Attachment Sites, Microbiological
Lysogeny
Molecular Sequence Data
Bile Pigments
Amino Acid Sequence
Integrases
Base Sequence
Virus Attachment
Musculoskeletal Development
Binding Sites
Phycoerythrin
Bacteriophage lambda
Nuclear Matrix
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Recombination, Genetic
Escherichia coli
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Tendons
Kinetochores
Virus Integration
Glycosylation
Bacterial Adhesion
Siphoviridae
Mutation
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols
Cloning, Molecular
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Plasmids
Protein Binding
Receptors, Virus
Microscopy, Electron
Fibronectins
Cell Membrane
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Rhodophyta
Heparitin Sulfate
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Salmonella Phages
Microtubules
Transduction, Genetic
Restriction Mapping
Integrins
Membrane Proteins
Chondroitin Sulfates
Peptide Fragments
Matrix Attachment Regions
Glycopeptides
Prophages
Ligaments
DNA
Glycosaminoglycans
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Trypsin
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Drosophila Proteins
Periodontal Attachment Loss
Extracellular Matrix Proteins
Chromosome Mapping
Glycoproteins
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Pantetheine
Drosophila
Cricetinae
Laminin
Syndecans
Cells, Cultured
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Bacteriophage P2
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Carbohydrates
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
HeLa Cells
Models, Biological
Glycophorin
Cattle
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Fractals
Protein Conformation
Integrin alpha Chains
Oligosaccharides
DNA Transposable Elements
Mycobacteriophages
Ligaments, Articular
Vinculin
Actins
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Peptide Mapping
Transfection
Sequence Analysis, DNA
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid
Cytoskeleton
CHO Cells
Peptides
Genes
Sialic Acids
Chickens
Mass Spectrometry
Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins
Carbohydrate Sequence
Extracellular Matrix
Conjugation, Genetic
Models, Molecular
Erythrocyte Membrane
SUMO-1 Protein
Larva
Immunologic Techniques
Collagen
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans
Nuclear Envelope
Sequence Analysis
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Carrier Proteins
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Freeze Fracturing
Structure-Activity Relationship
Biomechanical Phenomena
Epithelial Attachment
Phenotype
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Macromolecular Substances
Nucleic Acid Conformation
DNA-Binding Proteins
DNA Primers
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Salmonella typhimurium
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Cyanogen Bromide
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Lipid A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Drosophila melanogaster
Operon
Genetic Vectors
Stress, Mechanical
Lactococcus lactis
Chick Embryo
Sialoglycoproteins
Blotting, Southern
Species Specificity
Cytoskeletal Proteins
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Gene Expression
Rabbits
RNA, Messenger
Surface Properties
Nuclear Proteins
Glycolipids
Swine
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
DNA, Complementary
Streptomyces
Sequence Alignment
Muscle Development
Cell Nucleus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Transcription, Genetic
Metamorphosis, Biological
Microfilament Proteins
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Adhesins, Bacterial
Receptors, Cell Surface
Cell Movement
COS Cells
Sequence of Shiga toxin 2 phage 933W from Escherichia coli O157:H7: Shiga toxin as a phage late-gene product. (1/353)
Lysogenic bacteriophages are major vehicles for the transfer of genetic information between bacteria, including pathogenicity and/or virulence determinants. In the enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7, which causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (Stx1 and Stx2) are phage encoded. The sequence and analysis of the Stx2 phage 933W is presented here. We find evidence that the toxin genes are part of a late-phage transcript, suggesting that toxin production may be coupled with, if not dependent upon, phage release during lytic growth. Another phage gene, stk, encodes a product resembling eukaryotic serine/threonine protein kinases. Based on its position in the sequence, Stk may be produced by the prophage in the lysogenic state, and, like the YpkA protein of Yersinia species, it may interfere with the signal transduction pathway of the mammalian host. Three novel tRNA genes present in the phage genome may serve to increase the availability of rare tRNA species associated with efficient expression of pathogenicity determinants: both the Shiga toxin and serine/threonine kinase genes contain rare isoleucine and arginine codons. 933W also has homology to lom, encoding a member of a family of outer membrane proteins associated with virulence by conferring the ability to survive in macrophages, and bor, implicated in serum resistance. (+info)Criss-crossed interactions between the enhancer and the att sites of phage Mu during DNA transposition. (2/353)
A bipartite enhancer sequence (composed of the O1 and O2 operator sites) is essential for assembly of the functional tetramer of phage Mu transposase (MuA) on supercoiled DNA substrates. A three-site interaction (LER) between the left (L) and right (R) ends of Mu (att sites) and the enhancer (E) precedes tetramer assembly. We have dissected the role of the enhancer in tetramer assembly by using two transposase proteins that have a common att site specificity, but are distinct in their enhancer specificity. The activity of these proteins on substrates containing hybrid enhancers reveals a 'criss-crossed' pattern of interaction between att and enhancer sites. The left operator, O1, of the enhancer interacts specifically with the transposase subunit at the R1 site (within the right att sequence) that is responsible for cleaving the left end of Mu. The right operator, O2, shows a preferential interaction with the transposase subunit at the L1 site (within the left att sequence) that is responsible for cleaving the right end of Mu. (+info)Site-specific recombination of bacteriophage P22 does not require integration host factor. (3/353)
Site-specific recombination by phages lambda and P22 is carried out by multiprotein-DNA complexes. Integration host factor (IHF) facilitates lambda site-specific recombination by inducing DNA bends necessary to form an active recombinogenic complex. Mutants lacking IHF are over 1,000-fold less proficient in supporting lambda site-specific recombination than wild-type cells. Although the attP region of P22 contains strong IHF binding sites, in vivo measurements of integration and excision frequencies showed that infecting P22 phages can perform site-specific recombination to its maximum efficiency in the absence of IHF. In addition, a plasmid integration assay showed that integrative recombination occurs equally well in wild-type and ihfA mutant cells. P22 integrative recombination is also efficient in Escherichia coli in the absence of functional IHF. These results suggest that nucleoprotein structures proficient for recombination can form in the absence of IHF or that another factor(s) can substitute for IHF in the formation of complexes. (+info)The genetic relationship between virulent and temperate Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages: whole genome comparison of cos-site phages Sfi19 and Sfi21. (4/353)
The virulent cos-site Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage Sfi19 has a 37,392-bp-long genome consisting of 44 open reading frames all encoded on the same DNA strand. The genome of the temperate cos-site S. thermophilus phage Sfi21 is 3.3 kb longer (40,740 bp, 53 orfs). Both genomes are very similarly organized and differed mainly by gene deletion and DNA rearrangement events in the lysogeny module; gene replacement, duplication, and deletion events in the DNA replication module, and numerous point mutations. The level of point mutations varied from <1% (lysis and DNA replication modules) to >15% (DNA packaging and head morphogenesis modules). A dotplot analysis showed nearly a straight line over the left 25 kb of their genomes. Over the right genome half, a more variable dotplot pattern was observed. The entire lysogeny module from Sfi21 comprising 12 genes was replaced by 7 orfs in Sfi19, six showed similarity with genes from temperate pac-site S. thermophilus phages. None of the genes implicated in the establishment of the lysogenic state (integrase, superinfection immunity, repressor) or remnants of it were conserved in Sfi19, while a Cro-like repressor was detected. Downstream of the highly conserved DNA replication module 11 and 13 orfs were found in Sfi19 and phiSfi21, respectively: Two orfs from Sfi21 were replaced by a different gene and a duplication of the phage origin of replication in Sfi19; a further orf was only found in Sfi21. All other orfs from this region, which included a second putative phage repressor, were closely related between both phages. Two noncoding regions of Sfi19 showed sequence similarity to pST1, a small cryptic plasmid of S. thermophilus. (+info)Comparative sequence analysis of the DNA packaging, head, and tail morphogenesis modules in the temperate cos-site Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage Sfi21. (5/353)
The temperate Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage Sfi21 possesses 15-nucleotide-long cohesive ends with a 3' overhang that reconstitutes a cos-site with twofold hyphenated rotational symmetry. Over the DNA packaging, head and tail morphogenesis modules, the Sfi21 sequence predicts a gene map that is strikingly similar to that of lambdoid coliphages in the absence of any sequence similarity. A nearly one to one gene correlation was found with the phage lambda genes Nu1 to H, except for gene B-to-E complex, where the Sfi21 map resembled that of coliphage HK97. The similarity between Sfi21 and HK97 was striking: both major head proteins showed an N-terminal coiled-coil structure, the mature major head proteins started at amino acid positions 105 and 104, respectively, and both major head genes were preceded by genes encoding a possible protease and portal protein. The purported Sfi21 protease is the first viral member of the ClpP protease family. The prediction of Sfi21 gene functions by reference to the gene map of intensively investigated coliphages was experimentally confirmed for the major head and tail gene. Phage Sfi21 shows nucleotide sequence similarity with Lactococcus phage BK5-T and a lactococcal prophage and amino acid sequence similarity with the Lactobacillus phage A2 and the Staphylococcus phage PVL. PVL is a missing link that connects the portal proteins from Sfi21 and HK97 with respect to sequence similarity. These observations and database searches, which demonstrate sequence similarity between proteins of phage from gram-positive bacteria, proteobacteria, and Archaea, constrain models of phage evolution. (+info)Alternative mechanism of cholera toxin acquisition by Vibrio cholerae: generalized transduction of CTXPhi by bacteriophage CP-T1. (6/353)
Horizontal transfer of genes encoding virulence factors has played a central role in the evolution of many pathogenic bacteria. The unexpected discovery that the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxAB), the main cause of the profuse secretory diarrhea characteristic of cholera, are encoded on a novel filamentous phage named CTXPhi, has resulted in a renewed interest in the potential mechanisms of transfer of virulence genes among Vibrio cholerae. We describe here an alternative mechanism of cholera toxin gene transfer into nontoxigenic V. cholerae isolates, including strains that lack both the CTXPhi receptor, the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), and attRS, the chromosomal attachment site for CTXPhi integration. A temperature-sensitive mutant of the V. cholerae generalized transducing bacteriophage CP-T1 (CP-T1ts) was used to transfer a genetically marked derivative of the CTX prophage into four nontoxigenic V. cholerae strains, including two V. cholerae vaccine strains. We demonstrate that CTXPhi transduced by CP-T1ts can replicate and integrate into these nontoxigenic V. cholerae strains with high efficiency. In fact, CP-T1ts transduces the CTX prophage preferentially when compared with other chromosomal markers. These results reveal a potential mechanism by which CTXPhi(+) V. cholerae strains that lack the TCP receptor may have arisen. Finally, these findings indicate an additional pathway for reversion of live-attenuated V. cholerae vaccine strains. (+info)The IntI1 integron integrase preferentially binds single-stranded DNA of the attC site. (7/353)
IntI1 integrase is a member of the prokaryotic DNA integrase superfamily. It is responsible for mobility of antibiotic resistance cassettes found in integrons. IntI1 protein, as well as IntI1-COOH, a truncated form containing its carboxy-terminal domain, has been purified. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were carried out to study the ability of IntI1 to bind the integrase primary target sites attI and aadA1 attC. When using double-stranded DNA as a substrate, we observed IntI1 binding to attI but not to attC. IntI1-COOH did not bind either attI or attC, indicating that the N-terminal domain of IntI1 was required for binding to double-stranded attI. On the other hand, when we used single-stranded (ss) DNA substrates, IntI1 bound strongly and specifically to ss attC DNA. Binding was strand specific, since only the bottom DNA strand was bound. Protein IntI1-COOH bound ss attC as well as did the complete integrase, indicating that the ability of the protein to bind ss aadA1 attC was contained in the region between amino acids 109 and 337 of IntI1. Binding to ss attI DNA by the integrase, but not by IntI1-COOH, was also observed and was specific for the attI bottom strand, indicating similar capabilities of IntI1 for binding attI DNA in either double-stranded or ss conformation. Footprinting analysis showed that IntI1 protected at least 40 bases of aadA1 attC against DNase I attack. The protected sequence contained two of the four previously proposed IntI1 DNA binding sites, including the crossover site. Preferential ssDNA binding can be a significant activity of IntI1 integrase, which suggests the utilization of extruded cruciforms in the reaction mechanisms leading to cassette excision and integration. (+info)TPW22, a lactococcal temperate phage with a site-specific integrase closely related to Streptococcus thermophilus phage integrases. (8/353)
The temperate phage TPW22, induced from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris W22, and the evolutionarily interesting integrase of this phage were characterized. Phage TPW22 was propagated lytically on L. lactis subsp. cremoris 3107, which could also be lysogenized by site-specific integration. The attachment site (attP), 5'-TAAGGCGACGGTCG-3', of phage TPW22 was present on a 7.5-kb EcoRI fragment, a 3.4-kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment of which was sequenced. Sequence information revealed the presence of an integrase gene (int). The deduced amino acid sequence showed 42 and 28% identity with integrases of streptococcal and lactococcal phages, respectively. The identities with these integrase-encoding genes were 52 and 45%, respectively, at the nucleotide level. This could indicate horizontal gene transfer. A stable integration vector containing attP and int was constructed, and integration in L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 was obtained. The existence of an exchangeable lactococcal phage integration module was suggested. The proposed module covers the phage attachment site, the integrase gene, and surrounding factor-independent terminator structures. The phages phiLC3, TP901-1, and TPW22 all have different versions of this module. Phylogenetically, the TPW22 Int links the phiLC3 lactococcal integrase with known Streptococcus thermophilus integrases. (+info)The main characteristics of reactive attachment disorder include:
* Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships
* Inappropriate or unpredictable behavior when seeking attention or comfort
* Disorganized or chaotic behavior in social situations
* Lack of empathy and difficulty understanding other people's feelings
* Self-soothing behaviors, such as rocking or head banging, that are not developmentally appropriate
Reactive attachment disorder is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as prenatal stress, early childhood neglect or abuse, and inconsistent or inadequate caregiving. Treatment for reactive attachment disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, behavior modification, and medication to address any co-occurring conditions, such as anxiety or depression.
It's important to note that reactive attachment disorder is not the same as attachment disorder, which is a broader term that encompasses a range of attachment issues, including reactive attachment disorder and other conditions.
It is common for people with poor oral hygiene habits, smokers or those with systemic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease to experience periodontal attachment loss. It can also be a consequence of aging, as the supporting bone and gum tissue around the teeth can degenerate over time.
There are several risk factors for periodontal attachment loss, including:
* Poor oral hygiene habits
* Smoking
* Systemic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease
* Genetic predisposition
* Poor diet
* Inadequate salivary flow
* Malocclusion (bad bite)
There are several treatment options available for periodontal attachment loss, including:
* Scaling and root planing (a deep cleaning of the teeth and beneath the gum line)
* Guided tissue regeneration (a surgical procedure to promote new bone growth)
* Bone grafting (a surgical procedure to repair or replace damaged bone)
* Dental implants (artificial tooth roots that are placed in the jawbone to support a dental crown or bridge)
It is important to note that periodontal attachment loss can be prevented with proper oral hygiene habits, regular dental check-ups and prompt treatment of any oral health issues.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, back pain, and difficulty breathing if it ruptures. It can also be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options for an abdominal aortic aneurysm include watchful waiting (monitoring the aneurysm for signs of growth or rupture), endovascular repair (using a catheter to repair the aneurysm from within the blood vessel), or surgical repair (open surgery to repair the aneurysm).
Word Origin and History
The word 'aneurysm' comes from the Greek words 'aneurysma', meaning 'dilation' and 'sma', meaning 'a vessel'. The term 'abdominal aortic aneurysm' was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe this specific type of aneurysm.
Prevalence and Incidence
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are relatively common, especially among older adults. According to the Society for Vascular Surgery, approximately 2% of people over the age of 65 have an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms increases with age, and men are more likely to be affected than women.
Risk Factors
Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, including:
* High blood pressure
* Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
* Smoking
* Family history of aneurysms
* Previous heart attack or stroke
* Marfan syndrome or other connective tissue disorders.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Abdominal aortic aneurysms can be asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, some people may experience symptoms such as:
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Back pain
* Weakness or fatigue
* Palpitations
* Shortness of breath
If an abdominal aortic aneurysm is suspected, several diagnostic tests may be ordered, including:
* Ultrasound
* Computed tomography (CT) scan
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Angiography
Treatment and Management
The treatment of choice for an abdominal aortic aneurysm depends on several factors, including the size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include:
* Watchful waiting (for small aneurysms that are not causing any symptoms)
* Endovascular repair (using a stent or other device to repair the aneurysm from within the blood vessel)
* Open surgical repair (where the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to repair the aneurysm)
In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary if the aneurysm ruptures or shows signs of impending rupture.
Complications and Risks
Abdominal aortic aneurysms can lead to several complications and risks, including:
* Rupture (which can be life-threatening)
* Infection
* Blood clots or blockages in the blood vessels
* Kidney damage
* Heart problems
Prevention
There is no guaranteed way to prevent an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but several factors may reduce the risk of developing one. These include:
* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (including a balanced diet and regular exercise)
* Not smoking
* Managing high blood pressure and other medical conditions
* Getting regular check-ups with your healthcare provider
Prognosis and Life Expectancy
The prognosis for abdominal aortic aneurysms depends on several factors, including the size of the aneurysm, its location, and whether it has ruptured. In general, the larger the aneurysm, the poorer the prognosis. If treated before rupture, many people with abdominal aortic aneurysms can expect a good outcome and a normal life expectancy. However, if the aneurysm ruptures, the survival rate is much lower.
In conclusion, abdominal aortic aneurysms are a serious medical condition that can be life-threatening if left untreated. It is important to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of an aneurysm, and to seek medical attention immediately if any are present. With proper treatment, many people with abdominal aortic aneurysms can expect a good outcome and a normal life expectancy.
Gingival recession is a condition where the gums (gingiva) pull back or recede from the teeth, exposing the roots and increasing the risk of decay and sensitivity. It can be caused by various factors such as poor oral hygiene, smoking, grinding or clenching teeth, gum disease, or a misaligned bite.
Gingival recession can lead to tooth sensitivity and pain, and if left untreated, it can progress to more severe conditions such as periodontitis (gum infection) and tooth loss. Treatment options for gingival recession include deep cleaning, gum grafting, and changes to oral hygiene practices.
Gingival Recession Causes and Risk Factors:
Poor oral hygiene
Smoking
Grinding or clenching teeth
Gum disease
Misaligned bite
Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause)
Crooked teeth or teeth with large fillings
Teeth whitening products
Diabetes
Stress
Gingival Recession Symptoms:
Tooth sensitivity
Pain when eating or drinking hot or cold foods and beverages
Redness, swelling, or bleeding of the gums
Exposure of the roots of the teeth
Darkening of the teeth due to root exposure
Bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
Gum recession can also lead to:
Periodontitis (gum infection)
Tooth loss
Bone loss around the teeth
Increased risk of heart disease and stroke
Prevention and Treatment of Gingival Recession:
Good oral hygiene practices such as brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing once a day, and regular dental cleanings can help prevent gingival recession. Quitting smoking, reducing stress, and maintaining a healthy diet can also help prevent or slow the progression of the condition.
If you have gingival recession, your dentist may recommend:
Deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) to remove plaque and tartar from the teeth and beneath the gum line
Gum grafting to cover exposed roots and protect the teeth
Medications such as antibiotics or pain relievers to treat any infections or discomfort
Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, reducing stress, and improving your diet to help manage the condition.
If you suspect you have gingival recession, it is important to see a dentist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. With proper care and management, it is possible to prevent or slow the progression of the condition and maintain good oral health.
The main causes of periodontitis are poor oral hygiene, smoking, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. The symptoms of periodontitis include:
* Redness and swelling of the gums
* Bad breath
* Bleeding while brushing or flossing
* Pocket formation between the teeth and gums
* Loose teeth or changes in the bite
* Changes in the color or shape of the gums
If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to serious complications such as:
* Tooth loss
* Bone loss around the teeth
* Infection of the dental implant or prosthetic tooth
* Spread of bacteria to other parts of the body, leading to systemic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.
Periodontitis can be treated by a dentist or periodontist with a combination of non-surgical and surgical procedures, including:
* Scaling and root planing (deep cleaning of the teeth and roots)
* Antibiotics to treat infection
* Bone grafting to restore lost bone tissue
* Gum grafting to cover exposed roots
* Dental implants or prosthetic teeth to replace missing teeth.
It is important to practice good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing regularly, to prevent periodontitis. Early detection and treatment can help prevent the progression of the disease and save teeth from being lost.
There are several types of periodontal diseases, including:
1. Gingivitis: This is the mildest form of periodontal disease, characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums. It is reversible with proper treatment and good oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: This is a more severe form of periodontal disease, characterized by the destruction of the periodontal ligament and the jawbone. It can cause teeth to become loose or fall out.
3. Advanced periodontitis: This is the most severe form of periodontal disease, characterized by extensive bone loss and severe gum damage.
4. Periodontal abscess: This is a pocket of pus that forms in the gum tissue as a result of the infection.
5. Peri-implantitis: This is a condition that affects the tissues surrounding dental implants, similar to periodontal disease.
The causes and risk factors for periodontal diseases include:
1. Poor oral hygiene
2. Smoking
3. Diabetes
4. Genetic predisposition
5. Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause
6. Poor diet
7. Stress
8. Certain medications
The symptoms of periodontal diseases can include:
1. Redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums
2. Bad breath
3. Loose teeth or teeth that feel like they are shifting in their sockets
4. Pus between the teeth and gums
5. Changes in the way teeth fit together when biting down
Treatment for periodontal diseases typically involves a combination of professional cleaning, antibiotics, and changes to oral hygiene habits at home. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue and restore the health of the teeth and gums.
Preventing periodontal diseases includes:
1. Brushing teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste
2. Flossing once a day to remove plaque from between the teeth
3. Using an antibacterial mouthwash
4. Eating a balanced diet and avoiding sugary or acidic foods
5. Quitting smoking
6. Maintaining regular dental check-ups and cleanings.
Causes and risk factors:
* Poor oral hygiene
* Smoking
* Genetics
* Hormonal changes
* Malnutrition
* Diabetes
* Obesity
Symptoms:
* Gum redness, swelling, and bleeding
* Pockets between the teeth and gums
* Bad breath
* Loose teeth or teeth that have moved out of their sockets
* Changes in the shape of the gum line
Diagnosis:
* Physical examination of the teeth and gums
* X-rays or other imaging tests to assess bone loss and other changes
* Blood tests to check for underlying conditions such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease
Treatment:
* Professional scaling and root planing (a deep cleaning of the teeth)
* Antibiotics to control infection
* Surgery to remove infected tissue or repair damaged bone
* Changes to oral hygiene habits, such as brushing and flossing more frequently
Prevention:
* Good oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing regularly
* Regular dental check-ups and cleanings
* Avoiding smoking and other harmful habits
* Maintaining a healthy diet and getting enough exercise
Prognosis:
* With proper treatment and good oral hygiene, the condition can be managed and teeth can be saved.
* Without treatment, the condition can progress and lead to tooth loss.
Complications:
* Tooth loss
* Bone loss
* Infection of other parts of the body (sepsis)
* Heart disease
* Stroke
Note: This definition is a general overview of chronic periodontitis and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. If you suspect you have chronic periodontitis, it is important to consult with a dentist or other qualified healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.
Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.
In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.
In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:
* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer
Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.
List of MeSH codes (G14)
Peri-implant mucositis
Sphaerotilus natans
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Corneal ulcer
Mixotricha paradoxa
Bacteriophage T12
Immunofluorescence
Asthma-related microbes
Lactic acid bacteria
Endomembrane system
Diphtheria
Marine life
Scaling and root planing
Chronic periodontitis
Amoebiasis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Perianal cellulitis
Virus quantification
Filoviridae
Biofilter
Aggressive periodontitis
Glutamine synthetase
Clostridium novyi
Listeria
Phage therapy
Neomycin
Phototaxis
Marine protists
Protist locomotion
Metabolism
Dental health diets for dogs
Periodontal disease
DNA
Phycodnaviridae
Treponema pallidum
Coronavirus
International Space Station
Candida albicans
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Periodontitis6
- 4. Patterns of attachment loss in advanced periodontitis patients monitored following initial periodontal treatment. (nih.gov)
- 7. Clinical indicators of probing attachment loss following initial periodontal treatment in advanced periodontitis patients. (nih.gov)
- 9. The rate of periodontal attachment loss in subjects with established periodontitis. (nih.gov)
- 13. Maintenance of periodontal attachment levels in prosthetically treated patients with gingivitis or moderate chronic periodontitis 5-17 years post therapy. (nih.gov)
- 15. Clinical and microbiological features of subjects with adult periodontitis who responded poorly to scaling and root planing. (nih.gov)
- 16. Clinical course of chronic periodontitis: effect of lifelong light smoking (20 years) on loss of attachment and teeth. (nih.gov)
Contamination2
Periodontal2
- 19. Clinical characteristics of periodontal sites with probing attachment loss following initial periodontal treatment. (nih.gov)
- Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a brief literature review on LAP, and present the clinical, radiographic, microbiological and immunological aspects of this rare form of periodontal disease. (bvsalud.org)
Bacterial3
- Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY . (nih.gov)
- The four apparently identical phage were isolated from three separate lysates, which suggests the existence of preferred sites for illegitimate recombination on the bacterial and phage chromosomes. (umn.edu)
- This layer allows for the initial attachment of the bacterial cells to the surface of the layer and the secretion of EPS. (ask-bioexpert.com)
Clinical2
- Clinical and microbiological baseline data. (nih.gov)
- Accelerate soft and hard tissue regeneration to reduce Pocket Depth, increase Clinical Attachment, limit Gingival Recession, and stop bleeding on probing. (regedent.com)
Recombination2
- Five of the remaining eight enzymes were active on extra-chromosomal substrates thereby demonstrating that the ability to mediate extra-chromosomal recombination is no guide to ability to mediate site-specific recombination on integrated DNA. (ox.ac.uk)
- All the integrases that were active on integrated DNA also promoted DNA integration reactions that were not mediated through conservative site-specific recombination or damaged the recombination sites but the extent of these aberrant reactions varied over at least an order of magnitude. (ox.ac.uk)
Biofilm1
- The production of ESP enhances the biofilm attachment to the food contact surfaces and protects the cells within the biofilm from the external stresses such as sanitizing agents. (ask-bioexpert.com)
Residues1
- These include site-specific mutations of residues in the canyon and conformational changes induced in the canyon by the binding of small organic molecules, all of which alter receptor attachment. (nih.gov)
Evaluation1
- Using a participatory- based approach to teaching and learning, attendees will have the opportunity to use software tools and contribute to in-depth discussions, share experiences, and exchange resources in a variety of thematic topics such as Microbial and Ecological Risk Assessment, Risk Based Site Evaluation, Cryptosporidium Epidemiology. (bio.net)
Microbiology1
- T his Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food Emergency Response Laboratory Network (FERN) Microbiological Cooperative Agreement Program Grant mechanism (U18) is to solicit applications from institutions/ organizations for inclusion into its Microbiology Cooperative Agreement Program. (nih.gov)
Contaminants1
- Safe food represents not only the food of certain texture, but food which does not consist microbiological, physical, chemical, radiological or any other contaminants. (who.int)
Viral1
- The strategy used in human rhinovirus 14 to protect the viral receptor attachment site from immune surveillance may be utilized not only in other picornaviruses but also in many other types of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus. (nih.gov)
Laboratory1
- The Analyst will assist the Microbiological and Chemical Exposure Assessment Research Division team with providing technical laboratory support for a research project focusing on the microbial risks associated with on-site graywater and combined wastewater reuse systems. (umd.edu)
Risks1
- Patterns, variations and risks of attachment loss. (nih.gov)
Water2
- There are many kinds of water filters available, from faucet attachments to reverse osmosis systems. (googleapis.com)
- It has handed military-spec testing (NSF Protocol P248 Navy Operations - Microbiological Water Purifiers) and can take away something larger than 0.0.15 microns from the water stream. (sweetnessandsour.com)
Browser1
- Please update your browser to fully experience our website. (epcor.com)
Content2
- The content of our website is always available in English and partly in other languages. (sartorius.com)
- We work onerous to make this the most effective motorhome weblog and street journey web site attainable, stuffed with useful content material for you. (sweetnessandsour.com)
Experience3
- We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. (ox.ac.uk)
- This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. (food-safety.com)
- We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. (cambridge.org)
Appears2
- I look forward to working on it, and hope that you will look forward to visiting it when it appears on the office's web site. (nih.gov)
- Even adjusting for underreporting and difficulty in microbiological isolation, Y pseudotuberculosis appears to be a relatively rare pathogen in humans. (medscape.com)
Message1
- By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. (food-safety.com)
Small1
- This is a small inexpensive attachment usually placed between the garden hose and your hose bib/spigot on the wall of the house. (epcor.com)
Federal5
- Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. (nih.gov)
- Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. (nih.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. (cdc.gov)
- CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. (cdc.gov)
Commission1
- The web site is supported by our readers, so in case you purchase by way of hyperlinks on this website we might earn a commission- at no further price to you. (sweetnessandsour.com)
Material1
- The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. (athletesandinjuries.com)
Comments1
- The new site is expected to be able to handle at least 2,000 users at a time, or up to 16,000 comments per hour. (ift.org)
Section1
- Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. (mdpi.com)
Shown1
- These have also been shown to be the site of host cell interaction. (nih.gov)
Specific1
- CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the Bxb1 and φC31 integrases are the reagents of choice for genome engineering in vertebrate cells and that DNA damage repair is a major limitation upon the utility of this class of site-specific recombinase. (ox.ac.uk)
Provide1
- ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. (nih.gov)