Describe the pathway of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic fibers. (neupsykey.com)

Sympathetic system Sympathetic system The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. (lecturio.com)
Parasympathetic system Parasympathetic system The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. (lecturio.com)
Nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in which of the following segments of the central nervous system? (easynotecards.com)
Which of the following ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? (easynotecards.com)
Nerve fibers of the _______________ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
Preganglionic axons of this division of the autonomic nervous system originate in the brainstem and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)

Ganglia may be divided into sensory ganglia of spinal nerves (spinal or posterior root ganglia) and cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia. (medscape.com)
Autonomic ganglia, which are often irregular in shape, are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system. (medscape.com)
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord than are the parasympathetic ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA . (bvsalud.org)
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. (lecturio.com)
They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. (lecturio.com)
The greater splanchnic nerve, composed of myelinated preganglionic and visceral afferent fibers, typically is thought to provide primary sensory innervation to the pancreas and proximal retroperitoneal visceral structures and generally arises from the thoracic sympathetic ganglia of T5-9. (cravencountryjamboree.com)
The greater splanchnic nerve is formed from the preganglionic fibres of T5-T9, which traverse the paravertebral ganglion and terminate in the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia. (cravencountryjamboree.com)
The nerve travels through the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity, where its fibers synapse at the celiac ganglia. (cravencountryjamboree.com)
The pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG), also known as sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), Meckel's or sphenomaxillary ganglion, OR THE NASAL GANGLION, OR SLUDER'S GANGLION is located in the cranial section of the autonomic nervous System and bears unique characteristics favorable for the treatment of many painful syndromes involving the face and head.1 THE GANGLIA IS LOCATED IN THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA ON THE MAXILLARY DIVISION (V2) OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Parasympathetic neurons in the central nervous system project preganglionic fibers towards parasympathetic ganglia, which are collections of neurons near the organ they are supposed to affect. (osmosis.org)
Preganglionic neurons for the head and neck synapse in the cervical ganglia. (neupsykey.com)
Efferent autonomic nerves in the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems follow a two-nerve system, with ganglia that relay the signal between them. (anahana.com)
The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. (jefferson.edu)
The term autonomic nervous system (ANS) refers to collections of motor neurons (ganglia) situated in the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, and to the axonal connections of these neurons. (sciencebeta.com)
There are also CNS components of the ANS, including brainstem and spinal autonomic preganglionic neurons that project to the autonomic motor neurons in the peripheral ganglia. (sciencebeta.com)
In this respect, preganglionic autonomic motor neurons are clearly distinguished from somatic motor neurons that project from the CNS directly to the innervated tissue (skeletal muscle), without any intervening ganglia. (sciencebeta.com)
Post-ganglionic axonal processes of motor neurons in the autonomic ganglia innervate organs and tissues throughout the body (eyes, salivary glands, heart , stomach, urinary bladder, blood vessels, etc). (sciencebeta.com)
Complex autonomic ganglia in the walls of the stomach and small intestine are separately classified as the enteric nervous system. (sciencebeta.com)
Langley noted the absence of sensory (afferent) nerve cell bodies in autonomic ganglia and defined the ANS as a purely motor system. (sciencebeta.com)
Modern experiments have shown that neurons in autonomic ganglia do not have inbuilt discharge patterns sufficiently integrated to regulate physiological functions, with the possible exception of neurons within the enteric nervous system of the small and large intestines. (sciencebeta.com)

The sensory (afferent) division carries sensory signals by way of afferent nerve fibers from receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as well as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
In addition, the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems act as parts of the autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system The ANS is a component of the peripheral nervous system that uses both afferent (sensory) and efferent (effector) neurons, which control the functioning of the internal organs and involuntary processes via connections with the CNS. (lecturio.com)
These thick peripheral axon bundles carry both afferent and efferent fibers. (cravencountryjamboree.com)
Sensory, or afferent, fibers carry information from the body back to the CNS. (anahana.com)
Autonomic afferent nerves are common to the entire system, they do not differentiate into sympathetic or parasympathetic. (anahana.com)
The vagus nerve (VN), the longest nerve of the organism that innervates the gastrointestinal tract, is a mixed nerve composed of 80% of afferent and 20% of efferent fibers. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a mixed nerve composed of 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibers (Prechtl & Powley, 1990 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The dorsal roots contain the incoming (afferent) sensory nerve fibers that carry information from the body below the head into the CNS. (scholarpedia.org)

Mixed nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers. (medscape.com)
Motor nerves contain motor fibers. (medscape.com)
The pelvic splanchnic nerves also known as nervi erigentes are preganglionic (presynaptic) parasympathetic nerve fibers that arise from S2, S3 and S4 nerve roots of the sacral plexus. (cravencountryjamboree.com)
These nerves form the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system in the pelvis. (cravencountryjamboree.com)
In large nerves, fibers are bundled into fascicles and wrapped in a fibrous perineurium. (medscape.com)
The sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic system because its preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord, in the ventral roots of spinal nerves, from the first thoracic (T1) to the second lumbar (L2) levels. (heyiamindians.com)
In which of the following cranial nerves do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that innervate organs of the thorax and upper abdomen occur? (easynotecards.com)
Preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of spinal nerves. (easynotecards.com)
Parasympathetic fibers that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are conveyed in the _______________ nerve or arise from spinal nerves in the ______________ region. (easynotecards.com)
EAR PAIN / OTALGIA THE AUTONOMIC NERVES cause reflex otalgia by its connection with the tympanic plexus. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Three of the nerves are strictly responsible for special senses whereas four others contain fibers for special and general senses. (philschatz.com)
Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers that control pupillary size, salivary glands, and the thoracic and upper abdominal viscera are found in four of the nerves. (philschatz.com)
Taste sensation is relayed to the brain stem through fibers of the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. (philschatz.com)
Postganglionic fibers (unmyelinated) rejoin spinal nerves forming gray communicating rami . (neupsykey.com)
The pelvic splanchnic nerves are formed from branches of preganglionic parasympathetic axons housed within the ______ of the ____ spinal cord segments. (easynotecards.com)
The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers that emanate from the brain and central cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. (en-academic.com)
The splanchnic nerves are paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs. (absoluteastronomy.com)
These emerging postganglionic nerves synapse with preganglionic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord. (absoluteastronomy.com)

In addition, regional anesthesia of the distribution area of the SPG sensory fibers for nasal and dental surgery can be provided by SPGB via a transnasal, transoral, or lateral infratemporal approach. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
The descending sensory fibers from the semilunar ganglion course through the pons and medulla in the spinal tract of CN V to end in the nuclei of this tract (as far as the second cervical segment). (medscape.com)
In addition, the descending sensory spinal tract receives somatic sensory fibers from CNs VII, IX, and X. (medscape.com)

The motor (efferent) division carries motor signals by way of efferent nerve fibers from the CNS to effectors (mainly glands and muscles). (medscape.com)
Nerve fibers of the PNS are classified according to their involvement in motor or sensory, somatic or visceral pathways. (medscape.com)
A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (tabers.com)
A nerve is an organ composed of multiple nerve fibers bound together by sheaths of connective tissue. (medscape.com)
Are sympathetic nerve fibers autonomic? (heyiamindians.com)
In which of the following segments do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that send signals to organs within the pelvic cavity originate? (easynotecards.com)
Which of the following indicates the correct path sympathetic nerve fibers take when leaving the spinal cord before returning to a spinal nerve on their way to stimulate arrector pili muscles and sweat glands in the skin? (easynotecards.com)
Which of the following is true about the nerve fibers of sympathetic motor neurons? (easynotecards.com)
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has autonomic functions in the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. (philschatz.com)
Preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord via the ventral root of the spinal nerve. (neupsykey.com)
The autonomic nervous system contains both sensory and motor nerve types. (anahana.com)
A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. (jefferson.edu)
Parasympathetic nerve fibers originate from the S2-S4 sacral spinal segments and provide innervation to genital erectile tissue resulting in genital (penile and clitoral) vasocongestion (erections) and lubrication. (aapmr.org)
Somatic fibers carry sensation from the genitalia of both sexes via the Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4). (aapmr.org)
The parasympathetic innervation arises from preganglionic neurons located in the distal lumbar and proximal sacral spinal cord (segments L6 and S1 in the rat [ 6 , 7 ]) and whose axons are found in the pelvic nerve and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus. (biomedcentral.com)
45 degrees C. This temperature produces local tissue damage and loss of myelinated nerve fibers. (statpearls.com)
Although input to the SPG mainly consists of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the greater petrosal nerve, it also receives sympathetic and somatic sensation signals. (statpearls.com)
Sympathetic fibers: Sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion travel along the internal carotid plexus to the deep petrosal nerve and eventually through the Vidian nerve to reach the SPG. (statpearls.com)
The Vidian nerve arises from the junction of the deep petrosal nerve and the greater superficial petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve that carries parasympathetic fibers). (statpearls.com)
Name the usually long process of a nerve fiber that generally conducts impulses away from the body of the nerve cell. (freezingblue.com)
In contrast to the more recently evolved cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres of the brain , the cell bodies and dendrites of spinal neurons (gray matter) lie inside the cord while the nerve fibers (axons) that interconnect them (white matter) run along the outside. (scholarpedia.org)
The ventral roots carry the outgoing (efferent) nerve fibers that control the muscles that produce movement, as well as "autonomic" functions such as the control of blood pressure, sweating, and micturition and defecation. (scholarpedia.org)
The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) that are either myelinated (coated by the insulating material myelin) or without such coating (unmyelinated). (scholarpedia.org)
It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and contains proprioceptive fibers. (medscape.com)
Burkett et al successfully visualized trigeminal fibers entering the pons at the nerve root entry zone (NREZ) and descending through the spinal trigeminal tract using robust diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). (medscape.com)
The parasympathetic fibers of the eye travel with the third cranial nerve to synapse at the ciliary ganglion before innervating the iris and the ciliary body. (eyewiki.org)

Parasympathetic, has longer preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. (studystack.com)
They have long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. (pharmacy180.com)

All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division , are cholinergic (that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter ) and they are myelinated . (wikipedia.org)
Both the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . (osmosis.org)
Acetylcholine released from preganglionic fibers acts on nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neurons. (osmosis.org)
The neurotransmitter of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons is acetylcholine ( ACh ). (biology-pages.info)
In sympathetic, at preganglionic region, it is acetylcholine whereas in post-ganglionic region in most of parts of body it is noradrenaline. (biologydiscussion.com)

Parasympathetic fibers emerge from the brain and sacral spinal cord, and visceral effector. (studystack.com)
In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. (lecturio.com)
It is also known as the craniosacral division because its preganglionic fibers emerge from opposite ends of the CNS (the brain stem and sacral spinal cord). (pharmacy180.com)
Preganglionic cell bodies for the parasympathetic outflow are in the brainstem (cranial) and in the sacral spinal cord (sacral). (sciencebeta.com)

Motor, or efferent, fibers transmit orders from the CNS to the body to generate a response. (anahana.com)

sympathetic nervous system (SNS): One of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. (heyiamindians.com)
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which also includes the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). (heyiamindians.com)
The sympathetic nervous system, sometimes abbreviated as SNS, is a component of the autonomic nervous system-the portion of the nervous system largely concerned with regulating automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion. (heyiamindians.com)
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) are both components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). (fistofawesome.com)

The VN is a key component of the autonomic nervous system, i.e. the parasympathetic nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)

Sympathetic preganglionic axons originate from neurons in the _______________ of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subcomponent of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates involuntary physiologic processes, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. (nih.gov)
The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion. (heyiamindians.com)

Insult to the spinal cord or cauda equina can result in injury to the motor, sensory and autonomic pathways underlying sexual and reproductive function.The effect of a SCI on sexual function and health depends on the level and severity of spinal cord injury, as well as personal attributes such as partnership status, pre-morbid sexual experiences and attitudes, and openness to sexual experimentation. (aapmr.org)
Autonomic pathways, together with somatic motor pathways to skeletal muscle and neuroendocrine pathways, are the means whereby the central nervous system (CNS) sends commands to the rest of the body. (sciencebeta.com)
Thus the ANS is best seen as one of the outflows whereby the CNS controls bodily organs, so that "peripheral autonomic pathways" is a better term, but "autonomic nervous system" is well-established. (sciencebeta.com)

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervation of involuntary structures, such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands within the body. (medscape.com)
The autonomic nervous system provides significant innervation to the genital organs and is essential to the sexual response. (aapmr.org)

In the sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS where are the preganglionic neurons located? (studystack.com)

Compared to the somatic nervous system, which of the following describes the neuron arrangement from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effector in the autonomic nervous system? (easynotecards.com)
The first order neuron of the chain is called a preganglionic neuron. (neupsykey.com)
The preganglionic axon terminates on the second-order neuron . (neupsykey.com)

Certain visceral organs have fibers from both divisions, controlling the acti-vation or inhibition of their actions. (pharmacy180.com)
and the autonomic nervous system, which controls the involuntary activity of the smooth muscles and glands of our organs, and is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems . (osmosis.org)

In this way, a weak input from a distal synapse can be amplified by sodium and calcium currents en route to the soma so that the effects of distal synapse are no less robust than those of a proximal synapse. (wikidoc.org)

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes all regions implicated in controlling autonomic, unconscious, and involuntary functions in total body homeostasis. (nih.gov)
The autonomic nervous system controls all involuntary functions of the human body. (anahana.com)
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary physiological processes such as digestion, breathing, and blood pressure. (anahana.com)
The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary (in contrast to those of the sensory-somatic system). (biology-pages.info)

3. Sweat glands are supplied by sympathetic cholinergic fibers and are involved in regulation of body temperature. (biologydiscussion.com)

The third subdivision of the autonomic system is the enteric nervous system. (anahana.com)

If all of the fibers are sheared when the brain moves within the cranium, such as in a motor vehicle accident, then no axons can find their way back to the olfactory bulb to re-establish connections. (philschatz.com)
Neurons send signals to other cells as electrochemical waves travelling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. (en-academic.com)

Sympathetic stimulation contracts the meridional fibers of the iris that dilate the pupil, whereas parasym-pathetic stimulation contracts the circular muscle of the iris to constrict the pupil. (heyiamindians.com)
Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic branch, known for triggering "fight or flight" responses when the body is under stress, induces pupil dilation. (fistofawesome.com)

The parasympathetic nervous system controls constriction of the iris and accommodation of the lens via a pathway with preganglionic motor neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and postganglionic motor neurons in the ciliary ganglion. (fistofawesome.com)
In any autonomic nervous system pathway, there are two neurons along efferent pathway. (biologydiscussion.com)

The visceral motor division, also known as the autonomic nervous system, carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. (medscape.com)
Abstract: The postsynaptic fibers of the pterygopalatine or sphenopalatine ganglion (PPG or SPG) supply the lacrimal and nasal glands. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)

They are lightly myelinated, thin fibers. (studystack.com)

Preganglionic cell bodies for the sympathetic outflow are in the thoracic spinal cord. (sciencebeta.com)

For example, arrector pili muscles, which are associated with hair follicles in mammals, are solely innervated by sympathetic fibers. (neupsykey.com)

This traditional terminology is confusing and we use the term "autonomic motoneurons" or "final motoneurons" for the ganglionic cells. (sciencebeta.com)

The hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that control endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla via neuronal control. (cuny.edu)
E) fiber cells. (freezingblue.com)

Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation provoke cardiovascular, and autonomic responses. (itentertainment.org)
Sex differences in autonomic regulation may underlie cardiovascular disease variations between females and males. (frontiersin.org)
Similarly, when brain control of spinal autonomic preganglionic neurons is removed (as in quadriplegia), cardiovascular, bowel and bladder functions are profoundly impaired. (sciencebeta.com)

The autonomic nervous system can intervene in this system: Postganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons project onto the motor neurons. (zxc.wiki)
Parasympathetic fibers excite the motor neurons for the circular and longitudinal muscles and inhibit the motor neurons of the sphincter, while sympathetic fibers do exactly the opposite. (zxc.wiki)
In addition, there may be motor phenomena of the soft palate related to the involvement of the motor fibers to the levator palate and azygos uvulae muscles. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
The ANS carries GVE fibers that control visceral motor neurons . (neupsykey.com)
The contraction of both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is controlled by motor neurons of the autonomic system. (biology-pages.info)
The preganglionic motor neurons of the sympathetic system (shown in black) arise in the spinal cord. (biology-pages.info)
The motor nucleus of CN V receives cortical fibers for voluntary control of the muscles of mastication. (medscape.com)

Centers for autonomic nervous system are present in hypothalamus. (biologydiscussion.com)

Which fibers (pre or post ganglionic) are long or short in the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS? (studystack.com)

Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. (wikipedia.org)
It includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (anahana.com)
The autonomic nervous system has two primary subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems . (anahana.com)

Sympathetic fibers supplying the eye separate from the carotid plexus within the cavernous sinus. (fistofawesome.com)
The carotid plexus contributes sympathetic fibers to the gasserian ganglion. (medscape.com)

The first, the preganglionic neurons , arise in the CNS and run to a ganglion in the body. (biology-pages.info)
The proprioceptive fibers of CN V arise from the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles. (medscape.com)

preganglionic fibers begin in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)

Anatomy53

Organisms7

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs23

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes9

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor rescues target-deprived sympathetic spinal cord neurons but requires transforming growth factor-beta as cofactor in vivo. (1/203)

Electrophysiological properties of electrical synapses between rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones in vitro. (2/203)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (3/203)

Fast (3 Hz and 10 Hz) and slow (respiratory) rhythms in cervical sympathetic nerve and unit discharges of the cat. (4/203)

Effect of pulmonary C-fibre afferent stimulation on cardiac vagal neurones in the nucleus ambiguus in anaesthetized cats. (5/203)

Reelin controls position of autonomic neurons in the spinal cord. (6/203)

Reflex secretion of proteins into submandibular saliva in conscious rats, before and after preganglionic sympathectomy. (7/203)

Lack of neurotrophin-4 causes selective structural and chemical deficits in sympathetic ganglia and their preganglionic innervation. (8/203)

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic

Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic

Ganglia, Autonomic

Ganglia, Sympathetic

Ganglia, Parasympathetic

Nerve Fibers

Vagus Nerve

Adrenergic Fibers

Sympathetic Nervous System

Dietary Fiber

Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

Hexamethonium Compounds

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Hypogastric Plexus

Cats

Electric Stimulation

Denervation

Axons

Neurons

Spinal Cord

Nictitating Membrane

Neurons, Efferent

Stellate Ganglion

Synapses

Mineral Fibers

Hemicholinium 3

Horseradish Peroxidase

Action Potentials

Ganglionic Blockers

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Ganglia

Pentolinium Tartrate

Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch

Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch

Medulla Oblongata

Cotton Fiber

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Tubocurarine

Efferent Pathways

Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic

Neural Conduction

Nerve Endings

Autonomic Pathways

Synaptic Transmission

Atropine

Hexamethonium

Nerve Regeneration

Splanchnic Nerves

von Ebner Glands

Biguanides

Guinea Pigs

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Brain Stem

Acetylcholine

Stress Fibers

Sympathectomy

Motor Neurons

Spinal Nerve Roots

Phrenic Nerve

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Physostigmine

Reflex

Purkinje Fibers

Stilbamidines

Pelvis

Cervical Plexus

Muscles

Rana catesbeiana

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Retrograde Degeneration

Axonal Transport

Brocresine

Neural Pathways

Cholinergic Fibers

Oculomotor Nerve

Microscopy, Electron

Cholinesterases

Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal

Muscle Contraction

Membrane Potentials