The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).
Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
Loss of sensitivity to sounds as a result of auditory stimulation, manifesting as a temporary shift in auditory threshold. The temporary threshold shift, TTS, is expressed in decibels.
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
Self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (COCHLEA) without external stimulation. These faint signals can be recorded in the EAR CANAL and are indications of active OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. These include earmuffs and earplugs.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.
Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
Examination of the EAR CANAL and eardrum with an OTOSCOPE.
Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.
Surgery performed in which part of the STAPES, a bone in the middle ear, is removed and a prosthesis is placed to help transmit sound between the middle ear and inner ear.
Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. These include CENTRAL HEARING LOSS and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS.
Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.
Intra-aural contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius in response to sound.
Partial hearing loss in both ears.
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)
A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.
Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.
Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina.
The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.
The aggregate business enterprise of manufacturing textiles. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Confirmation of deafness in infancy. (1/78)

AIM: To assess delay in confirming hearing impairment in infants identified by universal neonatal screening and to investigate the causes. PATIENTS: Infants identified from 25 199 babies screened from January 1992 to December 1997. METHODS: A two stage transient evoked oto-acoustic emission test (TEOAE), with a threshold auditory brainstem response (ABR) recording undertaken on those who failed. The screen identified infants with a permanent congenital hearing impairment (PCHI) averaging 40 dBnHL or worse in the best ear. Those with less impairment were also ascertained. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the ABR test and measures of delay between identification and eventual diagnosis were analysed. RESULTS: A targeted PCHI was found in 1.18/1000 neonates. The PPV of the ABR for confirming a targeted PCHI was 100% when the ABR threshold was >/= 80 dBnHL. Nine of 11 infants with this threshold had severe or profound permanent deafness. The delay from ABR to audiological certainty was about 1 month-diagnosis was confirmed around 3 months. There was uncertainty when the ABR was 40-80 dBnHL. The PPV was 60% and 8% when the ABR thresholds were 70 dBnHL and 50 dBnHL, respectively. 85 of 111 infants with ABR thresholds in this range had a temporary conductive impairment. Their early diagnosis depended upon the type and degree of hearing impairment and diagnosis was delayed to about 8 months in these infants. CONCLUSIONS: Hearing impairments identified by universal screening are delayed in all but those with severe or profound bilateral PCHI. This delay can be reduced by applying in early infancy a battery of audiological tests and requires further exploration.  (+info)

Costs of different strategies for neonatal hearing screening: a modelling approach. (2/78)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost effectiveness of various strategies for neonatal hearing screening by estimating the cost per hearing impaired child detected. DESIGN: Cost analyses with a simulation model, including a multivariate sensitivity analysis. Comparisons of the cost per child detected were made for: screening method (automated auditory brainstem response or otoacoustic emissions); number of stages in the screening process (two or three); target disorder (bilateral hearing loss or both unilateral and bilateral loss); location (at home or at a child health clinic). SETTING: The Netherlands TARGET POPULATION: All newborn infants not admitted to neonatal intensive care units. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Costs per child detected with a hearing loss of 40 dB or more in the better ear. RESULTS: Costs of a three stage screening process in child health clinics are 39.0 pounds (95% confidence interval 20.0 to 57.0) per child detected with automated auditory brainstem response compared with 25.0 (14.4 to 35.6) pounds per child detected with otoacoustic emissions. A three stage screening process not only reduces the referral rates, but is also likely to cost less than a two stage process because of the lower cost of diagnostic facilities. The extra cost (over and above a screening programme detecting bilateral losses) of detecting one child with unilateral hearing loss is 1500-4000 pounds. With the currently available information, no preference can be expressed for a screening location. CONCLUSIONS: Three stage screening with otoacoustic emissions is recommended. Whether screening at home is more cost effective than screening at a child health clinic needs further study.  (+info)

Six year effectiveness of a population based two tier infant hearing screening programme. (3/78)

AIMS: To determine whether a two tier universal infant hearing screening programme (population based risk factor ascertainment and universal distraction testing) lowered median age of diagnosis of bilateral congenital hearing impairment (CHI) >40 dB HL in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: Comparison of whole population birth cohorts pre and post introduction of the Victorian Infant Hearing Screening Program (VIHSP). All babies surviving the neonatal period born in Victoria in 1989 (pre-VIHSP) and 1993 (post-VIHSP) were studied. (1) Pre-1992: distraction test at 7-9 months. (2) Post-1992: infants with risk factors for CHI referred for auditory brain stem evoked response (ABR) assessment; all others screened by modified distraction test at 7-9 months. RESULTS: Of the 1989 cohort (n = 63 454), 1.65/1000 were fitted with hearing aids for CHI by end 1995, compared with 2.09/1000 of the 1993 cohort (n = 64 116) by end 1999. Of these, 79 cases from the 1989 cohort (1.24/1000) and 72 cases from the 1993 cohort (1.12/1000) had CHI >40 dB HL. Median age at diagnosis of CHI >40 dB HL for the 1989 birth cohort was 20.3 months, and for the 1993 cohort was 14.2 months. Median age at diagnosis fell significantly for severe CHI but not for moderate or profound CHI. Significantly more babies with CHI >40 dB HL were diagnosed by 6 months of age in 1993 than in 1989 (21.7% v 6.3%). Compared to the six years pre-VIHSP, numbers aided by six months were consistently higher in the six years post-VIHSP (1.05 per 100 000 births versus 13.4 per 100 000 births per year). CONCLUSIONS: VIHSP resulted in very early diagnosis for more infants and lowered median age of diagnosis of severe CHI. However, overall results were disappointing.  (+info)

Progressive auditory neuropathy in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. (4/78)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate auditory neural involvement in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). METHODS: Auditory assessment was undertaken in two patients with LHON. One was a 45 year old woman with Harding disease (multiple-sclerosis-like illness and positive 11778mtDNA mutation) and mild auditory symptoms, whose auditory function was monitored over five years. The other was a 59 year old man with positive 11778mtDNA mutation, who presented with a long standing progressive bilateral hearing loss, moderate on one side and severe to profound on the other. Standard pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, stapedial reflex threshold measurements, stapedial reflex decay, otoacoustic emissions with olivo-cochlear suppression, auditory brain stem responses, and vestibular function tests were undertaken. RESULTS: Both patients had good cochlear function, as judged by otoacoustic emissions (intact outer hair cells) and normal stapedial reflexes (intact inner hair cells). A brain stem lesion was excluded by negative findings on imaging, recordable stapedial reflex thresholds, and, in one of the patients, olivocochlear suppression of otoacoustic emissions. The deterioration of auditory function implied a progressive course in both cases. Vestibular function was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with auditory neuropathy-a lesion of the cochlear nerve presenting with abnormal auditory brain stem responses and with normal inner hair cells and the cochlear nucleus (lower brain stem). The association of auditory neuropathy, or any other auditory dysfunction, with LHON has not been recognised previously. Further studies are necessary to establish whether this is a consistent finding.  (+info)

Use of auditory brainstem responses for the early detection of ototoxicity from aminoglycosides or chemotherapeutic drugs. (5/78)

Effective objective HF (high-frequency) testing methodology provides for the early detection of ototoxic hearing loss because it typically progresses from high to low frequencies. Such early detection is considered necessary to prevent hearing loss from progressing into the frequency range important for understanding speech. Objective tests must be reliable, sensitive to hearing change, and time efficient. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) appear well suited to this task; however, current ABR techniques have limitations. Conventional clicks stimulate middle (1-4 kHz) rather than high frequencies (>8 kHz). Responses to HF tone bursts require considerable recording time. We hypothesized that using HF band-limited clicks (HF clicks) could overcome these limitations. Two different HF clicks, with bandwidths of 8-14 kHz were used to elicit ABRs. The current study compared responses among these stimuli. The results demonstrate the reliability of HF-click responses and of tone bursts presented in trains.  (+info)

The use of QSD (q-sequence deconvolution) to recover superposed, transient evoked-responses. (6/78)

OBJECTIVE: We describe q-sequence deconvolution (QSD), a new data acquisition/analysis method for evoked-responses that solves the problem of waveform distortion at high stimulus repetition-rates, due to response overlap. QSD can increase the sensitivity of clinically useful evoked-responses because it is well known that high stimulus repetition-rates are better for detecting pathophysiology. METHODS: QSD is applicable to a variety of experimental conditions. Because some QSD-parameters must be chosen by the experimenter, the underlying principles and assumptions of the method are described in detail. The theoretical and mathematical bases of the QSD method are also described, including some equivalent computational formulations. RESULTS: QSD was applied to recordings of the human auditory brainstem response (ABR) at stimulus repetition-rates that overlapped the responses. The transient ABR was recovered at all rates tested (highest 160/s), and showed systematic changes with stimulus repetition-rate within a single subject. CONCLUSIONS: QSD offers a new method of recovering brain evoked-response activity having a duration longer than the time between stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of this new technique for analysis of evoked responses will permit examination of brain activation patterns across a broad range of stimulus repetition-rates, some never before studied. Such studies will improve the sensitivity of evoked-responses for the detection of brain pathophysiology. New measures of brain activity may be discovered using QSD. The method also permits the recovery of the transient brain waveforms that overlap to form 'steady-state' waveforms. An additional benefit of the QSD method is that repetition-rate can be isolated as a variable, independent of other stimulus characteristics, even if the response is a nonlinear function of rate.  (+info)

Universal newborn hearing screening in Singapore: the need, implementation and challenges. (7/78)

With about 1 in 1000 born with severe to profound hearing loss and about 5 in 1000 with lesser degrees of loss, congenital deafness is the commonest major birth defect. It is the recommended standard that hearing loss in newborns be detected by 3 months of age and intervention implemented by 6 months of age. Delayed detection and intervention may affect speech, language and psychosocial development, resulting in poor academic achievements. Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) is the only effective way of detecting all babies with hearing loss, within the recommended time frame. A survey in Singapore revealed that traditional childhood hearing screening programmes resulted in late detection (mean age, 20.8 months; range, 0 to 86 months) and late intervention (mean age, 42.4 months; range, 1 to 120 months). Increasingly, UNHS is becoming standard medical care in developed countries. In Singapore, UNHS has been implemented in all hospitals with obstetric services. Although a screening rate of more than 99% has been achieved in public hospitals, private hospitals have a screening rate of only about 77%. Parents' awareness and acceptance of early detection is still lacking, and this needs to be addressed by appropriate public education. Support from obstetricians and paediatricians will significantly contribute towards this objective. Effective programme management is essential; this includes the use of data management systems, the maintenance of a team of experienced screeners, and efficient coordination between screening and diagnostic services. Early detection of childhood deafness, together with early and effective intervention, maximises the chances of successful integration into mainstream education and society.  (+info)

Cochlear implantation in rats: a new surgical approach. (8/78)

The laboratory rat has been used extensively in auditory research but has had limited use in cochlear implant related research due mainly to the surgically restricted access to the scala tympani. We have developed a new surgical method for cochlear implantation in rats. The key to this protocol was cauterizing the stapedial artery (SA) and making a small cochleostomy near the round window in order to enlarge the surgical access to the scala tympani. Five normal hearing Hooded Wistar rats were used to investigate the effect of cauterizing the SA on hearing and auditory nerve survival. Results showed that cauterizing the SA was surgically feasible, afforded excellent exposure of the round window niche for cochleostomy, and did not adversely affect acoustic thresholds measured electrophysiologically. Moreover, there was no difference in spiral ganglion cell densities for any cochlear turn when compared with the contralateral control ears. Three deafened rats were subsequently implanted with a scala tympani electrode array using this new surgical approach. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses using bipolar stimulation, and subsequent cochlear histopathology demonstrated that cochlear implantation using a custom-made rat electrode array was safe and effective. The surgical approach presented in this paper presents a safe and effective procedure for acute or chronic cochlear implantation in the rat model.  (+info)

High-frequency hearing loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis): This is the most common cause of high-frequency hearing loss and affects many people as they age.
2. Noise exposure: Exposure to loud noises, such as those from heavy machinery or music, can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and lead to high-frequency hearing loss.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or labyrinthitis, can cause inflammation and damage to the inner ear and auditory nerve, leading to high-frequency hearing loss.
4. Trauma: A head injury or other trauma to the head or ear can cause damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, resulting in high-frequency hearing loss.
5. Genetics: Some people may be born with a genetic predisposition to high-frequency hearing loss.

Symptoms of high-frequency hearing loss can include difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds, such as women's and children's voices, birds chirping, or the high notes of music. People with high-frequency hearing loss may also have difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments or when background noise is present.

Treatment for high-frequency hearing loss depends on the underlying cause and can include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to address any underlying conditions that are contributing to the hearing loss. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have high-frequency hearing loss, as early diagnosis and treatment can help improve communication and quality of life.

Types of Hearing Disorders:

1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is caused by a problem with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. It is permanent and cannot be treated with medicine or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Tinnitus: This is the perception of ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of the sound. It can be caused by exposure to loud noises, age, or certain medications.
5. Balance disorders: These are conditions that affect the balance center in the inner ear or the brain, causing dizziness, vertigo, and other symptoms.

Causes of Hearing Disorders:

1. Genetics: Some hearing disorders can be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Age: As we age, our hearing can decline due to wear and tear on the inner ear.
3. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud sounds, such as music or machinery, can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and lead to hearing loss.
4. Infections: Certain infections, such as otitis media (middle ear infection), can cause hearing loss if left untreated.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause hearing loss.

Symptoms of Hearing Disorders:

1. Difficulty hearing or understanding speech, especially in noisy environments.
2. Ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears (tinnitus).
3. Vertigo or dizziness.
4. Feeling of fullness or pressure in the ears.
5. Hearing loss that worsens over time.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Disorders:

1. Medical history and physical examination.
2. Audiometry test to measure hearing threshold and speech discrimination.
3. Otoscopy to examine the outer ear and ear canal.
4. Tympanometry to assess the middle ear function.
5. Otoacoustic emissions testing to evaluate the inner ear function.

Treatment options for hearing disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Hearing aids or cochlear implants to improve hearing.
2. Medications to treat infections or reduce tinnitus.
3. Surgery to remove earwax, repair the eardrum, or address middle ear problems.
4. Balance rehabilitation exercises to manage vertigo and dizziness.
5. Cognitive therapy to improve communication skills and address psychological effects of hearing loss.

Prevention and Management of Hearing Disorders:

1. Avoiding loud noises and taking regular breaks in noisy environments.
2. Wearing earplugs or earmuffs when exposed to loud sounds.
3. Getting regular hearing checkups and addressing any hearing issues promptly.
4. Managing chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, that can contribute to hearing loss.
5. Encouraging open communication with family members and healthcare providers about hearing difficulties.

There are two main types of noise-induced hearing loss:

1. Acoustic trauma: This type of hearing loss occurs suddenly after a single exposure to an extremely loud noise, such as an explosion or a gunshot.
2. Cumulative trauma: This type of hearing loss occurs gradually over time as a result of repeated exposure to loud noises, such as machinery or music.

The risk of developing noise-induced hearing loss increases with the intensity and duration of noise exposure. Factors that can contribute to an individual's risk of developing NIHL include:

1. Loudness of the noise: Noises that are louder than 85 decibels can cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the inner ear.
2. Prolonged exposure: The longer an individual is exposed to loud noises, the greater their risk of developing NIHL.
3. Age: Older adults are more susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss due to the natural aging process and the degeneration of the hair cells in the inner ear.
4. Genetics: Some individuals may be more susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss due to genetic factors.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or otosclerosis, can increase an individual's risk of developing NIHL.

The symptoms of noise-induced hearing loss can vary depending on the severity of the damage. Some common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds
2. Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments
3. Ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus)
4. Muffled hearing
5. Decreased sensitivity to sounds

There is currently no cure for noise-induced hearing loss, but there are several treatment options available to help manage the symptoms. These include:

1. Hearing aids: These can help amplify sounds and improve an individual's ability to hear.
2. Cochlear implants: These are electronic devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
3. Tinnitus management: There are several techniques and therapies available to help manage tinnitus, including sound therapy, counseling, and relaxation techniques.
4. Speech therapy: This can help individuals with hearing loss improve their communication skills and better understand speech in noisy environments.

Prevention is key when it comes to noise-induced hearing loss. To reduce your risk of developing NIHL, you should:

1. Avoid loud noises whenever possible
2. Wear earplugs or earmuffs when exposed to loud noises
3. Take regular breaks in a quiet space if you are working in a loud environment
4. Keep the volume down on personal audio devices
5. Get your hearing checked regularly to identify any potential issues early on.

There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the middle ear and its ability to transmit sound waves to the inner ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve, which can lead to permanent hearing loss. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

Symptoms of hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, muffled or distorted sound, ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus), and difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds. If you suspect you have hearing loss, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible, as early treatment can help improve communication and quality of life.

Hearing loss is diagnosed through a series of tests, including an audiometric test, which measures the softest sounds that can be heard at different frequencies. Treatment options for hearing loss include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices, as well as counseling and support to help manage the condition and improve communication skills.

Overall, hearing loss is a common condition that can have a significant impact on daily life. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing hearing loss, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible to address any underlying issues and improve communication and quality of life.

Symptoms of conductive hearing loss may include:

* Difficulty hearing soft sounds
* Muffled or distorted sound
* Ringing or other noises in the affected ear
* Difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments

Causes of conductive hearing loss can include:

* Middle ear infections (otitis media)
* Eardrum perforation or tearing
* Tubal erosion or narrowing
* Ossicular anomalies or abnormalities
* Certain head or neck injuries
* Tumors or cysts in the middle ear

Diagnosis of conductive hearing loss typically involves a physical examination and a series of tests, including:

* Otoscopy (examination of the outer ear and eardrum)
* Tympanometry (measurement of the movement of the eardrum)
* Acoustic reflex threshold testing (assessment of the acoustic reflex, which is a normal response to loud sounds)
* Otoacoustic emissions testing (measurement of the sounds produced by the inner ear in response to sound waves)

Treatment for conductive hearing loss depends on the underlying cause and may include:

* Antibiotics for middle ear infections
* Tubes inserted into the eardrum to drain fluid and improve air flow
* Surgery to repair or replace damaged ossicles or other middle ear structures
* Hearing aids or cochlear implants to amplify sound waves and improve hearing.

There is no cure for tinnitus, but there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition. These include sound therapy, which involves exposing the ear to soothing sounds to mask the tinnitus, and counseling, which can help individuals cope with the emotional effects of tinnitus. Other treatments may include medications to relieve anxiety or depression, relaxation techniques, and lifestyle changes such as avoiding loud noises and taking steps to reduce stress.

It is important for individuals who experience tinnitus to seek medical attention if the condition persists or worsens over time, as it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition that requires treatment. A healthcare professional can evaluate the individual's hearing and overall health to determine the cause of the tinnitus and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

This type of hearing loss cannot be treated with medication or surgery, and it is usually permanent. However, there are various assistive devices and technology available to help individuals with sensorineural hearing loss communicate more effectively, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and FM systems.

There are several causes of sensorineural hearing loss, including:

1. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
2. Age: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common condition that affects many people as they age. It is estimated that one-third of people between the ages of 65 and 74 have some degree of hearing loss, and nearly half of those over the age of 75 have significant hearing loss.
3. Genetics: Some cases of sensorineural hearing loss are inherited and run in families.
4. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
5. Trauma to the head or ear: A head injury or a traumatic injury to the ear can cause sensorineural hearing loss.
6. Tumors: Certain types of tumors, such as acoustic neuroma, can cause sensorineural hearing loss by affecting the auditory nerve.
7. Ototoxicity: Certain medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.

It is important to note that sensorineural hearing loss cannot be cured, but there are many resources available to help individuals with this condition communicate more effectively and improve their quality of life.

1. Otitis media (middle ear infection): This is an infection of the middle ear that can cause ear pain, fever, and hearing loss.
2. Acoustic neuroma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain. It can cause hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and balance problems.
3. Meniere's disease: This is a disorder of the inner ear that can cause vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
4. Presbycusis: This is age-related hearing loss that affects the inner ear and can cause difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds.
5. Ototoxicity: This refers to damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals. It can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
6. Meningitis: This is an infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It can cause hearing loss, headache, and other symptoms.
7. Otosclerosis: This is a condition in which there is abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that can cause hearing loss.
8. Cholesteatoma: This is a condition in which there is a buildup of skin cells in the middle ear that can cause hearing loss, ear pain, and other symptoms.
9. Eustachian tube dysfunction: This is a condition in which the tubes that connect the middle ear to the back of the throat do not function properly, leading to hearing loss, ear pain, and other symptoms.
10. Mastoiditis: This is an infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear that can cause hearing loss, ear pain, and other symptoms.

The exact cause of otosclerosis is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition typically affects one ear more than the other, and it is more common in women than men.

There are several subtypes of otosclerosis, including:

1. Juvenile otosclerosis: This type of otosclerosis affects children and adolescents and is characterized by a slow progression of hearing loss over several years.
2. Adult otosclerosis: This type of otosclerosis affects adults and is typically caused by exposure to loud noise or age-related wear and tear on the middle ear bones.
3. Otosclerotic fixation: This type of otosclerosis is characterized by a complete fixation of the stapes bone, which can cause complete deafness in the affected ear.

The symptoms of otosclerosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Hearing loss: Otosclerosis can cause hearing loss in the affected ear, which can range from mild to severe.
2. Tinnitus: Patients with otosclerosis may experience ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the affected ear.
3. Balance difficulties: Otosclerosis can affect the balance center in the inner ear, leading to dizziness, vertigo, and other balance problems.
4. Ear fullness: Patients with otosclerosis may experience a feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear.

Diagnosis of otosclerosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, hearing tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options for otosclerosis include:

1. Watchful waiting: In some cases, doctors may recommend a wait-and-see approach, monitoring the patient's condition over time to see if any changes occur.
2. Hearing aids: Patients with mild to moderate hearing loss due to otosclerosis may benefit from using hearing aids in the affected ear.
3. Stapedectomy: This surgical procedure involves removing the stapes bone and replacing it with a prosthesis. This can improve hearing in cases where the condition is caused by fixation of the stapes bone.
4. Otosclerosis injection therapy: Injecting medications such as corticosteroids into the middle ear can help reduce inflammation and improve hearing.
5. Cochlear implant: In severe cases of otosclerosis, a cochlear implant may be recommended to bypass the damaged inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve.

It's important to note that the most effective treatment approach will depend on the severity and location of the condition, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Consult with an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist) for a personalized evaluation and recommendations.

Some examples of central auditory diseases include:

1. Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD): A condition where the brain has difficulty processing sounds, leading to difficulties with speech and language development, reading, and social interactions.
2. Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD): A condition that affects the transmission of sound from the inner ear to the brain, leading to difficulties with hearing and understanding speech.
3. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): A condition that causes chronic inflammation and infection of the middle ear, which can lead to hearing loss and difficulty processing sound.
4. Meniere's disease: A condition that affects the inner ear and causes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance difficulties.
6. Stroke or traumatic brain injury: These conditions can damage the auditory system and cause hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.
7. Cochlear implant complications: Complications related to the surgical implantation of a cochlear implant, such as infection or device malfunction, can affect the central auditory system.
8. Chronic tinnitus: A condition characterized by persistent ringing or other sounds in the ears that can lead to hearing loss and difficulty understanding speech.
9. Ototoxicity: Exposure to certain medications or chemicals can damage the inner ear and cause hearing loss or tinnitus.
10. Meningitis or encephalitis: Infections of the brain and its membranes can affect the auditory system and cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance difficulties.

These are just a few examples of central auditory diseases. The diagnosis and treatment of these conditions typically involve a team of healthcare professionals, including otolaryngologists (ENT specialists), neurologists, audiologists, and speech-language pathologists.

Functional hearing loss can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

- Auditory processing disorders: Difficulty understanding speech due to impaired ability to process sounds.

- Cognitive deficits: Memory or attention problems that affect the ability to understand spoken language.

- Brain injury: Traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other forms of brain damage can affect the auditory processing centers in the brain, leading to functional hearing loss.

- Neurological conditions: Certain neurological conditions such as autism, ADHD, or learning disabilities can also cause functional hearing loss.

In assessing functional hearing loss, an audiologist or a speech and language therapist may use a variety of tests to evaluate auditory processing skills, cognitive abilities, and speech understanding. Treatment options for functional hearing loss vary depending on the underlying cause but may include speech and language therapy, cognitive training, or the use of assistive devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants.

The symptoms of bilateral hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, difficulty understanding conversations when there is background noise, listening to loud music or watching television at a low volume, and experiencing ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears (tinnitus).

Bilateral hearing loss can be diagnosed with a thorough medical examination, including a physical examination of the ears, an audiometric test, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment options for bilateral hearing loss depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

Hearing aids: These devices can amplify sounds and improve hearing ability.
Cochlear implants: These are electronic devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
Assistive listening devices: These include devices such as FM systems, infrared systems, and alerting devices that can help individuals with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
Speech therapy: This can help improve communication skills and address any difficulties with language development.
Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the hearing loss, such as infections or excessive earwax.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove excessive earwax or to repair any damage to the middle ear bones.

Vertigo can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* A feeling of spinning or swaying
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blurred vision
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal eye movements
* Unsteadiness or loss of balance

To diagnose vertigo, a healthcare professional will typically conduct a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. They may also perform tests such as the head impulse test or the electronystagmography (ENG) test to assess the function of the inner ear and balance systems.

Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, or benzodiazepines, as well as vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) to help the body adapt to the balance problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of vertigo.

In summary, vertigo is a symptom characterized by a false sense of spinning or movement of the surroundings, and can be caused by various conditions affecting the inner ear, brain, or nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, VRT, and in some cases, surgery.

Some common examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): A condition that causes brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: An inner ear infection that causes vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular migraine: A type of migraine that causes vertigo, along with headaches and other symptoms.
4. Meniere's disease: A disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: A condition in which the bony covering of the superior canal in the inner ear is thin or absent, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and sound sensitivity.
7. Perilymph fistula: A tear or defect in the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
8. Ototoxicity: Damage to the inner ear caused by exposure to certain medications or chemicals, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

Diagnosis of vestibular diseases typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests such as the Electronystagmography (ENG) or Vestibular Function Tests (VFT). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the symptoms, but may include medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgery.

There are several subtypes of APD, including:

1. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): A disorder characterized by difficulty processing auditory information due to a deficit in the brain's ability to process speech and language.
2. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A subtype of APD that is caused by a problem in the central nervous system, rather than in the inner ear.
3. Developmental Auditory Perceptual Disorder (DAPD): A disorder that affects children and adolescents, characterized by difficulty with auditory perception and processing.
4. Auditory Memory Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with auditory memory and recall.
5. Auditory Discrimination Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with distinguishing between similar sounds.

APD can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, premature birth, infections during pregnancy or childhood, and head trauma. Treatment for APD typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as auditory training and speech therapy, as well as assistive listening devices and technology.

In addition to the subtypes listed above, there are also several related conditions that may be classified as APD, including:

1. Auditory-Verbal Processing Disorder (AVPD): A disorder characterized by difficulty with auditory processing and language development.
2. Language Processing Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with language comprehension and processing.
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing.
4. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing, as well as social communication and behavior.
5. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A type of APD that is characterized by difficulty with central auditory processing, including the ability to understand speech in noisy environments.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

The auditory brainstem response (ABR), also called brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA), is an auditory evoked potential ... contrary to cortical evoked responses). Disadvantages of hearing aid selection by brainstem audiometry include the following ... Auditory steady-state response is an auditory evoked potential, elicited with modulated tones that can be used to predict ... Step 1: obtain Click-evoked ABR responses to clicks and high-pass pink masking noise (ipsilateral masking) Step 2: obtain ...
Other tests, such as oto-acoustic emissions, acoustic stapedial reflexes, speech audiometry and evoked response audiometry are ... speech audiometry), or to test auditory neural pathway transmission (evoked response audiometry). MRI scans can be used to ... Therefore, a response from the patient at the test frequency will be obtained. This is referred to as "off-place listening", ... Tympanometry and speech audiometry may be helpful. Testing is performed by an audiologist. There is no proven or recommended ...
The test is also known as the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER). Patient response is not a factor in this test, so it ... Tests such as the behavioral audiometry evaluation test assess how a person responds to sound in general. It tests the ... The auditory brainstem response test is designed to determine what type of response the brain has to sound. ... The screening methods they use are the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Test, Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE), and Behavioral ...
Otoacoustic emissions and evoked response testing may be used to test for audio neuropathy. The diagnosis of a sensorineural ... Pure-tone audiometry for air conduction thresholds at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz is traditionally used to ... A hearing test administered by a medical doctor, otolaryngologist (ENT) or audiologist including pure tone audiometry and ... caused a significant improvement in liminar tonal audiometry of the air and bone thresholds at 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz, and ...
Audio steady state response (ASSR) audiometry Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) test, a variant of ABR that tests the ... Audiometry of children Conditioned play audiometry Behavioral observation audiometry Visual reinforcement audiometry Objective ... Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) audiometry Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) audiometry Sustained ... wide-band absorbance audiometry also called 3D tympanometry Evoked potential audiometry N1-P2 cortical audio evoked potential ( ...
... an energy regulatory body in Botswana Brainstem evoked response audiometry, a screening test to monitor for hearing loss or ...
Cortical evoked response audiometry, an assessment using auditory evoked potentials Conservation and Environmental Research ...
... audiometry MeSH E01.370.382.375.060.050 - audiometry, evoked response MeSH E01.370.382.375.060.055 - audiometry, pure-tone MeSH ... E01.370.382.375.060.060 - audiometry, speech MeSH E01.370.382.375.060.060.750 - speech discrimination tests MeSH E01.370. ...
Different symbols indicate which ear the response is from and what type of response it is. Results of air conduction audiometry ... when performing the brainstem auditory evoked potentials the patient's brainstem responses are being measured when a sound is ... This is referred to as conditioned play audiometry. Visual reinforcement audiometry is also used with children. When the child ... "Conventional" pure tone audiometry (testing frequencies up to 8 kHz) is the basic measure of hearing status. For research ...
Other electrophysiological tests, such as cortical evoked responses, can look at the hearing pathway up to the level of the ... In conjunction with speech audiometry, it may indicate central auditory processing disorder, or the presence of a schwannoma or ... Auditory brainstem response testing is an electrophysiological test used to test for hearing deficits caused by pathology ... Hearing diagnosis using mobile application is similar to the audiometry procedure. As a result of hearing test, hearing ...
The evoked response from a click covers the frequency range up to around 4 kHz, while a toneburst will elicit a response from ... It was found that OAEs were more sensitive to identifying noise-induced cochlear damage than pure tone audiometry. In ... Evoked otoacoustic emissions are currently evoked using three different methodologies. Stimulus-frequency OAEs (SFOAEs) are ... The evoked responses from these stimuli occur at frequencies ( f d p {\displaystyle f_{dp}} ) mathematically related to the ...
The ABR, also known as the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test or auditory brainstem evoked potential (ABEP) test ... In pure tone audiometry, an audiometer is used to play a series of tones using headphones. The participants listen to the tones ... Tactual perception is achieved through the response of mechanoreceptors in the skin that detect physical stimuli. The response ... Otoacoustic emissions test (OAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing measures the brain's response to sounds. The OAE ...
ISBN 978-0-471-39262-0. Shojaeemend, Hassan; Ayatollahi, Haleh (2018). "Automated Audiometry: A Review of the Implementation ... Such tests include auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR), otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and electrocochleography (ECochG). ... Auditory brainstem response (test) Auditory processing disorder Endaural phenomena Hearing loss Hyperacusis Presbycusis ... with limited input from other parts of the brain and is involved in subconscious reflexes such as the auditory startle response ...
OAEs can be used in populations where responses to pure-tone audiometry are either unable to be obtained or results are ... Two types of OAEs are transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). ... Pure-tone audiometry screening, in which there is typically no attempt to find threshold, has been found to accurately assess ... Three electrodes are placed on the scalp in order to record electrical responses from auditory stimuli. Recordings may be ...
Monica said that she does not enjoy listening to music because, to her, it sounded like noise and evoked a stressful response. ... They are unable to recognize or hum familiar tunes even if they have normal audiometry and above-average intellectual and ... Amusic individuals have a remarkable sparing of emotional responses to music in the context of severe and lifelong deficits in ... Peretz, Isabelle; Brattico, Elvira; Tervaniemi, Mari (2002). "Abnormal Electrical Brain Responses to Pitch in Congenital Amusia ...
Ladich, F., & Fay, R. R. (2013). Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish. Reviews in fish biology and fisheries, 23(3), ... "Estimating relative channel impulse responses from ships of opportunity in a shallow water environment". The Journal of the ...
... frequency of sound is presented at various intensities to see at which intensity the stimulus ceases to evoke a response. The ... a review of audiometry and hypothesized structure-function relationships". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 1036-1054. doi:10.1111/ ... Behavioral responses do not increase for pure tone stimuli that are similar to recorded infrasonic calls in frequency and ... The degree of response behaviors performed by an elephant group, such as lifting of ears, walking towards the speakers, " ...
Audiometry (95.42) Clinical test of hearing (95.43) Audiological evaluation (95.44) Clinical vestibular function tests (95.45) ... Visual evoked potential (VEP) (95.24) Electronystagmogram (ENG) (95.25) Electromyogram of eye (EMG) (95.26) Tonography, ... Injection or infusion of biological response modifier (BRM) as an antineoplastic agent (99.29) Injection or infusion of other ...
... using Behavioral Observation Audiometry (BOA). Several independent observers recorded eye-blink and/or startle responses after ... Maxon AB, White KR, Vohr BR, Behrens TR (April 1993). "Using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions for neonatal hearing ... Cone B, Norrix L (2015). "Measuring the Advantage of Kalman-Weighted Averaging for Auditory Brainstem Response Hearing ... Children are screened with either otoacoustic emissions (OAE) or automated auditory brainstem response (AABR). Children passing ...
Ladich, F., & Fay, R. R. (2013). Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 23(3), ... Goldfish produce pigment in response to light, similarly to how human skin becomes tanned in the sun. Fish have cells called ...
The N400-P800 complex showed a strong and highly correlated response from the dominant and non-dominant ears among normal ... Owen MJ, Norcross-Nechay K, Howie VM (January 1993). "Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in young children before and after ... as indexed through pure tone audiometry). These symptoms may lead to difficulty attending to auditory information causing many ... The same children also produced weaker fMRI responses from their non-dominant left ears when processing dichotic material in ...
For these they primarily used tachistoscopic tests, and during 1974 and 1975 they also gave her a series of evoked response ... Audiometry tests confirmed that she had normal hearing in both ears, but on a series of dichotic listening tests Bellugi and ... She continued to exhibit frustration and have tantrums, but in response to situations that would have elicited similar ... She gradually gained more control over her responses and with prompting could verbally express frustration, although she never ...
Genie also did very well on one evoked response test involving familiar homophones, demonstrating that, similar to these ... Audiometry tests confirmed Genie had regular hearing in both ears, doctors found no physical or mental deficiencies explaining ... On a different test Genie at first gave correct responses to on 48% of the time, and her confusion was mostly with the words in ... As she settled down with the Riglers she began to talk somewhat more, and her response time began to improve, but she continued ...
Tim ahli medis kami siap memandu Anda memilih tindakan BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) yang paling tepat ... Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) di Cempaka Putih, Jakarta pada pilihan rumah sakit dan dokter terbaik. ... BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) di Tebet, Jakarta BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) di Cilandak, Jakarta ... BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) di Jakarta Barat, Jakarta BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) di Jakarta ...
... is a test to measure the brain wave activity that occurs in response to clicks or certain tones. ... Evoked auditory potentials; Brainstem auditory evoked potentials; Evoked response audiometry; Auditory brainstem response; ABR ... Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) is a test to measure the brain wave activity that occurs in response to clicks or ... The electrodes pick up the brains responses to these sounds and record them. You do not need to be awake for this test. ...
Test or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) Test. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response ... They are rewarded for the correct response by getting to watch an animated toy (this is called visual reinforcement audiometry ... Behavioral Audiometry Evaluation will test how a person responds to sound overall. Behavioral Audiometry Evaluation tests the ... BAER) is a test that checks the brains response to sound. Because this test does not rely on a persons response behavior, the ...
Audiological screening (auditory brainstem response, evoked otoacoustic emissions and pure tone audiometry) appropriate for age ...
Evoked Response Audiometries Evoked Response Audiometry Response Audiometries, Electroencephalic Response Audiometries, Evoked ... Electroencephalic Response Audiometry. Evoked Response Audiometries. Evoked Response Audiometry. Response Audiometries, ... Audiometry, Evoked Response Entry term(s). Audiometries, Electroencephalic Response Audiometries, Evoked Response Audiometry, ... Response Audiometries, Evoked. Response Audiometry, Electroencephalic. Response Audiometry, Evoked. Tree number(s):. E01.370. ...
Brainstem evoked response audiometry in normal hearing subjects. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;75(3):420-5. DOI: http://dx.doi. ...
Evoked Response Audiometry 100% * Cochlear Implantation 84% * Cochlea 69% * Ear 58% * Electrodes 39% ...
SSEP: Somatosensory evoked Potentials. *BERA: Brainstem evoked response audiometry. *VEP: Visual Evoked Potentials ...
Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA). *Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR). *Oto-Acoustic Emission (OAE) ...
Audiologic evaluation included pure-tone audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response ( ... Audiologic evaluation included pure-tone audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response ( ... An analysis of the response of the brainstem auditory evoked potential test showed no asymmetry of response between the ears ... In the transient evoked otoacoustic emissions test, all newborns showed a bilateral response, and when comparing the amplitudes ...
Audiometry. *Audiometry, Evoked Response. *Auditory Pathways. *Auditory Threshold. *Cadaver. *Cell Survival. *Child ...
Assessment of Wave V latency and Wave I-V Interpeak latency in preterm babies by Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry. ... Babies were subjected to brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) test on RMS EMG EP MARK-II machine in the neurophysiology ... Assessment of Wave V latency and Wave I-V Interpeak latency in preterm babies by Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry. National ... Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare wave V latency and interpeak I-V latency by brainstem auditory evoked response ...
Behavioral audiometry. A screening test used in babies to watch their behavior in response to certain sounds. More testing may ... Evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE). A test that uses a tiny, flexible plug that is put into the babys ear. Soft clicking ... Visual reinforcement audiometry. A test where the child is trained to look toward a sound source. When the child gives a ... Play audiometry. A test that uses an electrical machine to send sounds at different volumes and pitches into your childs ears ...
Basic audiometry tests, such as pure tone and speech audiometry, are subjective and rely on the subject to voluntarily indicate ... This is a test that uses sound stimulation responses to objectively assess your hearing thresholds. ... Cortical Evoked Responses (CERA). Why?. This is a test that uses sound stimulation responses to objectively assess your hearing ... Basic audiometry tests, such as pure tone and speech audiometry, are subjective and rely on the subject to voluntarily indicate ...
Frequency specificity in evoked potential audiometry. In: The auditory brainstem response, edited by JT Jacobson. College- Hill ... The auditory brainstem response. In: Evoked Potentials Manual, Colon EJ, Visser SL (eds). Kluwer Academic Press, Amsterdam 1990 ... 4.5.2(2). Auditieve Evoked Potentials van hogere centra *NIVEAU 3. 4.5.2(3). Auditieve Evoked Potentials van hogere centra ... 4.5.3(2). Auditory Steady State Responses *NIVEAU 3. 4.5.3(3). Auditory Steady State Responses ...
... and visual response audiometry after a two-stage screening with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and automated ABR. The ... Hearing loss status was determined by tympanometry, auditory brainstem response (ABR) ...
MD patients presented GVS-VEMPs with lower amplitudes and ACS-cVEMP with shorter latencies and had a higher response rate in ... All participants underwent pure tone audiometry. Ocular and cervical VEMPs induced by GVS, and ACS were recorded. The ... Previous studies have used Air-Conducted Sound (ACS)-induced Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs) to evaluate ... We first selected three peptides of high, medium and low immunogenicity, using a vaccine serum response rate-based approach ( ...
The audiological evaluation included a questionnaire, pure-tone audiometry, acoustic immittance tests, transient-evoked ... Auditory brainstem response results showed differences in III-V interpeak intervals (p = 0.046 in right ear; p = 0.039 in left ... and P300 auditory-evoked potentials. STUDY SAMPLE: A total of 77 Brazilian gasoline station workers were evaluated, and their ... otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), auditory brainstem response (ABR) ...
Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials (CAEP):. Results of CAEP test are used to assess the babys response to sounds. If results ... FV Hospitals ORL has an international standard audiometry room with a soundproof environment that does not allow sound to echo ... cortical auditory evoked potentials test can. This test is the best option to measure the response from the babys nervous ... Auditory Braitem Response (ABR): Three small sticky pads are put on the forehead, surface of two mastoid bones and nape of the ...
Response Time: a measure of processing time for correct target responses. *Response Time Variability: a measure of the ... The behavioral measures associated with the cognitive evoked potentials, mainly involve a visual continuous performance task ... a basic battery should include tympanometry and audiometry. Although it was not necessary to screen our cohort for undetected ... Multiple Response: sum of the multiple responses when the button is pressed more than once for a stimulus presentation. ...
The vestibular evoked response to linear, alternating, acceleration pulses without acoustic masking as a parameter of ... Pure-tone and speech audiometry in patients with Menieres disease. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001 ; 26 5: 379--387 Digital ... The behavior of evoked otoacoustic emissions during and after postural changes. J Acoust Soc Am. 2001 ; 110 2: 973--980 Digital ... Frequency response for electromotility of isolated outer hair cells of the guinea pig. Hear Res. 1996 ; 98 1-2: 165--168 ...
v. Exam Component Response Rates: When the Taste and Smell Examination component was introduced in 2012, it was added to an ... Also the AUQ_G Household Interview Audiometry questionnaire collected 2 additional questions: a history of repeated ear ... the the edge of the circle at the tip of the tongue with a cotton swab applicator in a standardized manner so as not to evoke ... Above each odorant strip there was a list of four possible responses. For example, one of the items reads: "This odor smells ...
  • 19. [Indications and significance of impedance audiometry, tympanometry and BERA (brainstem evoked response audiometry) in screening for hearing defects in very young children and handicapped children]. (nih.gov)
  • Babies were subjected to brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) test on RMS EMG EP MARK-II machine in the neurophysiology unit of the Department of Physiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. (who.int)
  • Objective: The present study was to investigate hearing function by brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) in well characterized type 2 Diabetic patients, with the role of potentially relevant factors such as duration of its disease and was target, these finding might help to determine early subclinical hearing impairment in these patients. (amhsr.org)
  • Electroencephalography and evoked potentials. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 5. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials: applications in clinical audiology. (nih.gov)
  • 15. [Diagnosis of hearing disorders in children with early evoked auditory brainstem potentials]. (nih.gov)
  • Acoustic overexposure can cause a permanent loss of auditory nerve fibers without destroying cochlear sensory cells, despite complete recovery of cochlear thresholds (Kujawa and Liberman 2009), as measured by gross neural potentials such as the auditory brainstem response (ABR). (nih.gov)
  • For a system that provides stimulation and recording capabilities, SmartEP our evoked potentials solution is available on both our Duet and Universal Smart Box platforms. (ihsys.info)
  • They are rewarded for the correct response by getting to watch an animated toy (this is called visual reinforcement audiometry). (cdc.gov)
  • Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) is a test to measure the brain wave activity that occurs in response to clicks or certain tones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 12. Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER): Clinical perspectives and normative data. (nih.gov)
  • Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) is a test that checks the brain's response to sound. (cdc.gov)
  • Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare wave V latency and interpeak I-V latency by brainstem auditory evoked response in preterm babies (32 weeks-36 weeks) with age-specific normal response and intergroup comparison (Group 1-32 weeks, Group 2-34 weeks, and Group 3-36 weeks) for the identification of hearing impairment if any. (who.int)
  • A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. (nih.gov)
  • Auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry typically uses a click stimulus that generates a response from the basilar region of the cochlea. (medscape.com)
  • Dit artefact kan in de gemiddelde responsie verkleind worden, in de eerste plaats door verlaging van de elektrode-impedanties, in de tweede plaats door een alternerende stimulus polariteit te gebruiken (deze artefacten hebben dan een alternerende polariteit en vallen dus tijdens het middelen tegen elkaar weg) en tenslotte door het meten van de responsie pas een milliseconde na de stimulus te laten beginnen (het artefact wordt dan simpelweg niet gemeten). (audiologieboek.nl)
  • Sometimes older children are given a more play-like activity (this is called conditioned play audiometry). (cdc.gov)
  • OBJECTIVE: Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response audiometry has emerged as a suitable option to intraoperatively assess cochlear nerve function during vestibular schwannoma resection. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to analyze the functional outcome and implant usage of patients with preserved auditory nerve responses after simultaneous translabyrinthine schwannoma resection and cochlear implantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cochlear implantation was carried out if positive responses were detected after tumor removal indicating cochlear nerve function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Out of these patients, 15 had positive cochlear nerve responses after tumor removal and concurrently received a cochlear implant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Intraoperative assessment of cochlear nerve function using electrically evoked auditory brainstem response audiometry can help to better identify individuals eligible for simultaneous vestibular schwannoma resection and cochlear implantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Don M, Ponton CW, Eggermont JJ, Masuda A. Gender differences in cochlear response time: An explanation for gender amplitude difference in the unmasked auditory brainstem response. (audiologieboek.nl)
  • Don M, Ponton CW, Eggermont JJ, Masuda A. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) peak amplitude variability reflects individual difference in cochlear respons times. (audiologieboek.nl)
  • This test measures the response of hair cells in the inner ear when stimulated, and can indicate the presence of a conductive or cochlear hearing loss. (victoryhearing.com)
  • Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) is a test that checks the inner ear response to sound. (cdc.gov)
  • Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and auditory of mild hearing loss may even be missed in the presence brain response are commonly used for hearing screen- of neonatal screening ( 4 ). (who.int)
  • Evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE). (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • A microphone in the plug records the otoacoustic responses (emissions) of the normal ear in reaction to the sounds. (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • The otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) test is another objective measure of the auditory pathway, which detects responses of the outer hair cells (OHCs) to environmental sound. (bmj.com)
  • This is a test that uses sound stimulation responses to objectively assess your hearing thresholds. (harleystreetent.com)
  • Auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry is a neurologic test of auditory brainstem function in response to auditory (click) stimuli. (medscape.com)
  • 9. Auditory screening of high risk infants with brainstem evoked responses and impedance audiometry. (nih.gov)
  • Behavioral Audiometry Evaluation will test how a person responds to sound overall. (cdc.gov)
  • Behavioral Audiometry Evaluation tests the function of all parts of the ear. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the ABR provides information regarding auditory function and hearing sensitivity, it is not a substitute for a formal hearing evaluation, and results should be used in conjunction with behavioral audiometry whenever possible. (medscape.com)
  • Behavioral audiometry. (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • The electrodes pick up the brain's responses to these sounds and record them. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For this test, electrodes are placed on the person's head (similar to electrodes placed around the heart when an electrocardiogram (EKG) is done), and brain wave activity in response to sound is recorded. (cdc.gov)
  • The elicited waveform response is measured by surface electrodes typically placed at the vertex of the scalp and ear lobes. (medscape.com)
  • de Wit E, Steenbergen B, Visser-Bochane MI, van der Schans CP, van Dijk P, Luinge MR. Response to the Letter to the Editor From Moncrieff (2017) Regarding de Wit et al. (rug.nl)
  • Postoperatively, patients were biannually followed-up to assess aided sound field audiometry and word recognition as well as implant usage. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ABR wave I response is the far-field representation of the compound auditory nerve action potential in the distal portion of cranial nerve (CN) VIII. (medscape.com)
  • To address this nominal paradox, we recorded responses from single auditory nerve fibers in guinea pigs exposed to this type of neuropathic noise (4- to 8-kHz octave band at 106 dB SPL for 2 h). (nih.gov)
  • In single fiber recordings, at 2 wk postexposure, frequency tuning, dynamic range, postonset adaptation, first-spike latency and its variance, and other basic properties of auditory nerve response were all completely normal in the remaining fibers. (nih.gov)
  • ABR audiometry refers to an evoked potential generated by a brief click or tone pip transmitted from an acoustic transducer in the form of an insert earphone or headphone. (medscape.com)
  • 8. Auditory evoked potential: clinical applications of brainstem electric response audiometry. (nih.gov)
  • Don M, Allen AR, Starr A. Effect of click rate on the latency of auditory brainstem responses in humans. (audiologieboek.nl)
  • The response is believed to originate from afferent activity of the CN VIII fibers (first-order neurons) as they leave the cochlea and enter the internal auditory canal. (medscape.com)
  • 7. The objective assessment of hearing in children using the auditory brainstem responses. (nih.gov)
  • Objective tests use a computer to measure the electrical activity in the auditory cortex of the brain and central hearing pathways and do not therefore require a patient response. (harleystreetent.com)
  • The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an objective measure of the overall auditory transduction process. (bmj.com)
  • 11. Auditory brainstem response abnormalities and hearing loss in children with craniosynostosis. (nih.gov)
  • Background: Early screening of hearing impairment optimizes communication, social, academic, and vocational outcomes for each child with hearing loss measurement of the auditory brain stem response which is considered the most sensitive method of assessing the auditory activity of neonates. (who.int)
  • Some children have a hearing loss based on pure tone audiometry and ABR, but with normal OAEs. (bmj.com)
  • With the help of evoked potential techniques, the brain stem auditory response represents a simple procedure to detect both acoustic nerve and central nervous system pathway damage. (amhsr.org)
  • Normal adult auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry waveform response. (medscape.com)
  • Pure tone audiometry has been the standard method used to measure hearing threshold but, since it subjectively tests the overall integrity of the auditory pathway, it gives only limited information about where that pathway is failing. (bmj.com)
  • It is performed when there is any doubt over the validity of pure tone audiometry results, particularly in medico-legal assessment, when subjects may attempt to exaggerate the amount of injury induced hearing impairment for financial gain. (harleystreetent.com)
  • Basic audiometry tests, such as pure tone and speech audiometry, are subjective and rely on the subject to voluntarily indicate when a sound has been heard. (harleystreetent.com)
  • ENG tests usually consist of four parts: evaluation of rapid eye movements, tracking tests to measure eye movements as they follow a visual target, positional test for measuring dizziness in response to different head positions and a caloric test that measures responses to warm and cold water circulating through a tube in the ear canal. (victoryhearing.com)
  • Brainstem evoked response audiometry in normal hearing subjects. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because this test does not rely on a person's response behavior, the person being tested can be sound asleep during the test. (cdc.gov)
  • FV Hospital's ORL has an international standard audiometry room with a soundproof environment that does not allow sound to echo, helping to improve screening accuracy and sound classification. (fvhospital.com)
  • Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry. (nih.gov)
  • Funding in response to this RFA is dependent upon the receipt of applications of high scientific merit. (nih.gov)
  • Tegen dit type stoorsignalen helpt het zeer laag maken van de impedantie van de elektrode, tot 500 Ω , en het elektromagnetisch isoleren van de patiënt, m.b.v. een kooi van Faraday. (audiologieboek.nl)
  • A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. (nih.gov)
  • Neonatal hearing screening in ing ( 8 ), and brainstem evoked response audiometry and Pakistan is hindered by financial constraints and a dearth auditory steady state response are reserved for routine of research and reliable epidemiological data ( 5 ). (who.int)
  • When the child gives a correct response, the child is rewarded through a visual reinforcement. (nationwidechildrens.org)