Autonomic fibers postganglionic. Medical search

Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.

NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.

Nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.

Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. They form the structure of some minerals. The medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of PNEUMOCONIOSIS (e.g., ASBESTOSIS) after occupational or environmental exposure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p708)

A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.

The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.

A TEXTILE fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the SEEDS) of cotton plant (GOSSYPIUM). Inhalation of cotton fiber dust over a prolonged period can result in BYSSINOSIS.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Abnormally diminished or absent perspiration. Both generalized and segmented (reduced or absent sweating in circumscribed locations) forms of the disease are usually associated with other underlying conditions.

A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.

Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.

The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.

Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells.

Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.

A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.

An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.

One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).

The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.

Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.

Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Autonomic modification of the atrioventricular node during atrial fibrillation: role in the slowing of ventricular rate. (1/66)

BACKGROUND: Postganglionic vagal stimulation (PGVS) by short bursts of subthreshold current evokes release of acetylcholine from myocardial nerve terminals. PGVS applied to the atrioventricular node (AVN) slows nodal conduction. However, little is known about the ability of PGVS to control ventricular rate (VR) during atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: To quantify the effects and establish the mechanism of PGVS on the AVN, AF was simulated by random high right atrial pacing in 11 atrial-AVN rabbit heart preparations. Microelectrode recordings of cellular action potentials (APs) were obtained from different AVN regions. Five intensities and 5 modes of PGVS delivery were evaluated. PGVS resulted in cellular hyperpolarization, along with depressed and highly heterogeneous intranodal conduction. Compact nodal AP exhibited decremental amplitude and dV/dt and multiple-hump components, and at high PGVS intensities, a high degree of concealed conduction resulted in a dramatic slowing of the VR. Progressive increase of PGVS intensity and/or rate of delivery showed a significant logarithmic correlation with a decrease in VR (P<0.001). Strong PGVS reduced the mean VR from 234 to 92 bpm (P<0.001). The PGVS effects on the cellular responses and VR during AF were fully reproduced in a model of direct acetylcholine injection into the compact AVN via micropipette. CONCLUSIONS: These studies confirmed that PGVS applied during AF could produce substantial VR slowing because of acetylcholine-induced depression of conduction in the AVN. (+info)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (2/66)

1 Differences in the mechanism of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory responses to preganglionic- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation were investigated in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. 2 Stimulation of the vagus nerve at frequencies above 4 Hz elicited NANC relaxation of the trachealis muscle. Responses to low frequencies of stimulation (4-8 Hz) were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NOARG (10 microM), while a L-NOARG resistant component was observed at higher stimulus frequencies. The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to higher frequencies of vagus nerve stimulation were significantly attenuated by the proteinase alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml), suggesting that a neuropeptide such as VIP may contribute to NANC responses. 3 When postganglionic nerves were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS), responses were readily elicited at frequencies below 4 Hz. Like responses to vagus nerve stimulation, responses to low frequency (<4 Hz) EFS were abolished by L-NOARG while a L-NOARG-resistant component was apparent at higher stimulus frequencies. 4 The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to EFS was sensitive to alpha-chymotrypsin only if stimuli were delivered in either long trains at a low frequency (4 Hz for 10-30 s) or short trains of high frequency (16 Hz for 2.5-7.5 s). 5 Responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation were approximately 35% of the amplitude of responses to EFS in the same preparations. 6 In conclusion, responses to preganglionic and postganglionic NANC inhibitory nerve stimulation in the guinea-pig trachea differ in maximum amplitude, frequency-response characteristics and the contributions of cotransmitters. We suggest that these differences may be explained by filtering of preganglionic input to postganglionic NANC neurons. These results have implications in all studies where EFS is considered to be representative of physiological stimulation of post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (+info)

Inhibitory effects of clonidine and BS 100-141 on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in cats and rabbits. (3/66)

1. In pithed cats, the spinal sympathetic outflow was stimulated preganglionically at segments C7 and T1 and heart rate responses and nictitating membrane tone were measured in parallel. 2. Clonidine and a related drug, BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide hydrochloride), caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the stimulation-induced tachycardia but did not inhibit responses of the nictitating membrane. The inhibition of heart rate was antagonized by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug, phentolamine. 3. In isolated hearts of rabbits, noradrenaline release in response to adrenergic nerve stimulation was reduced by clonidine and BS 100-141 and the effect was antagonized by phentolamine. 4. The results support the view that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors are involved in the regulation of transmitter release from adrenergic nerves. Cardiac adrenergic nerves appear more sensitive to alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of inpulse transmission than the sympathetic nerves to the nictitating membrane. (+info)

Innervation both of peri-orbital structures and of the heart by the cervical sympathetic nerves in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat. (4/66)

1 In anaesthetized rats electrical stimulation of the intact cervical sympathetic nerve produced frequency-dependent lower eyelid contractions and tachycardia. 2 The tachycardia was caused by excitation of efferent fibres since it was equally evident in the pithed rat preparation, and the right nerve was more effective than the left. By contrast, no differences were seen between the responses to right and left vagal stimulation in either rats or rabbits. 3 Guanethidine inhibited both cardiac and eyelid responses, propranolol only the former and phentolamine only the latter, therby revealing the adrenergic nature of the nerves. Hexamethonium caused partial inhibition and the block was intensified by atropine. 4 The inferior eyelid of mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits as well as the nictitating membrane of rabbits and cats were contracted by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. In these species too, tachycardia occurred; this was more pronounced with the right than the left sympathetic nerve. The order of cardiac responsiveness was mouse greater than rat greater than guinea-pig greater than rabbit greater than cat. 5 In guinea-pigs histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was reduced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. 6 That discrete cardiac pathways exist in the cervical sympathetic nerves is suggested by the reproducibility of the effects within any one species. The accessibility of the nerves greatly simplifies the examination of drugs in vivo on two different structures innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. (+info)

Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons. (5/66)

The effects of interrupting the axons of principal neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of adult guinea-pigs were studied by means of intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 1. Within 72 hr of axon interruption, the amplitude of exitatory postsynaptic potentials potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in principal neurons in response to maximal preganglionic stimulation declined. E.p.s.p.s were maximally reduced (by more than 70% on average) 4-7 days following interruption, and failed to bring many cells to threshold. E.p.s.p.s. recorded in nearby neurones whose axons remained intact were unaffected. 2. In ganglia in which axon interruption was achieved by means of nerve crush (thus allowing prompt regeneration), mean e.p.s.p. amplitudes began to increase again after about 1-2 weeks. One month after the initial injury many neurones had e.p.s.p.s of normal amplitude, and by 2 months affected neurones were indistinguishable from control cells. Functional peripheral connexions were re-established during the period of synaptic recovery. 3. The mean number of synapses identified electron microscopically in ganglia in which all the major efferent branches had been crushed decreased by 65-70% in parallel with synaptic depression measured by intracellular recording. However synapse counts did not return to normal levels even after 3 months. 4. During the period of maximum synaptic depression, numerous abnormal profiles which contained accumulations of vesicular and tubular organelles, vesicles, and mitochondria were observed in electron microscopic sections. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into affected neurones demonstrated dendritic swelling which probably correspond to these profiles. 5. Little or no difference was found in the electrical properties of normal neurones and neurones whose axons had been interrupted 4-7 days previously. However, the mean amplitude of spontaneously occurring synaptic potentials was reduced, and the amplitude distribution was shifted. This abnormality of the synapses which remain on affected neurones also contributes to synaptic depression. 6. Counts of neurones in normal and experimental ganglia showed that approximately half the principal cells died 1-5 weeks after crushing the major efferent brances. This finding presumably explains the failure of synapse counts to return to control levels after recovery. 7. If axons were prevented from growing back to their target organ by chronic ligation, surviving neurones whose axons were enclosed by the ligature did not generally recover normal synaptic function. Following ligation, most affected cells died within a month. 8. Thus the integrity of a principal cell's axon is necessary for the maintenance of preganglionic synaptic contacts, and ultimately for neuronal survival. The basis of neuronal recovery from the effects of axon interruption appears to be some aspect of regeneration to the peripheral target. (+info)

A study of peripheral input to and its control by post-ganglionic neurones of the inferior mesenteric ganglion. (6/66)

1. Intracellular recordings were made, in vitro, from neurones of guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) attached, via the lumbar colonic nerves, to segments of distal colon. 2. 'Spontaneous' synaptic input from colonic afferent fibres was observed in 79% of the neurones tested. In any given preparation, the level and pattern of this synaptic input to different neurones varied considerably. 3. Superfusion of colonic segments with drugs (papaverine, isoprenaline, and adenosine triphosphate) which reduce colonic motility decreased colonic afferent input to IMG neurones. 4. Superfusion of colonic segments with acetylcholine or stimulation of pelvic nerves, both of which increase colonic motility, increased colonic afferent input to IMG neurones. 5. Superfusion of colonic segments with either atropine or tubocurarine reduced the level of 'spontaneous', colonic afferent input. However, distension of these relaxed segments increased the colonic afferent input. 6. Repetitive stimulation of preganglionic inputs to the IMG inhibited afferent input from drug relaxed segments of colon that were moderately distended by the injection of air into the lumen. Superfusion of the colon with phentolamine blocked this inhibition. 7. The results of this study suggest that IMG neurones receive afferent input from mechanoreceptors located in the distal colon and that the mechanosensitivity of this afferent pathway is in part controlled by efferent noradrenergic neurones of the IMG. The IMG-colon neural circuitry can therefore be considered to form a feed-back control system which participates in the regulation of colonic motility. (+info)

The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures. (7/66)

