Autonomic fibers postganglionic. Medical search

Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs.

NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.

Nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.

Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. They form the structure of some minerals. The medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of PNEUMOCONIOSIS (e.g., ASBESTOSIS) after occupational or environmental exposure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p708)

A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.

The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.

A TEXTILE fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the SEEDS) of cotton plant (GOSSYPIUM). Inhalation of cotton fiber dust over a prolonged period can result in BYSSINOSIS.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Abnormally diminished or absent perspiration. Both generalized and segmented (reduced or absent sweating in circumscribed locations) forms of the disease are usually associated with other underlying conditions.

A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.

Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.

The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.

Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells.

Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.

A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.

An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.

One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).

The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.

Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.

Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Autonomic modification of the atrioventricular node during atrial fibrillation: role in the slowing of ventricular rate. (1/66)

BACKGROUND: Postganglionic vagal stimulation (PGVS) by short bursts of subthreshold current evokes release of acetylcholine from myocardial nerve terminals. PGVS applied to the atrioventricular node (AVN) slows nodal conduction. However, little is known about the ability of PGVS to control ventricular rate (VR) during atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: To quantify the effects and establish the mechanism of PGVS on the AVN, AF was simulated by random high right atrial pacing in 11 atrial-AVN rabbit heart preparations. Microelectrode recordings of cellular action potentials (APs) were obtained from different AVN regions. Five intensities and 5 modes of PGVS delivery were evaluated. PGVS resulted in cellular hyperpolarization, along with depressed and highly heterogeneous intranodal conduction. Compact nodal AP exhibited decremental amplitude and dV/dt and multiple-hump components, and at high PGVS intensities, a high degree of concealed conduction resulted in a dramatic slowing of the VR. Progressive increase of PGVS intensity and/or rate of delivery showed a significant logarithmic correlation with a decrease in VR (P<0.001). Strong PGVS reduced the mean VR from 234 to 92 bpm (P<0.001). The PGVS effects on the cellular responses and VR during AF were fully reproduced in a model of direct acetylcholine injection into the compact AVN via micropipette. CONCLUSIONS: These studies confirmed that PGVS applied during AF could produce substantial VR slowing because of acetylcholine-induced depression of conduction in the AVN. (+info)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (2/66)

1 Differences in the mechanism of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory responses to preganglionic- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation were investigated in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. 2 Stimulation of the vagus nerve at frequencies above 4 Hz elicited NANC relaxation of the trachealis muscle. Responses to low frequencies of stimulation (4-8 Hz) were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NOARG (10 microM), while a L-NOARG resistant component was observed at higher stimulus frequencies. The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to higher frequencies of vagus nerve stimulation were significantly attenuated by the proteinase alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml), suggesting that a neuropeptide such as VIP may contribute to NANC responses. 3 When postganglionic nerves were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS), responses were readily elicited at frequencies below 4 Hz. Like responses to vagus nerve stimulation, responses to low frequency (<4 Hz) EFS were abolished by L-NOARG while a L-NOARG-resistant component was apparent at higher stimulus frequencies. 4 The L-NOARG-resistant component of NANC inhibitory responses to EFS was sensitive to alpha-chymotrypsin only if stimuli were delivered in either long trains at a low frequency (4 Hz for 10-30 s) or short trains of high frequency (16 Hz for 2.5-7.5 s). 5 Responses to preganglionic nerve stimulation were approximately 35% of the amplitude of responses to EFS in the same preparations. 6 In conclusion, responses to preganglionic and postganglionic NANC inhibitory nerve stimulation in the guinea-pig trachea differ in maximum amplitude, frequency-response characteristics and the contributions of cotransmitters. We suggest that these differences may be explained by filtering of preganglionic input to postganglionic NANC neurons. These results have implications in all studies where EFS is considered to be representative of physiological stimulation of post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (+info)

Inhibitory effects of clonidine and BS 100-141 on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in cats and rabbits. (3/66)

1. In pithed cats, the spinal sympathetic outflow was stimulated preganglionically at segments C7 and T1 and heart rate responses and nictitating membrane tone were measured in parallel. 2. Clonidine and a related drug, BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide hydrochloride), caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the stimulation-induced tachycardia but did not inhibit responses of the nictitating membrane. The inhibition of heart rate was antagonized by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug, phentolamine. 3. In isolated hearts of rabbits, noradrenaline release in response to adrenergic nerve stimulation was reduced by clonidine and BS 100-141 and the effect was antagonized by phentolamine. 4. The results support the view that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors are involved in the regulation of transmitter release from adrenergic nerves. Cardiac adrenergic nerves appear more sensitive to alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of inpulse transmission than the sympathetic nerves to the nictitating membrane. (+info)

Innervation both of peri-orbital structures and of the heart by the cervical sympathetic nerves in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat. (4/66)

1 In anaesthetized rats electrical stimulation of the intact cervical sympathetic nerve produced frequency-dependent lower eyelid contractions and tachycardia. 2 The tachycardia was caused by excitation of efferent fibres since it was equally evident in the pithed rat preparation, and the right nerve was more effective than the left. By contrast, no differences were seen between the responses to right and left vagal stimulation in either rats or rabbits. 3 Guanethidine inhibited both cardiac and eyelid responses, propranolol only the former and phentolamine only the latter, therby revealing the adrenergic nature of the nerves. Hexamethonium caused partial inhibition and the block was intensified by atropine. 4 The inferior eyelid of mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits as well as the nictitating membrane of rabbits and cats were contracted by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. In these species too, tachycardia occurred; this was more pronounced with the right than the left sympathetic nerve. The order of cardiac responsiveness was mouse greater than rat greater than guinea-pig greater than rabbit greater than cat. 5 In guinea-pigs histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was reduced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. 6 That discrete cardiac pathways exist in the cervical sympathetic nerves is suggested by the reproducibility of the effects within any one species. The accessibility of the nerves greatly simplifies the examination of drugs in vivo on two different structures innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. (+info)

Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons. (5/66)

