Auditory pathways. Medical search

NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.

The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. These include CENTRAL HEARING LOSS and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS.

Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.

The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.

The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.

Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.

The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.

A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.

Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.

The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.

The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Intra-aural contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius in response to sound.

Part of the DIENCEPHALON inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal THALAMUS. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the OPTIC TRACT to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the AUDITORY CORTEX.

The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.

A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.

A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.

Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.

A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.

A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.

Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.

The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.

Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.

A late-appearing component of the event-related potential. P300 stands for a positive deflection in the event-related voltage potential at 300 millisecond poststimulus. Its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)

The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.

The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.

Sounds used in animal communication.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.

The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.

A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.

The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).

Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The functional anatomy of the normal human auditory system: responses to 0.5 and 4.0 kHz tones at varied intensities. (1/1597)

Most functional imaging studies of the auditory system have employed complex stimuli. We used positron emission tomography to map neural responses to 0.5 and 4.0 kHz sine-wave tones presented to the right ear at 30, 50, 70 and 90 dB HL and found activation in a complex neural network of elements traditionally associated with the auditory system as well as non-traditional sites such as the posterior cingulate cortex. Cingulate activity was maximal at low stimulus intensities, suggesting that it may function as a gain control center. In the right temporal lobe, the location of the maximal response varied with the intensity, but not with the frequency of the stimuli. In the left temporal lobe, there was evidence for tonotopic organization: a site lateral to the left primary auditory cortex was activated equally by both tones while a second site in primary auditory cortex was more responsive to the higher frequency. Infratentorial activations were contralateral to the stimulated ear and included the lateral cerebellum, the lateral pontine tegmentum, the midbrain and the medial geniculate. Contrary to predictions based on cochlear membrane mechanics, at each intensity, 4.0 kHz stimuli were more potent activators of the brain than the 0.5 kHz stimuli. (+info)

Desynchronizing responses to correlated noise: A mechanism for binaural masking level differences at the inferior colliculus. (2/1597)

We examined the adequacy of decorrelation of the responses to dichotic noise as an explanation for the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). The responses of 48 low-frequency neurons in the inferior colliculus of anesthetized guinea pigs were recorded to binaurally presented noise with various degrees of interaural correlation and to interaurally correlated noise in the presence of 500-Hz tones in either zero or pi interaural phase. In response to fully correlated noise, neurons' responses were modulated with interaural delay, showing quasiperiodic noise delay functions (NDFs) with a central peak and side peaks, separated by intervals roughly equivalent to the period of the neuron's best frequency. For noise with zero interaural correlation (independent noises presented to each ear), neurons were insensitive to the interaural delay. Their NDFs were unmodulated, with the majority showing a level of activity approximately equal to the mean of the peaks and troughs of the NDF obtained with fully correlated noise. Partial decorrelation of the noise resulted in NDFs that were, in general, intermediate between the fully correlated and fully decorrelated noise. Presenting 500-Hz tones simultaneously with fully correlated noise also had the effect of demodulating the NDFs. In the case of tones with zero interaural phase, this demodulation appeared to be a saturation process, raising the discharge at all noise delays to that at the largest peak in the NDF. In the majority of neurons, presenting the tones in pi phase had a similar effect on the NDFs to decorrelating the noise; the response was demodulated toward the mean of the peaks and troughs of the NDF. Thus the effect of added tones on the responses of delay-sensitive inferior colliculus neurons to noise could be accounted for by a desynchronizing effect. This result is entirely consistent with cross-correlation models of the BMLD. However, in some neurons, the effects of an added tone on the NDF appeared more extreme than the effect of decorrelating the noise, suggesting the possibility of additional inhibitory influences. (+info)

Coding of sound envelopes by inhibitory rebound in neurons of the superior olivary complex in the unanesthetized rabbit. (3/1597)

Most natural sounds (e.g., speech) are complex and have amplitude envelopes that fluctuate rapidly. A number of studies have examined the neural coding of envelopes, but little attention has been paid to the superior olivary complex (SOC), a constellation of nuclei that receive information from the cochlear nucleus. We studied two classes of predominantly monaural neurons: those that displayed a sustained response to tone bursts and those that gave only a response to the tone offset. Our results demonstrate that the off neurons in the SOC can encode the pattern of amplitude-modulated sounds with high synchrony that is superior to sustained neurons. The upper cutoff frequency and highest modulation frequency at which significant synchrony was present were, on average, slightly higher for off neurons compared with sustained neurons. Finally, most sustained and off neurons encoded the level of pure tones over a wider range of intensities than those reported for auditory nerve fibers and cochlear nucleus neurons. A traditional view of inhibition is that it attenuates or terminates neural activity. Although this holds true for off neurons, the robust discharge when inhibition is released adds a new dimension. For simple sounds (i.e., pure tones), the off response can code a wide range of sound levels. For complex sounds, the off response becomes entrained to each modulation, resulting in a precise temporal coding of the envelope. (+info)

The superior olivary nucleus and its influence on nucleus laminaris: a source of inhibitory feedback for coincidence detection in the avian auditory brainstem. (4/1597)

Located in the ventrolateral region of the avian brainstem, the superior olivary nucleus (SON) receives inputs from nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) and projects back to NA, NL, and nucleus magnocellularis (NM). The reciprocal connections between the SON and NL are of particular interest because they constitute a feedback circuit for coincidence detection. In the present study, the chick SON was investigated. In vivo tracing studies show that the SON projects predominantly to the ipsilateral NM, NL, and NA. In vitro whole-cell recording reveals single-cell morphology, firing properties, and postsynaptic responses. SON neurons are morphologically and physiologically suited for temporal integration; their firing patterns do not reflect the temporal structure of their excitatory inputs. Of most interest, direct stimulation of the SON evokes long-lasting inhibition in NL neurons. The inhibition blocks both intrinsic spike generation and orthodromically evoked activity in NL neurons and can be eliminated by bicuculline methiodide, a potent antagonist for GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. These results strongly suggest that the SON provides GABAergic inhibitory feedback to laminaris neurons. We discuss a mechanism whereby SON-evoked GABAergic inhibition can influence the coding of interaural time differences for sound localization in the avian auditory brainstem. (+info)

Early visual experience shapes the representation of auditory space in the forebrain gaze fields of the barn owl. (5/1597)

Auditory spatial information is processed in parallel forebrain and midbrain pathways. Sensory experience early in life has been shown to exert a powerful influence on the representation of auditory space in the midbrain space-processing pathway. The goal of this study was to determine whether early experience also shapes the representation of auditory space in the forebrain. Owls were raised wearing prismatic spectacles that shifted the visual field in the horizontal plane. This manipulation altered the relationship between interaural time differences (ITDs), the principal cue used for azimuthal localization, and locations of auditory stimuli in the visual field. Extracellular recordings were used to characterize ITD tuning in the auditory archistriatum (AAr), a subdivision of the forebrain gaze fields, in normal and prism-reared owls. Prism rearing altered the representation of ITD in the AAr. In prism-reared owls, unit tuning for ITD was shifted in the adaptive direction, according to the direction of the optical displacement imposed by the spectacles. Changes in ITD tuning involved the acquisition of unit responses to adaptive ITD values and, to a lesser extent, the elimination of responses to nonadaptive (previously normal) ITD values. Shifts in ITD tuning in the AAr were similar to shifts in ITD tuning observed in the optic tectum of the same owls. This experience-based adjustment of binaural tuning in the AAr helps to maintain mutual registry between the forebrain and midbrain representations of auditory space and may help to ensure consistent behavioral responses to auditory stimuli. (+info)

Auditory perception: does practice make perfect? (6/1597)

Recent studies have shown that adult humans can learn to localize sounds relatively accurately when provided with altered localization cues. These experiments provide further evidence for experience-dependent plasticity in the mature brain. (+info)

Expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems. (7/1597)

Thyroid hormone is an important epigenetic factor in brain development, acting by modulating rates of gene expression. The active form of thyroid hormone, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is produced in part by the thyroid gland but also after 5'-deiodination of thyroxine (T4) in target tissues. In brain, approximately 80% of T3 is formed locally from T4 through the activity of the 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2), an enzyme that is expressed mostly by glial cells, tanycytes in the third ventricle, and astrocytes throughout the brain. D2 activity is an important point of control of thyroid hormone action because it increases in situations of low T4, thus preserving brain T3 concentrations. In this work, we have studied the expression of D2 by quantitative in situ hybridization in hypothyroid animals during postnatal development. Our hypothesis was that those regions that are most dependent on thyroid hormone should present selective increases of D2 as a protection against hypothyroidism. D2 mRNA concentration was increased severalfold over normal levels in relay nuclei and cortical targets of the primary somatosensory and auditory pathways. The results suggest that these pathways are specifically protected against thyroid failure and that T3 has a role in the development of these structures. At the cellular level, expression was observed mainly in glial cells, although some interneurons of the cerebral cortex were also labeled. Therefore, the T3 target cells, mostly neurons, are dependent on local astrocytes for T3 supply. (+info)

Assessment of hearing in 80 inbred strains of mice by ABR threshold analyses. (8/1597)

The common occurrence of hearing loss in both humans and mice, and the anatomical and functional similarities of their inner ears, attest to the potential of mice being used as models to study inherited hearing loss. A large-scale, auditory screening project is being undertaken at The Jackson Laboratory (TJL) to identify mice with inherited hearing disorders. To assess hearing sensitivity, at least five mice from each inbred strain had auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds determined. Thus far, we have screened 80 inbred strains of mice; 60 of them exhibited homogeneous ABR threshold values not significantly different from those of the control strain CBA/CaJ. This large database establishes a reliable reference for normal hearing mouse strains. The following 16 inbred strains exhibited significantly elevated ABR thresholds before the age of 3 months: 129/J, 129/ReJ, 129/SvJ, A/J, ALR/LtJ, ALS/LtJ, BUB/BnJ, C57BLKS/J, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, DBA/2J, I/LnJ, MA/MyJ, NOD/LtJ, NOR/LtJ, and SKH2/J. These hearing impaired strains may serve as models for some forms of human non-syndromic hearing loss and aid in the identification of the underlying genes. (+info)

Some examples of central auditory diseases include:

1. Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD): A condition where the brain has difficulty processing sounds, leading to difficulties with speech and language development, reading, and social interactions.
2. Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD): A condition that affects the transmission of sound from the inner ear to the brain, leading to difficulties with hearing and understanding speech.
3. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): A condition that causes chronic inflammation and infection of the middle ear, which can lead to hearing loss and difficulty processing sound.
4. Meniere's disease: A condition that affects the inner ear and causes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance difficulties.
6. Stroke or traumatic brain injury: These conditions can damage the auditory system and cause hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.
7. Cochlear implant complications: Complications related to the surgical implantation of a cochlear implant, such as infection or device malfunction, can affect the central auditory system.
8. Chronic tinnitus: A condition characterized by persistent ringing or other sounds in the ears that can lead to hearing loss and difficulty understanding speech.
9. Ototoxicity: Exposure to certain medications or chemicals can damage the inner ear and cause hearing loss or tinnitus.
10. Meningitis or encephalitis: Infections of the brain and its membranes can affect the auditory system and cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance difficulties.

These are just a few examples of central auditory diseases. The diagnosis and treatment of these conditions typically involve a team of healthcare professionals, including otolaryngologists (ENT specialists), neurologists, audiologists, and speech-language pathologists.

There are several subtypes of APD, including:

1. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): A disorder characterized by difficulty processing auditory information due to a deficit in the brain's ability to process speech and language.
2. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A subtype of APD that is caused by a problem in the central nervous system, rather than in the inner ear.
3. Developmental Auditory Perceptual Disorder (DAPD): A disorder that affects children and adolescents, characterized by difficulty with auditory perception and processing.
4. Auditory Memory Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with auditory memory and recall.
5. Auditory Discrimination Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with distinguishing between similar sounds.

APD can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, premature birth, infections during pregnancy or childhood, and head trauma. Treatment for APD typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as auditory training and speech therapy, as well as assistive listening devices and technology.

In addition to the subtypes listed above, there are also several related conditions that may be classified as APD, including:

1. Auditory-Verbal Processing Disorder (AVPD): A disorder characterized by difficulty with auditory processing and language development.
2. Language Processing Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with language comprehension and processing.
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing.
4. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing, as well as social communication and behavior.
5. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A type of APD that is characterized by difficulty with central auditory processing, including the ability to understand speech in noisy environments.

There is no cure for tinnitus, but there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition. These include sound therapy, which involves exposing the ear to soothing sounds to mask the tinnitus, and counseling, which can help individuals cope with the emotional effects of tinnitus. Other treatments may include medications to relieve anxiety or depression, relaxation techniques, and lifestyle changes such as avoiding loud noises and taking steps to reduce stress.

It is important for individuals who experience tinnitus to seek medical attention if the condition persists or worsens over time, as it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition that requires treatment. A healthcare professional can evaluate the individual's hearing and overall health to determine the cause of the tinnitus and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

There are several types of deafness, including:

1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by problems with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. It is typically permanent and cannot be treated with medication or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of deafness is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Auditory processing disorder (APD): This is a condition in which the brain has difficulty processing sounds, even though the ears are functioning normally.
5. Tinnitus: This is a condition characterized by ringing or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of sound. It can be a symptom of deafness or a separate condition.

There are several ways to diagnose deafness, including:

1. Hearing tests: These can be done in a doctor's office or at a hearing aid center. They involve listening to sounds through headphones and responding to them.
2. Imaging tests: These can include X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for any physical abnormalities in the ear or brain.
3. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing: This is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.
4. Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing: This is a test that measures the sounds produced by the inner ear in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.

There are several ways to treat deafness, including:

1. Hearing aids: These are devices that amplify sound and can be worn in or behind the ear. They can help improve hearing for people with mild to severe hearing loss.
2. Cochlear implants: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve. They can help restore hearing for people with severe to profound hearing loss.
3. Speech therapy: This can help people with hearing loss improve their communication skills, such as speaking and listening.
4. Assistive technology: This can include devices such as captioned phones, alerting systems, and assistive listening devices that can help people with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
5. Medications: There are several medications available that can help treat deafness, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections or steroids to reduce inflammation.
6. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat deafness, such as when there is a blockage in the ear or when a tumor is present.
7. Stem cell therapy: This is a relatively new area of research that involves using stem cells to repair damaged hair cells in the inner ear. It has shown promising results in some studies.
8. Gene therapy: This involves using genes to repair or replace damaged or missing genes that can cause deafness. It is still an experimental area of research, but it has shown promise in some studies.
9. Implantable devices: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can help restore hearing by bypassing damaged hair cells. Examples include cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants.
10. Binaural hearing: This involves using a combination of hearing aids and technology to improve hearing in both ears, which can help improve speech recognition and reduce the risk of falls.

It's important to note that the best treatment for deafness will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, as well as the individual's age, overall health, and personal preferences. It's important to work with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.

This type of hearing loss cannot be treated with medication or surgery, and it is usually permanent. However, there are various assistive devices and technology available to help individuals with sensorineural hearing loss communicate more effectively, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and FM systems.

There are several causes of sensorineural hearing loss, including:

1. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
2. Age: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common condition that affects many people as they age. It is estimated that one-third of people between the ages of 65 and 74 have some degree of hearing loss, and nearly half of those over the age of 75 have significant hearing loss.
3. Genetics: Some cases of sensorineural hearing loss are inherited and run in families.
4. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
5. Trauma to the head or ear: A head injury or a traumatic injury to the ear can cause sensorineural hearing loss.
6. Tumors: Certain types of tumors, such as acoustic neuroma, can cause sensorineural hearing loss by affecting the auditory nerve.
7. Ototoxicity: Certain medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.

It is important to note that sensorineural hearing loss cannot be cured, but there are many resources available to help individuals with this condition communicate more effectively and improve their quality of life.

... the auditory pathway is subdivided into parallel ascending pathways, which can simultaneously extract different types of ... Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve ... This pathway is called the ventral acoustic stria (VAS or, more commonly, the trapezoid body). Another pathway, called the ... Middlebrooks, J.C. (2009). "Auditory System: Central Pathways". In Squire (ed.). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Academic Press. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus

Cummings (2001). "Chapter 140: Cochlear Anatomy and Central Auditory Pathways". Stria vascularis (PDF). Textbook of ... Hopkins, Kathryn (2015). "27 - Deafness in cochlear and auditory nerve disorders". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier. pp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_vascularis_of_cochlear_duct

Further along the auditory pathway, the movement of the basilar membrane results in the stimulation of primary auditory neurons ... information from lower in the auditory processing pathway is integrated and sent on to the auditory cortex. As George Pollak ... Syka J, Masterton RB (2012-12-06). Auditory Pathway: Structure and Function. Springer. ISBN 978-1-468-41300-7. Lima SL, O'Keefe ... SHAR Series for Auditory Research. Springer. pp. 43-108. Fjeldså J, Krabbe N (1990). Birds of the High Andes: a manual to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation

Moser T (October 2015). "Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway for research and future prosthetics". Current Opinion ... March 2014). "Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (3): 1114-1129. doi: ... December 2018). "Ultrafast optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway by targeting-optimized Chronos". The EMBO Journal. ... In addition, a rapid negative feedback loop in the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway was discovered using pulsatile activation of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics

March 2014). "Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (3): 1114-1129. doi: ... December 2018). "Ultrafast optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway by targeting-optimized Chronos". The EMBO Journal. ... May 2018). "High frequency neural spiking and auditory signaling by ultrafast red-shifted optogenetics". Nature Communications ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelrhodopsin

1992). The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97800-3. H Spoendlin (1972). "Innervation ... Their dendrites make synaptic contact with the base of hair cells, and their axons are bundled together to form the auditory ... These bipolar neurons are the first neurons in the auditory system to fire an action potential, and supply all of the brain's ... nerve appears about the end of the third week as a group of ganglion cells closely applied to the cephalic edge of the auditory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_ganglion

From the primary auditory cortex emerge two separate pathways: the auditory ventral stream and auditory dorsal stream. The ... Integrative functions in the mammalian auditory pathway. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 15. New York, NY: ... Both pathways project in humans to the inferior frontal gyrus. The most established role of the auditory dorsal stream in ... "Chapter 13: Auditory System: Pathways and Reflexes". Neuroscience Online, the Open-Access Neuroscience Electronic Textbook. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_system

Tracing the responses of these combination-sensitive neurons to higher order regions of the auditory pathway reveals that there ... Oertel D, Fay RR, Popper AN (2002). Integrative functions in the mammalian auditory pathway. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 385 ... In the auditory system of bats, like in auditory systems of other vertebrates, primary sensory afferent neurons, which receive ... These pathways converge in the medial geniculate body-giving rise to more complex feature detectors that respond to specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)

"The auditory pathway in cat corpus callosum". Experimental Brain Research. 104 (3): 534-40. doi:10.1007/BF00231988. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_intelligence

Working with Pamela Rollins, he found signs that children seem to use the non-classical auditory pathways more than adults. In ... Moller, Aage R.; Rollins, Pamela R. (2002). "The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in children but not in ... Møller, Aage R.; Kern, Janet K.; Grannemann, Bruce (2005). "Are the non-classical auditory pathways involved in autism and PDD ... M.B found signs that the non-classical ascending auditory pathways are involved in creating the symptoms of tinnitus. In 2011, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aage_Møller

Gutiérrez-Ibáñez, Cristián; Andrew N. Iwaniuk; Douglas R. Wylie (2011). "Relative Size of Auditory Pathways in Symmetrically ... Frost, B.J.; P. J. Baldwin; M. Csizy (1989). "Auditory localization in the northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus". Canadian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_saw-whet_owl

Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway. Nature 404: 871-876, 2000. Weng, J., J. ... Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the auditory pathway. Nature Neuroscience 7: 968-973, 2004. Sur, M. and ... Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex. Nature 404: 841-847, 2000. Von Melchner, L., S.L. Pallas and M. Sur ... Visual input altered the development of neuronal connections in the auditory cortex, thus enabling animals to use their " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mriganka_Sur

Gale SD, Perkel DJ (January 2010). "A basal ganglia pathway drives selective auditory responses in songbird dopaminergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity

Additionally, multimodal "what" and "where" pathways have been proposed for auditory and tactile stimuli. External receptors ... They call it Auditory Cognitive Psychology. The main point is to understand why humans are able to use sound in thinking ... Subjective visual and auditory experiences appear to be similar across humans subjects. The same cannot be said about taste. ... At the end of the auditory canal is the tympanic membrane, or ear drum, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense

"Identification of a motor-to-auditory pathway important for vocal learning". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (7): 978-986. doi:10.1038/ ... It projects to the song motor pathway via the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and to the Anterior Forebrain Pathway via ... It is located in the lateral caudal nidopallium and has projections to both the direct and the anterior forebrain pathways. It ... Akutagawa, Eugene; Konishi, Masakazu (2010-03-23). "New brain pathways found in the vocal control system of a songbird". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVC_(avian_brain_region)

... known for her cross-modal plasticity work and map compression studies in the visual and auditory cortical pathways. Sarah ... "Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway". Nature. 404 (6780): 871-876. Bibcode: ... Her prior work includes cross-modal plasticity of visual and auditory inputs in ferrets. In addition, Pallas has also worked on ... of Massachusetts Amherst and runs her own lab studying neural development and plasticity in auditory and visual pathways. Her ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Pallas

"Visual projections induced into the auditory pathway of ferrets. I. Novel inputs to primary auditory cortex (AI) from the LP/ ... "Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex". ... Roe, A.W., S.L. Pallas, J.O. Hahm, and M. Sur (1990). A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex. Science 250: ... Roe, AW; Pallas, SL; Hahm, JO; Sur, M (9 November 1990). "A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex". Science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wang_Roe

"Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway". Nature. 404 (6780): 871-876. Bibcode: ... Even highly evolved cortical areas such as the primary visual and auditory cortices can to a surprising degree take on new ... Semantics can develop in the visual cortex of those born blind, and vision can develop in the auditory cortex in experimental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_from_Dragons

Therefore, cartilage conduction is referred to as the third auditory pathway.[citation needed] Since approximately 450 years ... Cartilage conduction is a pathway in which sound signals are transmitted to the inner ear. This pathway is distinct from ... the new pathway is referred to as cartilage conduction. This unique pathway has attracted the attention of several researchers ... Such sonic wave energy passes through the eardrum and the middle ear before finally activating the auditory nerve. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_conduction

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) test gives information about the inner ear (cochlea) and nerve pathways for hearing via ... Each waveform represents specific anatomical points along the auditory neural pathway. Delays of one side relative to the other ... Stapedius reflex (SR) and caloric vestibular response (CVR) are non-invasive otologic tests for auditory neural function. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle_syndrome

Chambard JM, Ashmore JF (2005). "Regulation of the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ4 in the auditory pathway". Pflügers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNQ4

Chambard JM, Ashmore JF (2005). "Regulation of the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ4 in the auditory pathway". Pflügers ... A targeted gene disruption strategy of prestin showed a >100-fold (or 40 dB) loss of auditory sensitivity. Prestin is a ... Prestin is essential in auditory processing. It is specifically expressed in the lateral membrane of outer hair cells (OHCs) of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestin

"Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2148 ... "rapid auditory input". The role of transverse temporal gyri in auditory processing of tone is demonstrated by a study by Wong, ... This ERP has probably two generators, one in the right prefrontal lobe, and the other in the primary auditory regions - the ... The transverse temporal gyri are active during auditory processing under fMRI for tone and semantic tasks. Transverse temporal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_temporal_gyrus

... a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory neuropathy". Nat. Genet. 38 (7): 770-8. doi: ... The encoded protein is required for the proper function of auditory pathway neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of non- ... Sequence analysis of DFNB59 gene in a Chinese family with dominantly inherited auditory neuropathy]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejvakin

This is important because spiking timing is needed for proper sound localization in the ascending auditory pathways. Songbirds ... Visually guided behaviors may be regulated through the inhibitory striato-tegmental pathway found in amphibians in a study ... The basal ganglia in amphibians is very important in receiving visual, auditory, olfactory, and mechansensory inputs; the ... calcium ion-independent pathway. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials have also been studied in the Purkinje cell through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential

Once a sound source has been identified, the cells of lower auditory pathways are specialized to analyze physical sound ... Cant, Nell B; Benson, Christina G (2003). "Parallel auditory pathways: projection patterns of the different neuronal ... The auditory nerve, also called the cochlear nerve, then transmits action potentials to the central auditory nervous system. In ... The auditory nuclei collect, integrate, and analyze afferent supply, the outcome is a representation of auditory space. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaural_fusion

This model organisms' simple system could lead to a deeper understanding of human speech and auditory pathways,. This ... The neuronal pathway for midshipman vocalization starts at the ventral medullary nucleus and continues to a hindbrain vocal ... doi:10.1038/news050711-1. Weeg, M. S. (22 June 2005). "Vocal Pathways Modulate Efferent Neurons to the Inner Ear and Lateral ... Mating in midshipman fish depends on auditory communication, the production and reception of sound signals. Males produce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction_and_vocalization_in_midshipman_fish

The auditory ossicles continue to function in conducting transmitting sound through the auditory pathway; however, they have ... In reptiles, the columella function to transduce sound through the middle ear as part of the auditory pathway. The columella is ... In mammals, the newly specialized ossicles function to transduce and amplify these vibrations along the auditory pathway. In ... In the auditory system, the columella contributes to hearing in amphibians, reptiles and birds. The columella form thin, bony ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella_(auditory_system)

One way to measure the developmental status and limits of plasticity of the auditory cortical pathways is to study the latency ... P1 latency represents the synaptic delays throughout the peripheral and central auditory pathways (Eggermont, Ponton, Don, ... The auditory structures that generate the auditory brainstem response are believed to be as follows: Wave I through III - ... Auditory steady-state response is an auditory evoked potential, elicited with modulated tones that can be used to predict ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_brainstem_response

Research has shown substantial evidence of well-defined neural pathways linking cortices to organize auditory perception in the ... The concept of auditory perception resembles visual perception very similarly. Our brain is wired to act on what it expects to ... Visual cues and motoric pathways developed millions of years earlier in our evolution, which seems to be one reason for our ... They study a multitude of processes including the evolution of vocal, visual, auditory, taste, and learning systems as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience

Three main pathways to explain this trend have been offered: placebo effect, focus and attitude adjustment, and activation of ... auditory-visual hallucinations, paranoia, Geschwind syndrome (Paul especially), and abnormal experiences associated with ... These offerings have been expanded by Breslin and Lewis (2008) who have constructed a five pathway model between prayer and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion

"Multiple endocytic pathways of G protein-coupled receptors delineated by GIT1 sensitivity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (3 ... auditory hallucinations and many of the other symptoms of schizophrenia. CLINT1 has been shown to interact with GGA2. GRCh38: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLINT1

Special emphasis was placed on the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems. Pettigrew was the first person to clarify the ... Pettigrew showed evidence for a role for non-visual pathways in the phenomenon of developmental neuroplasticity during the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pettigrew

Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it. In humans, models of stress have ... Studies show that cortisol production correlates with heightened activity in the neural reward pathways of the brain, which ... "Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?". Journal of Affective ... One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep. Chronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress_and_sleep

Auditory fatigue Loudness war Brondel, L.; Cabanac, M. (2007). "Alliesthesia in visual and auditory sensations from ... The exact causes of listener fatigue and the associated pathways and mechanisms are still being studied. Some of the popular ... As with any type of hearing-related disorder, the related physiology is within the ear and central auditory system. With ... These vibrations result in an increase in the metabolic demands of the auditory system. During exposure to sound, metabolic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listener_fatigue

... and the central auditory pathway. Saremi et al. (2016) compared 7 contemporary models including parallel filterbanks, cascaded ... Audiology Auditory system Auditory cortex Vestibular system Winslow, Raimond L.; Trayanova, Natalia; Geman, Donald; Miller, ... 2010). "Computational Models of the Auditory System". Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. 35. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5934-8 ... For care providers, it can provide actionable knowledge and tools for automating part of the clinical pathway. The field is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_audiology

This area links auditory and motor representations of speech through a pathway that starts in the superior temporal cortex, ... The auditory hairs can be stimulated to sharpened activity when a tonal emission is held for 100 ms. This length of time ... The auditory system shifts between a translation stage of perceiving phonemes and a choice phase of anticipating the following ... Auditory and visual analysis has established that the vocal tract has developed a coarticulation of consonants and vowels ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_shadowing

SC pathway), the middle temporal area pathway (MT pathway), the frontal eye fields pathway (FEF pathway), and the inhibitory ... The most significant period for the development of auditory-visual integration occurs between ages 5-7. During this time, the ... In conjunction with the SC pathway and the MT pathway, the FEF pathway allows the infant to control eye movements as well as ... Each pathway is crucial to the development of visual attention in the first few months of life. The SC pathway is responsible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_learning

... auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations, and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes.[citation ... especially due to competition for clearing metabolic pathways such as cytochromes CYP450, thus leading to drug toxicities by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis

RSK2 is involved at the distal end of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Mutations in the RPS6KA3 disturb the function of the ... as well as auditory and visual abnormalities. Symptoms of disease are more severe in males, who are generally diagnosed in ... The protein is involved in cell signaling pathways that are required for learning, the formation of long-term memories, and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

... the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway Superior colliculus (brachium colliculi superioris), a paired structure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachium_colliculi

An alternative hypothesis for the role of the acoustic reflex is the prevention of auditory masking of high-frequencies by low- ... The pathway involved in the acoustic reflex is complex and can involve the ossicular chain (malleus, incus and stapes), the ... "Definition of auditory reflex , Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-01-05. Eggermont, Jos J. (2017-01-01), ... In damage risk criteria for exposure to impulse noise, the acoustic reflex is integral to the Auditory Hazard Assessment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_reflex

There is much evidence to suggest that early processing of first- and second-order motion is carried out by separate pathways. ... Many species of mammals can keep track of spatial location even in the absence of visual, auditory, olfactory, or tactile cues ... and non-direction-sensitive pathways between the medulla and lobula plate". The Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (15): 4551-62. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception

A second (subsequent) auditory efference copy entails the estimation of auditory information as produced by the articulatory ... The inhibitory commands originate at the same time as the motor command and target the sensory pathway that would report any ... This is unique from the efference copy, since the corollary discharge is actually fed into the sensory pathway to cancel out ... In the case of auditory verbal hallucinations, it is thought that a breakdown along the efference copy and forward model route ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efference_copy

Some pathways, such as reading, are stronger than others, therefore, it is the strength of the pathway and not the speed of the ... a systematic review and novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data for related visual and auditory stroop tasks". Journal ... In addition, automaticity is a function of the strength of each pathway, hence, when two pathways are activated simultaneously ... more specifically when the pathway that leads to the response is the weaker pathway. In the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect

There is evidence that a lesion appearing in the posterior area of the ventral occipitotemporal visual pathway can cause ... Patients with macropsia have also noted the cessation of auditory function prior to the onset of visual hallucination, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropsia

Specific sound frequencies map precisely onto the auditory cortex. This auditory (or tonotopic) map is similar to the ... The superior temporal gyrus has been discovered to be an important structure in the pathway consisting of the amygdala and ... The superior temporal gyrus is involved in auditory processing, including language, but also has been implicated as a critical ... The superior temporal gyrus contains the auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing sounds. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus

The different photosynthesis pathways used by C3 and C4 plants cause them to discriminate differently towards 13C leading to ... One such marker has been found to be a reliable indicator of lifestyle: the external auditory exostosis also called surfer's ... The three photosynthesis pathways are C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and Crassulacean acid metabolism. C4 plants are ... Corn, millet and sugar cane are some well-known C4 domesticates, while all trees and shrubs use the C3 pathway. C4 carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioarchaeology

A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain-machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between ... Hence, new tools rely on auditory and/or vibrotactile stimuli. Patients may wear headphones and/or vibrotactile stimulators ... "Using High-Frequency Electroencephalogram in Visual and Auditory-Based Brain-Computer Interface Designs". eContact! 14.2 - ... Lie detection Microwave auditory effect Neural engineering Neuralink Neurorobotics Neurostimulation Nootropic Project Cyborg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain–computer_interface

Schoch, Rainer R.; Anderson, Jason S. (2016), "Amphibia: A Case of Diversity and Convergence in the Auditory Region", Evolution ... Schoch, R.R.; Fröbisch, N.B. (2006). "Metamorphosis and neoteny: alternative pathways in an extinct amphibian clade". Evolution ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli

In addition to verbal and nonverbal auditory agnosia, there are cases of auditory apperceptive agnosia where patients are ... Visually presented object recognition is largely mediated by a hierarchical occipitotemporal pathway. This pathway facilitates ... Auditory apperceptive agnosia are impairments in audition that take place despite intact audiogram. In some cases the deficit ... In the case of auditory agnosia, lesions are present in the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally or in the posterior temporal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apperceptive_agnosia

"Electrophysiological studies of the representation and pathways of the auditory system in the cerebellar cortex" (Institute of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl_Moroz

Thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits are the looped neural pathways that connect the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, and then the ... joined immediately above the external auditory meatus Occipital: twins are connected in the occipital lobe causing the twins to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniopagus_twins

It was shown that there were significant differences in gray matter volume in motor, auditory and visual-spatial regions of the ... Intelligence alone is not enough for the development of genius but the pathways and neural connections for divergent thinking ... Studies have shown that chess requires auditory-verbal-sequential skills, not visuospatial skills. A German study found that ... musicians from a young age translate visually perceived musical notes into motor commands whilst listening to the auditory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_intelligence

Compounds found in cannabis, such as THC, have been shown to increase the activity of dopamine pathways in the brain, ... Honig A, Romme MA, Ensink BJ, Escher SD, Pennings MH, de-Vries MW (October 1998). "Auditory hallucinations: A comparison ... The unusual functional laterality in speech production (e.g. right hemisphere auditory processing) found in some individuals ... Larkin, W; Larkin, J (2008). "Childhood trauma and psychosis: evidence, pathways, and implications". Journal of Postgraduate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

Fluid Pathway Delineation in Karst Aquifers, and 3D Geologic Mapping and Hydro-geologic Investigation of the Ticona Channel. ... auditory perception in the hearing impaired such as psychoacoustics, speech perception in noise and amplification, phonological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_University_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences

Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex might cause some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as auditory ... spontaneous triggering of the vesicle-release pathway, or spontaneous fusion of a vesicle with the membrane." Chemical sensing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_noise

It abounded with plain, practical remarks, and was listened to with interest by a crowded auditory." The Northern State Journal ... which shed its joyous light on his path-way to the tomb. Hungerford's death was reported throughout the state of New York as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Hungerford

Perception of second-order AM has been interpreted as resulting from nonlinear mechanisms in the auditory pathway that produce ... The first problem is that the temporal information deteriorates as it passes through successive stages of the auditory pathway ... Kay RH, Matthews DR (September 1972). "On the existence in human auditory pathways of channels selectively tuned to the ... Cochlear filtering limits the range of AM rates encoded in individual auditory-nerve fibers. In the auditory nerve, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure

Apr 2000). "Auditory perception in vestibular neurectomy subjects". Hear Res. 142 (1-2): 102-12. doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(00) ... Using acoustic stimuli to activate the MOC reflex pathway, recordings have been made from single efferent fibres in guinea pigs ... The olivocochlear system is a component of the auditory system involved with the descending control of the cochlea. Its nerve ... All trials contained an auditory cue (at the target frequency) prior to the first observation interval. The results were used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivocochlear_system

An elegant solution to this problem would be for the auditory system to represent sounds in a noise-invariant fashion. Since a ... sounds in the presence of background noise is one of the most important and poorly understood challenges faced by the auditory ... Constructing noise-invariant representations of sound in the auditory pathway PLoS Biol. 2013 Nov;11(11):e1001710. doi: 10.1371 ... We find that the strength of both forms of adaptation increases as one ascends the auditory pathway. To investigate whether ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24265596/?dopt=Abstract

GABA/glycinergic pathway (MNTB-LSO pathway). During the period of synaptic refinement, MNTB neurons transiently express the ... GABA/glycinergic pathway (MNTB-LSO pathway). During the period of synaptic refinement, MNTB neurons transiently express the ... Gillespie, D.C., Kim, G., Kandler, K. Inhibitory synapses in the developing auditory system are glutamatergic. Nature ... His laboratory investigates these mechanisms using excitatory and inhibitory brainstem pathways in the mammalian sound ...

https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=7149

... have no documented place among known auditory circuits. Our goal was to describe anatomically the auditory pathways in adult ... have no documented place among known auditory circuits. Our goal was to describe anatomically the auditory pathways in adult ... have no documented place among known auditory circuits. Our goal was to describe anatomically the auditory pathways in adult ... have no documented place among known auditory circuits. Our goal was to describe anatomically the auditory pathways in adult ...

https://ohsu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/auditory-pathways-of-caudal-telencephalon-and-their-relation-to-t-2

Hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear or auditory (hearing) system is not working in the usual way. ... The ear (auditory) Nerve. The hearing (auditory) System pathway in the brain ... Hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear or auditory (hearing) system is not working in the usual way. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/parentsguide/understanding/partsoftheear.html

This was accompanied by reduced neural responses to gaps in auditory cortex, the auditory periphery, and auditory brainstem. ... Early-Life Stress Impairs Perception and Neural Encoding of Rapid Signals in the Auditory Pathway.. Ye, Yi; Mattingly, Michelle ... we demonstrate that ELS degrades sensory responses to rapid variations in sound at multiple levels of the auditory pathway, and ... In particular, the perception and auditory cortical (ACx) encoding of temporally-varying sounds both mature gradually, even ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/pt/mdl-36973014

Central auditory and vestibular pathways. Bracie Watson, Ph.D.. Genetics, otitis media, immune-mediated ear diseases ... Presbycusis, noise-induced hearing loss, peripheral auditory and vestibular system, temporal bone ...

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/funding/how-apply-nidcd-grant

Auditory-system; Ears; Animals; Laboratory-animals; Author Keywords: ICP-MS; Cochlea; Trace analysis; Auditory pathway; Iron; ... Little is known about the endogenous concentrations of these metals in the cochlea, the auditory portion of the inner ear which ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=manganese&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=15&RecNo=142&View=f&

... are known to uniquely participate in auditory processing through their electromotility, and like inner hair cells, are also ... activates this pathway has functional implications for this fundamental auditory pathway. We first determined that OHCs rely ... The Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neurons: The Auditory Portion of the VIII Nerve. Carricondo F, Romero-Gómez B. Carricondo F, et al ... Here, we tested the ability of the OHC-Type II SG pathway to signal to the brain in response to moderate, nondamaging sound (80 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33574178

These findings suggest a possible long-term effect on the central auditory pathway. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858777-overview

Since a hearing defect might occur at any place along the auditory pathway, it would seem reasonable to expect to be able to ... The status of the auditory pathway was determined using tympanometry, middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR), and ABR. OHC function ... The otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) test is another objective measure of the auditory pathway, which detects responses of the ... A review of objective methods of evaluating auditory neural pathways. Laryngoscope1999;109:1745-8. ...

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/40/1/45

Proteomics in Auditory Developmental and Disease Processes (R21) PA-10-078. NIDCD ... Numerous cell types, and their substructures, unique to the inner ear auditory pathway, such as hair cells, Deiters, Hensen, ... Proteomic analysis of specific cell types of the inner ear, other auditory pathways, and/or their subcellular structures. ... Title: Proteomics in Auditory Developmental and Disease Processes (R21) Announcement Type This Funding Opportunity Announcement ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-10-078.html

MeSH Terms: Animals; Auditory Cortex/anatomy & histology*; Auditory Pathways/anatomy & histology*; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, ... Abstract: The auditory cortex (AC) sends long-range projections to virtually all subcortical auditory structures. One of the ... That is, the auditory corticocollicular projection, which exerts considerable influence over the midbrain, comprises two ... Such organizational diversity in the corticocollicular pathway may help to explain the heterogeneous effects of ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=4705758

Friederici, A. D.; Alter, K.: Lateralization of auditory language functions: A dynamic dual pathway model. Brain and Language ... Sequential effects of propofol on functional brain activation induced by auditory language processing: An event-related ...

https://www.cbs.mpg.de/publication-search/1707088?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons19528

... prior to insertion of deep brain stimulation electrodes while they performed an auditory oddball task. In this task, patients ... The neurophysiology of selective attention in visual and auditory systems has been studied in animal models but not with single ... Thus, the proposed interaction of sensorimotor and auditory pathways could be further investigated in the pathophysiology and ... In a mouse model using a cross-modal task requiring selection between visual and auditory signals, LGN in the auditory ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-023-00493-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=47dd6500-e9dc-48da-b47e-c9adaa7db14b

Toward New Generation Auditory Brainstem Implants: Electrical and Optogenetic Stimulation of the Cochlear Nucleus ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/67601

Elimination of peripheral auditory pathway activation does not affect motor responses from ultrasound neuromodulation. Brain ... Monkeys also had visual, auditory and olfactory contact with other animals and, when appropriate, could touch and groom each ... 2017). High-frequency neuronavigated rTMS in auditory verbal hallucinations: a pilot double-blind controlled study in patients ... The specificity of the effects could not be explained by auditory confounds. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.01042/full

Central hearing loss results from damage to the auditory nerve itself, or the brain pathways that lead to the nerve. Central ... Auditory brain stem response (ABR) test. This test uses patches, called electrodes, to see how the auditory nerve reacts to ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007322.htm

7. Pathways that make voices: white matter changes in auditory hallucinations.. Hubl D; Koenig T; Strik W; Federspiel A; Kreis ... and Auditory Transcallosal Fibers in First-Episode Psychosis With Auditory Hallucinations.. Salisbury DF; Wang Y; Yeh FC; ... Decreased integrity of the fronto-temporal fibers of the left inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus associated with auditory ... Independent contribution of individual white matter pathways to language function in pediatric epilepsy patients.. Paldino MJ; ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=24185461&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

Anti-spike antibodies may react with antigens anywhere along the auditory pathway and fuel an inflammatory reaction. "... ...

https://naturalnews.com/search.asp?query=antigens

... the sound-evoked potentials generated by neuronal circuits in the ascending auditory pathways. We used genetically modified ... In: Auditory and vestibular efferents (Ryugo DK, Fay RR, eds), pp 39-81. New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7070-1_ ... Auditory function in unexposed WT, Chrna9 KO, and Chrna9L9′T KI mice. a, ABR thresholds for control WT (n = 12), Chrna9 KO (n ... enhancement of auditory-nerve response to masked tones. J Neurophysiol 70:2533-2549. doi:10.1152/jn.1993.70.6.2533 pmid:8120597 ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/38/34/7440

Responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons to frequency-modulated (FM) tones are heterogenic in awake cats. ... To explain the FM responses of A1 neurons, we developed an auditory model with a multichannel neural pathway. The model ... Functional model, Primary auditory cortex, FM response, Brain-machine interface Abstract. Responses of primary auditory cortex ... Modelling Responses of the Primary Auditory Cortex to Frequency-Modulated Tones in Awake Cats Tetsuya Goda, Takuya Kishita, ...

https://actapress.com/Abstract.aspx?paperId=452094

Nuclei in the auditory pathway. The mammalian auditory midbrain, shown above, is part of the ascending auditory pathway, ... The trapezoid body, located in the brainstem, is part of the auditory pathway where nerve fibers from the cochlea on one side ... integrating feedback signals from deeper parts of the auditory pathway together with input from the cochlear nerve. ... While Cajal may have erred in these two instances, he correctly observed another unusual signaling pathway between G and H: ...

https://history.nih.gov/x/l4MP

... and cochlear implantation are efficient method for the treatment of vertigo as well as the rehabilitation of the auditory ... previous studies had already indicated that labyrinthectomy does not necessarily lead to a destruction of the auditory pathway ... Former concerns that the labyrinthectomy may damage auditory neural elements with the result of no possible stimulation of the ... After cochlear implantation and the stage of auditory rehabilitation all patients reported a satisfying subjective ability of ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/457318/

Providing both ears with early input ensures the auditory pathways are supported to maximise a childs development. ...

https://www.cochlear.com/uk/en/home/diagnosis-and-treatment/how-cochlear-solutions-work/hearing-with-both-ears

Chronic Facial Pain in a 24-Year-Old University Student: Touch-Based Therapy Accessed via Auditory Pathways ...

https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9780702059766?role=faculty

Diet-induced obesity exacerbates auditory degeneration via hypoxia, inflammation, and apoptosis signaling pathways in CD/1 mice ... Interleukin-35 Inhibits Endothelial Cell Activation by Suppressing MAPK-AP-1 Pathway. Authors: Sha X, Meng S, Li X, Xi H, ... Prostacyclin regulates bone growth via the Epac/Rap1 pathway. Authors: Hutchison, Michele, White, Perrin C. Endocrinology, 2015 ... 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Rapid Membrane Signaling Pathway in Treatment of Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee Authors: SL Hsu, JH ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/products/anti-mouse-hrp-dab-cell-tissue-staining-kit_cts002

Potentials evoked by chirp-modulated tones: a new technique to evaluate oscillatory activity in the auditory pathway. J Artieda ...

https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=XZvjWLIAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao

Neural Pathways [A08.612] * Afferent Pathways [A08.612.220] * Auditory Pathways [A08.612.220.110] * Olfactory Pathways [A08.612 ... Auditory Pathways Preferred Concept UI. M0001967. Scope Note. NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ... Auditory Pathways Preferred Term Term UI T003879. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1971). ... diseases: coordinate with AUDITORY DISEASES, CENTRAL. Scope Note. NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001306

We measured these forms of adaptation by presenting complex synthetic and natural sounds, recording neuronal responses in the inferior colliculus and primary fields of the auditory cortex of anaesthetized ferrets, and comparing these responses with a sophisticated model of the auditory nerve. (nih.gov)
This suggests that the increase in adaptation to sound statistics from auditory nerve to midbrain to cortex is an important stage in the construction of noise-invariant sound representations in the higher auditory brain. (nih.gov)
This was accompanied by reduced neural responses to gaps in auditory cortex , the auditory periphery, and auditory brainstem . (bvsalud.org)
The auditory cortex (AC) sends long-range projections to virtually all subcortical auditory structures. (nih.gov)
Layer 5 corticocollicular neurons are concentrated in primary AC, while layer 6 corticocollicular neurons emanate from broad auditory and limbic areas in the temporal cortex. (nih.gov)
Responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons to frequency-modulated (FM) tones are heterogenic in awake cats. (actapress.com)
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM , beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI , continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX . (nih.gov)
connection with auditory cortex and may be associated with disabling consequences usually requiring rehabilitation. (who.int)
Dissociation of Unit Activity and Gamma Oscillations during Vocalization in Primate Auditory Cortex. (duke.edu)

Central hearing loss results from damage to the auditory nerve itself, or the brain pathways that lead to the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
This test uses patches, called electrodes, to see how the auditory nerve reacts to sound. (medlineplus.gov)
The model consists of seven blocks: the basilar membrane (BM), the inner hair cell (IHC), the primary auditory nerve (AN), the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), the inferior colliculus (IC), the medial geniculate body (MGB), and the A1 neuron. (actapress.com)
in the cochlear, auditory nerve, neural pathway or their type and severity of hearing loss. (who.int)
This computerized test evaluates how well sounds travel along the hearing nerve pathways from the ear to the brainstem. (uthsc.edu)
The Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) evaluation may be ordered for older children or adults following a traditional hearing test battery to further access the auditory nerve and the pathways along the brainstem. (uthsc.edu)

Ribbon synapses are specialized neuron connections found in ocular and auditory neural pathways, and their health is critical to the function of retinal photoreceptors in the eye, as well as hair cells in the ear. (nih.gov)

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an objective measure of the overall auditory transduction process. (bmj.com)
The Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) evaluation is commonly used for infants and toddlers, or anyone who cannot cooperate with traditional hearing testing, to accurately measure hearing status. (uthsc.edu)

Lateralization of auditory language functions: A dynamic dual pathway model. (mpg.de)
Assessing the auditory dual-pathway model in humans. (bvsalud.org)

Cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) are known to uniquely participate in auditory processing through their electromotility, and like inner hair cells, are also capable of releasing vesicular glutamate onto spiral ganglion (SG) neurons: in this case, onto the sparse Type II SG neurons. (nih.gov)
To explain the FM responses of A1 neurons, we developed an auditory model with a multichannel neural pathway. (actapress.com)
Here, we show that in zebrafish, less precipitous threats elicit a delayed escape, characterized by flexible trajectories, which are driven by a cluster of 38 prepontine neurons that are completely separate from the fast escape pathway. (nih.gov)
Whereas neurons that initiate rapid escapes receive direct auditory input and drive motor neurons, input and output pathways for delayed escapes are indirect, facilitating integration of cross-modal sensory information. (nih.gov)

The otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) test is another objective measure of the auditory pathway, which detects responses of the outer hair cells (OHCs) to environmental sound. (bmj.com)
Similar to findings among young adults, children with HIV in Tanzania were found to have lower distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and auditory brainstem responses (ABR) wave V amplitudes, compared with children without HIV. (ajmc.com)
Despite having clinically normal hearing, research shows that children living with HIV (CLWH) in Tanzania have lower distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and lower auditory brainstem responses (ABR) wave V amplitudes, compared with children without HIV. (ajmc.com)

Early-Life Stress Impairs Perception and Neural Encoding of Rapid Signals in the Auditory Pathway. (bvsalud.org)
However, the circuits by which conspecific auditory signals are perceived, processed, and stored in long- term memory have not been well documented. (elsevierpure.com)
We have documented two points at which the vocal motor pathway may pick up auditory signals: the HVC-shelf interface and a projection from clHV to the nucleus interfacialis (NIf), which projects to HVC. (elsevierpure.com)
This model can be used to convert acoustical signals into electrical stimuli as part of an auditory brain-machine interface for individuals with severe hearing impairments. (actapress.com)
Pathway-Specific Asymmetries between ON and OFF Visual Signals. (duke.edu)

Here we investigated the extent of neuronal adaptation to the mean and contrast of auditory stimulation as one ascends the auditory pathway. (nih.gov)
Here, we recorded neuronal activity in the ventral intermediate nucleus as well as the ventral oral anterior, and posterior nuclei of the motor thalamus in 25 patients with parkinsonian ( n = 6) and non-parkinsonian tremors ( n = 19) prior to insertion of deep brain stimulation electrodes while they performed an auditory oddball task. (nature.com)

By using injections of different kinds of neuroanatomical tracers (biotinylated dextran amines, rhodamine-linked dextran amines, biocytin, fluorogold, and rhodamine-linked latex beads), we have shown that, as in other avian groups, the neostriatal field L complex in caudal telencephalon is the primary forebrain relay for pathways originating in the auditory thalamus, i.e., the nucleus ovoidalis complex (Ov). (elsevierpure.com)
The current study demonstrated that ascending information to the motor thalamus can be suppressed during auditory attending tasks, providing indirect evidence for the searchlight hypothesis in humans. (nature.com)

Here, we demonstrate that ELS degrades sensory responses to rapid variations in sound at multiple levels of the auditory pathway , and concurrently impairs perception of these rapidly-varying sounds . (bvsalud.org)
The magnitude of these differences was small, but results suggest an early and consistent association between HIV infection or treatment and outer hair cell and auditory brainstem responses in children as young as 3 years," the study authors said. (ajmc.com)

Inhibition was specific to auditory attention as incorrect counting or wrist flicking to the deviant tones did not produce such inhibition. (nature.com)

Cochlear synaptopathy produced by exposure to noise levels that cause only transient auditory threshold elevations is a condition that affects many people and is believed to contribute to poor speech discrimination in noisy environments. (jneurosci.org)
In Chrna9 KO ears, noise exposure produced permanent auditory threshold elevations together with cochlear synaptopathy. (jneurosci.org)

Hearing loss can occur after ingestion of certain drugs due to their effects on the peripheral auditory system or central nervous system. (cdc.gov)

The mechanisms of action of ototoxic substances may involve the entire organ, specific cells within the organ, components of specific cells, or individual biochemical pathways. (cdc.gov)
Drugs and other substances that alter hearing or equilibrium by acting primarily at the level of the brain stem or the central auditory pathways are considered to be neurotoxic and not strictly ototoxic (Hawkins 1976). (cdc.gov)

17. Decreased integrity of the fronto-temporal fibers of the left inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. (nih.gov)

In particular, the perception and auditory cortical (ACx) encoding of temporally-varying sounds both mature gradually, even into adolescence , providing an extended postnatal window of susceptibility. (bvsalud.org)

The neurophysiology of selective attention in visual and auditory systems has been studied in animal models but not with single unit recordings in human. (nature.com)

Providing both ears with early input ensures the auditory pathways are supported to maximise a child's development. (cochlear.com)

Identifying behaviorally relevant sounds in the presence of background noise is one of the most important and poorly understood challenges faced by the auditory system. (nih.gov)
An elegant solution to this problem would be for the auditory system to represent sounds in a noise-invariant fashion. (nih.gov)
Hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear or auditory (hearing) system is not working in the usual way. (cdc.gov)
These data represent the most complete survey to date of auditory pathways in the adult male zebra finch brain, and of their projections to motor stations of the song system. (elsevierpure.com)
His laboratory investigates these mechanisms using excitatory and inhibitory brainstem pathways in the mammalian sound localization system. (nih.gov)
Evidence for Layer-Specific Connectional Heterogeneity in the Mouse Auditory Corticocollicular System. (nih.gov)
For patients with single-sided Ménière's disease and profound sensorineural hearing loss the simultaneous labyrinthectomy and cochlear implantation are efficient method for the treatment of vertigo as well as the rehabilitation of the auditory system. (hindawi.com)
For this reason, this study examines the success of simultaneous labyrinthectomy for the therapy of vertigo and cochlear implantation for the rehabilitation of the auditory system. (hindawi.com)
The Language Power-Lock System employs an integrated switchback method to engage the learner through visual, auditory, and psychomotor pathways. (greateracadianaregion.net)
Since then, considerable progress toward understanding the effects of certain environmental and occupational chemicals on the auditory system and their interactions with noise has been made (Fechter et al. (cdc.gov)

In particular, no evidence exists of direct connections between auditory and vocal motor pathways, and two newly identified centers for auditory processing, caudomedial neostriatum (Ncm) and caudomedial hyperstriatum ventrale (cmHV), have no documented place among known auditory circuits. (elsevierpure.com)

Sequential effects of propofol on functional brain activation induced by auditory language processing: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. (mpg.de)
Auditory brain stem response (ABR) test. (medlineplus.gov)
These pathways conduct sound from the inner ear to the brain. (uthsc.edu)
In addition to the NIH Director's New Innovator Award, his lab is supported by the Searle Scholars Program, The Pew Scholars Program in the Biomedical Sciences, The Kathryn W. Davis Aging Brain Scholars Program and an NIH Pathway to Independence Award. (nih.gov)

Our goal was to describe anatomically the auditory pathways in adult zebra finch males and, specifically, to show the projections by which Ncm and vocal motor centers may receive auditory input. (elsevierpure.com)

The units you select once you are enrolled will ensure you are on the paediatric pathway and receive an MSc in Audiology (Paediatric) on successful completion. (manchester.ac.uk)

To examine the effects of ELS on temporal processing , we developed a model of ELS in the Mongolian gerbil , a well-established model for auditory processing . (bvsalud.org)

In this seminar, Dr. Kandler will focus on the processes and mechanisms that occur during the topographic refinement of an inhibitory, GABA/glycinergic pathway (MNTB-LSO pathway). (nih.gov)
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) supersedes the previous National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) program announcement, "Proteomics in Auditory Developmental and Disease Processes" (PA-06-366). (nih.gov)

In the developed nations, and in some developing ones, the prescription of these drugs will trigger "ototoxicity monitoring" of patients to allow early detection of auditory effects and, when necessary, audiologic interventions to address the hearing impairment (AAA 2009). (cdc.gov)

5. Microstructural alterations of the arcuate fasciculus in schizophrenia patients with frequent auditory verbal hallucinations. (nih.gov)
12. Integrity of the arcuate fasciculus in patients with schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations: A DTI-tractography study. (nih.gov)
13. Independent contribution of individual white matter pathways to language function in pediatric epilepsy patients. (nih.gov)
15. Local Alterations of Left Arcuate Fasciculus and Transcallosal White Matter Microstructure in Schizophrenia Patients with Medication-resistant Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Pilot Study. (nih.gov)

Since a hearing defect might occur at any place along the auditory pathway, it would seem reasonable to expect to be able to differentiate types of NSRHL based on the location where the auditory process is disrupted. (bmj.com)
Pure tone audiometry has been the standard method used to measure hearing threshold but, since it subjectively tests the overall integrity of the auditory pathway, it gives only limited information about where that pathway is failing. (bmj.com)
This type of hearing loss has been defined as auditory neuropathy (AN). (bmj.com)

The majority of attendees accepted the terminology used in 2-year studies for describing the strength of response in p53+/- and Hras2 models where the altered gene is in a pathway leading to a carcinogenic outcome. (nih.gov)

This commercially available program combines advanced psychoacoustic techniques with the improvisational art of Ostad Elahi (1895-1974) to encourage active listening (a central component of mindfulness practice) by targeting early auditory information processing pathways. (brunel.ac.uk)

3- 6 A good review of auditory tests can be found in Hood. (bmj.com)

The researchers called these differences subtle but significant, and warrant tracking auditory function and development outcomes in CLWH. (ajmc.com)

In addition, Elahi's fingering and striking technique convey the auditory impression of simultaneous dissonance and consonance, creating polyphonic effects. (brunel.ac.uk)

The specificity of the effects could not be explained by auditory confounds. (frontiersin.org)

Auditory information is critical for vocal imitation and other elements of social life in songbirds. (elsevierpure.com)

Parts of the field L complex are connected among themselves and to Ncm, cmHV, and caudolateral HV (clHV) through a complex web of largely reciprocal pathways. (elsevierpure.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms5

Diseases5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology12

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

The functional anatomy of the normal human auditory system: responses to 0.5 and 4.0 kHz tones at varied intensities. (1/1597)

Desynchronizing responses to correlated noise: A mechanism for binaural masking level differences at the inferior colliculus. (2/1597)

Coding of sound envelopes by inhibitory rebound in neurons of the superior olivary complex in the unanesthetized rabbit. (3/1597)

The superior olivary nucleus and its influence on nucleus laminaris: a source of inhibitory feedback for coincidence detection in the avian auditory brainstem. (4/1597)

Early visual experience shapes the representation of auditory space in the forebrain gaze fields of the barn owl. (5/1597)

Auditory perception: does practice make perfect? (6/1597)

Expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems. (7/1597)

Assessment of hearing in 80 inbred strains of mice by ABR threshold analyses. (8/1597)

Auditory Pathways

Inferior Colliculi

Acoustic Stimulation

Auditory Diseases, Central

Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

Cochlear Nucleus

Auditory Perception

Cochlear Nerve

Evoked Potentials, Auditory

Auditory Cortex

Olivary Nucleus

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Auditory Perceptual Disorders

Auditory Threshold

Tinnitus

Sound Localization

Hearing

Ear

Brain Stem

Reflex, Acoustic

Geniculate Bodies

Cochlea

Deafness

Audiometry, Evoked Response

Noise

Sound

Pitch Perception

Audiometry, Pure-Tone

Cochlear Microphonic Potentials

Cochlear Implantation

Event-Related Potentials, P300

Loudness Perception

Gryllidae

Reaction Time

Psychoacoustics

Vocalization, Animal

Neurons

Functional Laterality

Hearing Loss, Sensorineural

Thalamus

Cochlear Implants

Audiometry

Gerbillinae

Sound Spectrography

Cats

Brain Mapping

Action Potentials

Speech Perception

Chiroptera

Models, Neurological

Electrophysiology

Neural Inhibition

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Neuronal Plasticity

Time Factors

Synapses

Electric Stimulation

Adaptation, Physiological

Synaptic Transmission

Electroencephalography

Brain

Guinea Pigs

The functional anatomy of the normal human auditory system: responses to 0.5 and 4.0 kHz tones at varied intensities. (1/1597)

Desynchronizing responses to correlated noise: A mechanism for binaural masking level differences at the inferior colliculus. (2/1597)

Coding of sound envelopes by inhibitory rebound in neurons of the superior olivary complex in the unanesthetized rabbit. (3/1597)

The superior olivary nucleus and its influence on nucleus laminaris: a source of inhibitory feedback for coincidence detection in the avian auditory brainstem. (4/1597)

Early visual experience shapes the representation of auditory space in the forebrain gaze fields of the barn owl. (5/1597)

Auditory perception: does practice make perfect? (6/1597)

Expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems. (7/1597)

Assessment of hearing in 80 inbred strains of mice by ABR threshold analyses. (8/1597)

Cochlear nucleus

Stria vascularis of cochlear duct

Animal echolocation

Optogenetics

Channelrhodopsin

Spiral ganglion

Auditory system

Feature detection (nervous system)

Cat intelligence

Aage Møller