1. Electrical stimulation of the guinea-pig or rat vas deferens (pre- or post-ganglionically) at frequencies from 2-5 to 40 Hz with trains of stimuli of 30 sec duration induced a biphasic response. A rapid contraction (component A) was followed after a brief relaxation by a slower contraction (component B); the two phases were seen most clearly with stimulation frequencies of less than 10 Hz. 2. The responses to post-ganglionic stimulation were always larger than those to preganglionic stimulation. In general, at low frequencies component A exceeded component B whilst at high frequencies component B was the larger. Separation of the two components on the basis of their frequency response characteristics was better for rat than for guinea-pig vasa. 3. Log. frequency-response curves to transmural (post-ganglionic) electrical stimulation and log dose-response curves to noradrenaline were recorded for guinea-pig and rat vasa deferentia at 32 degrees, 22 degrees and 12 degrees C. For the guinea-pig reduction of bath temperature to 12 degrees C increased the amplitude of component A at 2-5 and 5 Hz; component B could not confidently be distinguished at this temperature. At 22 degrees C there was potentiation of B at lower frequencies and depression of B at higher frequencies. There was no response to noradrenaline at 12 degrees C. At 22 degrees C the response to noradrenaline was increased except to doses at or near the maximum to which the response was reduced. 4. For the rat was deferens component A was little changed by reduction of temperature. Component B at 12 degrees C was greatly depressed at higher frequencies. The response to noradreanaline was increased to lower doses and decreased to higher doses as the temperature was lowered. 5. The B component of the response of guinea-pig vasa at 22 degrees C and rat vasa at 32 degrees C was more sensitive than the A component to inhibition by thymoxamine. 6. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying the A and B components of the biphasic response may be facilitated by relative isolation of each component by the appropriate selection of parameters of electrical stimulation and of temperature for the species being investigated. The contractions of the B component are similar to, if not identical with, those produced by exogenously applied noradrenaline. (+info)

Synthesis of nitric oxide in postganglionic myenteric neurons during endotoxemia: implications for gastric motor function in rats. (8/66)

We have investigated the mechanisms underlying acute changes in gastric motor function triggered by endotoxemia. In fundal strips from rats pre-treated with endotoxin (40 microg/kg, i.p. 30 min), mechanical activity was analyzed and the source of nitric oxide (NO) was visualized by confocal microscopy of tissue loaded with the fluorescent dye DAF-FM. NOS expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, and enzyme activity by the citrulline assay. Strips from endotoxin-treated rats were hypo-contractile. This was prevented by pre-incubation with the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, the gangliar blocker hexamethonium, or non-selective and neuronal-specific NOS inhibitors (L-NOARG and TRIM, respectively). The soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ and the inhibitor of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels apamin prevented relaxation induced by endotoxin, nicotine, exogenous NO (DETA-NONOate), and the NO-independent sGC activator BAY 41-2272. NO synthesis was observed in neuronal soma, axons, and nerve endings of the myenteric plexus in the fundus of endotoxin-treated rats and was prevented by L-NAME, tetrodotoxin, and hexamethonium. nNOS and iNOS mRNA and protein contents were unchanged. Our findings demonstrate synthesis of NO in post-ganglionic myenteric neurons during early endotoxemia that mediates gastric hypo-contractility. The effect of NO is mediated via sGC and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+channels. (+info)

These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system. ... These substances induce autonomic nerve terminals or vasculature in the deep lamina propria. In the fetal lung, they are ... In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together. The major ... Hormonal effects can last up to ten times longer than those of neurotransmitters.[citation needed] Sympathetic nerve fiber ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell

These adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them ... They are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, ... These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ... Chromaffin cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest, and are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

Although an autonomic ganglion is the site where pregangllonlc fibers synapse on postganglionic neurons, the presence of small ... Small intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) are the interneurons of the sympathetic ganglia (postganglionic neurons) of the ... In some ganglia, these intemeurons receive preganglionic cholinergic fibers and may modulate ganglionic transmission. In other ... Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The neurotransmitter for these cells is dopamine. They are a neural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intensely_fluorescent_cell

The other postganglionic fibers of the peripheral autonomic system belong to the parasympathetic division; all are cholinergic ... Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. Most postganglionic sympathetic ... Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or ... postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor

Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous ... while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The term "ganglion" refers to the ... In the autonomic nervous system there are both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia which contain the cell bodies of ... A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion, but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. Ganglia are primarily made up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion

There, they synapse with postganglionic fibers which reach the gland by hitch-hiking via the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch ... The autonomic innervation controls the rate of saliva production and is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve. The cell bodies ... Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion reach the gland as periarterial nerve plexuses ... Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the brain stem from inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland

Postganglionic fibers then leave the SCG via the internal carotid nerve and the external carotid nerve. This pathway of SCG ... When left to their own accord, the fibers reinnervated the SCG and the initial autonomic reflexes were recovered, though there ... These postganglionic fibers shift from multiple axon innervation of their targets to less profound multiple axon innervation or ... The preganglionic fibers that innervate the SCG are the thoracic spinal nerves, which extend from the T1-T8 region of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_cervical_ganglion

Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. ... Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in ... These ganglia contain neurons whose postganglionic axons innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small ... and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglia

The nasal cavity is innervated by autonomic fibers. Sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels of the mucosa causes them to ... while the control of secretion by the mucous glands is carried on postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers originating from ... Innervation of the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell is via the olfactory nerve, which sends microscopic fibers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavity

The syndrome is caused by damage to the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic innervation of the eye, usually by a viral ... Additionally, patients with Holmes-Adie Syndrome can also experience problems with autonomic control of the body. This second ... or bacterial infection that causes inflammation, and affects the pupil of the eye and the autonomic nervous system. It is named ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adie_syndrome

Preganglionic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord enter into the cervical ganglions and synapse with its postganglionic fibers ... Wilson-Pauwels, Linda; Stewart, Patricia A.; Akesson, Elizabeth J. (January 1997). Autonomic Nerves. Canada: B. C. Decker, Inc ... Unlike all other ganglia, the medial branches of the cervical ganglia are 95% postganglionic axons. Muscles, arteries and ... postganglionic axon projects to target: (heart, head, neck) via "hitchhiking" on the carotid arteries middle cervical ganglion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_ganglia

One possible cause of Harlequin syndrome is a lesion to the preganglionic or postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibers and ... It is an autonomic disorder that may occur at any age. Harlequin syndrome affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United ... Such bundles are able to send an action potential from the autonomic nervous system to the rest of the body. However, action ... "Autonomic Nervous System". PubMed Health. Lance, J. W. (2005). "Harlequin syndrome". Practical Neurology. 5 (3): 176-177. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_syndrome

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. All preganglionic ... This is due to the number of synapses formed by the preganglionic fibers with ganglionic neurons. Postganglionic fibers Nerve ... Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are ... Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. Whereas in the parasympathetic division ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The ... In both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, postganglionic neurons express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to receive ... Preganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Noback C, Ruggiero DA, Demarest RJ, Strominger NL (2005). The Human Nervous System: Structure ... neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers differ: In the parasympathetic division, neurons are cholinergic. That is to say ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers

... contrast with SVE fibers) through postganglionic varicosities. GVE fibers may be either sympathetic or parasympathetic. The ... The term general visceral efferent fibers (GVE or visceral efferent or autonomic efferent) refers to the efferent neurons of ... Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve Drake, Vogl, Mitchell (2010). Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition. ... the autonomic nervous system that provide motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers

... the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and ... are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are. Instead, autonomic sensory information ... From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the ... The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system

Group C fibers include postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV ... C fibers are one class of nerve fiber found in the nerves of the somatic sensory system. They are afferent fibers, conveying ... C fiber receptors include: C fiber nociceptors responsible for the second, burning pain C fiber warming specific receptors ... Recordings from efferent postganglionic sympathetic C fibers of the muscles and skin yield insights into the neural control of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber

... which then passes on the information via postganglionic fibers in a gray ramus communicans. 31 pairs of gray rami communicantes ... It is caused by problems in autonomic pathways such as damage to the lateral grey column. Progressive autonomic failure is a ... Slightly myelinated preganglionic fibers (aka visceral efferent fibers) leave the lateral grey column through the ventral roots ... and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary processes). The autonomic nervous system is divided into the parasympathetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_grey_column

Afferent fibers - These fibers are primarily concerned with autonomic reflexes and they have their cell bodies in the inferior ... Sympathetic postganglionic fibers - The cell bodies of these fibers are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia . The cell ... The vagus nerve delivers two fiber types to the esophageal plexus: Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers - These fibers have ... The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_plexus

Some of the postganglionic fibers reach the sublingual gland after they re-enter the lingual nerve. Mandibular division of ... The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one ... Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the oral mucosa and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. They are ... In summary, the fibers carried in the ganglion are: Sympathetic fibers from the external carotid plexus, via the facial artery ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion

More so, some fibers from the white ramus may migrate to other ganglia without even synapsis on its level) Blumefield. ... The grey rami communicantes exist at every level of the spinal cord and are responsible for carrying postganglionic nerve ... Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans The grey and white rami communicantes are responsible for conveying autonomic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramus_communicans

Efferent fibers of the vagus then carry signals to the gastrointestinal tract up to two-thirds of the transverse colon ( ... The completion of the reflex circuit by vagus efferents leads to the stimulation of postganglionic muscarinic nerves. These ... and chemoreceptors to dorsal vagal complex where the signal may be further transmitted to autonomic centers in the medulla. ... Vagovagal reflex refers to gastrointestinal tract reflex circuits where afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagovagal_reflex

Autonomic[edit]. *Diseases characterized by disturbances in urination and defecation affect autonomic and Onuf's nucleus cells ... Stretch receptors cause postganglionic neurons to release norepinephrine (NE). NE causes the bladder to relax and the urethra ... These action potentials activate the release of acetylcholine causing the rhabdosphincter muscle fibers to contract. When the ... Neurons in Onuf's nucleus lack autonomic dense core vesicles even though they receive the same synaptic endings as alpha-motor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onuf's_nucleus

... are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[14] Instead, autonomic sensory ... while the cell whose fiber leaves the ganglion is called a postganglionic cell. As mentioned previously, the preganglionic ... The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body ... where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron. From there, the long postganglionic neurons extend across most of the body.[4] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In contrast to commissural ... fibers, association fibers connect regions within the same hemisphere of the brain, and projection fibers connect each region ... the olfactory fibers and 2) the non-olfactory fibers.[5] ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commissural fibers.. *v ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissural_fiber