The effects of interrupting the axons of principal neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of adult guinea-pigs were studied by means of intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 1. Within 72 hr of axon interruption, the amplitude of exitatory postsynaptic potentials potentials (e.p.s.p.s) recorded in principal neurons in response to maximal preganglionic stimulation declined. E.p.s.p.s were maximally reduced (by more than 70% on average) 4-7 days following interruption, and failed to bring many cells to threshold. E.p.s.p.s. recorded in nearby neurones whose axons remained intact were unaffected. 2. In ganglia in which axon interruption was achieved by means of nerve crush (thus allowing prompt regeneration), mean e.p.s.p. amplitudes began to increase again after about 1-2 weeks. One month after the initial injury many neurones had e.p.s.p.s of normal amplitude, and by 2 months affected neurones were indistinguishable from control cells. Functional peripheral connexions were re-established during the period of synaptic recovery. 3. The mean number of synapses identified electron microscopically in ganglia in which all the major efferent branches had been crushed decreased by 65-70% in parallel with synaptic depression measured by intracellular recording. However synapse counts did not return to normal levels even after 3 months. 4. During the period of maximum synaptic depression, numerous abnormal profiles which contained accumulations of vesicular and tubular organelles, vesicles, and mitochondria were observed in electron microscopic sections. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into affected neurones demonstrated dendritic swelling which probably correspond to these profiles. 5. Little or no difference was found in the electrical properties of normal neurones and neurones whose axons had been interrupted 4-7 days previously. However, the mean amplitude of spontaneously occurring synaptic potentials was reduced, and the amplitude distribution was shifted. This abnormality of the synapses which remain on affected neurones also contributes to synaptic depression. 6. Counts of neurones in normal and experimental ganglia showed that approximately half the principal cells died 1-5 weeks after crushing the major efferent brances. This finding presumably explains the failure of synapse counts to return to control levels after recovery. 7. If axons were prevented from growing back to their target organ by chronic ligation, surviving neurones whose axons were enclosed by the ligature did not generally recover normal synaptic function. Following ligation, most affected cells died within a month. 8. Thus the integrity of a principal cell's axon is necessary for the maintenance of preganglionic synaptic contacts, and ultimately for neuronal survival. The basis of neuronal recovery from the effects of axon interruption appears to be some aspect of regeneration to the peripheral target. (+info)

A study of peripheral input to and its control by post-ganglionic neurones of the inferior mesenteric ganglion. (6/66)

1. Intracellular recordings were made, in vitro, from neurones of guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) attached, via the lumbar colonic nerves, to segments of distal colon. 2. 'Spontaneous' synaptic input from colonic afferent fibres was observed in 79% of the neurones tested. In any given preparation, the level and pattern of this synaptic input to different neurones varied considerably. 3. Superfusion of colonic segments with drugs (papaverine, isoprenaline, and adenosine triphosphate) which reduce colonic motility decreased colonic afferent input to IMG neurones. 4. Superfusion of colonic segments with acetylcholine or stimulation of pelvic nerves, both of which increase colonic motility, increased colonic afferent input to IMG neurones. 5. Superfusion of colonic segments with either atropine or tubocurarine reduced the level of 'spontaneous', colonic afferent input. However, distension of these relaxed segments increased the colonic afferent input. 6. Repetitive stimulation of preganglionic inputs to the IMG inhibited afferent input from drug relaxed segments of colon that were moderately distended by the injection of air into the lumen. Superfusion of the colon with phentolamine blocked this inhibition. 7. The results of this study suggest that IMG neurones receive afferent input from mechanoreceptors located in the distal colon and that the mechanosensitivity of this afferent pathway is in part controlled by efferent noradrenergic neurones of the IMG. The IMG-colon neural circuitry can therefore be considered to form a feed-back control system which participates in the regulation of colonic motility. (+info)

The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures. (7/66)

1. Electrical stimulation of the guinea-pig or rat vas deferens (pre- or post-ganglionically) at frequencies from 2-5 to 40 Hz with trains of stimuli of 30 sec duration induced a biphasic response. A rapid contraction (component A) was followed after a brief relaxation by a slower contraction (component B); the two phases were seen most clearly with stimulation frequencies of less than 10 Hz. 2. The responses to post-ganglionic stimulation were always larger than those to preganglionic stimulation. In general, at low frequencies component A exceeded component B whilst at high frequencies component B was the larger. Separation of the two components on the basis of their frequency response characteristics was better for rat than for guinea-pig vasa. 3. Log. frequency-response curves to transmural (post-ganglionic) electrical stimulation and log dose-response curves to noradrenaline were recorded for guinea-pig and rat vasa deferentia at 32 degrees, 22 degrees and 12 degrees C. For the guinea-pig reduction of bath temperature to 12 degrees C increased the amplitude of component A at 2-5 and 5 Hz; component B could not confidently be distinguished at this temperature. At 22 degrees C there was potentiation of B at lower frequencies and depression of B at higher frequencies. There was no response to noradrenaline at 12 degrees C. At 22 degrees C the response to noradrenaline was increased except to doses at or near the maximum to which the response was reduced. 4. For the rat was deferens component A was little changed by reduction of temperature. Component B at 12 degrees C was greatly depressed at higher frequencies. The response to noradreanaline was increased to lower doses and decreased to higher doses as the temperature was lowered. 5. The B component of the response of guinea-pig vasa at 22 degrees C and rat vasa at 32 degrees C was more sensitive than the A component to inhibition by thymoxamine. 6. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying the A and B components of the biphasic response may be facilitated by relative isolation of each component by the appropriate selection of parameters of electrical stimulation and of temperature for the species being investigated. The contractions of the B component are similar to, if not identical with, those produced by exogenously applied noradrenaline. (+info)

Synthesis of nitric oxide in postganglionic myenteric neurons during endotoxemia: implications for gastric motor function in rats. (8/66)

We have investigated the mechanisms underlying acute changes in gastric motor function triggered by endotoxemia. In fundal strips from rats pre-treated with endotoxin (40 microg/kg, i.p. 30 min), mechanical activity was analyzed and the source of nitric oxide (NO) was visualized by confocal microscopy of tissue loaded with the fluorescent dye DAF-FM. NOS expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, and enzyme activity by the citrulline assay. Strips from endotoxin-treated rats were hypo-contractile. This was prevented by pre-incubation with the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, the gangliar blocker hexamethonium, or non-selective and neuronal-specific NOS inhibitors (L-NOARG and TRIM, respectively). The soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ and the inhibitor of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels apamin prevented relaxation induced by endotoxin, nicotine, exogenous NO (DETA-NONOate), and the NO-independent sGC activator BAY 41-2272. NO synthesis was observed in neuronal soma, axons, and nerve endings of the myenteric plexus in the fundus of endotoxin-treated rats and was prevented by L-NAME, tetrodotoxin, and hexamethonium. nNOS and iNOS mRNA and protein contents were unchanged. Our findings demonstrate synthesis of NO in post-ganglionic myenteric neurons during early endotoxemia that mediates gastric hypo-contractility. The effect of NO is mediated via sGC and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+channels. (+info)

These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system. ... These substances induce autonomic nerve terminals or vasculature in the deep lamina propria. In the fetal lung, they are ... In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together. The major ... Hormonal effects can last up to ten times longer than those of neurotransmitters.[citation needed] Sympathetic nerve fiber ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The ... In both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, postganglionic neurons express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to receive ... Preganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Noback C, Ruggiero DA, Demarest RJ, Strominger NL (2005). The Human Nervous System: Structure ... neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers differ: In the parasympathetic division, neurons are cholinergic. That is to say ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers

Group C fibers include postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV ... C fibers are one class of nerve fiber found in the nerves of the somatic sensory system. They are afferent fibers, conveying ... C fiber receptors include: C fiber nociceptors responsible for the second, burning pain C fiber warming specific receptors ... Recordings from efferent postganglionic sympathetic C fibers of the muscles and skin yield insights into the neural control of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber

These adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them ... They are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, ... These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ... Chromaffin cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest, and are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

... the rate and strength of their contractions can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. Postganglionic nerve fibers of ... Conversely, postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitters epinephrine and ... A single motor neuron is able to innervate multiple muscle fibers, thereby causing the fibers to contract at the same time. ... contraction of all fibers is sufficient to damage the body. In multiple fiber summation, if the central nervous system sends a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction

Although an autonomic ganglion is the site where pregangllonlc fibers synapse on postganglionic neurons, the presence of small ... Small intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) are the interneurons of the sympathetic ganglia (postganglionic neurons) of the ... In some ganglia, these intemeurons receive preganglionic cholinergic fibers and may modulate ganglionic transmission. In other ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autonomic nervous system. (Cell biology, Commons category link is locally defined, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intensely_fluorescent_cell

Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous ... while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The term "ganglion" refers to the ... In the autonomic nervous system there are both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia which contain the cell bodies of ... A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion, but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. Ganglia are primarily made up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion

The other postganglionic fibers of the peripheral autonomic system belong to the parasympathetic division; all are cholinergic ... Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. Most postganglionic sympathetic ... Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or ... postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor

The nasal mucosa in the nasal cavity is also supplied by the autonomic nervous system. Postganglionic nerve fibers from the ... Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are distributed to the blood vessels of the nose. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres ... This plexus is made up of large thin-walled veins with little soft tissue such as muscle or fiber. The mucosa of the plexus is ... deep petrosal nerve join with preganglionic nerve fibers from the greater petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nose

There, they synapse with postganglionic fibers which reach the gland by hitch-hiking via the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch ... The autonomic innervation controls the rate of saliva production and is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve. The cell bodies ... Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion reach the gland as periarterial nerve plexuses ... Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the brain stem from inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland

Postganglionic fibers then leave the SCG via the internal carotid nerve and the external carotid nerve. This pathway of SCG ... When left to their own accord, the fibers reinnervated the SCG and the initial autonomic reflexes were recovered, though there ... These postganglionic fibers shift from multiple axon innervation of their targets to less profound multiple axon innervation or ... The preganglionic fibers that innervate the SCG are the thoracic spinal nerves, which extend from the T1-T8 region of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_cervical_ganglion

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. All preganglionic ... Postganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Diagram at uwaterloo.ca v t e (Articles needing additional references from November 2014, All ... Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are ... Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. Whereas in the parasympathetic division ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers

... (GVE) or visceral efferents or autonomic efferents, are the efferent nerve fibers of the ... fibers) through postganglionic varicosities. GVE fibers may be either sympathetic or parasympathetic. The cranial nerves ... Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve Drake, Vogl, Mitchell (2010). Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition. ... Autonomic nervous system, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers

Particularities of the autonomic sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate sweat glands are that they are long (the ... the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers-allows clinicians and researchers to use sudomotor function testing to assess ... Neuropathic pain usually manifests in the setting of small fiber neuropathy. Small fiber neuropathy is common and may arise ... "Bariatric surgery restores cardiac and sudomotor autonomic C-fiber dysfunction towards normal in obese subjects with type 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_skin_conductance

... the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers-allows clinicians and researchers to use sudomotor function testing to assess ... The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs. Autonomic ... Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system are found in ''autonomic ganglia''. Those of the parasympathetic branch are ... The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving autonomic regulatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system

Auerbach's plexus, also known as the myenteric plexus, is a collection of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell ... The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS ... although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system

... adrenergic fibers MeSH A08.663.542.075.800 - sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.100 - autonomic fibers, ... postganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.050.800 - sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.060 - autonomic fibers, ... postganglionic MeSH A08.800.800.060.050.800 - sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.800.060.060 - autonomic fibers, ... postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.100.800 - sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.122 - autonomic fibers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A08)

The nasal cavity is innervated by autonomic fibers. Sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels of the mucosa causes them to ... while the control of secretion by the mucous glands is carried on postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers originating from ... Innervation of the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell is via the olfactory nerve, which sends microscopic fibers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cavity

The syndrome is caused by damage to the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic innervation of the eye, usually by a viral ... Additionally, patients with Holmes-Adie Syndrome can also experience problems with autonomic control of the body. This second ... or bacterial infection that causes inflammation, and affects the pupil of the eye and the autonomic nervous system. It is named ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adie_syndrome

... while the gray rami communicantes carry postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system back to the spinal nerves ... v t e (Articles with TA98 identifiers, Autonomic ganglia, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... The white rami communicantes carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_ganglia

QSART is sensitive and specific for detecting postganglionic small fiber dysfunction. However, some studies have found it to ... Gibbons, Christopher; Freeman, Roy (August 2004). "The evaluation of small fiber function-autonomic and quantitative sensory ... Eccrine glands are primarily innervated by small-diameter, unmyelinated class C-fibers from postganglionic sympathetic ... The gold standard for diagnosis of small fiber neuropathies is Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density (IENFD) measured from punch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor

Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. ... Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in ... These ganglia contain neurons whose postganglionic axons innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small ... and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglia

Preganglionic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord enter into the cervical ganglions and synapse with its postganglionic fibers ... www.instantanatomy.net/headneck/nerves/autonomic/cervicalganglianeck.html (Autonomic ganglia). ... Unlike all other ganglia, the medial branches of the cervical ganglia are 95% postganglionic axons. Muscles, arteries and ... Wilson-Pauwels, Linda; Stewart, Patricia A.; Akesson, Elizabeth J. (January 1997). Autonomic Nerves. Canada: B. C. Decker, Inc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_ganglia

One possible cause of Harlequin syndrome is a lesion to the preganglionic or postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibers and ... It is an autonomic disorder that may occur at any age. Harlequin syndrome affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United ... Such bundles are able to send an action potential from the autonomic nervous system to the rest of the body. However, action ... "Autonomic Nervous System". PubMed Health. Lance, J. W. (2005). "Harlequin syndrome". Practical Neurology. 5 (3): 176-177. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_syndrome

... the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and ... are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.: 34-35 Instead, autonomic sensory ... From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the ... The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system

... which then passes on the information via postganglionic fibers in a gray ramus communicans. 31 pairs of gray rami communicantes ... It is caused by problems in autonomic pathways such as damage to the lateral grey column. Progressive autonomic failure is a ... Slightly myelinated preganglionic fibers (aka visceral efferent fibers) leave the lateral grey column through the ventral roots ... and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary processes). The autonomic nervous system is divided into the parasympathetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_grey_column

Afferent fibers - These fibers are primarily concerned with autonomic reflexes and they have their cell bodies in the inferior ... Sympathetic postganglionic fibers - The cell bodies of these fibers are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia . The cell ... The vagus nerve delivers two fiber types to the esophageal plexus: Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers - These fibers have ... The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_plexus

Some of the postganglionic fibers reach the sublingual gland after they re-enter the lingual nerve. Mandibular division of ... The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one ... Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the oral mucosa and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. They are ... In summary, the fibers carried in the ganglion are: Sympathetic fibers from the external carotid plexus, via the facial nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion

Illigens, Ben M.W.; Gibbons, Christopher H. (2009-04-01). "Sweat testing to evaluate autonomic function". Clinical Autonomic ... Small nerve fibers called thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature and can act as sensors that initiate axon reflex ... At the soma of the postganglionic sympathetic sudomotor neuron, the impulse branches and travels orthodromically, or away from ... Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy and Axon Reflex. Moor Instruments". Moor Instruments. Retrieved 2014-05-07. Farlex Partner ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_reflex

Efferent fibers of the vagus then carry signals to the gastrointestinal tract up to two-thirds of the transverse colon ( ... The completion of the reflex circuit by vagus efferents leads to the stimulation of postganglionic muscarinic nerves. These ... and chemoreceptors to dorsal vagal complex where the signal may be further transmitted to autonomic centers in the medulla. ... Vagovagal reflex refers to gastrointestinal tract reflex circuits where afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagovagal_reflex

Chromaffin cells contained in the adrenal medulla act as postganglionic nerve fibers that release this chemical response into ... Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) can occur if left untreated. The sympathoadrenal system activity is ... Once activated, norepinephrine and epinephrine are released directly into the blood by postganglionic nerve fibers where they ... When the body receives sensory information, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to preganglionic nerve fibers, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

... tract corticostriate fiber costal cartilages costal margin costophrenic angle Cowper's gland coxae cranial cranial autonomic ... posterior superior alveolar artery posterior tibial artery posterior triangle of the neck posterolateral fissure Postganglionic ... ossicles auditory radiations auditory system auditory tube auricle auriculotemporal nerve auscultation autonomic autonomic ... claustrum clava clavicle climbing fiber clinoid clitoris clivus cloaca clonus coccyx cochlea cochlear duct cochlear nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during ... Kiba T (August 2004). "Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell

M1 and M4 subtypes are more abundant in brain and autonomic ganglia. The odd numbered receptors, M1, M3 and M5, interact with ... fiber head mushroom): a case series with exact species identification". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (6): 562-5. doi:10.1080/ ... antagonists are often called parasympatholytics because they have the same effect as agents that block postganglionic ... The M2 and M3 subtypes mediate muscarinic responses at peripheral autonomic tissues. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine

The lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from the ganglia here, and contribute sympathetic efferent fibers to the nearby plexuses. ... Each controls different glands and muscle groups since each muscle and gland receives input from postganglionic neurons that ... that causes dysregulation of the central and autonomic nervous system. This causes an upregulation of pain and temperature ... Because the lumbar sympathetic nerve fibers control the muscle of the lower extremities during "fight or flight" response, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_ganglia

... s are innervated, either directly or indirectly, by the parasympathetic and sympathetic arms of the autonomic ... and the floor of the mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue. They are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and unlike the major glands, ... via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the superior cervical ganglion with postganglionic ... Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical. 156 (1-2): 104-10. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.014. PMID 20435522. S2CID 25907120. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland

This nucleus gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X) terminating in the laryngeal, ... As well as motor neurons, the nucleus ambiguus contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons which innervate postganglionic ... which may have a component of autonomic dysregulation. Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. The ... The external formation of the nucleus ambiguus also sends bronchoconstrictor fibers to the bronchopulmonary system, which can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus

Fibers in the pelvic nerves constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder ... The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase, the ... development of denervation hypersensitization even though the neurons interrupted are preganglionic rather than postganglionic ... is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from the sacral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination

Fiber pathway pathology, synapse loss and decline of cortical function in schizophrenia. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 8;8(4). Indicates ... This monograph established the prevailing paradigm of the structure and function of autonomic junctions. Bennett, M.R. (1967). ... Showed for the first time the relationship between single synapses and transmitter receptors in the postganglionic nervous ... Autonomic Neuromuscular Transmission (1972) Publisher: Cambridge University Press; ISBN 0521084636 Optimising Research and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bennett_(scientist)

... autonomic nervous system there are both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia which contain the cell bodies of postganglionic ... Its fibers end in a superficial aponeurosis, which forms the deep part of the quadriceps femoris tendon. Vastus lateralis ... The rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are ... It consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine

The ciliary ganglion contain many more nerve fibers directed to the ciliary muscle than nerve fibers directed to the ... postganglionic sympathetic and postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the eye. Diseases of the ciliary ganglion produce a " ... Both of these muscles are involuntary since they are controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system ... The ganglion contains postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. These neurons supply the pupillary sphincter muscle, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion

Some speculate that SGCs in the autonomic ganglia have a similar role to the blood-brain barrier as a functional barrier to ... Both satellite glial cells (SGCs) and Schwann cells (the cells that ensheathe some nerve fibers in the PNS) are derived from ... I. Observations on the cell surface of the postganglionic perikarya". J. Ultrastruct. Res. 37 (3): 411-25. doi:10.1016/s0022- ... Ten Tusscher MP; Klooster J; Vrensen GF (June 1989). "Satellite cells as blood-ganglion cell barrier in autonomic ganglia". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_glial_cell

The ganglion also consists of sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. These fibers, ... Autonomic ganglia of the head and neck, Maxillary nerve, Facial nerve). ... It also sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve, also part of the ... Fibers from the stellate ganglion pass up the chain to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and into and through the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion

The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are part of cranial nerve V1 (Nasociliary nerve of the trigeminal), while presynaptic ... ISBN 0-7817-3639-0. McDougal, David H.; Gamlin, Paul D. (January 2015). "Autonomic control of the eye". Comprehensive ... According to Hermann von Helmholtz's theory, the circular ciliary muscle fibers affect zonular fibers in the eye (fibers that ... This releases the tension on the lens caused by the zonular fibers (fibers that hold or flatten the lens). This release of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_muscle

... contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system ... The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subcomponent of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates involuntary ... Primary autonomic dysfunction involves primary (idiopathic) degeneration of autonomic postganglionic fibers without other ... Anatomy, Autonomic Nervous System. [PubMed: 30969667]. 2.. Sternini C. Organization of the peripheral nervous system: autonomic ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430888/

Neuropathies are characterized by a progressive loss of nerve fiber function. A widely accepted definition of diabetic ... Autonomic neurons consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic types. In the periphery, preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and ... synapse on postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic chain or in sympathetic ganglia. ... The smaller fibers are affected first in DM. With continued exposure to hyperglycemia, the larger fibers become affected. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1170337-4888/how-is-diabetic-neuropathy-defined

The 2 nerve fibers in the pathway are termed preganglionic and postganglionic. At the level of the autonomic ganglia, the ... Autonomic ganglia, which are often irregular in shape, are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic ... The fiber passes through the ganglion without synapsing. However, in the autonomic nervous system, a preganglionic fiber enters ... Sympathetic fibers can go to viscera by 1 of 2 pathways. Some postganglionic can leave the sympathetic chain and follow blood ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948687-overview

These fibers are probably sympathetic preganglionic nerves with cholinergic postganglionic fibers (see Box: Sympathetic Sacral ... From the ganglia, postganglionic sympathetic fibers run to the tissues innervated. Some preganglionic parasympathetic fibers ... As shown in Figure 6-1, these include all preganglionic efferent autonomic fibers and the somatic (nonautonomic) motor fibers ... In addition, most parasympathetic postganglionic and some sympathetic postganglionic fibers are cholinergic. A significant ...

https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2249§ionid=175216108

Postganglionic A8.663.542.100 A8.675.542.100 A11.671.78 A11.671.501.100 Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic A8.663.542.122 A8.675. ... I3.350.875 Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic A8.663.542.75.800 A8.675.542.75.800 A8.663.542.100.800 A8.675.542.100.800 A11.671 ... A8.186.211.730.885.287.500.382.750 Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic A8.663.542.100.700 A8.675.542.100.700 A8.663.542.234. ... E4.502.250.630 Nerve Fibers A8.663.542 A8.675.542 A11.671.501 Nerve Fibers, Myelinated A8.663.542.512 A8.675.542.512 A11.671. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2015.txt

somatic motor fibers • preganglionic autonomic fibers • parasympathetic fibers. Adrenergic fibers:. Most postganglionic ... They are lightly myelinated, thin fibers. SHORT. postganglionic fiber?. Are the second neurons in the two neuron chain for the ... has longer preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. Sympathetic, has shorter preganglionic and longer postganglionic ... Which fibers (pre or post ganglionic) are long or short in the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?. Parasympathetic, ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-2294812

They carry sensory axons and postganglionic sympathetic fibers. The short ciliary nerves also convey postganglionic ... A nerve that contains axons of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in addition to other fiber types. ... Any of the nerves traveling to the cardiac plexus that contain primarily autonomic fibers. The superior cardiac nerve, middle ... A branch of the maxillary nerve that carries both sensory and autonomic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion through the ...

https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730433/all/sinuvertebral_nerve

Autonomic Fiber, Postganglionic Fiber, Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic Autonomic Postganglionic Autonomic Fiber ... Autonomic Fiber, Postganglionic. Fiber, Postganglionic Autonomic. Fibers, Postganglionic Autonomic. Postganglionic Autonomic ... Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic - Preferred Concept UI. M0002008. Scope note. Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of ... Fiber. Postganglionic Autonomic Fibers. Tree number(s):. A08.675.542.100. A08.800.050.050.050. A08.800.800.060.050. A11.671. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=1344

1 Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic .... *1 Bronchi --physiopathology. *1 Citrates --diagnostic use. *1 Citric Acid ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/1/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=subject&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=Middle+Aged&filter_field_2=dateIssued&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=%5B1980+TO+1989%5D&filter_field_3=author&filter_type_3=equals&filter_value_3=Malik%2C+S+K&filter_field_4=subject&filter_type_4=equals&filter_value_4=Adolescent&etal=0&filtername=author&filterquery=Kaur%2C+S&filtertype=equals

Many functions and blood out to autonomic nervous system examples are in less important in separating closely with chronic pain ... The sympathetic postganglionic fibers. But many somatic motor nucleus ambiguus, blood glucose while a visceral sense. ... The autonomic fibers as alternate nostril react without symptoms related triggers widespread damage. ... What autonomic nervous system comprises cell bodies are sometimes this respiratory therapy, autonomic nervous system is one ...

https://stormfreeagency.com/examples-system-pl4-autonomic-nervous.php

A reduction in the innervation of sweat glands has been reported in a number of conditions that can cause autonomic neuropathy. ... Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: a possible postganglionic neuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(4):504-507. [PubMed] ... Sweat gland nerve fibers, also called sudomotor fibers, are small unmyelinated nerve fibers that are distinguished from somatic ... Sweat gland nerve fibers, also called sudomotor fibers, are small unmyelinated nerve fibers that are distinguished from somatic ...

https://therapath.com/sweat-gland-nerve-fiber-density/

Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ... Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. ... Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ... Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ...

https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/sepsis-and-septic-shock/

Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ... caused by dysfunction/destruction of acetylcholine Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ... fibers together, which is very important for collagen Collagen A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total ... fibers. The hydroxyproline allows the formation of many hydrogen bonds, linking collagen Collagen A polypeptide substance ...

https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/overview-of-protein-functions/

precursor of epinephrine; widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter, principal transmitter of most postganglionic ... sympathetic fibers; secreted by the adrenal medulla; used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0028351 ...

https://medindex.am/glossary/index.php/list/UMLS.+CSP-HL7-ICD9CM-NCI-NDFRT-RXNORM/1.xhtml

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1170337-4931/what-are-the-symptoms-of-diabetic-neuropathy

... specifically within postganglionic fibers. Biol Brain Res brainstem Ca2+ calcium carbachol cDNA central cholinergic cerebral ... Adrenergic neurons are exclusively found within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, ... The cells of both regions were intensely stained as well as the nerve fibers. These often function in antagonistic ways. ... All sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic and also all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic ...

https://www.climapower.pe/can/11352203ad28f8e58

Innervation of lymphoid organs reveal postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (the rate- ... the autonomic innervation of lymphoid organs at the light and electron microscopic levels, characterization of lymphocytes in ...

https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=9992669&pid=26436&

Autonomic nervous system. Anatomo-functional organization of the autonomic nervous system: sympathetic, parasympathetic and ... Pre- and post-ganglionic neurotransmitters. Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors ... Classification of neurons, nerve fibers and glial cells. Functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous system. ...

https://www.unibo.it/en/teaching/course-unit-catalogue/course-unit/2022/445440

Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ... Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the ADRENAL MEDULLA and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. ... Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ... Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in ...

https://library.deakin.edu.au/search~S1/d?Norepinephrine&search_code=a

The autonomic nervous system can intervene in this system: Postganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons ... Parasympathetic fibers excite the motor neurons for the circular and longitudinal muscles and inhibit the motor neurons of the ... sphincter, while sympathetic fibers do exactly the opposite. Individual evidence. * ↑ a b Jan C. Behrends et al .: Dual series ...

https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Peristaltischer_Reflex

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2015.txt

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

Since sweat glands are innervated by sudomotor, postganglionic, cholinergic sympathetic C-fibers, we hypothesized that ESC ... Presence of autonomic symptoms in patients with MG was assessed by Compass-31. For statistical analysis we performed student t- ... CONCLUSION: We could not prove the presence of autonomic sympathetic dysfunction in our cohort of MG patients when assessed by ... Correlation between Sudoscan and COMPASS 31: assessment of autonomic dysfunction on hATTR V30M patients. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:de+Castro,+Isabel

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2015.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2015.txt

All sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic and also all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic. (climapower.pe)
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Methyl-CpG binding-protein 2 function in cholinergic neurons mediates cardiac arrhythmogenesis Jose A. Herrera1,2, Christopher S. Ward2, Xander H.T. The first neuron (preganglionic), which originates in the spinal cord, will synapse with the second neuron (postganglionic) in a ganglion. (climapower.pe)
Classification of neurons, nerve fibers and glial cells. (unibo.it)
The autonomic nervous system can intervene in this system: Postganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons project onto the motor neurons. (zxc.wiki)
Parasympathetic fibers excite the motor neurons for the circular and longitudinal muscles and inhibit the motor neurons of the sphincter, while sympathetic fibers do exactly the opposite. (zxc.wiki)
Parasympathetic neurons in the central nervous system project preganglionic fibers towards parasympathetic ganglia, which are collections of neurons near the organ they are supposed to affect. (osmosis.org)
Both the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . (osmosis.org)
Acetylcholine released from preganglionic fibers acts on nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neurons. (osmosis.org)
And acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons acts on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors on target organs. (osmosis.org)
This is due to the number of synapses formed by the preganglionic fibers with ganglionic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
The ANS carries GVE fibers that control visceral motor neurons . (neupsykey.com)
Sympathetic ganglia house the second order neurons, also known as the postganglionic neuron. (neupsykey.com)
Some sympathetic preganglionic fibers terminate in the sympathetic chain by synapsing on second order neurons. (neupsykey.com)
Neurons send signals to other cells as electrochemical waves travelling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. (en-academic.com)
The contraction of both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is controlled by motor neurons of the autonomic system. (biology-pages.info)
postganglionic neurons , which run to the effector organ (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or a gland). (biology-pages.info)
synapse with postganglionic neurons (shown in white) which then reenter the spinal nerve and ultimately pass out to the sweat glands and the walls of blood vessels near the surface of the body. (biology-pages.info)
Here it may synapse with postganglionic sympathetic neurons running to the smooth muscular walls of the viscera. (biology-pages.info)
It stimulates action potentials in the postganglionic neurons. (biology-pages.info)
The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons is noradrenaline (also called norepinephrine ). (biology-pages.info)
The efferent vagal fibers project to postganglionic myenteric neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) that ultimately controls the motility response of the GI tract. (ean.org)
The parasympathetic nervous system controls constriction of the iris and accommodation of the lens via a pathway with preganglionic motor neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and postganglionic motor neurons in the ciliary ganglion. (fistofawesome.com)
Which of the following is true about the nerve fibers of sympathetic motor neurons? (easynotecards.com)
These nerves descend through the hypogastric nerves and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus (major pelvic ganglion in the rat) from which the prostate receives direct innervation. (biomedcentral.com)
The parasympathetic innervation arises from preganglionic neurons located in the distal lumbar and proximal sacral spinal cord (segments L6 and S1 in the rat [ 6 , 7 ]) and whose axons are found in the pelvic nerve and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus. (biomedcentral.com)
In any autonomic nervous system pathway, there are two neurons along efferent pathway. (biologydiscussion.com)

Ganglia may be divided into sensory ganglia of spinal nerves (spinal or posterior root ganglia) and cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia. (medscape.com)
Mixed nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers. (medscape.com)
Motor nerves contain motor fibers. (medscape.com)
Remarkably, some evidence indicates that autonomic nerves can also influence cancer development and progression. (mhmedical.com)
In large nerves, fibers are bundled into fascicles and wrapped in a fibrous perineurium. (medscape.com)
Visceral motor nerves can contain pre- or postganglionic sympathetic or parasympathetic axons. (unboundmedicine.com)
EAR PAIN / OTALGIA THE AUTONOMIC NERVES cause reflex otalgia by its connection with the tympanic plexus. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Autonomic afferent nerves are common to the entire system, they do not differentiate into sympathetic or parasympathetic. (anahana.com)
Efferent autonomic nerves in the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems follow a two-nerve system, with ganglia that relay the signal between them. (anahana.com)
Postganglionic fibers (unmyelinated) rejoin spinal nerves forming gray communicating rami . (neupsykey.com)
The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers that emanate from the brain and central cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. (en-academic.com)
Three of the nerves are strictly responsible for special senses whereas four others contain fibers for special and general senses. (philschatz.com)
Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers that control pupillary size, salivary glands, and the thoracic and upper abdominal viscera are found in four of the nerves. (philschatz.com)
Taste sensation is relayed to the brain stem through fibers of the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. (philschatz.com)
The splanchnic nerves are paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs. (absoluteastronomy.com)
These emerging postganglionic nerves synapse with preganglionic nerves from the thoracic spinal cord. (absoluteastronomy.com)
In which of the following cranial nerves do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that innervate organs of the thorax and upper abdomen occur? (easynotecards.com)
Preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of spinal nerves. (easynotecards.com)
Parasympathetic fibers that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are conveyed in the _______________ nerve or arise from spinal nerves in the ______________ region. (easynotecards.com)
The sympathetic nervous innervation is split into two portions: postganglionic adrenergic nerves that synapse on blood vessels and the smooth muscle that surround the alveoli, and sympathetic cholinergic nerves that innervate the glandular epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as well as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
Autonomic ganglia, which are often irregular in shape, are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system. (medscape.com)
The motor (efferent) division carries motor signals by way of efferent nerve fibers from the CNS to effectors (mainly glands and muscles). (medscape.com)
Motor, or efferent, fibers transmit orders from the CNS to the body to generate a response. (anahana.com)

Describe the pathway of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic fibers. (neupsykey.com)
The preganglionic and postganglionic. (biologydiscussion.com)

Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of AUTONOMIC GANGLIA to SYNAPSES on target organs. (bvsalud.org)
The autonomic ganglia distribute branches which returns our bodies to influence on widely accepted but heavy traffic or last? (stormfreeagency.com)
The pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG), also known as sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), Meckel's or sphenomaxillary ganglion, OR THE NASAL GANGLION, OR SLUDER'S GANGLION is located in the cranial section of the autonomic nervous System and bears unique characteristics favorable for the treatment of many painful syndromes involving the face and head.1 THE GANGLIA IS LOCATED IN THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA ON THE MAXILLARY DIVISION (V2) OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord than are the parasympathetic ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. (jefferson.edu)
Which of the following ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? (easynotecards.com)

Our laboratory has investigated aspects of both the nervous and immune systems in cetaceans including: general morphology of cetacean lymphoid organs at the light and electron microscopic levels, the autonomic innervation of lymphoid organs at the light and electron microscopic levels, characterization of lymphocytes in cetacean peripheral blood, functional lymphocyte studies, and molecular characterization of important immunologic proteins. (vin.com)
Innervation of lymphoid organs reveal postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis) and neuropeptide Y are closely associated with lymphoid cells in these organs. (vin.com)
Certain visceral organs have fibers from both divisions, controlling the acti-vation or inhibition of their actions. (pharmacy180.com)
and the autonomic nervous system, which controls the involuntary activity of the smooth muscles and glands of our organs, and is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems . (osmosis.org)
In which of the following segments do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that send signals to organs within the pelvic cavity originate? (easynotecards.com)

They are associated with emotions can be reversible or chain arranged as such as a neurotransmitter released by cholinergic fibers innervating sweat. (stormfreeagency.com)
In fact, Alzheimer Disease is thought to occur in part due to degeneration of central cholinergic fibers. (climapower.pe)
3. Sweat glands are supplied by sympathetic cholinergic fibers and are involved in regulation of body temperature. (biologydiscussion.com)

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. (nih.gov)
All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division , are cholinergic (that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter ) and they are myelinated . (wikipedia.org)

The sensory (afferent) division carries sensory signals by way of afferent nerve fibers from receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
Both the autonomic and the somatic systems have important afferent (sensory) inputs that provide information regarding the internal and external environments and modify motor output through reflex arcs of varying complexity. (mhmedical.com)
Sensory, or afferent, fibers carry information from the body back to the CNS. (anahana.com)

Anhydrosis can be a manifestation of generalized autonomic neuropathy, or result from selective involvement of the sudomotor nerve fibers that innervate the sweat glands. (therapath.com)

In this way, a weak input from a distal synapse can be amplified by sodium and calcium currents en route to the soma so that the effects of distal synapse are no less robust than those of a proximal synapse. (wikidoc.org)
Here they synapse with the highly-modified postganglionic cells that make up the secretory portion of the adrenal medulla. (biology-pages.info)

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes all regions implicated in controlling autonomic, unconscious, and involuntary functions in total body homeostasis. (nih.gov)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subcomponent of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates involuntary physiologic processes, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. (nih.gov)
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervation of involuntary structures, such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands within the body. (medscape.com)
1 They are innervated by the autonomic nervous system that also regulates other involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, the bladder, and gut. (therapath.com)
The autonomic nervous system controls all involuntary functions of the human body. (anahana.com)
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary physiological processes such as digestion, breathing, and blood pressure. (anahana.com)
The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary (in contrast to those of the sensory-somatic system). (biology-pages.info)

Outline the most common presentation and management considerations for patients with autonomic diseases. (nih.gov)
Explain the importance of improving care coordination amongst the interprofessional team to enhance care delivery for patients with autonomic sphere symptoms and disorders. (nih.gov)
They found that sweat gland innervation was reduced in patients with autonomic neuropathy, but normal in those with MSA. (therapath.com)

The second order neuron is called a postganglionic neuron. (neupsykey.com)
Compared to the somatic nervous system, which of the following describes the neuron arrangement from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effector in the autonomic nervous system? (easynotecards.com)

A reduction in the innervation of sweat glands has been reported in a number of conditions that can cause autonomic neuropathy. (therapath.com)
A 50 μm thick section of a 3 mm dia. punch skin biopsy from the thigh, greater than 4 mm deep, immunohistochemically stained for the axonal protein, PGP9.5 (black fibers), to detect and quantify sweat gland innervation (blue arrow) and intraepidermal nerve fibers (red arrow). (therapath.com)
A reduction in the innervation of sweat glands has been reported in a number of conditions that can cause autonomic neuropathy including in autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy, 10 diabetic neuropathy, 7,11 HIV-1 neuropathy,12 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 13 congenital absence of pain with anhidrosis or hyperhidrosis, 14-17 familial amyloidosis, 18 acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis, 19 and Parkinson's disease. (therapath.com)
Gibbons et al (2009, 2010) reported that quantification of sweat gland nerve fiber density "provides a reliable structural measure of sweat gland innervation that complements the investigation of small fiber neuropathies," and that "results correlate well with physical exam findings. (therapath.com)

A myriad of the factors can cause autonomic dysfunction, and more than one can concur even in the same patient. (nih.gov)

Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine. (studystack.com)
Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in the brain that arises from the LOCUS CERULEUS. (edu.au)

They are lightly myelinated, thin fibers. (studystack.com)

The visceral motor division, also known as the autonomic nervous system, carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. (medscape.com)
Abstract: The postsynaptic fibers of the pterygopalatine or sphenopalatine ganglion (PPG or SPG) supply the lacrimal and nasal glands. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Which of the following indicates the correct path sympathetic nerve fibers take when leaving the spinal cord before returning to a spinal nerve on their way to stimulate arrector pili muscles and sweat glands in the skin? (easynotecards.com)

Parasympathetic fibers emerge from the brain and sacral spinal cord, and visceral effector. (studystack.com)

Anatomo-functional organization of the autonomic nervous system: sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric sections. (unibo.it)
The third subdivision of the autonomic system is the enteric nervous system. (anahana.com)
The sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. (absoluteastronomy.com)

But can imagine that two different parts produce acne, she went to an autonomic nervous input from its presence of symptoms of? (stormfreeagency.com)
19,24-26 Cholinergic urticaria can also present with symptoms of stinging or burning paresthesias, overlapping with those in small fiber neuropathy. (therapath.com)

Molecular imaging techniques have been developed for global and regional assessment of presynaptic and postsynaptic targets of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. (isoinhealth.com)

For example, arrector pili muscles, which are associated with hair follicles in mammals, are solely innervated by sympathetic fibers. (neupsykey.com)

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the heart and lungs pass through the cardiac plexus. (pharmacy180.com)
An impairement of cardiac autonomic function reflects the severity of the cardiac disease and seems to increase the risk of death in these pts [2]. (isoinhealth.com)

The autonomic sensory input from bed or inhibited, regions receive community mental reactions? (stormfreeagency.com)
Sensory input to the autonomic nervous system communicates the physiological state of the body. (anahana.com)

Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic branch, known for triggering "fight or flight" responses when the body is under stress, induces pupil dilation. (fistofawesome.com)

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has autonomic functions in the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. (philschatz.com)

Pure autonomic diabetic neuropathy is rare. (medscape.com)

Which fibers (pre or post ganglionic) are long or short in the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS? (studystack.com)

Nerve fibers of the PNS are classified according to their involvement in motor or sensory, somatic or visceral pathways. (medscape.com)
In addition, there may be motor phenomena of the soft palate related to the involvement of the motor fibers to the levator palate and azygos uvulae muscles. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
The autonomic nervous system contains both sensory and motor nerve types. (anahana.com)
If all of the fibers are sheared when the brain moves within the cranium, such as in a motor vehicle accident, then no axons can find their way back to the olfactory bulb to re-establish connections. (philschatz.com)

It is also known as the craniosacral division because its preganglionic fibers emerge from opposite ends of the CNS (the brain stem and sacral spinal cord). (pharmacy180.com)

The brain and spinal cord comprise the A) autonomic nervous system. (freezingblue.com)

Sweat gland nerve fibers, also called sudomotor fibers, are small unmyelinated nerve fibers that are distinguished from somatic epidermal nerve fibers that convey pain and temperature from the skin. (therapath.com)
5-8 Both the SGNFD and ENFD tests have been reported to be more sensitive than the Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART) in the evaluation of autonomic or sensory small fiber neuropathies, respectively. (therapath.com)

Functionally, the nervous system can be divided into two major subdivisions: autonomic and somatic. (mhmedical.com)
The autonomic nervous system has two primary subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems . (anahana.com)

The Vidian nerve arises from the junction of the deep petrosal nerve and the greater superficial petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve that carries parasympathetic fibers). (statpearls.com)

It includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (anahana.com)
Another major difference between the two ANS (autonomic nervous systems) is divergence. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy44

Organisms6

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Autonomic modification of the atrioventricular node during atrial fibrillation: role in the slowing of ventricular rate. (1/66)

Characterization of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of the isolated guinea-pig trachea: differences between pre- and post-ganglionic nerve stimulation. (2/66)

Inhibitory effects of clonidine and BS 100-141 on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in cats and rabbits. (3/66)

Innervation both of peri-orbital structures and of the heart by the cervical sympathetic nerves in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat. (4/66)

Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons. (5/66)

A study of peripheral input to and its control by post-ganglionic neurones of the inferior mesenteric ganglion. (6/66)

The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures. (7/66)

Synthesis of nitric oxide in postganglionic myenteric neurons during endotoxemia: implications for gastric motor function in rats. (8/66)

Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic

Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic

Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic

Ganglia, Parasympathetic

Nerve Fibers

Ganglia, Sympathetic

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Hexamethonium Compounds

Bretylium Compounds

Ganglionic Blockers

Ganglia, Autonomic

Dietary Fiber

Horner Syndrome

Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

Pempidine

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Electric Stimulation

Guanethidine

Pentolinium Tartrate

Vagus Nerve

Mineral Fibers

Hypogastric Plexus

Denervation

Atropine

Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch

Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch

Pharmacology

Stellate Ganglion

Cotton Fiber

Norepinephrine

Adrenergic Fibers

Sympathectomy

Cats

Ganglia

Hypohidrosis

Nictitating Membrane

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases

Tail

Neurons

Acetylcholine

Guinea Pigs

Muscle Contraction

Tubocurarine

Parasympathomimetics

Bethanidine

Vas Deferens

Stress Fibers

Reflex

Neurons, Efferent

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Neuroeffector Junction

Abducens Nerve Diseases

Action Potentials

Purkinje Fibers

Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide

Tyramine

Axons

Synaptic Transmission

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Chlorisondamine

Heart Rate

Hexamethonium

Submandibular Gland

Neurons, Afferent

Efferent Pathways

Ergotamine

Sinoatrial Node

Sweating

Tetrodotoxin

Phrenic Nerve

Cholinergic Fibers

omega-Conotoxin GVIA

Phenoxybenzamine

Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Parasympatholytics

Receptors, Muscarinic

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists