Autonomic fibers preganglionic. Medical search

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic: NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic: Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.Ganglia, Autonomic: Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.Ganglia, Sympathetic: Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.Ganglia, Parasympathetic: Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Adrenergic Fibers: Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.Muscle Fibers, Skeletal: Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.Hexamethonium Compounds: Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.Hypogastric Plexus: A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Denervation: The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Nictitating Membrane: A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.Neurons, Efferent: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Mineral Fibers: Long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. They form the structure of some minerals. The medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of PNEUMOCONIOSIS (e.g., ASBESTOSIS) after occupational or environmental exposure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p708)Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.Choline O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.Medulla Oblongata: The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.Cotton Fiber: A TEXTILE fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the SEEDS) of cotton plant (GOSSYPIUM). Inhalation of cotton fiber dust over a prolonged period can result in BYSSINOSIS.Superior Cervical Ganglion: The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic: Nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Nerve Endings: Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.Autonomic Pathways: Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Atropine: An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Splanchnic Nerves: The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.von Ebner Glands: Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae.Biguanides Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Stress Fibers: Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.Autonomic Dysreflexia: A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Purkinje Fibers: Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.Stilbamidines: STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.Pelvis: The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Rana catesbeiana: A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Retrograde Degeneration: Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.Axonal Transport: The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)Brocresine: A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Cholinergic Fibers: Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Cholinesterases Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal: Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Lumbosacral Region: Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Adrenal Medulla: The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Submandibular Gland: One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Decerebrate State: A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.Laryngeal Nerves: Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor rescues target-deprived sympathetic spinal cord neurons but requires transforming growth factor-beta as cofactor in vivo. (1/203)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor for several populations of CNS and peripheral neurons. Synthesis and storage of GDNF by the neuron-like adrenal medullary cells suggest roles in adrenal functions and/or in the maintenance of spinal cord neurons that innervate the adrenal medulla. We show that unilateral adrenomedullectomy causes degeneration of all sympathetic preganglionic neurons within the intermediolateral column (IML) of spinal cord segments T7-T10 that project to the adrenal medulla. In situ hybridization revealed that IML neurons express the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked alpha receptor 1 and c-Ret receptors, which are essential for GDNF signaling. IML neurons also display immunoreactivity for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor II. Administration of GDNF (recombinant human, 1 microg) in Gelfoam implanted into the medullectomized adrenal gland rescued all Fluoro-Gold-labeled preganglionic neurons projecting to the adrenal medulla after four weeks. Cytochrome c applied as a control protein was not effective. The protective effect of GDNF was prevented by co-administration to the Gelfoam of neutralizing antibodies recognizing all three TGF-beta isoforms but not GDNF. This suggests that the presence of endogenous TGF-beta was essential for permitting a neurotrophic effect of GDNF. Our data indicate that GDNF has a capacity to protect a population of autonomic spinal cord neurons from target-deprived cell death. Furthermore, our results demonstrate for the first time that the previously reported requirement of TGF-beta for permitting trophic actions of GDNF in vitro (Kreiglstein et al., 1998) also applies to the in vivo situation. (+info)

Electrophysiological properties of electrical synapses between rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones in vitro. (2/203)

1. The electrophysiological properties of electrical synaptic transmission between sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) in slices of rat spinal cord were investigated using simultaneous dual-electrode patch-clamp recordings. Electrotonic coupling was directly demonstrated between 21 pairs of SPNs. 2. Coupling coefficients determined from the steady-state response of both neurones to current steps injected into either neurone ranged from 0. 02 to 0.48 (0.18 +/- 0.02, mean +/- s.e.m.). Synapses were bidirectional and symmetrical for the majority of connections with coupling coefficients similar in either direction. Asymmetrical coupling between a minority of cell pairs was due to differences in passive neuronal properties rather than rectification of the synaptic conductances. 3. Action potentials were manifest in adjoining cells as biphasic electrical postsynaptic potentials (ePSPs), composed of a rapid depolarising component followed by a more prolonged hyperpolarisation with amplitudes of 1.2 +/- 0.2 and 2.1 +/- 0.6 mV, respectively. 4. Postsynaptic potentials resembled low-pass filtered presynaptic spikes with frequency dependence determined by the junctional conductance and postsynaptic membrane properties. Increases in presynaptic action potential frequency caused attenuation of the hyperpolarising component of the ePSP that was attributed to shorter duration presynaptic spikes being more markedly filtered. 5. Synchronisation of spontaneous action potentials between electrotonically coupled neurones was driven by subthreshold membrane potential activity resembling repetitive ePSPs. Synchronous spike firing in previously silent neurones could be driven by suprathreshold ePSPs induced by suprathreshold depolarisation of a single adjoining neurone. 6. These data characterise reliable communication of sub- and suprathreshold activity by electrical synapses enabling synchronised SPN firing which may contribute to generation of coherent sympathetic rhythms and promote summation of inputs to postganglionic neurones. (+info)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (3/203)

1 Differences in the mechanism of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory responses to preganglionic- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation were investigated in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. 2 Stimulation of the vagus nerve at frequencies above 4 Hz elicited NANC relaxation of the trachealis muscle. Responses to low frequencies of stimulation (4-8 Hz) were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NOARG (10 microM), while a L-NOARG resistant component was observed at higher stimulus frequencies. The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to higher frequencies of vagus nerve stimulation were significantly attenuated by the proteinase alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml), suggesting that a neuropeptide such as VIP may contribute to NANC responses. 3 When postganglionic nerves were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS), responses were readily elicited at frequencies below 4 Hz. Like responses to vagus nerve stimulation, responses to low frequency (<4 Hz) EFS were abolished by L-NOARG while a L-NOARG-resistant component was apparent at higher stimulus frequencies. 4 The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to EFS was sensitive to alpha-chymotrypsin only if stimuli were delivered in either long trains at a low frequency (4 Hz for 10-30 s) or short trains of high frequency (16 Hz for 2.5-7.5 s). 5 Responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation were approximately 35% of the amplitude of responses to EFS in the same preparations. 6 In conclusion, responses to preganglionic and postganglionic NANC inhibitory nerve stimulation in the guinea-pig trachea differ in maximum amplitude, frequency-response characteristics and the contributions of cotransmitters. We suggest that these differences may be explained by filtering of preganglionic input to postganglionic NANC neurons. These results have implications in all studies where EFS is considered to be representative of physiological stimulation of post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (+info)

Fast (3 Hz and 10 Hz) and slow (respiratory) rhythms in cervical sympathetic nerve and unit discharges of the cat. (4/203)

1. In seven decerebrate cats, recordings were taken from the preganglionic cervical sympathetic (CSy) nerves and from 74 individual CSy fibres. Correlation and spectral analyses showed that nerve and fibre discharges had several types of rhythm that were coherent (correlated) between population and unit activity: respiratory, '3 Hz' (2-6 Hz, usually cardiac related), and '10 Hz' (7-13 Hz). 2. Almost all units (73/74) had respiratory modulation of their discharge, either phasic (firing during only one phase) or tonic (firing during both the inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) phases). The most common pattern consisted of tonic I-modulated firing. When the vagi were intact, lung afferent input during I greatly reduced CSy unit and nerve discharge, as evaluated by the no-inflation test. 3. The incidence of unit-nerve coherent fast rhythms (3 Hz or 10 Hz ranges) depended on unit discharge pattern: they were present in an appreciable fraction (30/58 or 52 %) of tonic units, but in only a small fraction (2/15 or 13 %) of phasic units. 4. When baroreceptor innervation (aortic depressor amd carotid sinus nerves) was intact, rhythms correlated to the cardiac cycle frequency were found in 20/34 (59 %) of units. The cardiac origin of these rhythms was confirmed by residual autospectral and partial coherence analysis and by their absence after baroreceptor denervation. 4. The 10 Hz coherent rhythm was found in 7/34 units when baroreceptor innervation was intact, where it co-existed with the cardiac-locked rhythm; after barodenervation it was found in 9/50 neurones. Where both rhythms were present, the 10 Hz component was sometimes synchronized in a 3:1 ratio to the 3 Hz (cardiac-related) frequency component. 5. The tonic and phasic CSy units seem to form distinct populations, as indicated by the differential responses to cardiac-related afferent inputs when baroreceptor innervation is intact. The high incidence of cardiac-related correlation found among tonic units suggests that they are involved in vasomotor regulation. The high incidence of respiratory modulation of discharge suggests that the CSy units may be involved in regulation of the nasal vasculature and consequent ventilation-related control of nasal airway resistance. (+info)

Effect of pulmonary C-fibre afferent stimulation on cardiac vagal neurones in the nucleus ambiguus in anaesthetized cats. (5/203)

It has been demonstrated previously that the vagal bradycardia evoked by activation of pulmonary C-fibres is not respiratory modulated. Experiments were carried out in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized cats to determine if these cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones (CVPNs) in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), which have respiratory modulated activity, can be activated when pulmonary C-fibre afferents are stimulated by right atrial injections of phenylbiguanide (PBG). Eleven CVPNs with B-fibre axons in the right cardiac vagal branches were identified and found to be localized within or ventrolateral to the nucleus ambiguus. Ionophoretic application of a high current of dl-homocysteic acid (DLH) induced a vagally mediated bradycardia and hypotension in six of eight sites from which CVPNs were recorded. The activity of B-fibre CVPNs, whether spontaneous (n = 4) or induced by ionophoresis of DLH (n = 7) was respiratory modulated, firing perferentially during post-inspiration and stage 2 expiration. This activity also correlated with the rising phase of the arterial blood pressure wave consistent with these CVPNs receiving an arterial baroreceptor input. Right atrial injections of PBG excited nine of eleven CVPNs tested. In eight of these activated neurones the onset latency of the excitation was within the pulmonary circulation time, consistent with being activated only by pulmonary C-fibre afferents. In two neurones the PBG-evoked excitation still occurred when central inspiratory drive was inhibited, as indicated by the disappearance of phrenic nerve activity. In conclusion, B-fibre respiratory modulated CVPNs can be activated following stimulation of pulmonary C-fibre afferents. (+info)

Reelin controls position of autonomic neurons in the spinal cord. (6/203)

Mutation of the reeler gene (Reln) disrupts neuronal migration in several brain regions and gives rise to functional deficits such as ataxic gait and trembling in the reeler mutant mouse. Thus, the Reln product, reelin, is thought to control cell-cell interactions critical for cell positioning in the brain. Although an abundance of reelin transcript is found in the embryonic spinal cord [Ikeda, Y. & Terashima, T. (1997) Dev. Dyn. 210, 157-172; Schiffmann, S. N., Bernier, B. & Goffinet, A. M. (1997) Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1055-1071], it is generally thought that neuronal migration in the spinal cord is not affected by reelin. Here, however, we show that migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord is affected by reelin. This study thus indicates that reelin affects neuronal migration outside of the brain. Moreover, the relationship between reelin and migrating preganglionic neurons suggests that reelin acts as a barrier to neuronal migration. (+info)

Reflex secretion of proteins into submandibular saliva in conscious rats, before and after preganglionic sympathectomy. (7/203)

1. An indwelling catheter was placed in the left submandibular duct of rats, under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, and connected to an outflow cannula that emerged above the skull. 2. Saliva was collected from the outflow cannula in conscious rats, the same day after recovery from anaesthesia, under four different reflex conditions: grooming, heat exposure, rejection of a bitter tasting substance and feeding on softened chow, repeated in different orders. 3. Saliva flow was greatest for grooming and least for rejection. Protein concentrations were least with heat but much greater and similar for the other stimulations. Acinar peroxidase activity was high for feeding, intermediate for grooming and rejection, and again lowest with heat. Tubular tissue kallikrein activities were moderately low, being greatest with feeding and least with grooming. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration was least with heat and similar for the other stimulations. 4. The next day, under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, the left preganglionic sympathetic trunk was sectioned (sympathetic decentralization) and, after recovery, the preceding stimulations were repeated. Flow of saliva showed little change, but protein and peroxidase concentrations and outputs decreased dramatically with grooming, rejection and feeding to levels similar to those with heat, which showed little change. Tissue kallikrein was lowered less dramatically, but the reductions in output were significant except with heat. Patterns of proteins resolved by electrophoresis changed for grooming, rejection and feeding and became similar to saliva from heat, which showed little change. No significant effects on SIgA concentrations occurred. 5. Gland weights from the sympathetically decentralized side were greater than from the intact side at the end of the experiments and histologically showed retention of acinar mucin. 6. Thus reflex sympathetic drive varied with the different stimulations; it was least during heat, but it had pronounced effects on acinar secretion of proteins during the other stimulations. At the same time this sympathetic drive had less impact on tissue kallikrein secretion from tubules and had little influence on flow or the concentration of SIgA secreted. (+info)

Lack of neurotrophin-4 causes selective structural and chemical deficits in sympathetic ganglia and their preganglionic innervation. (8/203)

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is perhaps the still most enigmatic member of the neurotrophin family. We show here that NT-4 is expressed in neurons of paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, i.e., the superior cervical (SCG), stellate (SG), and celiac (CG) ganglion. Mice deficient for NT-4 showed a significant reduction (20-30%) of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord. In contrast, neuron numbers in the SCG, SG, and CG were unchanged. Numbers of axons in the thoracic sympathetic trunk (TST) connecting the SG with lower paravertebral ganglia were also reduced, whereas axon numbers in the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) were unaltered. Axon losses in the TST were paralleled by losses of synaptic terminals on SG neurons visualized by electron microscopy. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for the synaptic vesicle antigen SV2 was clearly reduced in the SG and CG. Levels of catecholamines and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were dramatically reduced in the SG and the CG but not in the SCG. Despite this severe phenotype in the sympathetic system, blood pressure levels were not reduced and displayed a pattern more typical of deficits in baroreceptor afferents. Numbers of IML neurons were unaltered at postnatal day 4, suggesting a postnatal requirement for their maintenance. In light of these and previous data, we hypothesize that NT-4 provided by postganglionic sympathetic neurons is required for establishing and/or maintaining synapses of IML neurons on postganglionic cells. Impairment of synaptic connectivity may consequently reduce impulse flow, causing a reduction in transmitter synthesis in postganglionic neurons. (+info)

Adrenal medulla

... and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system. The adrenal medulla therefore ... receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers. The cells form clusters around large blood vessels. As a cluster ... In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites ... These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In fact, these ...

Group B nerve fiber

They are usually general visceral afferent fibers and preganglionic nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system.. ... Group B nerve fibers are axons, which are moderately myelinated, which means less myelinated than group A nerve fibers, and ... more myelinated than group C nerve fibers. Their conduction velocity is 3 to 14 m/s. ...

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

These fibers continue on into the spinal cord where they synapse with preganglionic autonomic neurons. Hypothalamic efferents ... thoraco-lumbar preganglionic sympathetic neurons, and 6) lumbo-sacral preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Note that at least ... These fibers synapse onto the hypothalamus and carry visceral information to the brain. Brainstem afferents in DLF include ... These fibers then descend through the brain stem periaqueductal gray matter along the base of the fourth ventricle. ...

Preganglionic nerve fibers

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. All preganglionic ... Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are ... This is due to the number of synapses formed by the preganglionic fibers with ganglionic neurons. Postganglionic fibers Nerve ... Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. Whereas in the parasympathetic division ...

Intermediolateral nucleus

It extends from T1 to L2, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the ... sympathetic nervous system, (preganglionic sympathetic general visceral efferents).. ...

List of MeSH codes (A08)

... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.122 --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.145 --- axons MeSH ... cholinergic fibers MeSH A08.663.542.234.060 --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.234.700 --- parasympathetic ... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.060 --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.150 --- ... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.800.060.060 --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.800.800.060.150 --- ...

Langleys nicotine test

Now the preganglionic fiber is restimulated again. If there is still a response, the fiber does not relay in the ganglion. But ... The Langley Nicotine test is used to determine the relay-site of autonomic fibers. The test is the following: First stimulate ... by causing an interruption between the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic nerve fibers. They were able to take this information ... the preganglionic fiber and notice the response that appears. By adding a large dose of nicotine, the ganglion (site of relay ...

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or ... Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. Most postganglionic sympathetic ... The other postganglionic fibers of the peripheral autonomic system belong to the parasympathetic division; all are cholinergic ... postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, ...

Postganglionic nerve fibers

... all of these exceptions are still stimulated by cholinergic pre ganglionic fibers. In both divisions of the autonomic nervous ... In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The ... Preganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Noback C, Ruggiero DA, Demarest RJ, Strominger NL (2005). The Human Nervous System: Structure ... neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers differ: In the parasympathetic division, neurons are cholinergic (that is, ...

Ganglion

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while ... Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. ... but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. Ganglia ... A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system. ... is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion but has only nerve fibers ...

Esophageal plexus

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (Preganglionic fibers) - These fibers have their cell bodies located in the dorsal motor ... B. Afferent fibers - These fibers are primarily concerned with autonomic reflexes and they have their cell bodies in the ... The cell bodies of these fibers are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia. The cell bodies of the preganglionic fibers, the ... The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus ...

Parasympathetic nervous system

The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers ... are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are. Instead, autonomic sensory information ... the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and ... The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in ...

Parotid gland

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the brain stem from inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve and ... The autonomic innervation controls the rate of saliva production and is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve. Postganglionic ... There, they synapse with postganglionic fibers which reach the gland by hitch-hiking via the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch ... The cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetics usually lie in the lateral horns of upper thoracic spinal segments. ...

Solitary nucleus

Through the center of the SN runs the solitary tract, a white bundle of nerve fibers, including fibers from the facial, ... The first central neurons within the SN can participate in simple autonomic reflexes. Information goes from the solitary ... The SN projects to, among other regions, the reticular formation, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, hypothalamus and ... thalamus, forming circuits that contribute to autonomic regulation. Cells along the length of the SN are arranged roughly in ...

Superior cervical ganglion

The preganglionic fibers that innervate the SCG are the thoracic spinal nerves, which extend from the T1-T8 region of the ... When left to their own accord, the fibers reinnervated the SCG and the initial autonomic reflexes were recovered, though there ... A mature preganglionic axon can innervate anywhere from 50-200 SCG cells. Postganglionic fibers then leave the SCG via the ... These preganglionic neurons then enter the SCG and synapse with the postganglionic neurons that leave the rostral end of the ...

Baroreflex

Some of these NTS neurons are tonically activated by this resting blood pressure and thus activate excitatory fibers to the ... Autonomic nervous system Baroreceptor Blood pressure Heart rate turbulence Reflex bradycardia Valsalva Maneuver Scheffers. ... to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord. Hence, when the ... Baroreflex induced changes in blood pressure are mediated by both branches of the autonomic nervous system: the parasympathetic ...

Harlequin syndrome

One possible cause of Harlequin syndrome is a lesion to the preganglionic or postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibers and ... It is an autonomic disorder that may occur at any age. Harlequin syndrome affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United ... Such bundles are able to send an action potential from the autonomic nervous system to the rest of the body. However, action ... "Autonomic Nervous System". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 2017. Lance, J. W. (2005). "Harlequin syndrome". ...

Ciliary ganglion

... parasympathetic fibers, sympathetic fibers and sensory fibers. Only parasympathetic fibers form synapses in the ganglion. The ... Both of these muscles are involuntary - they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ... The oculomotor nerve coming into the ganglion contains preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (a part of the ... The ciliary ganglion contain many more nerve fibers directed to the ciliary muscle than nerve fibers directed to the ...

Cervical ganglia

Preganglionic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord enter into the cervical ganglions and synapse with its postganglionic fibers ... Wilson-Pauwels, Linda; Stewart, Patricia A.; Akesson, Elizabeth J. (January 1997). Autonomic Nerves. Canada: B. C. Decker, Inc ... www.instantanatomy.net/headneck/nerves/autonomic/cervicalganglianeck.html. ... www.instantanatomy.net/headneck/nerves/autonomic/cervicalgangliaconnections.html http:// ...

General visceral efferent fibers

Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of ... The term general efferent fibers (GVE or visceral efferent or autonomic efferent) refers to the efferent neurons of the ... contrast with SVE fibers). GVE fibers may be either sympathetic or parasympathetic. The cranial nerves containing GVE fibers ... autonomic nervous system that provide motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands ( ...

Lateral grey column

Slightly myelinated preganglionic fibers (aka visceral efferent fibers) leave the lateral grey column through the ventral roots ... The lateral grey column is composed of sympathetic preganglionic visceral motor neurons which are part of the autonomic nervous ... The lateral grey column receives input signals from preganglionic, myelinated fibers from viscera (internal organs), which ... It is caused by problems in autonomic pathways such as damage to the lateral grey column. Progressive autonomic failure is a ...

Sympathetic trunk

The sympathetic trunk permits preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system to ascend to spinal levels superior to T1 ... The sympathetic trunk is a fundamental part of the sympathetic nervous system, and part of the autonomic nervous system. It ... The sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the ... "Autonomic Connections of the Spinal Cord" Diagram at umm.edu. ...

Axon reflex

Illigens, Ben M.W.; Gibbons, Christopher H. (2009-04-01). "Sweat testing to evaluate autonomic function". Clinical Autonomic ... Small nerve fibers called thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature and can act as sensors that initiate axon reflex ... Axon Thermoregulation Hypothermia Frostbite Hunting reaction Langley, J. N. (1900-08-29). "On axon-reflexes in the pre-ganglionic ... Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy and Axon Reflex. Moor Instruments". Moor Instruments. Retrieved 2014-05-07. Farlex Partner ...

Submandibular ganglion

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus of the Pons, via the chorda tympani and lingual nerve ... The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one ... In summary, the fibers carried in the ganglion are: Sympathetic fibers from the external carotid plexus, via the facial artery ... the submandibular ganglion is the site of synapse for parasympathetic fibers and carries other types of nerve fiber that do not ...

Nucleus ambiguus

Preganglionic parasympathetics to the heart also flow through the external formation of the nucleus. The muscles supplied by ... This nucleus gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X) terminating in the laryngeal, ... which may have a component of autonomic dysregulation. Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. The ... The external formation of the nucleus ambiguus also sends bronchoconstrictor fibers to the bronchopulmonary system, which can ...

Sympathoadrenal system

When the body receives sensory information, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to preganglionic nerve fibers, which ... Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) can occur if left untreated. The sympathoadrenal system activity is ... These stimuli travel through the sympathetic nervous system by means of preganglionic nerve fibers that emerge from the ... Since both the sympathetic nerve fibers and adrenal medulla are part of the central nervous system (CNS), electrical impulses ...

Neurophysiology, Topnotch Flashcards by CM L | Brainscape

3) All preganglionic neurons of ANS. 4) Postganglionic PSY neurons and postganglionic SY of sweat glands. 5) Skeletal muscles ... Preganglionic autonomic fiber type B fibers 75 Slow pain, temp, mechanoreception (smell) ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/neurophysiology-topnotch-3928844/packs/5739943

MOR and EM2 immunoreactivity in the SPN.The localizatio | Open-i

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic/metabolism. *Homeostasis. *Lumbosacral Region/anatomy & histology. *Male. *Parasympathetic ... The SPN also contains endomorphin 2 (EM2)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers and terminals. EM2 is the endogenous ligand of MOR. In the ... The SPN also contains endomorphin 2 (EM2)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers and terminals. EM2 is the endogenous ligand of MOR. In the ... The urinary bladder is innervated by parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PPNs) that express μ-opioid receptors (MOR) in the ...

https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3643968_pone.0062028.g002&req=4

Principles (Part II) (Irene Gold) Flashcards by Brittney Mitchell | Brainscape

What Reflex Model is "Afferent and Efferent are visceral sensory and autonomic nerve fibers"? ... Afferents= Visceral Sensory Fibers. Efferents= Somatic Motor Fibers. **Opposite of Somatovisceral Reflex** ... 2. Close the pain gait by sending a proprioceptive message to the Central Nervous System (CNS) on large type A fibers 3. ... What is the name of the cell that produces myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (Insulates Nerve Fibers) ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/principles-part-ii-irene-gold-4893034/packs/6966213

Autonomic Nervous System

... , Autonomic System, Autonomic Pathway, Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic Autonomic Fibers. ... Autonomic Fiber, Preganglionic, Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, Fiber, Preganglionic Autonomic, Fibers, Preganglionic ... Autonomic, preganglionic fiber, Preganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic Autonomic Fiber. French. Fibres nerveuses ... Aka: Autonomic Nervous System, Autonomic System, Autonomic Pathway, Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic Autonomic ...

https://fpnotebook.com/neuro/Anatomy/AtnmcNrvsSystm.htm

Autonomic Nervous System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Cardiac and Vascular Regulation

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a very complex, multifaceted neural network that maintains internal physiologic ... Small fibers are both myelinated and unmyelinated. Small myelinated fibers transmit preganglionic autonomic efferents (B fibers ... fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. Both A delta and C fibers are ... Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervate the atria, the ventricles, and coronary arteries from the vagus either by the ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1922943-overview

Ventral root | definition of ventral root by Medical dictionary

... it conveys motor fibers to skeletal muscle and contains preganglionic autonomic fibers at the thoracolumbar and sacral levels. ... nerve rs the series of paired bundles of nerve fibers which emerge at each side of the spinal cord, termed dorsal (or ... Either of the two roots of a spinal nerve, consisting of motor fibers and arising from the anterior section of the spinal cord. ... the series of paired bundles of nerve fibers which emerge at each side of the spinal cord, termed dorsal (or posterior) or ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ventral+root

Posterior root | definition of posterior root by Medical dictionary

... it conveys motor fibers to skeletal muscle and contains preganglionic autonomic fibers at the thoracolumbar and sacral levels. ... nerve rs the series of paired bundles of nerve fibers which emerge at each side of the spinal cord, termed dorsal (or ... One of the two roots by which a spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord; contains afferent nerve fibers. ... each posterior root bears a spinal ganglion that conveys sensory fibers to the spinal cord. Called also dorsal root. ...

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/posterior+root

System and method for coupling burst and tonic stimulation - PACESETTER, INC.

Generally, the B group fibers are the preganglionic-fibers of the autonomic nervous system and have a low conduction velocity. ... A-beta fiber SAP component, an A-delta fiber SAP component, a B-fiber SAP component, a C-fiber SAP component and the like. ... sensory nerve fibers (afferent fibers sending information towards the brain) and motor nerve fibers (efferent fibers sending ... In general, the peripheral nerve fibers may be classified into three types or groups of nerve fibers based on the nerve fiber ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/9572984.html

'ganglia autonomic' Protocols and Video...

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers ... The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia. ... from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. ...

https://www.jove.com/keyword/ganglia+autonomic

Adrenal medulla - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

sphenopalatine ganglion Neuralgia Archives - Sleep and Health Journal Chicago

The upper thoracic spine represents the sympathetic autonomic preganglionic origin of fibers that then synapse at the superior ... Research in the last decade has suggested there is an underlying autonomic nerve disorder of the oral cavity in patients with ... The sphenopalatine ganglions parasympathetic innervation derives from the facial nerve and contains sensory fibers from the ...

https://www.sleepandhealth.com/tag/sphenopalatine-ganglion-neuralgia/

Nervous system

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... Experimental studies have shown that spinal nerve fibers attempt to regrow in the same way as nerve fibers, but in the spinal ... The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other ... A protoplasmic fiber runs from the cell body and branches profusely, with some parts transmitting signals and other parts ...

http://library.kiwix.org/wikipedia_en_computer_novid_2018-10/A/Nervous_system.html

The Ciba collection of medical illustrations: a compilation of paintings ... - Frank H. Netter, Alister Brass, Regina V. Dingle...

... postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers - - preganglionic - - - postganglionic \\j ft- ate 3 Autonomic Reflex Pathways ... ... preganglionic - - - - postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers •- - preganglionic. .... Page 86. The preganglionic sympathetic ... action potential afferent fibers arise articular ascending autonomic axons basal bone brain brainstem branches C1BA canal ... j ft- ate 3 Autonomic Reflex Pathways Sympathetic trunk ganglion Spinal nerve to vessels and glands of skin Sympathetic trunk ...

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-mk5AQAAIAAJ&q=preganglionic+fibers&dq=related:ISBN0683304712&output=html_text&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=4

NAVER Academic > Search...

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, physiology, Electric Stimulation,... ...

https://academic.naver.com/search.naver?field=3&query=The+Journal+of+Physiology+217%EA%B6%8C+2%ED%98%B8

Ex vivo visualization of the trigeminal pathways in the human brainstem using 11.7T diffusion MRI combined with microscopy...

... myelinated Aδ-fibers subserve nociceptive transmission, whereas B-fibers represent thin preganglionic fibers of the autonomic ... The fiber density is encoded by brightness. The fiber orientation is represented by color, while the fiber density is encoded ... However, the high-resolution PLI images show that fibers of the ml and fibers of the vtt do not entwine along their courses. ... The different fiber types cluster the afferents into group A-C, of which the unmyelinated C-fibers and thin, ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00429-018-1767-1

Group B nerve fiber - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_nerve_fiber

Characterization of the Vagal Motor Neurons Projecting to the Guinea Pig Airways and Esophagus

... some RLN fibers comprise the preganglionic autonomic neurons innervating the parasympathetic postganglionic pathways that ... organization of the vagal motor fibers contained in the guinea pig RLN is unknown as is the identity of the preganglionic ... The relaxant preganglionic neurons can also be differentiated from the vagal motor neurons that innervate the esophageal ... We had speculated at the outset of this study that the airway relaxant preganglionic neurons may originate in the dmnX as the ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3007679/

Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology

preganglionic fiber: In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. ... fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. All preganglionic fibers, whether ... Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System. Preganglionic Neurons. In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), nerve fibers that ... Postganglionic nerve fibers: In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers (shown in light blue) carry information from ...

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/structure-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system/

Free Anatomy Flashcards about Autonomic system

short preganglionic fibers.long postganglionic fibers (thoracolumbar division. NEUROTRANSMITTERS=. Ach secreted by sympathetic ... preganglionic fibers NE secreted by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. Adrenergic fiber (NE is also called noradrenaline). ... Autonomic system. chapter 12. Question. Answer. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM=. FIGHT OR FLIGHT SYSTEMACTIVE DURING TIMES OF ... AUTONOMIC TONE=. parasympathetic tone is dominate,but sympathetic tone can override it all any time-in slight contraction. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-343756

Parasympathicus | Article about Parasympathicus by The Free Dictionary

The craniosacral portion of the autonomic nervous system, consisting of preganglionic nerve fibers in certain sacral and ... See Autonomic nervous system, Sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic Nervous System. the part of the autonomic nervous ... The fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system proceed to the viscera as part of the third (oculomotor), seventh (facial), ... In general, its action is in opposition to that of the sympathetic nervous system, which is the other part of the autonomic ...

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Parasympathicus

Patent US6862479 - Spinal cord stimulation as a therapy for sexual dysfunction - Google Patents

... thoracic through the second lumbar segment and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers ... In addition, large diameter fibers (e.g., A-α and A-β fibers) respond to relatively lower current density stimulation compared ... depicts a section of the spinal cord and its autonomic pathways;. FIG. 2B. is a superior view of the spinal cord and ... depicts the autonomic pathways of an exemplary section of the spinal cord. The mediolateral nudeus 100 (also called the ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6862479?dq=snorkel

Human Physiology, Vander Ch.6 Flashcards - Cram.com

Portion of the autonomic nervous system whose preganglionic fibers leave CNS from brainstem and sacral portion of spinal cord; ... Portion of autonomic nervous system whose preganglionic fibers leave CNS at thoracic and lumbar portions of spinal cord; ... Autonomic-nervous-system neuron or nerve fiber whose cell body lies in CNS and whose axon terminals lie in a ganglion; conducts ... Autonomic-nervous-system neuron or nerve fiber whose cell body lies in a ganglion; conducts impulses away from ganglion toward ...

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/human-physiology-vander-ch6-236729

chapter 15 multiple choice Example | Graduateway

preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ________ and secrete __________.. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) ... the effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _______. the effect of somatic fibers on target cells is _________. ... autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except__________. ... Sympathetic fibers arise only from the _________ region(s) of the spinal cord. ...

https://graduateway.com/chapter-15-multiple-choice-essay/

NAVER Academic | Mapping the cellular electrophysiology of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones to their roles in...

Abstract Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) convey sympathetic activity flowing from the CNS to the periphery to reach ... Key points Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) gatekeep the activity flowing from the CNS to the periphery and their ... Action Potentials, physiology, Animals, Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, Baroreflex, In Vitro Techniques, Male, Nerve Net, ... Key points Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) gatekeep the activity flowing from the CNS to the periphery and their ...

https://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=345428061

Past Paper of FCPS Part 1 Medicine and Allied June 2013 | Dentistry & Medicine

Pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons contain which type of fibers. (A) A alpha. (B) A beta. (C) A delta. (D) Beta. (E) C fibers ...

https://www.fcpspart1dentistry.com/past-paper-of-fcps-part-1-medicine-and-allied-june-2013/

Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs. (fpnotebook.com)
Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. (fpnotebook.com)
In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to project to and synapse with the postganglionic fiber close to the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)
the part of the autonomic nervous system whose ganglia are located very close to or in the innervated organs. (thefreedictionary.com)
The craniosacral portion of the autonomic nervous system, consisting of preganglionic nerve fibers in certain sacral and cranial nerves, outlying ganglia, and postganglionic fibers. (thefreedictionary.com)
I learned from reading anatomy and physiology books that the body's organs are innervated by autonomic nerve ganglia and plexuses located outside the spinal column (some of which receive preganglionic autonomic fibers from the thoracic and upper lumbar portion of the spinal cord) and by autonomic cranial and sacral nerves that pass through solid bony openings, unaffected by misalignment of a vertebra. (private-investigator-detective.info)
they synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. (rightdiagnosis.com)

the preganglionic neuron must first cross a synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)
The preganglionic, or first neuron will begin at the outflow and will cross a synapse at the postganglionic, or second neuron's cell body. (lumenlearning.com)
A transient outward rectification in the cat sympathetic preganglionic neuron. (naver.com)

nerve r's the series of paired bundles of nerve fibers which emerge at each side of the spinal cord, termed dorsal (or posterior) or ventral (or anterior) according to their position. (thefreedictionary.com)
Either of the two roots of a spinal nerve, consisting of motor fibers and arising from the anterior section of the spinal cord. (thefreedictionary.com)
contains afferent nerve fibers. (thefreedictionary.com)
Research in the last decade has suggested there is an underlying autonomic nerve disorder of the oral cavity in patients with BMS due to dysfunction of the sensory trigeminal nervous system.21 This evidence is supported by the presence of neuropathic symptoms, including pain, dysgeusia, and xerostomia. (sleepandhealth.com)
Group B nerve fibers are axons, which are moderately myelinated, which means less myelinated than group A nerve fibers, and more myelinated than group C nerve fibers. (wikipedia.org)
They are usually general visceral afferent fibers and preganglionic nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
The nerve fibers that supply a ganglion. (lumenlearning.com)
The fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system proceed to the viscera as part of the third (oculomotor), seventh (facial), ninth (glossopharyngeal), and especially the tenth (vagus) cranial nerves and as part of the pelvic nerve. (thefreedictionary.com)
Nerve fibers extending from CNS. (cram.com)
Group of many nerve fibers traveling together in peripheral nervous system. (cram.com)
Overlapping autonomic nerve supply from multiple sources, along with hormones and other factors, assure involuntary function of the body's organs independent of spinal nerves that are designed primarily to supply skin and the voluntary function of musculoskeletal structures. (private-investigator-detective.info)
b) in trophic action on peripheral nerve fiber is called s-t segment. (euskalmusika.com)

it conveys motor fibers to skeletal muscle and contains preganglionic autonomic fibers at the thoracolumbar and sacral levels. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pelvic organs are supplied by autonomic sacral nerves. (private-investigator-detective.info)

Unmyelinated (C) fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. (medscape.com)

Another major difference between the two ANS systems is divergence, or the number of postsynaptic fibers a single preganglionic fiber creates a synapse with. (lumenlearning.com)

each posterior root bears a spinal ganglion that conveys sensory fibers to the spinal cord. (thefreedictionary.com)
Sympathetic fibers arise only from the _________ region(s) of the spinal cord. (graduateway.com)
One of two groups of efferent fibers that leave ventral side of spinal cord. (cram.com)
Enkephalin distribution was examined in autonomic areas of the rat thoracic spinal cord. (sciencemag.org)
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system influences the various organ systems of the body through connections emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. (philschatz.com)

They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. (kiwix.org)
Differences between sympathetic and parasympatheic preganglionic fibers include that sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic fibers and sympathetic fibers tend to form more synapses than parasympathetic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)

All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic -meaning they have acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter, and are myelinated for faster transmission. (lumenlearning.com)
All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), are cholinergic-that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter-and are myelinated. (lumenlearning.com)

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a very complex, multifaceted neural network that maintains internal physiologic homeostasis. (medscape.com)
Because the autonomic nervous system maintains internal physiologic homeostasis, disorders of this system can be present with both central as well as peripheral nervous system localization. (medscape.com)
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, maintaining homeostasis in the body. (wikipremed.com)
The somatic nervous system is associated with voluntary responses (though many can happen without conscious awareness, like breathing), and the autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary responses, such as those related to homeostasis. (philschatz.com)

The neurotransmitter for preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) as well as postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (ACh). (medscape.com)

This article was submitted to Frontiers in Autonomic Neuroscience, a specialty of Frontiers in Neurology. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division . (philschatz.com)

Chapter 9 - 9.12.11 Chapter 9 The Autonomic Nervous. (coursehero.com)

The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue. (philschatz.com)

The etiology of autonomic dysfunction can be primary or idiopathic and secondary causes. (medscape.com)
In addition, autonomic dysfunction is associated with various medications. (medscape.com)

The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons , that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. (kiwix.org)
Although autonomic nerves are involved in regulating the function of organs, a transplanted organ, supplied by blood flow, can function fairly well without reconnection of severed nerves. (private-investigator-detective.info)

Parasympathetic nervous system (organ): Part of autonomic nervous system dealing with basic involuntary processes. (rightdiagnosis.com)

The autonomic nervous system regulates many of the internal organs through a balance of two aspects, or divisions. (philschatz.com)

In addition to the endocrine system, the autonomic nervous system is instrumental in homeostatic mechanisms in the body. (philschatz.com)

is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions. (graduateway.com)

Abstract Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) convey sympathetic activity flowing from the CNS to the periphery to reach the target organs. (naver.com)

In addition to the acquired causes, inherited disorders like hereditary sensory-autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), Tangier disease, and Fabry disease also exist. (medscape.com)
Painful burning feet is caused by a sensory neuropathy with small fiber involvement in more than 90% of cases. (medscape.com)
Elderly patients who lack sural sensory responses can still be diagnosed with small fiber neuropathy. (medscape.com)
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising sensing signals at the at least one electrode on the lead, and analyzing the signals to identify a C-fiber sensory action potential (C-fiber SAP) component of the signals. (freepatentsonline.com)

The tonic stimulation waveform is configured to excite A-beta fibers of the nervous tissue. (freepatentsonline.com)
and adjusting the tonic-burst delay between the tonic and burst stimulation waveforms to deliver the burst stimulation waveform during a refractory period of the A-beta fibers excited by the tonic stimulation waveform to avoid excitation of the A-beta fibers excited by the tonic stimulation waveform. (freepatentsonline.com)
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the tonic stimulation waveform is biphasic with first and second phase pulses, the first phase pulse configured to capture at least a portion of the A-beta fibers to deliver a first pain relief, the second phase pulse configured to repolarize charge at a stimulation site to limit excitation of A-beta fibers. (freepatentsonline.com)

30 million people in the US) may acquire an autonomic disorder requiring medical attention. (medscape.com)

Blocking the SPG can give miraculous relief and amazing positive results for treating migraines, cluster headaches and autonomic syndromes. (sleepandhealth.com)