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapses

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_zone

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... His observations on fiber nodes and the degeneration and regeneration of cut fibers had a great influence on Parisian neurology ... Myelination of nerve fibers[edit]. The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of ... The size and the spacing of the internodes vary with the fiber diameter in a curvilinear relationship that is optimized for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_of_Ranvier

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... Atlas image: n3a6p1 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Autonomic Connections of the Spinal Cord" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_root

Fibers in the pelvic nerves constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder ... Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centers ... development of denervation hypersensitization even though the neurons interrupted are preganglionic rather than postganglionic. ... is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from the sacral ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ادرار_کردن?match=en

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... Cerebellar granule cells receive excitatory input from 3 or 4 mossy fibers originating from pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers make ... The signal a granule cell receives from a Mossy fiber depends on the function of the mossy fiber itself. Therefore, granule ... Climbing fiber input on cerebellar granule cells[edit]. Different patterns of mossy finer input will produce unique patterns of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell

M1 and M4 subtypes are more abundant in brain and autonomic ganglia. M1, M3 and M5 interact with Gq proteins to stimulate ... fiber head mushroom): a case series with exact species identification". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (6): 562-5. doi:10.1080/ ... antagonists are often called parasympatholytics because they have the same effect as agents that block postganglionic ... The M2 and M3 subtypes mediate muscarinic responses at peripheral autonomic tissues. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine

Its fibers synapse with their postganglionic counterparts in the superior mesenteric ganglia, or in the aorticorenal ganglion. ... The fibers in this nerve modulate the activity of the enteric nervous system of the foregut. They also provide the sympathetic ... The nerve travels through the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity, where its fibers synapse at the celiac ganglia. The ... The nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and general visceral afferent fibers.. There are three main thoracic splanchnic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_splanchnic_nerve

Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves.. In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central ... while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. ... input nerve fibers) and efferent nerves (output/motor nerve fibers), or axons. ... A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster[1] or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion

The ganglion also consists of sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. These fibers, ... Autonomic ganglia of the head and neck. *Maxillary nerve. *Facial nerve. Hidden categories: *Articles lacking in-text citations ... It also sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal nerve (a branch of the Ophthalmic nerve, also part of the ... Its sensory root is derived from two sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve; their fibers, for the most part, pass ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion

Ekström J (1989). "Autonomic control of salivary secretion". Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society. Suomen ... and the floor of the mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue.[10] They are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and unlike the major ... via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the superior cervical ganglion with postganglionic ... Salivary glands are innervated, either directly or indirectly, by the parasympathetic and sympathetic arms of the autonomic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... The general somatic afferent fibers (GSA, or somatic sensory fibers) afferent fibers arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and ... General somatic afferent fibers. Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve.. 1. Somatic efferent.. 2. Somatic afferent ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_somatic_afferent_fibers&oldid=891242485" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers

The other postganglionic fibers of the peripheral autonomic system belong to the parasympathetic division; all are cholinergic ... Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or ... Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. Most postganglionic sympathetic ... postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers, and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous ... In unmyelinated fibers, electrical impulses (action potentials) travel as continuous waves, but, in myelinated fibers, they " ... These studies may lead to further understanding of nerve fiber regeneration in the central nervous system.[citation needed] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinated

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. 结缔组织. *Epineurium ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/神经细胞

Sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers. Identifiers. Latin. Musculus arrector pili. Code. TH H3.12.00.3.01041. ... and is innervated by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. The contraction of the muscle is then involuntary- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectores_pilorum

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... This plays a very important role in the protection and support of the nerve fibers and also serves to prevent the passage of ... Each nerve axon, or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_tissue

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... A map over the different structures of the nervous systems in the body, showing the CNS, PNS, autonomic nervous system, and ... Diagram of the columns and of the course of the fibers in the spinal cord. Sensory synapses occur in the dorsal spinal cord ( ... The brainstem at large provides entry and exit to the brain for a number of pathways for motor and autonomic control of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ... Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers, and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous ... In unmyelinated fibers, electrical impulses (action potentials) travel as continuous waves, but, in myelinated fibers, they " ... Unmyelinated fibers and myelinated axons of the mammalian central nervous system do not regenerate.[citation needed] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelination

Autonomic ganglion（英语：Autonomic ganglion） (Preganglionic nerve fibers（英语：Preganglionic nerve fibers） ... Postganglionic nerve fibers（英语：Postganglionic nerve fibers）). *Nerve fascicle（英语：Nerve fascicle） ... Corticopontine fibers（英语：Corticopontine fibers）. *MCP（英语：Middle cerebellar peduncle） *Pontocerebellar fibers（英语：Pontocerebellar ... Trigeminocerebellar fibers（英语：Trigeminocerebellar fibers）. *Middle（英语：Middle cerebellar peduncle） (pons): Pontocerebellar ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/白質

Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers. *Postganglionic nerve fibers). *Nerve fascicle. *Funiculus. Connective tissues ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_sensory_neuron

Chromaffin cells contained in the adrenal medulla act as postganglionic nerve fibers that release this chemical response into ... Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) can occur if left untreated. The sympathoadrenal system activity is ... Once activated, norepinephrine and epinephrine are released directly into the blood by postganglionic nerve fibers where they ... When the body receives sensory information, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to preganglionic nerve fibers, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

... tract corticostriate fiber costal cartilages costal margin costophrenic angle Cowper's gland coxae cranial cranial autonomic ... posterior superior alveolar artery posterior tibial artery posterior triangle of the neck posterolateral fissure Postganglionic ... ossicles auditory radiations auditory system auditory tube auricle auriculotemporal nerve auscultation autonomic autonomic ... claustrum clava clavicle climbing fiber clinoid clitoris clivus cloaca clonus coccyx cochlea cochlear duct cochlear nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell

Sympathetic Fibers. Post Ganglionic. Congestive Heart Failure. Heart Failure. Additional relevant MeSH terms:. Layout table for ... Cardiac Output Autonomic Stimulation Therapy for Acute Heart Failure (COAST-AHF). The safety and scientific validity of this ... Cardiac Output Autonomic Stimulation Therapy for Acute Heart Failure (COAST-AHF) - System Design Study. ... A feasibility study to investigate the safety and performance of the NeuroTronik Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Stimulation (CANS) ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03169803?cntry=PA&rank=8

... , Autonomic System, Autonomic Pathway, Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic Autonomic Fibers. ... Autonomic Fiber, Postganglionic, Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic, Fiber, Postganglionic Autonomic, Fibers, Postganglionic ... Autonomic, postganglionic fiber, Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic Autonomic Fiber. French. Fibres nerveuses ... Autonomic Nervous System Aka: Autonomic Nervous System, Autonomic System, Autonomic Pathway, Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers, ...

https://fpnotebook.com/neuro/Anatomy/AtnmcNrvsSystm.htm

III (Sensory Fiber) 203 What two nerves are with the following:. Slow Pain. Temperature Afferent Postganglionic Autonomic ... What Reflex Model is "Afferent and Efferent are visceral sensory and autonomic nerve fibers"? ... Afferents= Visceral Sensory Fibers. Efferents= Somatic Motor Fibers. **Opposite of Somatovisceral Reflex** ... 2. Close the pain gait by sending a proprioceptive message to the Central Nervous System (CNS) on large type A fibers 3. ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/principles-part-ii-irene-gold-4893034/packs/6966213

Long preganglionic fibers. Acetylecholine. Short postganglionic fibers. Acetylcholine 2 Mnemonic: point and Shoot ... Study Autonomic Pharmacology flashcards from Gerald Libranda ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/autonomic-pharmacology-960877/packs/1765831

We have quantified postganglionic sweat output in human subjects resulting from axon reflex stimulation using acetylcholine ... Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic / physiopathology* * Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / diagnosis* * Autonomic Nervous System ... Studies in selected autonomic neuropathies confirm that quantitative sudomotor axon reflex tests will detect postganglionic ... We have quantified postganglionic sweat output in human subjects resulting from axon reflex stimulation using acetylcholine ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6316835/?dopt=Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the validity of MIBG scintigraphy for PD with autonomic dysfunction and MSA-p ... with autonomic dysfunction is difficult to differentiate from Parkinsonism-predominant multiple system atrophy (MSA-p). ... Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic / physiopathology. Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*. Valsalva Maneuver. ... Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / etiology*. Diagnosis, Differential. Female. Galvanic Skin Response. Heart / radionuclide ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/MIBG-scintigraphy-differentiating-Parkinsons-disease/19514077.html

Innervation by postganglionic autonomic nerve fibers. *Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine. *Cerebral cortex releases stimuli ...

https://fpnotebook.com/Derm/Sweat/Hyprhdrs.htm

short preganglionic fibers.long postganglionic fibers (thoracolumbar division. NEUROTRANSMITTERS=. Ach secreted by sympathetic ... preganglionic fibers NE secreted by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. Adrenergic fiber (NE is also called noradrenaline). ... Autonomic system. chapter 12. Question. Answer. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM=. FIGHT OR FLIGHT SYSTEMACTIVE DURING TIMES OF ... AUTONOMIC TONE=. parasympathetic tone is dominate,but sympathetic tone can override it all any time-in slight contraction. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-343756

Autonomic Nervous System. The autonomic nerve fibers form a subsidiary system that regulates the iris of the eye and the smooth ... From these ganglionic synapses, postganglionic fibers extend to the end organs. An exception to this is the innervation of the ... All of the fibers of the autonomic nervous system are motor channels, and their impulses arise from the nerve tissue itself, so ... Autonomic nerve fibers exit from the central nervous system as part of other peripheral nerves but branch from them to form two ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/anatomy-and-physiology/anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a very complex, multifaceted neural network that maintains internal physiologic ... fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. Both A delta and C fibers are ... Small fibers are both myelinated and unmyelinated. Small myelinated fibers transmit preganglionic autonomic efferents (B fibers ... Sympathetic sudomotor fibers, which are the only sympathetic postganglionic fibers that are cholinergic, innervate the sweat ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1922943-overview

C fibers unmyelinated postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system, also the unmyelinated fibers at the dorsal roots ... C fs postganglionic unmyelinated fibers of the autonomic nervous system; also, the unmyelinated fibers at the dorsal roots and ... fibers, adrenergic. (ad´rəner´jik), n.pl the nerve fibers, including most of the postganglionic sympathetic fibers, that ... sensory fibers afferent fibers.. Sharpeys fibers 1. collagenous fibers that pass from the periosteum and are embedded in the ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/osteogenetic+f

Stereologic measurement of SG innervation is feasible to assess postganglionic autonomic nerve fiber densities. SG innervation ... Intraepidermal nerve fiber density and SG innervation were determined from leg skin biopsies that were immunohistochemically ... SG innervation measured by VIP+ fibers is a more sensitive marker for neuropathy than either PGP or TH. Fifteen subjects with ... Factors associated with SG nerve fiber (SGNF) innervation were assessed and the change in SG innervation over a 1-year time ...

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/25809300

Autonomic fibers are both sensory and motor. What sensory role do the ANS fibers play?. inform CNS about visceral homeostasis ... Sympathetic postganglionic fibers (of the second cell in the 2-cell ANS pathway) from the CERVICAL PLEXUS get to their targets ... what fibers represent mostly pain & temp, + itch. A-delta & C fibers. where to A-alpha and A-beta fibers enter the spinal cord? ... which fibers respond more preferentially to chemical burns, A-deltas or C fibers?. C-fibers (slow, dull siCkening). ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-363203

4. Length of pre and postganglionic fibers in the ANS. a. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short because of the close ... They are called adrenergic fibers because of their release of NE.. b. Parasympathetic pre and postganglionic fibers release Ach ... They are called cholinergic fibers because of their release of Ach. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release mostly ... Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are long because they must travel from the ganglia all the way to their target organs.. b. ...

https://www.kbcc.cuny.edu/academicdepartments/bio/11new/webpages/unit12.html

In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released in the following sites: *all pre- and post-ganglionic ... it has an effect on intrinsic and associational fibers in layer Ib of piriform cortex, but has no effect on afferent fibers in ... Acetylcholine is one of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the only neurotransmitter used in the ... When acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, it opens ligand gated sodium channels in the ...

http://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Acetylcholine.html

... postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers - - preganglionic - - - postganglionic \\j ft- ate 3 Autonomic Reflex Pathways ... ... action potential afferent fibers arise articular ascending autonomic axons basal bone brain brainstem branches C1BA canal ... postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers •- - preganglionic. .... Page 86. The preganglionic sympathetic fibers for the kidneys ... j ft- ate 3 Autonomic Reflex Pathways Sympathetic trunk ganglion Spinal nerve to vessels and glands of skin Sympathetic trunk ...

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-mk5AQAAIAAJ&q=preganglionic+fibers&dq=related:ISBN0683304712&output=html_text&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=4

These adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them ... They are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, ... Chromaffin cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest, and are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons.[1] ... These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

postganglionic neurons in the autonomic pathway. Definition. preganglionic is myelinated. aka white fiber ... where do the pre/post ganglionic fibers in chain ganglia enter/leave?. Definition. preganglionic enter chain ganglia thru the ... they are postganglionic. they go to the 3 cervical chain ganglia and innervate the heart. ...

https://www.flashcardmachine.com/test-29.html

... aimed at the sympathetic postganglionic fibers and to the cardiac muscarinic receptors, was proposed in the 1990s by Iosa et al ... disease and the role of the autonomic nervous system," Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, vol. 30, pp. S83-S87, 1990. ... Cardiac Autonomic Control Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Chagas Heart Disease. Diego F. Dávila, Jose H. Donis, Gabriela ... L. A. P. R. de Resende, R. J. Molina, B. D. C. Ferreira et al., "Cardiac autonomic function in chagasic elderly patients in an ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2012/980739/

These plexuses lie outside the pancreas and send postganglionic fibers into the pancreatic cells. These sympathetic nerves ... Autonomic sympathetic nerves to the pancreas derive from the celiac ganglionic plexus, the superior mesenteric plexus, and the ... The pancreas receives neural innervation from the vagus (cranial X). This is part of the autonomic parasympathetic supply. The ...

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pancreas

... thus they have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers. ... Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the central nervous system (CNS); they synapse onto autonomic ganglia. ... ganglia are located in or near the effector organs giving them long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fiber. ... What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system, ...

https://www.varsitytutors.com/human_anatomy_and_physiology-help/help-with-parasympathetic-preganglionic-physiology

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor

post ganglionic fiber of t1-l2 containing white and gray rami. Term. route of the sympathetic division: ascending/descending: ...

https://www.flashcardmachine.com/autonomic-nervoussystem7.html

... with distribution of the postganglionic fibers to the parotid gland. Also called otoganglion. ... An autonomic ganglion situated just below the oval foramen medial to the mandibular nerve, ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/otic-ganglion?qsrc=2446

Fibers that release norepinephrine. *Most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are adrenergic, but some are ... The nerves of the ANS exit the CNS and subsequently enter specialized structures called "autonomic ganglia" ... Include ganglionic blocking agents that block the nicotinic (neuro) receptors in the autonomic ganglia ... Competitive antagonism with acetylcholine at the nicotinic (neuro) receptors in the autonomic ganglia ...

https://www.slideserve.com/jacob/pharmacology

He is board certified in neurology and autonomic disorders. His research has focused on the function of the autonomic nervous ... Data in experimental animal models show that both afferent vagal and sympathetic fibers transport abnormal synuclein from gut ... In many patients with PD, degeneration of post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons results in a deficiency in norepinephrine release ... Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease. Horacio Kaufmann, MD, NYU Langone Medical Center. 11:05 AM. Networking Coffee Break ...

https://www.nyas.org/events/2015/non-motor-symptoms-unraveling-the-invisible-face-of-parkinson-s-disease/

The distribution of autonomic post-ganglionic nerve fibers to the lacrimal gland in monkeys. J Anat. 1971;109:229.PubMed ... Levator aponeurosis elastic fiber network. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;9:1.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Central autonomic dysfunction with defective lacrimation. Pediatrics. 1949;3:468.PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-0971-7_1

In addition, alteration of cardiac sympathetic nerves occurs in postganglionic fiber. Failing cardiomyocytes induces nerve ... Systemic autonomic interactions and crosstalk between cardiomyocyte and sympathetic nerve terminal via humoral factors in ... This figure shows that central and peripheral mechanism of the heart and brain interaction including the cardiac autonomic ...

http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/116/12/2005.figures-only

This is due to the number of synapses formed by the preganglionic fibers with ganglionic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
These adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
Chromaffin cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest , and are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons . (wikipedia.org)
[1] They are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites , receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers . (wikipedia.org)
The parasympathetic abnormalities were initially attributed to a direct action of the parasite on the postganglionic cardiac parasympathetic neurons. (hindawi.com)
As a consequence of this, nicotinic receptors are often cited as the receptor on the postganglionic neurons at the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Another role for these receptors is at the junction of the innervated tissues and the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system, respectively? (varsitytutors.com)
Effector organs o Cardiac muscle o Smooth muscle o Glands o Adipose tissue Autonomic Neurons - 2 neurons in the effector pathway. (coursehero.com)
One primary difference between the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems is that the cell bodies (where the nucleus is located) of somatic motor neurons are located within the central nervous system. (apologeticspress.org)
On the other hand, the autonomic system uses two neurons to communicate nerve signals. (apologeticspress.org)
Somatic motor neurons are considered to be excitatory, whereas autonomic nerves are primarily inhibitory. (apologeticspress.org)
The ability of the autonomic nervous system to excite and inhibit targets directly, combined with the anatomical arrangement of effector neurons in the interconnected autonomic ganglia, permits the system to respond to environmental demands in a concerted fashion (1991, p. 763). (apologeticspress.org)
All of the motor neurons within the autonomic system are located outside of the central nervous system. (apologeticspress.org)
Cardiac uptake of the synthetic norepinephrine analog (123I-MIBG) depends on integrity of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Activation of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) causes release of norepinephrine (NE) and GCs from postganglionic nerve terminals and the adrenal gland ( Engeland and Arnhold, 2005 ). (jneurosci.org)
We hypothesize that many cases of PGAD are caused by unprovoked firing of C-fibers in the regional special sensory neurons that subserve sexual arousal. (lww.com)
The main input of the ANS particularly comes from autonomic sensory (viscerosensory) neurons, which are usually associated with interoceptors and act as sensory receptors in the blood vessels, the visceral organs, and the muscles. (lecturio.com)
Distinct parasympathetic postganglionic neurons mediate contractions and relaxations of the guinea pig airways. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
We set out to characterize the vagal inputs that regulate contractile and relaxant airway parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Together our data support the hypothesis that distinct vagal preganglionic pathways regulate airway contractile and relaxant postganglionic neurons. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Electrical stimulation of the vagi produces both cholinergic contractile and non-adrenergic non-cholinergic relaxant responses which are mediated via distinct parasympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the airway smooth muscle (reviewed in Mazzone and Canning, 2002a ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The existence of distinct postganglionic neurons controlling contractile and relaxant airway responses raises the question of whether these neurons are in turn regulated by common or distinct preganglionic inputs. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The autonomic nervous system of the thorax consists of both sympathetic and parasympathetic motor neurons through which cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and the glands of the thorax and the abdomen are innervated. (mhmedical.com)
Autonomic innervation involves two types of neurons: preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons. (mhmedical.com)
The sympathetic nerves in the thorax and in other areas of the body include visceral sensory fibers that course along the general sensory neurons. (mhmedical.com)
at the synapse in the spinal cord-substance P or glutamate for sensory neurons or ACh and NE at the target tissues for autonomic neurons. (78stepshealth.us)
The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers (the axons of neurons ), that emanate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. (kiwix.org)
Adrenergic neurons secrete norepinephrine and are found in both the central and autonomic nervous system . (pathwaymedicine.org)
Within autonomic fibers, adrenergic neurons are exclusively found in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Pregnaglionic neurons exit via ventral root → into white ramus communicans → synapse with postganglionic axon in peripheral ganglion at same level or another level. (freelan3er.info)
Preganglionic neurons (myelinated)- relatively long - synapse with postganglionic axons in ganglia close to organs - neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. (freelan3er.info)
7. Acetylcholine (ACh) - All somatic motor neurons release this at their synapses with skeletal muscle fibers. (freelan3er.info)
Similar to the sympathetic nerves (SN), the PSN follows a two-neuron efferent (motor signals leaving CNS) system that has both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
2. The autonomic neuron pathways involve two neurons between the CNS and visceral effector. (docplayer.net)
These are referred to as the preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons. (docplayer.net)
In distinction to the somatic neuromuscular system, where a single motor neuron bridges the gap between the central nervous system CNS and the effector organ, in the autonomic nervous system there are always two efferent neurons serving this function, one preganglionic arising from its nucleus in the brainstem or spinal cord and the other postganglionic arising from specialized nerve cells in peripheral ganglia. (srmvision.com)
Cells in Onuf's nucleus resemble autonomic neurons and do not receive afferents from adjacent neurons. (wikipedia.org)
The postganglionic neurons, located in ganglia outside the CNS, give rise to the postganglionic unmyelinated autonomic nerves that innervate organs and tissues throughout the body. (doctorlib.info)
Norepinephrine (NE) is the neurotransmitter of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons, except for cholinergic neurons innervating the eccrine sweat glands. (doctorlib.info)

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. (wikipedia.org)
Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together. (wikipedia.org)
These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Autonomic Nervous System. (fpnotebook.com)
Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. (fpnotebook.com)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a very complex, multifaceted neural network that maintains internal physiologic homeostasis. (medscape.com)
The goal for this article remains focused at step III on the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system, as follows. (medscape.com)
Because the autonomic nervous system maintains internal physiologic homeostasis, disorders of this system can be present with both central as well as peripheral nervous system localization. (medscape.com)
The neurotransmitter for preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) as well as postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (ACh). (medscape.com)
The neurotransmitter for the postganglionic sympathetic nervous system (innervating sweat glands) is also acetylcholine, whereas that for the remaining postganglionic sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine (NE). (medscape.com)
A f's myelinated fibers of the somatic nervous system having a diameter of 1 to 22 μm and a conduction velocity of 5 to 120 meters per second. (thefreedictionary.com)
adrenergic f's nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system that liberate norepinephrine (and possibly small amounts of epinephrine ) at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes. (thefreedictionary.com)
Acetylcholine is one of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the only neurotransmitter used in the somatic nervous system . (bionity.com)
In the PNS, acetylcholine activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. (bionity.com)
1. Explain the aspects of body function regulated by the autonomic nervous system. (cuny.edu)
A. In General - The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the body's internal environment. (cuny.edu)
These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). (wikipedia.org)
Primary abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system had been postulated as the pathogenic mechanisms of myocardial damage, in patients with Chagas disease. (hindawi.com)
The proposed mechanisms are (1) microvascular disturbances, (2) immune-mediated myocardial injury, (3) parasite-dependent myocardial aggression, and (4) primary abnormalities of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. (hindawi.com)
These two primary abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system would precede and contribute to the progression of myocardial damage and cardiac dysfunction. (hindawi.com)
Recent investigations have shown, on the contrary, that these autonomic abnormalities are indeed secondary and characterized by an impairment of cardiac parasympathetic control and activation of the sympathetic nervous system [ 2 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
[2] Their counterparts are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), receptor ion channels that are also important in the autonomic nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
How is the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system organized? (varsitytutors.com)
The parasympathetic nervous system signal is transmitted to the body through a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron. (varsitytutors.com)
The present invention relates to modified neurotoxins, particularly modified Clostridial neurotoxins, and use thereof to treat various disorders, including neuromuscular disorders, autonomic nervous system disorders and pain. (google.com)
BoNT/A has become a versatile tool in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders and conditions characterized by muscle hyperactivity, autonomic nervous system hyperactivity and/or pain. (google.com)
The human nervous system has evolved into an extremely complex network of specialized fibers, capable of a broad range of function. (apologeticspress.org)
The two major divisions of the efferent nervous system are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system which controls the activities of the myocardium and the vascular smooth muscles (see "Overview of. (apologeticspress.org)
The autonomic nervous system innervates primarily involuntary structures such as smooth muscle lining the vessels and digestive system, as well as organs and glands. (apologeticspress.org)
The autonomic nervous system is disynaptic, with one synapse taking place in a peripheral autonomic ganglion, and the other taking place at the target organ. (apologeticspress.org)
Studies have shown dysfunction in the baroreflex mechanism and the autonomic nervous system, particularly in the sympathetic nervous system, in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and syncope. (aappublications.org)
In vitamin B 12 deficiency, myelin synthesis is disrupted and may lead to baroreflex dysfunction, affecting the sympathetic regulation of blood vessels and the autonomic nervous system, as observed in demyelinating disorders. (aappublications.org)
Normal pelvic visceral function depends on the complex interactions of intact somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (glowm.com)
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two functional divisions, the somatic component, which innervates skeletal muscle and the autonomic component, which innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and viscera. (glowm.com)
Normal pelvic floor function depends on intact central and peripheral nervous systems, including both somatic and autonomic components. (glowm.com)
Sensory nerve fibers that carry a message to the central nervous system are labeled afferent fibers. (glowm.com)
Nerve fibers that carry messages from the central nervous system to their target organ are labeled efferent fibers. (glowm.com)
In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
Background The autonomic nervous system and trigeminal nerve are involved in adjusting flow through diverging cerebral arteries in the prefrontal cortex. (bmj.com)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) to the trigeminal nerve area on cerebral blood flow and autonomic nervous system function. (bmj.com)
We used high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components of heart rate (HR) variability to assess autonomic nervous system function. (bmj.com)
2 The autonomic nervous system and afferent nerves of the trigeminal nerve area participate in adjusting flow through diverging cerebral arteries in the prefrontal cortex. (bmj.com)
Primary cardiovascular autonomic failure develops in the context of inherited and sporadic neurodegenerative diseases affecting the autonomic nervous system. (springer.com)
8. Theories of chemical mediation in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are discussed in the light of our own results as well as those of others. (aspetjournals.org)
and the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system-that is, a system of nerve ganglia with efferent nerve fibers that enter (preganglionic) or leave (postganglionic) the ganglia. (thefreedictionary.com)
iii) The autonomic nervous system as a complex adaptive system. (hindawi.com)
In general, its action is in opposition to that of the sympathetic nervous system, which is the other part of the autonomic system. (thefreedictionary.com)
the part of the autonomic nervous system whose ganglia are located very close to or in the innervated organs. (thefreedictionary.com)
The fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system proceed to the viscera as part of the third (oculomotor), seventh (facial), ninth (glossopharyngeal), and especially the tenth (vagus) cranial nerves and as part of the pelvic nerve. (thefreedictionary.com)
The craniosacral portion of the autonomic nervous system, consisting of preganglionic nerve fibers in certain sacral and cranial nerves, outlying ganglia, and postganglionic fibers. (thefreedictionary.com)
The following article will provide a detailed insight into the structure, functionality, and pathology of the vegetative/autonomic nervous system (VNS or ANS). (lecturio.com)
The autonomic nervous system allows the higher brain centers (the cerebral cortex and the limbic system) to subconsciously control organs of the autonomic nervous system. (lecturio.com)
The autonomic nervous system has 2 divisions based on anatomical, functional, and to a considerable extent, pharmacological grounds: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. (lecturio.com)
The Q-Sweat runs on WR Testworks software, and can be integrated with modules for cardiovagal and adrenergic testing of the Autonomic Nervous System. (wrmed.com)
In conclusion, apart from neuron number, different adaptive mechanisms may coexist in the autonomic nervous system to guarantee a functional homeostasis during ageing, which is not always associated with neuron losses. (surrey.ac.uk)
The nervous system can be divided into two functional parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (oregonstate.edu)
The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue. (oregonstate.edu)
The somatic nervous system is associated with voluntary responses (though many can happen without conscious awareness, like breathing), and the autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary responses, such as those related to homeostasis. (oregonstate.edu)
The autonomic nervous system regulates many of the internal organs through a balance of two aspects, or divisions. (oregonstate.edu)
In addition to the endocrine system, the autonomic nervous system is instrumental in homeostatic mechanisms in the body. (oregonstate.edu)
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division . (oregonstate.edu)
His body's reaction is the result of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causing system-wide changes as it prepares for extreme responses. (oregonstate.edu)
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system influences the various organ systems of the body through connections emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. (oregonstate.edu)
The visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands) make up the Autonomic Nervous System. (eku.edu)
Introduction: the autonomic nervous system (ANS) involves those processes that are normally beyond voluntary control and, for the most part, beneath consciousness. (lifemapsc.com)
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is composed of 2 major portions which are anatomically and physiologically distinct: the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems. (lifemapsc.com)
In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic fibres are adrenergic , unlike those in the parasympathetic system, which are cholinergic . (enacademic.com)
The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. (kiwix.org)
The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. (kiwix.org)
Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. (kiwix.org)
Stimula- Autonomic nervous activity is usually regu- tion of all effector organs except sweat glands lated by the reflex arc, which has an afferent by the postganglionic sympathetic fibers is limb(visceraland/orsomaticafferents)andan adrenergic, i. (craigak.com)
Examples of somatic thetic fibers in the adrenal medulla release nervous system involvement are afferent acetylcholine, leading to the secretion of epi- stimuli from the skin and sense organs (e. (craigak.com)
Functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) Parasympathetic division (cholinergic) Controlled by Ganglia: NNand M1receptors superordinate centers Target organ: M2oder M3receptors (e. (craigak.com)
1 They are innervated by the autonomic nervous system that also regulates other involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, the bladder, and gut. (therapath.com)
Donadio et al (2010) compared patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), a central nervous system disorder, to those with Pure Autonomic Failure caused by autonomic neuropathy. (therapath.com)
These fibers innervate a large variety of visceral organs and are responsible for subconscious regulation of basic physiological functions (See Sympathetic Nervous System ). (pathwaymedicine.org)
A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster[1] or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system. (theinfolist.com)
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. (theinfolist.com)
Chapter 14 Vocabulary: The Autonomic Nervous System 1. (freelan3er.info)
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) , also known as the parasympathetic division and the craniosacral division (in humans), is that part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord (brain stem and lower part of spinal cord) and generally has a complementary but opposing physiological effect versus the sympathetic nervous system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The parasympathetic nervous system is a main subsystem of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The autonomic nervous system is that part of the peripheral nervous system that largely acts independent of conscious control (involuntarily) and consists of nerves in cardiac muscle , smooth muscle, and exocrine and endocrine glands. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In addition to the parasympathetic nervous system, the other main subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The enteric nervous system commonly also is considered a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In sending fibers to three tissues- cardiac muscle , smooth muscle, or glandular tissue -the autonomic nervous system provides stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The parasympathetic nerves (PSN) are visceral, autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulates the human body's visceral organs via the innervation of three kinds of tissues: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle , and glands . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Please read chapter 15, The Autonomic Nervous System, complete this study guide, and study this material BEFORE coming to the first class. (docplayer.net)
I. Introduction to the autonomic nervous system: Briefly describe the autonomic nervous system. (docplayer.net)
D. Examples of functions E. The autonomic nervous system is mainly MOTOR. (docplayer.net)
2. Motor impulses viscera (visceral effectors) G. What are the basic differences between the somatic efferent and autonomic divisions of the nervous system? (docplayer.net)
Somatic Division and Autonomic Division of the Nervous System: Briefly compare the ANS with the SNS (See Fig in Chapter 12, The Nervous System) A. Somatic nervous system (SNS) 1. (docplayer.net)
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System: What are the two divisions of the ANS? (docplayer.net)
一、自主神经系统的功能 Function of autonomic nervous system. (slideserve.com)
自主神经系统 Autonomic nervous system. (slideserve.com)
The kidneys receive autonomic input from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems via the renal plexus. (statpearls.com)
DITI provides an invaluable window into the autonomic/sympathetic nervous system, which records via somato- cutaneous reflex, the sympathetic response to pain and injury. (serenityhealthcarecenter.com)
Introduction The human internal environment is regulated in large measure by the integrated activity of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands. (srmvision.com)
However, many general neurologic diseases involve the autonomic nervous system to a varying extent, giving rise to symptoms such as syncope, sphincteric dysfunction, pupillary abnormalities, erectile dysfunction, diaphoresis, cardiac dysrhythmias, and disorders of thermoregulation. (srmvision.com)
Finally, in addition to their central role in visceral innervation, autonomic parts of the neuraxis and parts of the endocrine system are engaged in all emotional experience and its display, as discussed in Chap. Breathing is unusual among nervous system functions. (srmvision.com)
This chapter deals more strictly with the autonomic nervous system and the neural mechanisms of respiration and swallowing, and the next chapter, with the hypothalamus and neuroendocrine disorders. (srmvision.com)
Anatomic Considerations The most remarkable feature of the autonomic nervous system is that a major part of it is located outside the brain and spinal cord, in proximity to the visceral structures that it innervates. (srmvision.com)
The autonomic nervous system, from an anatomic point of view, is divided into two parts: The systems differ architecturally in that the ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system is located in a contiguous and interconnected, longitudinal chain sympathetic chain paravertebrally, whereas the parasympathetic ganglia are distributed in proximity to the structures they innervate. (srmvision.com)
The neurotransmitter between the pre- and postneurons throughout the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic, is acetylcholine as reiterated further on. (srmvision.com)
New York, McGraw-Hill, The sympathetic thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. (srmvision.com)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates the entire neuraxis and permeates all organ systems. (doctorlib.info)

ACh is always used as the transmitter within the autonomic ganglion . (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal medulla is considered a sympathetic ganglion and, like other sympathetic ganglia, is supplied by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers: acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter utilized at this synapse. (wikipedia.org)
An autonomic ganglion situated just below the oval foramen medial to the mandibular nerve, with distribution of the postganglionic fibers to the parotid gland. (dictionary.com)
These fibers are carried in the lesser petrosal nerve via the tympanic branch to the otic ganglion . (radiopaedia.org)
Synapses with 2 nd neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organ - Postganglionic neuron. (coursehero.com)
The nerve fibers that supply a ganglion. (lumenlearning.com)
The characteristic feature of the autonomic system is that its efferent nerves emerge as medullated fibers from the brain and spinal cord, are interrupted in their course by a synapse in a peripheral ganglion and are then relayed for distribution as fine, non-medullated fibers. (lecturio.com)
referring to the unmyelinated nerve fibers originating from cells in an autonomic ganglion . (enacademic.com)
A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion, but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. (theinfolist.com)
Pseudoganglion[edit] A pseudoganglion is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion[5] but has only nerve fibers and no nerve cell bodies. (theinfolist.com)
Adrenal medulla is a modified postganglionic sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (80%/20%) when stimulated. (freelan3er.info)
5. Autonomic Ganglion - Cell body of the postganglionic neuron is located here outside the CNS. (freelan3er.info)
He is currently working on Patents which will vastly improve the range of treatments that can be directed toward this autonomic ganglion. (sleepandhealth.com)
The Spenopalatine Ganglion, also called Meckels Ganglion, the Nasal Ganglion or the Pterygopalatine Ganglion is the largest of four Parasympathetic Ganglions in the head and neck and has both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers running throught it. (sleepandhealth.com)
The sensory root of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion comes from two sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve and the fibers pass into the palatine nerves. (sleepandhealth.com)
The SphenoPalatine Ganglion also carries fibers from the superior cervical ganglion, SCG. (sleepandhealth.com)
Learnig to work with SphenoPalatine Ganglion blocks will allow practitiones to handle difficult cases that were often resistant to treatment because of their autonomic components. (sleepandhealth.com)
ciliary ganglion (fibers follow trigeminal short ciliary nn. (humangrossanatomy.us)
Autonomic ganglion b) Exits as part of a cranial n. or spinal n. (docplayer.net)
5. Postganglionic cell bodies a. 30 or more in each autonomic ganglion b. (docplayer.net)
pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion a small parasympathetic ganglion in the upper part of the pterygopalatine fossa whose postsynaptic fibers supply the lacrimal and nasal glands. (tripod.com)
mandibular (CN V 3 ) formed by the union of sensory fibers from trigeminal ganglion and motor root in foramen ovale, through which the nerve emerges branches: meningeal, masseteric, deep temporal, lat.andmed. (tripod.com)

citation needed] Sympathetic nerve fiber impulses stimulate the release of adrenal medullary hormones. (wikipedia.org)
These substances induce autonomic nerve terminals or vasculature in the deep lamina propria. (wikipedia.org)
A single-arm, safety study intended to assess safety and system performance, and the feasibility to improve hemodynamics in patients with acute heart failure syndrome using transvenous, cardiac autonomic nerve stimulation (CANS) therapy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs. (fpnotebook.com)
also, the unmyelinated fibers at the dorsal roots and at free nerve endings having a diameter of 0.3 to 1.3 μm and a conduction velocity of 0.6 to 2.3 meters per second. (thefreedictionary.com)
cholinergic f's nerve fibers such as the parasympathetic fibers that liberate acetylcholine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes. (thefreedictionary.com)
depressor f's afferent nerve fibers that when stimulated reflexly cause diminished vasomotor tone and thus decreased arterial pressure. (thefreedictionary.com)
Using a stereologic approach, the density of nerve fibers innervating sweat gland (SG) fragments in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy controls using protein gene product (PGP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was measured to determine which marker best detected differences between the groups. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Factors associated with SG nerve fiber (SGNF) innervation were assessed and the change in SG innervation over a 1-year time period was determined. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Intraepidermal nerve fiber density and SG innervation were determined from leg skin biopsies that were immunohistochemically stained for ubiquitin hydrolase, VIP, and TH. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Fifteen subjects with DM followed for 1 year showed a significant decrease in SGNF innervation but not intraepidermal nerve fiber density. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Stereologic measurement of SG innervation is feasible to assess postganglionic autonomic nerve fiber densities. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Systemic autonomic interactions and crosstalk between cardiomyocyte and sympathetic nerve terminal via humoral factors in diseased heart. (ahajournals.org)
It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve and has sensory, motor, and autonomic components. (radiopaedia.org)
The postganglionic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
One is inserted in the peroneal nerve [below the knee or on the outside of the calf] and it records the signal of post-ganglionic fibers. (mtu.edu)
The primary outcome measure was the correlation between ESC at the feet and results of skin biopsies including epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD) and sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) at the distal leg. (frontiersin.org)
ESC can be useful in detecting loss of small nerve fibers. (frontiersin.org)
Small nerve fibers, thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers and unmyelinated C-fibers, can be separated into autonomic (efferent) or sensory (afferent). (frontiersin.org)
The morphological methods include skin biopsies for assessment of sensory fibers using epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD) and sudomotor fibers using sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD). (frontiersin.org)
This nerve is formed by fibers from the 5th lumbar through the 2nd sacral spinal nerves. (dummies.com)
The coccygeal plexus of nerve fibers is formed by the 4th and 5th sacral spinal nerves and the coccygeal nerves. (dummies.com)
If NCS were normal, a punch biopsy of the skin of the distal leg was performed to ascertain the intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density. (neurology.org)
1 , 7 - 9 Holland and colleagues described these same clinical features in a cohort of patients with idiopathic painful small fiber neuropathy demonstrating loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers on skin biopsy. (neurology.org)
Peripheral nerves contain fascicles of nerve fibers consisting of axons. (nysora.com)
In peripheral nerve fibers, axons are ensheathed by Schwann cells, which may or may not form myelin around the axons, depending on their diameter. (nysora.com)
Nerve fibers are grouped into fascicles of variable numbers. (nysora.com)
Frey syndrome results from synkinetic autonomic reinnervation by transected postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fiber within the parotid gland to the overlying sweat glands of the skin. (elsevier.com)
Skin biopsy (with an evaluation of the density of intraepidermal nerve fibers) and tests of autonomic nerve function are useful for the diagnosis. (91outcomes.com)
1 In many, the impairment is purely or predominantly in small nerve fibers, and the clinical presentation consists of pain, burning, tingling, and numbness in a length-dependent or stocking-glove distribution. (91outcomes.com)
these include skin biopsy to evaluate the density of nerve fibers in the epidermis and studies of autonomic nerve function. (91outcomes.com)
Peripheral nerve fibers can be classified according to size, which correlates with the degree of myelination. (91outcomes.com)
Large nerve fibers are heavily myelinated and include A-alpha fibers, which mediate motor strength, and A-beta fibers, which mediate vibratory and touch sensation. (91outcomes.com)
This region primarily consists of nerve fibers that form conduction tracts between the higher brain centers and spinal cord. (eku.edu)
The ganglia are segmental or metameric, but in contrast to the spinal ganglia, they are interconnected to each other by longitudinal nerve fibers or axons of some of the cells. (lifemapsc.com)
Caudal and sciatic-tibial nerve conduction values were well preserved in the guanethidine-treated animals as was the 'C' potential derived from unmyelinated vagal fibers recorded in an in vitro chamber. (elsevier.com)
said especially of autonomic nerve fibers so located. (enacademic.com)
Postganglionic fibers - Infobox Nerve Name = PAGENAME Latin = neurofibrae postganglionicae GraySubject = GrayPage = Caption = Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. (enacademic.com)
A 50 μm thick section of a 3 mm dia. punch skin biopsy from the thigh, greater than 4 mm deep, immunohistochemically stained for the axonal protein, PGP9.5 (black fibers), to detect and quantify sweat gland innervation (blue arrow) and intraepidermal nerve fibers (red arrow). (therapath.com)
Sweat gland nerve fibers, also called sudomotor fibers, are small unmyelinated nerve fibers that are distinguished from somatic epidermal nerve fibers that convey pain and temperature from the skin. (therapath.com)
3,4 Both the sweat gland and epidermal nerve fiber densities can be reduced in generalized small fiber neuropathies, but in some autonomic neuropathies, the sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) is selectively affected. (therapath.com)
Anhydrosis can be a manifestation of generalized autonomic neuropathy, or result from selective involvement of the sudomotor nerve fibers that innervate the sweat glands. (therapath.com)
Gibbons et al (2009, 2010) reported that quantification of sweat gland nerve fiber density "provides a reliable structural measure of sweat gland innervation that complements the investigation of small fiber neuropathies," and that "results correlate well with physical exam findings. (therapath.com)
Physicians can request the test separately or, to increase the sensitivity of testing, in samples where the Epidermal Nerve Fiber density (ENFD) is found to be normal. (therapath.com)
These are sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the SCG that travel through the carotid plexus and then through the deep petrosal nerve, which joins with the greater petsal nerve to form the pterygoid canal nerve. (sleepandhealth.com)
C. It includes peripheral nerve fibers within cranial and spinal nerves that lead to visceral organs. (docplayer.net)
a) Inferior mesenteric b) Superior mesenteric c) Celiac (in region of solar plexus)-forms the largest autonomic plexus) NOTE: In certain parts of the body nerve fibers extending from the autonomic ganglia are interlaced into plexuses. (docplayer.net)
yitis obliteranee abolished MSNA in the ipsilateral tibial nerve, but not completely with residual activity presumably originated from eross communicating fibers. (angelfire.com)
OH can also be caused by lesions of the spinal cord or peripheral vasomotor nerve fibers (e.g., diabetic autonomic neuropathy). (doctorlib.info)

All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic (that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter) and they are myelinated. (wikipedia.org)
We have quantified postganglionic sweat output in human subjects resulting from axon reflex stimulation using acetylcholine electrophoresis. (nih.gov)
When acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, it opens ligand gated sodium channels in the cell membrane . (bionity.com)
Acetylcholine, while inducing contraction of skeletal muscles, instead induces decreased contraction in cardiac muscle fibers. (bionity.com)
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter found in the brain , neuromuscular junctions and the autonomic ganglia . (wikipedia.org)
Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, both releasing acetylcholine and expressing acetylcholine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
all are cholinergic fibers, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
BACKGROUND: The indirect sudomotor response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine provides valuable information about the integrity of postganglionic sudomotor fibers. (neurology.org)
All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic -meaning they have acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter, and are myelinated for faster transmission. (lumenlearning.com)
Moreover, the main neurotransmitter of the postganglionic connection to the end organ is norepinephrine in the case of the sympathetic nerves and acetylcholine for parasympathetic innervation. (srmvision.com)

It is also the neurotransmitter in all autonomic ganglia . (bionity.com)
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter . (citizendium.org)

This figure shows that central and peripheral mechanism of the heart and brain interaction including the cardiac autonomic efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and afferent (sensory) nerves. (ahajournals.org)
2) It is the second efferent neuron in the autonomic pathway. (docplayer.net)
3. These preganglionic fibers travel with somatic efferent fibers of SNS to the autonomic ganglia. (docplayer.net)
Control of bladder function involves the somatic efferent as well as autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. (medscape.com)
Signs and symptoms may result from interruption of the afferent limb, CNS processing centers, or efferent limb of reflex arcs controlling autonomic responses. (doctorlib.info)

9. Explain the terms: adrenergic fibers, and cholinergic fibers. (cuny.edu)
Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. (wikipedia.org)
19,24-26 Cholinergic urticaria can also present with symptoms of stinging or burning paresthesias, overlapping with those in small fiber neuropathy. (therapath.com)
These synapses between pre- and postganglionic cholinergic nerves are not blocked by atropine nicotinic whereas the postganglionic impulses are blocked by atropine muscarinic. (srmvision.com)
In sympathetic ganglia, cholinergic synapses disappear, but postganglionic adrenergic neurones remain structurally and functionally normal. (elsevier.com)
This model of selective cholinergic autoimmunity is a new tool for autonomic physiology and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human dysautonomias. (elsevier.com)

postganglionic uses norepinephrine. (varsitytutors.com)
When defining hyperadrenergic orthostatic hypotension with increased plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, Streeten 11 found that orthostatic hypotension developed due to the accumulation of blood resulting from anatomic or functional postganglionic denervation in the lower-limb veins. (aappublications.org)
Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. (citizendium.org)

This decrease in synaptic transmission also occurs selectively at some excitatory cells: For instance, it has an effect on intrinsic and associational fibers in layer Ib of piriform cortex, but has no effect on afferent fibers in layer Ia. (bionity.com)
The afferent fibers convey stimuli from Parasympathetic ganglia are situated near theskin(e. (craigak.com)
After central integration of afferent information, autonomic outflow is adjusted to permit the functioning of the major organ systems in accordance with the needs of the organism as a whole. (doctorlib.info)

This distinction is attributed to differences in receptor structure between skeletal and cardiac fibers. (bionity.com)
A cardiac autoimmune response, aimed at the sympathetic postganglionic fibers and to the cardiac muscarinic receptors, was proposed in the 1990s by Iosa et al. (hindawi.com)
In addition, alteration of cardiac sympathetic nerves occurs in postganglionic fiber. (ahajournals.org)
Cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy is used to discriminate PD and MSA by means of cardiac postganglionic autonomic involvement ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Small fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers and unmyelinated C fibers, which innervate skin (somatic fibers) and involuntary muscles, including cardiac and smooth muscles (autonomic fibers). (91outcomes.com)
2 - Visceral - supplies & receives fibers to & from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. (eku.edu)

Nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron are responsible for the initial fast depolarization (Fast EPSP ) of that neuron. (wikipedia.org)
However, the subsequent hyperpolarization ( IPSP ) and slow depolarization (Slow EPSP) that represent the recovery of the postganglionic neuron from stimulation are actually mediated by muscarinic receptors, types M 2 and M 1 respectively (discussed below). (wikipedia.org)
the preganglionic neuron must first cross a synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)
The preganglionic, or first neuron will begin at the outflow and will cross a synapse at the postganglionic, or second neuron's cell body. (lumenlearning.com)
The postganglionic neuron will then cross a synapse at the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)
4. Postganglionic Neuron - Second motor neuron. (freelan3er.info)
C. Neuron Pathways: Outline the somatic neuron pathway and the autonomic neuron pathway. (docplayer.net)
Preganglionic neuron 1) Cell body in brain or spinal cord (in CNS) 2) Preganglionic fiber (axon) a) Myelinated b. (docplayer.net)
Postganglionic neuron 1) Postganglionic fiber completely outside the CNS. (docplayer.net)

SG innervation measured by VIP+ fibers is a more sensitive marker for neuropathy than either PGP or TH. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The pancreas receives neural innervation from the vagus (cranial X). This is part of the autonomic parasympathetic supply. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The motor nucleus lies in the upper part of the nucleus ambiguus which receives bilateral supranuclear innervation from the corticobulbar fibers . (radiopaedia.org)
A reduction in the innervation of sweat glands has been reported in a number of conditions that can cause autonomic neuropathy. (therapath.com)
They found that sweat gland innervation was reduced in patients with autonomic neuropathy, but normal in those with MSA. (therapath.com)

These trunks provide postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sacral plexus that innervate the lower extremities. (dummies.com)
The small fibers sense pain and itch, innervate internal organs and tissues, and modulate the inflammatory and immune responses. (readbyqxmd.com)
The postganglionic fibers follow the arterial blood supply and primarily innervate the cortex but also extend into the medulla. (statpearls.com)

postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sweat glands, piloerectile muscles of the body hairs, and the skeletal muscle arterioles do not use adrenaline/noradrenaline. (wikipedia.org)

Studies in selected autonomic neuropathies confirm that quantitative sudomotor axon reflex tests will detect postganglionic sudomotor abnormalities sensitively and reproducibly. (nih.gov)
The secondary outcome measures were the correlation between ESC and the following variables: quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) and symptom scales (neuropathy, pain and autonomic). (frontiersin.org)
Among the objective functional tests, the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) evaluating postganglionic sudomotor function is most widely used ( Hovaguimian and Gibbons, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
The Q-Sweat examines the integrity of the postganglionic sympathetic sudomotor axon, assisting in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathies. (wrmed.com)
5-8 Both the SGNFD and ENFD tests have been reported to be more sensitive than the Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART) in the evaluation of autonomic or sensory small fiber neuropathies, respectively. (therapath.com)

Unmyelinated (C) fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. (medscape.com)
Another major difference between somatic and autonomic nerves is the mechanism that inhibits or blocks motor output. (apologeticspress.org)

they synapse onto autonomic ganglia. (varsitytutors.com)
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to project to and synapse with the postganglionic fiber close to the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)
Another major difference between the two ANS systems is divergence, or the number of postsynaptic fibers a single preganglionic fiber creates a synapse with. (lumenlearning.com)
Preganglionic axons synapse with these postganglionic cell bodies. (docplayer.net)
The autonomic regulation involves synapse of preganglionic sympathetic fibers to postganglionic. (serenityhealthcarecenter.com)

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord than are the parasympathetic ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
These nerves are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that originate from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral spinal segments. (dummies.com)
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a potentially dangerous complication of high-level spinal cord injury (SCI) characterized by exaggerated activation of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) reflexes, can cause pulmonary embolism, stroke, and, in severe cases, death. (jneurosci.org)
Preganglionic fibers leave spinal cord with ventral roots of spinal nerves in thoracic and lumbar regions. (docplayer.net)
Sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord and the course and distribution of sympathetic fibers. (srmvision.com)
Preganglionic fibers extend from nuclei of the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord to peripheral ganglia. (srmvision.com)
Preganglionic fibers extend from the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord to the peripheral autonomic ganglia, and postganglionic fibers extend from the peripheral ganglia to the effector organs, according to the scheme in Fig. (srmvision.com)

It is also released from C fibers, the small-diameter afferents in peripheral nerves that convey information about pain and temperature (as well as postganglionic autonomic signals). (nih.gov)
The pelvic girdle is innervated by nerves that come from the sacral plexus, coccygeal plexus, and pelvic autonomic nerves. (dummies.com)
in general, autonomic nerves control things like blood flow, hormone levels, and body functions that you don't consciously think about. (dummies.com)
These plexuses are formed when the right and left hypogastric nerves are joined by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic splanchnic nerves. (dummies.com)
The PNS consists of peripheral nerves (craniospinal, somatic, autonomic) with their associated ganglia and connective tissue investments. (nysora.com)
Small fiber neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily or exclusively affects small somatic fibers, autonomic fibers, or both, resulting in sensory changes and autonomic dysfunction when both types are involved ( FIGURE 2 ). (91outcomes.com)
The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons , that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. (kiwix.org)
Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. (theinfolist.com)
Gray ramus communicans carry unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic nerves to peripheral organs. (freelan3er.info)

accelerating f's ( accelerator f's ) adrenergic fibers that transmit the impulses that accelerate the heart beat. (thefreedictionary.com)
In addition, loss of the cervical sympathetic 'C' potential suggests that this presumed preganglionic structure also contains postganglionic adrenergic fibers. (elsevier.com)

Differences between sympathetic and parasympatheic preganglionic fibers include that sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic fibers and sympathetic fibers tend to form more synapses than parasympathetic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. (kiwix.org)

MIBG scintigraphy for differentiating Parkinson's disease with autonomic dysfunction from Parkinsonism-predominant multiple system atrophy. (biomedsearch.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) with autonomic dysfunction is difficult to differentiate from Parkinsonism-predominant multiple system atrophy (MSA-p). (biomedsearch.com)
This study aimed to analyze the validity of MIBG scintigraphy for PD with autonomic dysfunction and MSA-p. (biomedsearch.com)
The etiology of autonomic dysfunction can be primary or idiopathic and secondary causes. (medscape.com)
In addition, autonomic dysfunction is associated with various medications. (medscape.com)
Their dysfunction can result in dysautonomia due to autonomic SFN, sensory symptoms due to sensory SFN, or a combination of both due to mixed sensory and small fiber SFN. (frontiersin.org)
Symptoms are pain, burning, numbness, and autonomic dysfunction (lack of sweating) in the hands and feet in a stocking-glove distribution. (91outcomes.com)
DITI is not a picture of pain, however it is a picture of autonomic dysfunction which seems to correlate well with regions of pain. (serenityhealthcarecenter.com)

Parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the effector organs giving them long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fiber. (varsitytutors.com)
Short postganglionic fibers extend from the ganglia to the effector organs. (srmvision.com)

the preganglionic receptors are nicotinic, and the postganglionic are muscarinic in type. (doctorlib.info)

where do the pre/post ganglionic fibers in chain ganglia enter/leave? (flashcardmachine.com)
Pre- and post-ganglionic fibers and targets are depicted. (lumenlearning.com)

This article was submitted to Frontiers in Autonomic Neuroscience, a specialty of Frontiers in Neurology. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Sympathetic ganglia are located in the paravertebral chain, thus they have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers. (varsitytutors.com)

The best-known peripheral neuropathies are those affecting the large, myelinated motor and sensory fibers. (readbyqxmd.com)

Systemic injection of monoclonal antibodies to neural acetyl cholinesterase in rats causes permanent, complement-mediated destruction of presynaptic fibers in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. (elsevier.com)

the unmyelinated C-fibers, thinly myelinated A-deltas, and postganglionic sympathetics. (readbyqxmd.com)

Thus, pure small fiber neuropathies may be associated with normal findings on routine electrophysiologic studies. (medscape.com)

In addition to the acquired causes, inherited disorders like hereditary sensory-autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), Tangier disease, and Fabry disease also exist. (medscape.com)
Painful burning feet is caused by a sensory neuropathy with small fiber involvement in more than 90% of cases. (medscape.com)
Elderly patients who lack sural sensory responses can still be diagnosed with small fiber neuropathy. (medscape.com)
Secondary causes of cardiovascular autonomic failure include amyloidosis and metabolic or immune-mediated diseases inducing autonomic neuropathy [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Over one-third of patients required a skin biopsy to diagnose a small fiber sensory neuropathy. (neurology.org)
Small fiber neuropathy is increasingly being recognized as a major cause of painful burning sensations in the feet, especially in the elderly. (91outcomes.com)
Diabetes mellitus is the most common identifiable cause of small fiber neuropathy, and impaired oral glucose tolerance and individual components of the metabolic syndrome are often associated with it. (91outcomes.com)
Key points Symptoms of small fiber neuropathy typically start with burning feet and numb toes. (91outcomes.com)
Common etiologies have been identified for small fiber neuropathy and can be specifically treated, which is critical for controlling progression of the disease. (91outcomes.com)
Small fiber neuropathy results from selective impairment of small myelinated A-delta and unmyelinated C fibers. (91outcomes.com)
The findings further support the view that guanethidine produces a selective adrenergic neuropathy in the rat - providing a useful standard with which to gauge autonomic involvement in other models of neuropathy. (elsevier.com)
Once the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy is made, further studies can be taken to identify an underlying cause such as amyloidosis or diabetes, and if one found, then therapy can be directed at the cause of the neuropathy, in addition to providing symptomatic treatment. (therapath.com)
Therapath is licensed by the state of New York to provide the SGNFD test for patients with suspected autonomic or small fiber neuropathy. (therapath.com)

17. Compare the contractions of smooth and skeletal muscle fibers with regard to speed of contraction and relaxation, ability to contract when greatly stretched, energy required for a sustained contraction, and resistance to fatigue. (cuny.edu)

4. Autonomic ganglia of sympathetic division of ANS a. (docplayer.net)

Anatomy44

Organisms6

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Autonomic modification of the atrioventricular node during atrial fibrillation: role in the slowing of ventricular rate. (1/66)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (2/66)

Inhibitory effects of clonidine and BS 100-141 on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in cats and rabbits. (3/66)

Innervation both of peri-orbital structures and of the heart by the cervical sympathetic nerves in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat. (4/66)

Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons. (5/66)

A study of peripheral input to and its control by post-ganglionic neurones of the inferior mesenteric ganglion. (6/66)

The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures. (7/66)

Synthesis of nitric oxide in postganglionic myenteric neurons during endotoxemia: implications for gastric motor function in rats. (8/66)

Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic

Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic

Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic

Ganglia, Parasympathetic

Nerve Fibers

Ganglia, Sympathetic

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Hexamethonium Compounds

Bretylium Compounds

Ganglionic Blockers

Ganglia, Autonomic

Dietary Fiber

Horner Syndrome

Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

Pempidine

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Electric Stimulation

Guanethidine

Pentolinium Tartrate

Vagus Nerve

Mineral Fibers

Hypogastric Plexus

Denervation

Atropine

Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch

Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch

Pharmacology

Stellate Ganglion

Cotton Fiber

Norepinephrine

Adrenergic Fibers

Sympathectomy

Cats

Ganglia

Hypohidrosis

Nictitating Membrane

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases

Tail

Neurons

Acetylcholine

Guinea Pigs

Muscle Contraction

Tubocurarine

Parasympathomimetics

Bethanidine

Vas Deferens

Stress Fibers

Reflex

Neurons, Efferent

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Neuroeffector Junction

Abducens Nerve Diseases

Action Potentials

Purkinje Fibers

Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide

Tyramine

Axons

Synaptic Transmission

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Chlorisondamine

Heart Rate

Hexamethonium

Submandibular Gland

Neurons, Afferent

Efferent Pathways

Ergotamine

Sinoatrial Node

Sweating

Tetrodotoxin

Phrenic Nerve

Cholinergic Fibers

omega-Conotoxin GVIA

Phenoxybenzamine

Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Parasympatholytics

Receptors, Muscarinic

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists