Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
Small band of specialized CARDIAC MUSCLE fibers that originates in the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE and extends into the membranous part of the interventricular septum. The bundle of His, consisting of the left and the right bundle branches, conducts the electrical impulses to the HEART VENTRICLES in generation of MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION.
Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.
A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart.
An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
A form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of HEART VENTRICLES is interrupted at either one of the branches of BUNDLE OF HIS thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles.
The measurement of magnetic fields generated by electric currents from the heart. The measurement of these fields provides information which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY.
A condition caused by dysfunctions related to the SINOATRIAL NODE including impulse generation (CARDIAC SINUS ARREST) and impulse conduction (SINOATRIAL EXIT BLOCK). It is characterized by persistent BRADYCARDIA, chronic ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and failure to resume sinus rhythm following CARDIOVERSION. This syndrome can be congenital or acquired, particularly after surgical correction for heart defects.
A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by HEART RATE between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and QRS complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long QT intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or BRADYCARDIA. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION.
A condition of fainting spells caused by heart block, often an atrioventricular block, that leads to BRADYCARDIA and drop in CARDIAC OUTPUT. When the cardiac output becomes too low, the patient faints (SYNCOPE). In some cases, the syncope attacks are transient and in others cases repetitive and persistent.
A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE.
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentry of atrial impulse into the dual (fast and slow) pathways of ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. The common type involves a blocked atrial impulse in the slow pathway which reenters the fast pathway in a retrograde direction and simultaneously conducts to the atria and the ventricles leading to rapid HEART RATE of 150-250 beats per minute.
A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
Methods to induce and measure electrical activities at specific sites in the heart to diagnose and treat problems with the heart's electrical system.
Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.
Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.
A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. It is a very poisonous plant that contains cardioactive agents.
Prenatal interventions to correct fetal anomalies or treat FETAL DISEASES in utero. Fetal therapies include several major areas, such as open surgery; FETOSCOPY; pharmacological therapy; INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; and GENETIC THERAPY.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. It is marked by reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles but normal or nearly normal systolic function. It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS or AMYLOIDOSIS) causing interstitial fibrosis.
Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the inferior wall of the heart is involved. It is often caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart on a plane of the body surface delineated as a vector function of time.
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.
A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.
A sweet viscous liquid food, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from nectar collected from flowers. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of its sucrose sugar into fructose and glucose. It is somewhat acidic and has mild antiseptic properties, being sometimes used in the treatment of burns and lacerations.
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
A CATHETER-delivered implant used for closing abnormal holes in the cardiovascular system, especially HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS; or passageways intentionally made during cardiovascular surgical procedures.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.
The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).
This structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two HEART ATRIA, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two HEART VENTRICLES.
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).
An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.
A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of CARDIOMYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN5A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of CARDIAC DISEASES that result from loss of sodium channel function.
Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
A standard and widely accepted diagnostic test used to identify patients who have a vasodepressive and/or cardioinhibitory response as a cause of syncope. (From Braunwald, Heart Disease, 7th ed)
The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Fetal ECG: a novel predictor of atrioventricular block in anti-Ro positive pregnancies. (1/265)

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 2.8% of pregnancies are Ro/La antibody positive. 3-15% of fetuses develop complete heart block (CHB). First-degree atrioventricular heart block (1 degrees AVB) is reported in a third of Ro/La fetuses but as most have a normal postnatal ECG this may reflect inadequacies of Doppler measurement techniques. METHODS: Comparison was made between mechanical (mPR) and electrical (ePR) intervals obtained prospectively using Doppler and non-invasive fetal ECG (fECG) in 52 consecutive Ro/La pregnancies in 46 women carrying 54 fetuses in an observational study at a fetal medicine unit. 121 mPR and 37 ePR intervals were recorded in 49 Ro/La fetuses. Five were referred with CHB and excluded. ePR was measured successfully in 35/37 (94%) and mPR was measured in all cases. 1 degrees AVB was defined as PR >95% CI. Logistic regression predicted abnormal final fetal rhythm from first mPR or ePR. RESULTS: The ePR model gave 66.7% sensitivity (6 of 8 final abnormal fetal rhythm cases were predicted correctly in fetuses >20 weeks) and 96.2% specificity. mPR gave 44.4% sensitivity (4 of 9 cases) and 88.5% specificity. Z scores for ePR (zPR) were calculated from 199 normal fetuses. The area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.754 to 1.007). A cut-off of 1.65 gave a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 95% for those with prolonged and normal ePR intervals, respectively. CONCLUSION: zPR is better than mPR at differentiating between normal and prolonged PR intervals, suggesting that fECG is the diagnostic tool of choice to investigate the natural history and therapy of conduction abnormalities in Ro/La pregnancies.  (+info)

Tachycardia after pacemaker implantation in a patient with complete atrioventricular block. (2/265)

The atrioventricular (AV) node allows ante- and retrograde conduction between atria and ventricles. It is commonly assumed that these AV nodal conduction properties go hand in hand. However, ante- and retrograde AV conduction can be completely independent from each other in individual patients. We report about a patient with permanent AV block III degrees requiring implantation of a pacemaker. As soon as a dual-chamber device was connected to the implanted leads, a tachycardia started at the maximum tracking rate, which was subsequently reprogrammed from 120 to 170 bpm. Non-invasive electrophysiologic testing showed that this patient demonstrated 1:1 ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction up to 170 bpm leading to endless loop tachycardia (ELT) while the antegrade AV block III degrees persisted. This case impressively illustrates that one has to take into account that patients with antegrade AV block III degrees may still have a high VA conduction capacity leading to ELT. Dual-chamber devices therefore have to be programmed accordingly, activating dedicated reactions after ventricular premature beats and automatic ELT detection and termination algorithms.  (+info)

Randomized comparison of bipolar vs unipolar plus bipolar recordings during atrioventricular junction ablation: importance and efficacy of unipolar recording. (3/265)

BACKGROUND: No prior studies have clarified the utility and efficacy of unipolar recording for identifying successful sites for atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six patients underwent radiofrequency (RF) AVJ ablation for drug-resistant atrial fibrillation (AF) or AF/flutter. AVJ ablation was performed with either bipolar (Bi-group; n=18) or unipolar plus bipolar recording (Uni-group; n=18). In the Uni-group, the primary parameter used to select ablation sites was a QS or rS morphology of the His bundle unipolar recording. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for the bipolar electrogram characteristics at the successful ablation site. However, in the Uni-group, the procedure time and fluoroscopy duration were shorter (both p<0.05), and the total number of RF energy applications less (p<0.05) than in the Bi-group. In the Uni-group, unipolar His bundle recordings could be assessed in 26 (76%) of 34 RF energy applications: Complete atrioventricular block was obtained at 15 (83%) of 18 sites with QS morphology and in 3 (37%) of 8 sites with rS morphology on the unipolar His bundle recording. CONCLUSIONS: AVJ ablation can be achieved more efficiently and with fewer RF energy applications when guided by unipolar recordings than by bipolar recordings alone.  (+info)

Safety of and tolerance to adenosine infusion for myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in a Japanese population. (4/265)

BACKGROUND: Adenosine has been available for use in myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in Japan since 2005. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of and tolerance to thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT with intravenous adenosine infusion in Japanese patients with suspected coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and six consecutive patients who underwent an adenosine infusion (120 mug . kg(-1) . min(-1)) SPECT at Sumitomo Besshi Hospital (Niihama, Japan) were investigated. The effects of adenosine infusion were monitored for each patient. A coronary angiography was performed in 81 patients. Adenosine infusion significantly decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Adverse reactions were observed in 161 patients (78.2%). Most reactions were transient, disappearing soon after the termination of adenosine infusion. No serious adverse reactions, such as acute myocardial infarction or death, occurred. Adenosine infusion was terminated in 3 patients (1.5%) because of near syncope or sustained 2:1 atrioventricular block. Electrocardiographic changes occurred in 15 patients (7.3%). Self-assessed scoring after SPECT showed that the patients were very tolerant (74.6% of 177 patients) of adenosine infusion myocardial SPECT. The sensitivity and specificity were 75.0% and 69.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adenosine infusion myocardial SPECT is safe and well tolerated in the Japanese population, despite the frequent occurrence of minor adverse reactions.  (+info)

Sinus node function in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block. (5/265)

AIMS: Children with congenital complete atrioventricular block (CCAVB) often need pacemaker therapy. In these children, it may be preferable to use single-lead VDD pacing, but for VDD pacing a normal sinus node function is required. Our aim was to study sinus node function in children with CCAVB. METHODS AND RESULTS: We longitudinally evaluated sinus rate in 36 children with CCAVB and normal anatomy of the heart. The rate of sinus rhythm on a 12-lead ECG, in Holter recordings, and exercise tests were evaluated at regular intervals. Age at the first visit of the children was 2.5+/-3.3 years (mean+/-SD). Follow-up was 10.6+/-7.3 years. The rate of sinus rhythm on a 12-lead ECG was at every age within the normal values for age (e.g. 0-1 year: 153+/-24 bpm, and 17-18 years: 76+/-4 bpm). Lowest and highest sinus rates in the Holter recordings were normal. During exercise, mean sinus rate in the total group of children increased from 92+/-8 at rest to 171+/-9 bpm at maximal exercise. CONCLUSION: We conclude that sinus node function is normal in children with CCAVB. Because of the normal increase in sinus rate during exercise, a single-lead VDD pacemaker can be safely implanted in these children.  (+info)

Acute and chronic effects of cardiac resynchronization in patients developing heart failure with long-term pacemaker therapy for acquired complete atrioventricular block. (6/265)

AIMS: We assessed the effects of cardiac re-synchronization therapy (CRT) in patients who developed otherwise unexplained heart failure (HF) during right ventricular apical (RVA)-pacing for acquired complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighteen consecutive CAVB patients with HF during RVA-pacing were assessed with haemodynamic studies immediately and 12 months after CRT-upgrade. Ten patients had idiopathic CAVB and 13 showed normal left ventricular (LV) function at RVA-pacemaker implantation. HF developed after 81 +/- 10 months. RVA-pacing duration correlated (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) deterioration. Biventricular- (BiV) and LV-pacing acutely improved the systolic function comparably, but only BiV improved diastolic function. One-year post-CRT-initiation, New York Heart Association classification improved 35 +/- 3% (P < 0.05) and the number of hospitalizations decreased 85 +/- 3% (P < 0.0001). CRT decreased LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) 7 +/- 2% (P < 0.01) and increased LVEF by 23 +/- 7% (P < 0.01). The CRT-induced reduction in LVEDd tended to be greater in patients with RVA-pacing for < 5 years vs. > 5 years (7.7 +/- 2.5 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.0 mm, P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: CRT-upgrade improves the cardiac function and symptoms in CAVB patients with HF progression related to RVA-pacing. Because adverse LV-remodelling may be partly irreversible, consideration should be given to BiV- and LV-pacing upgrade as soon as possible after the indications appear, and prospective studies of the optimal timing of CRT-upgrade may be useful.  (+info)

Transient atrioventricular block shortly after uneventful cryoablation of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardias: report of two cases. (7/265)

We report two patients with atrioventricular (AV) nodal re-entrant tachycardias who developed transient AV block immediately after uneventful cryoablation of the slow pathway was completed. No tachycardia recurrences were observed after an asymptomatic follow-up of 12 months and 10 months, respectively. This is the first report of this unexpected, transient phenomenon. The exact mechanism(s) remain(s) unclear.  (+info)

A randomized trial comparing two different approaches of pacemaker selection. (8/265)

AIMS: DDD-pacemakers are favoured in patients with sick-sinus-syndrome or AV-block. However, AAI-pacemakers for sick-sinus-syndrome or VDD-pacemakers for AV-block may provide similar benefit with lower costs. The aim is to show that a tailored approach (TA) with arrhythmia-specific pacemaker selection was equal to a standard approach (SA) regarding quality of life (QoL) at lower costs. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was prospective and randomized with QoL as primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were a combined endpoint of all-cause mortality, worsening heart failure or angina, atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, these endpoints individually and costs. Of 198 patients (age 77 +/- 10 years, 43% female, ejection fraction 54 +/- 12%, follow-up 38 +/- 15 months), 94 were randomized to SA and 104 to TA. Thirty-two patients (34%) died in the SA group vs. 25 (24%) in the TA (P= ns). QoL showed no differences in all dimensions. The combined secondary endpoint was reached more frequently with SA (51%) compared to TA (37%, P = 0.045). There was no difference regarding all single secondary endpoints. Hardware costs were reduced by 15% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In long-term follow-up, a TA is equal to SA regarding the primary endpoint QoL and secondary endpoints as AF and mortality. Depending on the healthcare system, it may significantly reduce costs.  (+info)

Atrioventricular (AV) block is a disorder of the electrical conduction system of the heart that causes a delay or interruption in the transmission of electrical signals from the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This results in an abnormal heart rhythm, also known as an arrhythmia.

There are three degrees of AV block:

1. First-degree AV block: In this type of AV block, there is a delay in the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, but all signals are eventually conducted. This condition may not cause any symptoms and is often discovered during a routine electrocardiogram (ECG).
2. Second-degree AV block: In this type of AV block, some electrical signals from the atria are not conducted to the ventricles. There are two types of second-degree AV block: Mobitz type I and Mobitz type II. Mobitz type I is characterized by a progressive prolongation of the PR interval (the time between the electrical activation of the atria and ventricles) until a QRS complex (which represents the electrical activation of the ventricles) is dropped. Mobitz type II is characterized by a constant PR interval with occasional non-conducted P waves.
3. Third-degree AV block: In this type of AV block, no electrical signals are conducted from the atria to the ventricles. The atria and ventricles beat independently of each other, resulting in a slow heart rate (bradycardia) and an irregular rhythm. This condition can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

The causes of AV block include aging, heart disease, medications, and certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism and Lyme disease. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and may include medication, a pacemaker, or surgery.

Heart block is a cardiac condition characterized by the interruption of electrical impulse transmission from the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This disruption can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, including bradycardia (a slower-than-normal heart rate), and in severe cases, can cause the heart to stop beating altogether. Heart block is typically caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system due to various factors such as aging, heart disease, or certain medications.

There are three types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (also known as complete heart block). Each type has distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and symptoms. Treatment for heart block depends on the severity of the condition and may include monitoring, medication, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart's electrical activity.

An artificial pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It is typically used when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, is not functioning properly and the heart rate is too slow or irregular. The pacemaker consists of a small generator that contains a battery and electronic circuits, which are connected to one or more electrodes that are placed in the heart.

The generator sends electrical signals through the electrodes to stimulate the heart muscle and cause it to contract, thereby maintaining a regular heart rhythm. Artificial pacemakers can be programmed to deliver electrical impulses at a specific rate or in response to the body's needs. They are typically implanted in the chest during a surgical procedure and can last for many years before needing to be replaced.

Artificial pacemakers are an effective treatment for various types of bradycardia, which is a heart rhythm disorder characterized by a slow heart rate. Pacemakers can significantly improve symptoms associated with bradycardia, such as fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fainting spells.

Bradycardia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute in adults. While some people, particularly well-trained athletes, may have a naturally low resting heart rate, bradycardia can also be a sign of an underlying health problem.

There are several potential causes of bradycardia, including:

* Damage to the heart's electrical conduction system, such as from heart disease or aging
* Certain medications, including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin
* Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
* Sleep apnea
* Infection of the heart (endocarditis or myocarditis)
* Infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis

Symptoms of bradycardia can vary depending on the severity and underlying cause. Some people with bradycardia may not experience any symptoms, while others may feel weak, fatigued, dizzy, or short of breath. In severe cases, bradycardia can lead to fainting, confusion, or even cardiac arrest.

Treatment for bradycardia depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the slow heart rate, adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication may help. In other cases, a pacemaker may be necessary to regulate the heart's rhythm. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of bradycardia, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a graphic representation of the electrical changes that occur during each heartbeat. The resulting tracing, called an electrocardiogram, can reveal information about the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to its cells or abnormalities in its conduction system.

During an ECG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart and transmit them to a machine that amplifies and records them. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and quick, usually taking only a few minutes.

ECGs are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and electrolyte imbalances. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments.

The Bundle of His is a bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses to the Purkinje fibers, which then stimulate contraction of the ventricles in the heart. It is named after Wilhelm His, Jr., who first described it in 1893.

The Bundle of His is a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that helps coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles to ensure efficient pumping of blood. The bundle originates from the atrioventricular node, which receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker) and transmits them through the Bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers.

The Bundle of His is divided into two main branches, known as the right and left bundle branches, which further divide into smaller fascicles that spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. This ensures a coordinated contraction of the ventricles, allowing for efficient pumping of blood to the rest of the body.

Artificial cardiac pacing is a medical procedure that involves the use of an artificial device to regulate and stimulate the contraction of the heart muscle. This is often necessary when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, is not functioning properly and the heart is beating too slowly or irregularly.

The artificial pacemaker consists of a small generator that produces electrical impulses and leads that are positioned in the heart to transmit the impulses. The generator is typically implanted just under the skin in the chest, while the leads are inserted into the heart through a vein.

There are different types of artificial cardiac pacing systems, including single-chamber pacemakers, which stimulate either the right atrium or right ventricle, and dual-chamber pacemakers, which stimulate both chambers of the heart. Some pacemakers also have additional features that allow them to respond to changes in the body's needs, such as during exercise or sleep.

Artificial cardiac pacing is a safe and effective treatment for many people with abnormal heart rhythms, and it can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

The atrioventricular (AV) node is a critical part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It is a small cluster of specialized cardiac muscle cells located in the lower interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus. The AV node receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker) via the internodal pathways and delays their transmission for a brief period before transmitting them to the bundle of His and then to the ventricles. This delay allows the atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles themselves contract, ensuring efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.

The AV node plays an essential role in maintaining a normal heart rhythm, as it can also function as a backup pacemaker if the sinoatrial node fails to generate impulses. However, certain heart conditions or medications can affect the AV node's function and lead to abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrioventricular block or atrial tachycardia.

The heart conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses to coordinate the contraction of the heart chambers. The main components of the heart conduction system include:

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: Also known as the sinus node, it is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava and functions as the primary pacemaker of the heart. It sets the heart rate by generating electrical impulses at regular intervals.
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node: Located in the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus, it serves as a relay station for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV node delays the transmission of impulses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
3. Bundle of His: A bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. It divides into two main branches, the right and left bundle branches, which further divide into smaller Purkinje fibers.
4. Right and left bundle branches: These are extensions of the Bundle of His that transmit electrical impulses to the respective right and left ventricular myocardium. They consist of specialized conducting tissue with large diameters and minimal resistance, allowing for rapid conduction of electrical signals.
5. Purkinje fibers: Fine, branching fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. They are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses to the working cardiac muscle cells, triggering coordinated ventricular contraction.

In summary, the heart conduction system is a complex network of specialized muscle cells responsible for generating and conducting electrical signals that coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles, ensuring efficient blood flow throughout the body.

Bundle-branch block (BBB) is a type of conduction delay or block in the heart's electrical system that affects the way electrical impulses travel through the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). In BBB, one of the two main bundle branches that conduct electrical impulses to the ventricles is partially or completely blocked, causing a delay in the contraction of one of the ventricles.

There are two types of bundle-branch block: right bundle-branch block (RBBB) and left bundle-branch block (LBBB). In RBBB, the right bundle branch is affected, while in LBBB, the left bundle branch is affected. The symptoms and severity of BBB can vary depending on the underlying cause and the presence of other heart conditions.

In some cases, BBB may not cause any noticeable symptoms and may only be detected during a routine electrocardiogram (ECG). However, if BBB occurs along with other heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, it can increase the risk of serious complications such as arrhythmias, syncope, and even sudden cardiac death.

Treatment for bundle-branch block depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in others, medications, pacemakers, or other treatments may be recommended to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that measures the magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the heart. It uses highly sensitive devices called magnetometers to detect and record these magnetic signals, which are then processed and analyzed to provide information about the heart's electrical function and structure.

MCG can be used to detect and monitor various cardiac conditions, including arrhythmias, ischemia (reduced blood flow to the heart), and myocardial infarction (heart attack). It can also help in identifying abnormalities in the heart's conduction system and assessing the effectiveness of treatments such as pacemakers.

One advantage of MCG over other diagnostic techniques like electrocardiography (ECG) is that it is not affected by the conductive properties of body tissues, which can distort ECG signals. This makes MCG a more accurate tool for measuring the heart's magnetic fields and can provide additional information about the underlying electrical activity. However, MCG requires specialized equipment and shielding to reduce interference from external magnetic sources, making it less widely available than ECG.

Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) is a term used to describe a group of abnormal heart rhythm disturbances that originates in the sinoatrial node (the natural pacemaker of the heart). This syndrome is characterized by impaired functioning of the sinoatrial node, resulting in various abnormalities such as sinus bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), sinus arrest (complete cessation of sinus node activity), and/or sinoatrial exit block (failure of the electrical impulse to leave the sinus node and spread to the atria).

People with SSS may experience symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, or syncope (fainting) due to inadequate blood supply to the brain caused by slow heart rate. The diagnosis of SSS is typically made based on the patient's symptoms and the results of an electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitoring, or event recorder that shows evidence of abnormal sinus node function. Treatment options for SSS may include lifestyle modifications, medications, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart rate.

Torsades de Pointes is a type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, characterized by a distinct pattern on the electrocardiogram (ECG) where the QRS complexes appear to twist around the isoelectric line. This condition is often associated with a prolonged QT interval, which can be congenital or acquired due to various factors such as medications, electrolyte imbalances, or heart diseases. Torsades de Pointes can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, leading to sudden cardiac death if not promptly treated.

Adams-Stokes syndrome is a medical condition characterized by a series of episodes of sudden loss of consciousness (syncope) due to a significant decrease or temporary cessation of heart function (cardiac standstill or severe bradycardia). These episodes are often associated with convulsive movements and may be triggered by certain positions or activities that increase the obstruction to blood flow from the heart.

The syndrome is named after English physicians Robert Adams and William Stokes, who independently described the condition in the 19th century. It is most commonly caused by heart block or sick sinus syndrome, which are electrical conduction disorders of the heart. Other causes may include structural heart diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease.

Treatment for Adams-Stokes syndrome typically involves addressing the underlying cause. In some cases, a pacemaker may be required to regulate the heart's electrical activity and prevent further episodes of syncope.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhododendron" is not a medical term. It is a genus of woody plants in the heath family Ericaceae, which includes shrubs and small trees commonly known as rhododendrons and azaleas. Some species contain toxic compounds that can cause health issues if ingested, but "Rhododendron" itself is not a medical term or concept.

Syncope is a medical term defined as a transient, temporary loss of consciousness and postural tone due to reduced blood flow to the brain. It's often caused by a drop in blood pressure, which can be brought on by various factors such as dehydration, emotional stress, prolonged standing, or certain medical conditions like heart diseases, arrhythmias, or neurological disorders.

During a syncope episode, an individual may experience warning signs such as lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, or nausea before losing consciousness. These episodes usually last only a few minutes and are followed by a rapid, full recovery. However, if left untreated or undiagnosed, recurrent syncope can lead to severe injuries from falls or even life-threatening conditions related to the underlying cause.

Atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the atrioventricular node. In AVNRT, an abnormal electrical circuit in or near the AV node creates a reentry pathway that allows for rapid heart rates, typically greater than 150-250 beats per minute.

In normal conduction, the electrical impulse travels from the atria to the ventricles through the AV node and then continues down the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers, resulting in a coordinated contraction of the heart. In AVNRT, an extra electrical pathway exists that allows for the reentry of the electrical impulse back into the atria, creating a rapid and abnormal circuit.

AVNRT is classified based on the direction of the reentry circuit:

1. Typical or common AVNRT: The most common form, accounting for 90% of cases. In this type, the reentry circuit involves an "anterior" and a "posterior" loop in or near the AV node. The anterior loop has slower conduction velocity than the posterior loop, creating a "short" reentry circuit that is responsible for the rapid heart rate.
2. Atypical AVNRT: Less common, accounting for 10% of cases. In this type, the reentry circuit involves an "outer" and an "inner" loop around the AV node. The outer loop has slower conduction velocity than the inner loop, creating a "long" reentry circuit that is responsible for the rapid heart rate.

AVNRT can present with symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or syncope (fainting). Treatment options include observation, vagal maneuvers, medications, and catheter ablation. Catheter ablation is a curative treatment that involves the destruction of the abnormal electrical pathway using radiofrequency energy or cryotherapy.

Disopyramide is an antiarrhythmic medication that is primarily used to treat certain types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. It works by blocking the activity of sodium channels in the heart, which helps to slow down and regulate the heart rate.

Disopyramide is available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it may be taken orally as a tablet or capsule. Common side effects of this medication include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and difficulty urinating. More serious side effects can include dizziness, fainting, irregular heartbeat, and allergic reactions.

It is important to take disopyramide exactly as directed by a healthcare provider, as improper use or dosing can lead to serious complications. Additionally, individuals with certain medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, or myasthenia gravis, may not be able to safely take this medication.

Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that result from disturbances in the electrical conduction system of the heart. The heart's normal rhythm is controlled by an electrical signal that originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium. This signal travels through the atrioventricular (AV) node and into the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

An arrhythmia occurs when there is a disruption in this electrical pathway or when the heart's natural pacemaker produces an abnormal rhythm. This can cause the heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly.

There are several types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Atrial fibrillation: A rapid and irregular heartbeat that starts in the atria (the upper chambers of the heart).
2. Atrial flutter: A rapid but regular heartbeat that starts in the atria.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): A rapid heartbeat that starts above the ventricles, usually in the atria or AV node.
4. Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid and potentially life-threatening heart rhythm that originates in the ventricles.
5. Ventricular fibrillation: A chaotic and disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles, which can be fatal if not treated immediately.
6. Heart block: A delay or interruption in the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles.

Cardiac arrhythmias can cause various symptoms, such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms and go unnoticed. However, if left untreated, certain types of arrhythmias can lead to serious complications, including stroke, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac death.

Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias depends on the type, severity, and underlying causes. Options may include lifestyle changes, medications, cardioversion (electrical shock therapy), catheter ablation, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and surgery. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management of cardiac arrhythmias.

Catheter ablation is a medical procedure in which specific areas of heart tissue that are causing arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) are destroyed or ablated using heat energy (radiofrequency ablation), cold energy (cryoablation), or other methods. The procedure involves threading one or more catheters through the blood vessels to the heart, where the tip of the catheter can be used to selectively destroy the problematic tissue. Catheter ablation is often used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and other types of arrhythmias that originate in the heart's upper chambers (atria). It may also be used to treat certain types of arrhythmias that originate in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles), such as ventricular tachycardia.

The goal of catheter ablation is to eliminate or reduce the frequency and severity of arrhythmias, thereby improving symptoms and quality of life. In some cases, it may also help to reduce the risk of stroke and other complications associated with arrhythmias. Catheter ablation is typically performed by a specialist in heart rhythm disorders (electrophysiologist) in a hospital or outpatient setting under local anesthesia and sedation. The procedure can take several hours to complete, depending on the complexity of the arrhythmia being treated.

It's important to note that while catheter ablation is generally safe and effective, it does carry some risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures, and the possibility of recurrent arrhythmias. Patients should discuss the potential benefits and risks of the procedure with their healthcare provider before making a decision about treatment.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Hydrops Fetalis is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including the abdomen (ascites), around the heart (pericardial effusion), and/or within the lungs (pleural effusion). This accumulation can also affect the skin, causing it to become edematous. Hydrops Fetalis is often associated with various underlying causes, such as chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, genetic disorders, and structural defects that impair the fetus's ability to maintain fluid balance. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. The prognosis for Hydrops Fetalis is generally poor, with a high mortality rate, although early detection and appropriate management can improve outcomes in certain situations.

Electrophysiologic techniques, cardiac, refer to medical procedures used to study the electrical activities and conduction systems of the heart. These techniques involve the insertion of electrode catheters into the heart through blood vessels under fluoroscopic guidance to record and stimulate electrical signals. The information obtained from these studies can help diagnose and evaluate various cardiac arrhythmias, determine the optimal treatment strategy, and assess the effectiveness of therapies such as ablation or implantable devices.

The electrophysiologic study (EPS) is a type of cardiac electrophysiologic technique that involves the measurement of electrical signals from different regions of the heart to evaluate its conduction system's function. The procedure can help identify the location of abnormal electrical pathways responsible for arrhythmias and determine the optimal treatment strategy, such as catheter ablation or medication therapy.

Cardiac electrophysiologic techniques are also used in device implantation procedures, such as pacemaker or defibrillator implantation, to ensure proper placement and function of the devices. These techniques can help program and test the devices to optimize their settings for each patient's needs.

In summary, cardiac electrophysiologic techniques are medical procedures used to study and manipulate the electrical activities of the heart, helping diagnose and treat various arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions.

Anti-arrhythmia agents are a class of medications used to treat abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias. These drugs work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm. There are several types of anti-arrhythmia agents, including:

1. Sodium channel blockers: These drugs slow down the conduction of electrical signals in the heart, which helps to reduce rapid or irregular heartbeats. Examples include flecainide, propafenone, and quinidine.
2. Beta-blockers: These medications work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to slow down the heart rate and reduce the force of heart contractions. Examples include metoprolol, atenolol, and esmolol.
3. Calcium channel blockers: These drugs block the entry of calcium into heart muscle cells, which helps to slow down the heart rate and reduce the force of heart contractions. Examples include verapamil and diltiazem.
4. Potassium channel blockers: These medications work by prolonging the duration of the heart's electrical cycle, which helps to prevent abnormal rhythms. Examples include amiodarone and sotalol.
5. Digoxin: This drug increases the force of heart contractions and slows down the heart rate, which can help to restore a normal rhythm in certain types of arrhythmias.

It's important to note that anti-arrhythmia agents can have significant side effects and should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional who has experience in managing arrhythmias. Close monitoring is necessary to ensure the medication is working effectively and not causing any adverse effects.

Ambulatory electrocardiography, also known as ambulatory ECG or Holter monitoring, is a non-invasive method of recording the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period of time (typically 24 hours or more) while the patient goes about their daily activities. The device used to record the ECG is called a Holter monitor, which consists of a small, portable recorder that is attached to the patient's chest with electrodes.

The recorded data provides information on any abnormalities in the heart's rhythm or electrical activity during different stages of activity and rest, allowing healthcare providers to diagnose and evaluate various cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemia, and infarction. The ability to monitor the heart's activity over an extended period while the patient performs their normal activities provides valuable information that may not be captured during a standard ECG, which only records the heart's electrical activity for a few seconds.

In summary, ambulatory electrocardiography is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period, allowing healthcare providers to diagnose and manage various cardiac conditions.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for "Nerium." However, Nerium is a genus of plants in the dogwood family, and its most common species is Nerium oleander, also known as oleander. Oleander is a toxic plant that can cause serious health problems if ingested or touched. Its symptoms include nausea, vomiting, seizures, irregular heartbeat, and even death in severe cases. It's essential to keep oleander away from children, pets, and livestock and seek immediate medical attention if any part of the plant is accidentally ingested.

Fetal therapies are medical interventions that are performed on fetuses before they are born to treat or prevent certain serious conditions that could affect their health and development. These therapies can include both surgical and nonsurgical procedures, and they are typically used when it is determined that the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the risks to both the mother and the fetus.

Some examples of fetal therapies include:

* Fetal surgery: This involves operating on the fetus while it is still in the uterus. Fetal surgery may be used to treat conditions such as spina bifida, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
* Intrauterine blood transfusions: This involves transfusing blood into the fetus through a needle that is inserted through the mother's abdomen and uterus. This may be done to treat conditions such as anemia caused by rhesus (Rh) sensitization or other causes.
* Medication therapy: Certain medications can be given to the mother during pregnancy to help treat or prevent fetal conditions. For example, steroids may be given to help mature the lungs of a premature fetus.

It is important to note that fetal therapies are typically only used in cases where the potential benefits of treatment are considered to outweigh the risks. The decision to undergo fetal therapy should be made carefully and with the guidance of medical professionals who have experience with these procedures.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a type of heart muscle disorder characterized by impaired relaxation and filling of the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles), leading to reduced pump function. This is caused by stiffening or rigidity of the heart muscle, often due to fibrosis or scarring. The stiffness prevents the ventricles from filling properly with blood during the diastolic phase, which can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.

RCM is a less common form of cardiomyopathy compared to dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. It can be idiopathic (no known cause) or secondary to other conditions like amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, or storage diseases. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, echocardiography, and sometimes cardiac MRI or biopsy. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and addressing underlying causes when possible.

Sinus arrhythmia is a type of heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) where the normal rhythm generated by the sinus node in the heart varies in rate or pattern. The sinus node is the natural pacemaker of the heart and usually sets a steady pace for heartbeats. However, in sinus arrhythmia, the heart rate may speed up or slow down abnormally during breathing in (inspiration) or breathing out (expiration).

When the heart rate increases during inspiration, it is called "inspiratory sinus arrhythmia," and when the heart rate decreases during expiration, it is called "expiratory sinus arrhythmia." Most people experience a mild form of inspiratory sinus arrhythmia, which is considered normal, especially in children and young adults.

However, if the variation in heart rate is significant or accompanied by symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, or chest discomfort, it may require medical evaluation and treatment. Sinus arrhythmia can be caused by various factors, including lung disease, heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, or the use of certain medications.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

An Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a type of heart attack that occurs when there is a significant reduction or complete blockage of blood flow to the inferior (lower) region of the heart muscle, specifically the areas supplied by the right coronary artery or one of its branches. This reduction in blood flow, often caused by a blood clot forming around a ruptured plaque within the artery, can lead to ischemia and ultimately result in damage or death of the heart muscle cells (myocardial necrosis). Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or vomiting. Diagnosis typically involves an electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac biomarker tests, such as troponin levels. Treatment includes medications, lifestyle changes, and possibly interventions like angioplasty or bypass surgery to restore blood flow.

Vectorcardiography (VCG) is a type of graphical recording that depicts the vector magnitude and direction of the electrical activity of the heart over time. It provides a three-dimensional view of the electrical activation pattern of the heart, as opposed to the one-dimensional view offered by a standard electrocardiogram (ECG).

In VCG, the electrical potentials are recorded using a special array of electrodes placed on the body surface. These potentials are then mathematically converted into vectors and plotted on a vector loop or a series of loops that represent different planes of the heart's electrical activity. The resulting tracing provides information about the magnitude, direction, and timing of the electrical activation of the heart, which can be helpful in diagnosing various cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, and other cardiac conditions.

Overall, vectorcardiography offers a more detailed and comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity than traditional ECG, making it a valuable tool in clinical cardiology.

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac electrical disorder characterized by a prolonged QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which can potentially trigger rapid, chaotic heartbeats known as ventricular tachyarrhythmias, such as torsades de pointes. These arrhythmias can be life-threatening and lead to syncope (fainting) or sudden cardiac death. LQTS is often congenital but may also be acquired due to certain medications, medical conditions, or electrolyte imbalances. It's essential to identify and manage LQTS promptly to reduce the risk of severe complications.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a rapid heart rhythm that originates above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This type of tachycardia includes atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT). SVT usually causes a rapid heartbeat that starts and stops suddenly, and may not cause any other symptoms. However, some people may experience palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, dizziness, or fainting. SVT is typically diagnosed through an electrocardiogram (ECG) or Holter monitor, and can be treated with medications, cardioversion, or catheter ablation.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.

In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.

The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

Sinoatrial block is a type of heart conduction disorder that affects the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In a sinoatrial block, the electrical impulses that originate in the sinoatrial node are delayed or blocked, resulting in a slower than normal heart rate or pauses between heartbeats.

A sinoatrial block can be classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on the severity of the block. In a first-degree sinoatrial block, the electrical impulses are slowed but still conducted through to the atria. In a second-degree sinoatrial block, some of the electrical impulses are blocked, resulting in dropped beats or an irregular heart rhythm. In a third-degree sinoatrial block, also known as sinus node arrest, there is a complete failure of the sinoatrial node to generate impulses, resulting in a prolonged pause followed by a ventricular escape rhythm.

Sinoatrial blocks can be caused by various factors, including aging, heart disease, medication side effects, and electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, a sinoatrial block may not cause any symptoms and may only be detected during a routine electrocardiogram (ECG). However, in more severe cases, a sinoatrial block can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, syncope (fainting), or shortness of breath. Treatment for a sinoatrial block depends on the underlying cause and may include medication adjustments, pacemaker implantation, or other interventions.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:

* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.

It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles. This defect allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to mix with deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, leading to inefficient oxygenation of the body's tissues. The size and location of the hole can vary, and symptoms may range from none to severe, depending on the size of the defect and the amount of blood that is able to shunt between the ventricles. Small VSDs may close on their own over time, while larger defects usually require medical intervention, such as medication or surgery, to prevent complications like pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart condition characterized by the thickening and stiffening of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of the heart chambers. This thickening is caused by an overgrowth of fibrous tissue and elastic fibers in the endocardium, particularly affecting the left ventricle and atrium.

EFE can occur as a primary condition or secondary to other heart diseases, infections, or genetic disorders. In some cases, it may be associated with conditions such as congenital heart defects, metabolic disorders, or viral infections like coxsackievirus B.

The symptoms of EFE depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. They can include difficulty breathing, poor feeding, failure to thrive, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). In severe cases, EFE can lead to heart failure and require medical intervention such as medications or even a heart transplant.

The exact cause of primary EFE is still unknown, but it is believed to involve genetic factors. Secondary EFE is usually a result of damage to the heart muscle due to various causes, including infections, inflammation, or other underlying conditions. Treatment for EFE focuses on addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms to prevent further complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "honey" is not typically considered a medical term. It is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers. Honey is composed primarily of fructose and glucose, with small amounts of other sugars, water, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and various organic compounds.

While honey does have some potential health benefits, such as its antimicrobial properties and its use in wound healing, it is not a medical treatment or intervention. If you have any questions about the medicinal uses of honey or its role in health, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional.

Atrial fibrillation (A-tre-al fi-bru-la'shun) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. In this condition, the electrical signals that coordinate heartbeats don't function properly, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles, which can lead to blood clots, stroke, and other complications. Atrial fibrillation is a common type of arrhythmia and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. It can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, age, and genetics. Treatment options include medications, electrical cardioversion, and surgical procedures to restore normal heart rhythm.

A septal occluder device is a type of medical implant used to close defects or holes in the heart, specifically within the septum, which is the wall that separates the two sides of the heart. The device typically consists of two disc-shaped components connected by a waist, resembling a button or an umbrella.

The procedure for implanting a septal occluder device involves inserting it through a catheter, which is introduced into a vein in the leg and guided to the heart. Once in position, the discs of the device expand and are pressed against the septum on both sides of the hole, effectively closing it. Over time, tissue grows over the device, permanently sealing the defect.

Septal occluder devices are commonly used to treat atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO), which are two types of congenital heart defects that can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart palpitations. The use of these devices has revolutionized the treatment of these conditions, allowing for less invasive procedures and faster recovery times compared to traditional surgical methods.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a type of autoantibody that target structures found in the nucleus of a cell. These antibodies are produced by the immune system and attack the body's own cells and tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The presence of ANA is often used as a marker for certain autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and polymyositis.

ANA can be detected through a blood test called the antinuclear antibody test. A positive result indicates the presence of ANA in the blood, but it does not necessarily mean that a person has an autoimmune disease. Further testing is usually needed to confirm a diagnosis and determine the specific type of autoantibodies present.

It's important to note that ANA can also be found in healthy individuals, particularly as they age. Therefore, the test results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and symptoms.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, specifically the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the body). This thickening can make it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. In some cases, HCM can also cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death.

The thickening of the heart muscle in HCM is caused by an overgrowth of the cells that make up the heart muscle, known as cardiomyocytes. This overgrowth can be caused by mutations in any one of several genes that encode proteins involved in the structure and function of the heart muscle. These genetic mutations are usually inherited from a parent, but they can also occur spontaneously in an individual with no family history of the disorder.

HCM is typically diagnosed using echocardiography (a type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to create images of the heart) and other diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for HCM may include medications to help manage symptoms, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical procedures or implantable devices to help prevent or treat arrhythmias.

Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal heart rhythm or arrhythmia that originates in the atria - the upper chambers of the heart. In atrial flutter, the atria beat too quickly, usually between 250 and 350 beats per minute, which is much faster than the normal resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

This rapid beating causes the atria to quiver or "flutter" instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles - the lower chambers of the heart - which can lead to reduced cardiac output and symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, or chest discomfort.

Atrial flutter is often caused by underlying heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, or congenital heart defects. It can also be a complication of cardiac surgery or other medical procedures. In some cases, atrial flutter may occur without any apparent underlying cause, which is known as lone atrial flutter.

Treatment for atrial flutter typically involves medications to control the heart rate and rhythm, electrical cardioversion to restore a normal heart rhythm, or catheter ablation to destroy the abnormal electrical pathways in the heart that are causing the arrhythmia. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to treat atrial flutter.

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and threaded up to the heart. The catheter can be used to perform various diagnostic tests, such as measuring the pressure inside the heart chambers and assessing the function of the heart valves.

Cardiac catheterization can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, such as narrowed or blocked arteries. In these cases, a balloon or stent may be inserted through the catheter to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow. This procedure is known as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Cardiac catheterization is typically performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory by a team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Overall, cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart conditions, and it can help improve symptoms, reduce complications, and prolong life for many patients.

The heart ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs or the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Both ventricles have thick, muscular walls to generate the pressure necessary to pump blood through the circulatory system.

Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that are located in the subendocardial region of the inner ventricular walls of the heart. They play a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart, transmitting electrical impulses from the bundle branches to the ventricular myocardium, which enables the coordinated contraction of the ventricles during each heartbeat.

These fibers have a unique structure that allows for rapid and efficient conduction of electrical signals. They are larger in diameter than regular cardiac muscle fibers, have fewer branching points, and possess more numerous mitochondria and a richer blood supply. These features enable Purkinje fibers to conduct electrical impulses at faster speeds, ensuring that the ventricles contract simultaneously and forcefully, promoting efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.

The sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the sinus node, is the primary pacemaker of the heart. It is a small bundle of specialized cardiac conduction tissue located in the upper part of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. The SA node generates electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. This process is called sinus rhythm.

The SA node's electrical activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which can adjust the heart rate in response to changes in the body's needs, such as during exercise or rest. The SA node's rate of firing determines the heart rate, with a normal resting heart rate ranging from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

If the SA node fails to function properly or its electrical impulses are blocked, other secondary pacemakers in the heart may take over, resulting in abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias.

The heart atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and deliver it to the lower chambers, or ventricles. There are two atria in the heart: the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then sends it out to the rest of the body. The atria contract before the ventricles during each heartbeat, helping to fill the ventricles with blood and prepare them for contraction.

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rhythm that originates from the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. It is defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate of 120 beats per minute or greater in a resting adult. This abnormal heart rhythm can cause the heart to pump less effectively, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body and potentially life-threatening conditions such as hypotension, shock, or cardiac arrest.

VT can be classified into three types based on its duration, hemodynamic stability, and response to treatment:

1. Non-sustained VT (NSVT): It lasts for less than 30 seconds and is usually well tolerated without causing significant symptoms or hemodynamic instability.
2. Sustained VT (SVT): It lasts for more than 30 seconds, causes symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, or chest pain, and may lead to hemodynamic instability.
3. Pulseless VT: It is a type of sustained VT that does not produce a pulse, blood pressure, or adequate cardiac output, requiring immediate electrical cardioversion or defibrillation to restore a normal heart rhythm.

VT can occur in people with various underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, congenital heart defects, and electrolyte imbalances. It can also be triggered by certain medications, substance abuse, or electrical abnormalities in the heart. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of VT are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The heart septum is the thick, muscular wall that divides the right and left sides of the heart. It consists of two main parts: the atrial septum, which separates the right and left atria (the upper chambers of the heart), and the ventricular septum, which separates the right and left ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). A normal heart septum ensures that oxygen-rich blood from the lungs does not mix with oxygen-poor blood from the body. Any defect or abnormality in the heart septum is called a septal defect, which can lead to various congenital heart diseases.

Tachycardia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally rapid heart rate, often defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults. It can occur in either the atria (upper chambers) or ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart. Different types of tachycardia include supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia.

Tachycardia can cause various symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, lightheadedness, chest discomfort, or syncope (fainting). In some cases, tachycardia may not cause any symptoms and may only be detected during a routine physical examination or medical test.

The underlying causes of tachycardia can vary widely, including heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, medications, illicit drug use, alcohol abuse, smoking, stress, anxiety, and other medical conditions. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment for tachycardia depends on the underlying cause, type, severity, and duration of the arrhythmia.

Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle, leading to mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction. The American Heart Association (AHA) defines cardiomyopathies as "a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not always) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation and frequently lead to heart failure."

There are several types of cardiomyopathies, including:

1. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): This is the most common type of cardiomyopathy, characterized by an enlarged left ventricle and impaired systolic function, leading to heart failure.
2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): In this type, there is abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the septum between the two ventricles, which can obstruct blood flow and increase the risk of arrhythmias.
3. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM): This is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterized by stiffness of the heart muscle, impaired relaxation, and diastolic dysfunction, leading to reduced filling of the ventricles and heart failure.
4. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): In this type, there is replacement of the normal heart muscle with fatty or fibrous tissue, primarily affecting the right ventricle, which can lead to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
5. Unclassified cardiomyopathies: These are conditions that do not fit into any of the above categories but still significantly affect the heart muscle and function.

Cardiomyopathies can be caused by genetic factors, acquired conditions (e.g., infections, toxins, or autoimmune disorders), or a combination of both. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sometimes genetic testing. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition but may include medications, lifestyle modifications, implantable devices, or even heart transplantation in severe cases.

Sotalol is a non-selective beta blocker and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It works by blocking the action of certain natural substances in your body, such as adrenaline, on the heart. This helps to decrease the heart's workload, slow the heart rate, and regulate certain types of irregular heartbeats (such as atrial fibrillation).

Sotalol is used to treat various types of irregular heartbeats (atrial fibrillation/flutter, ventricular tachycardia) and may also be used to help maintain a normal heart rhythm after a heart attack. It is important to note that Sotalol should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional who has experience in treating heart rhythm disorders.

This medical definition is based on the information provided by the National Library of Medicine (NLM).

NAV1.5, also known as SCN5A, is a specific type of voltage-gated sodium channel found in the heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). These channels play a crucial role in the generation and transmission of electrical signals that coordinate the contraction of the heart.

More specifically, NAV1.5 channels are responsible for the rapid influx of sodium ions into cardiomyocytes during the initial phase of the action potential, which is the electrical excitation of the cell. This rapid influx of sodium ions helps to initiate and propagate the action potential throughout the heart muscle, allowing for coordinated contraction and proper heart function.

Mutations in the SCN5A gene, which encodes the NAV1.5 channel, have been associated with various cardiac arrhythmias, including long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and familial atrial fibrillation, among others. These genetic disorders can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, syncope, and in some cases, sudden cardiac death.

Radionuclide ventriculography (RVG), also known as multiple-gated acquisition scan (MUGA) or nuclear ventriculography, is a non-invasive diagnostic test used to evaluate the function and pumping efficiency of the heart's lower chambers (ventricles). The test involves the use of radioactive tracers (radionuclides) that are injected into the patient's bloodstream. A specialized camera then captures images of the distribution of the radionuclide within the heart, which allows for the measurement of ventricular volumes and ejection fraction (EF), an important indicator of cardiac function.

During the test, the patient lies on a table while the camera takes pictures of their heart as it beats. The images are captured in "gates" or intervals, corresponding to different phases of the cardiac cycle. This allows for the calculation of ventricular volumes and EF at each phase of the cycle, providing detailed information about the heart's pumping ability.

RVG is commonly used to assess patients with known or suspected heart disease, including those who have had a heart attack, heart failure, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and to evaluate changes in cardiac function over time.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome is a heart condition characterized by the presence of an accessory pathway or abnormal electrical connection between the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) and ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This accessory pathway allows electrical impulses to bypass the normal conduction system, leading to a shorter PR interval and a "delta wave" on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which is the hallmark of WPW Syndrome.

Individuals with WPW Syndrome may experience no symptoms or may have palpitations, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), or episodes of atrial fibrillation. In some cases, WPW Syndrome can lead to more serious heart rhythm disturbances and may require treatment, such as medication, catheter ablation, or in rare cases, surgery.

It is important to note that not all individuals with WPW Syndrome will experience symptoms or complications, and many people with this condition can lead normal, active lives with appropriate monitoring and management.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a type of cardiomyopathy characterized by the enlargement and weakened contraction of the heart's main pumping chamber (the left ventricle). This enlargement and weakness can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. DCM can be caused by various factors including genetics, viral infections, alcohol and drug abuse, and other medical conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes. It is important to note that this condition can lead to heart failure if left untreated.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disorder characterized by the formation of granulomas (small clumps of inflammatory cells) in various organs, most commonly the lungs and lymphatic system. These granulomas can impair the function of the affected organ(s), leading to a variety of symptoms. The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it's thought to be an overactive immune response to an unknown antigen, possibly triggered by an infection, chemical exposure, or another environmental factor.

The diagnosis of sarcoidosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays and CT scans), and laboratory tests (including blood tests and biopsies). While there is no cure for sarcoidosis, treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Corticosteroids are often used to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, while other medications may be prescribed to treat specific organ involvement or symptoms. In some cases, sarcoidosis may resolve on its own without any treatment.

Sudden death is a term used to describe a situation where a person dies abruptly and unexpectedly, often within minutes to hours of the onset of symptoms. It is typically caused by cardiac or respiratory arrest, which can be brought on by various medical conditions such as heart disease, stroke, severe infections, drug overdose, or trauma. In some cases, the exact cause of sudden death may remain unknown even after a thorough post-mortem examination.

It is important to note that sudden death should not be confused with "sudden cardiac death," which specifically refers to deaths caused by the abrupt loss of heart function (cardiac arrest). Sudden cardiac death is often related to underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or electrical abnormalities in the heart.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that is composed of a sugar (ribose) and the base adenine. It plays several important roles in the body, including serving as a precursor for the synthesis of other molecules such as ATP, NAD+, and RNA.

In the medical context, adenosine is perhaps best known for its use as a pharmaceutical agent to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. When administered intravenously, it can help restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) by slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node and interrupting the reentry circuit responsible for the arrhythmia.

Adenosine can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help differentiate between narrow-complex tachycardias of supraventricular origin and those that originate from below the ventricles (such as ventricular tachycardia). This is because adenosine will typically terminate PSVT but not affect the rhythm of VT.

It's worth noting that adenosine has a very short half-life, lasting only a few seconds in the bloodstream. This means that its effects are rapidly reversible and generally well-tolerated, although some patients may experience transient symptoms such as flushing, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

A tilt-table test is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate symptoms of syncope (fainting) or near-syncope. It measures your body's cardiovascular response to changes in position. During the test, you lie on a table that can be tilted to change the angle of your body from horizontal to upright. This simulates what happens when you stand up from a lying down position.

The test monitors heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels while you're in different positions. If you experience symptoms like dizziness or fainting during the test, these can provide clues about the cause of your symptoms. The test is used to diagnose conditions like orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing), vasovagal syncope (fainting due to an overactive vagus nerve), and other heart rhythm disorders.

The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and the valves between them. It is a thin, smooth membrane that is in contact with the blood within the heart. This layer helps to maintain the heart's internal environment, facilitates the smooth movement of blood through the heart, and provides a protective barrier against infection and other harmful substances. The endocardium is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells called endothelial cells, which are supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.

Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the electrical activities of the body, particularly the heart. In a medical context, electrophysiology studies (EPS) are performed to assess abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as medication or pacemakers.

During an EPS, electrode catheters are inserted into the heart through blood vessels in the groin or neck. These catheters can record the electrical activity of the heart and stimulate it to help identify the source of the arrhythmia. The information gathered during the study can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

In addition to cardiac electrophysiology, there are also other subspecialties within electrophysiology, such as neuromuscular electrophysiology, which deals with the electrical activity of the nervous system and muscles.

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Atrioventricular block Second-degree atrioventricular block Third-degree atrioventricular block "Lesson VI - ECG Conduction ... First-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart in which ... but may progress to more severe forms of heart block such as second- and third-degree atrioventricular block. It is diagnosed ... right bundle branch block, and either left anterior fascicular block or left posterior fascicular block (known as trifascicular ...
ISBN 978-93-5152-140-2. "Atrioventricular Block". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Khairy P, ... P waves first degree atrioventricular block manifesting as a prolonged PR-interval low amplitude QRS complexes in the right ... This can lead to abnormal heart rhythms including atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia.[citation needed] Other abnormalities ... precordial leads atypical right bundle branch block T wave inversion in V1-V4 and Q waves in V1-V4 and II, III and aVF. An ...
Sauer WH (3 June 2021). Link MS, Yeon SB (eds.). "Etiology of Atrioventricular block". UpToDate. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ... Common complications First degree heart block Second degree heart block Third degree heart block (Complete heart block) ... Second degree heart block commonly progresses to complete heart block. Second degree heart block can also reverse on its own. ... Fetal heart block treatment varies based on the degree. First degree heart block is usually treated with glucocorticoids, but ...
The atrioventricular block can be first degree or much more severe like a complete atrioventricular block (third degree). In ... The result of CHB can be first, second, or third-degree (complete) atrioventricular block (a block in the atrioventricular node ... severity of the atrioventricular block, maternal age...etc. In terms of the severity of the AV block, newborn kids with heart ... Due to the block in the atrioventricular node, less electric signals move from the sinoatrial node to the bundle of his and its ...
Lev M (1964). "Anatomic basis for atrioventricular block". Am J Med. 37 (5): 742-8. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(64)90022-1. PMID ... Lenegre J (1964). "Etiology and pathology of bilateral bundle branch block in relation to complete heart block". Prog ... Heart block Schott JJ, Alshinawi C, Kyndt F, et al. (1999). "Cardiac conduction defects associate with mutations in SCN5A". Nat ... Lev's disease is an acquired complete heart block due to idiopathic fibrosis and calcification of the electrical conduction ...
Atrioventricular difference of moricizine block". Vascular Pharmacology. 38 (3): 131-41. doi:10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00213-6. ... March 2002). "Analysis of moricizine block of sodium current in isolated guinea-pig atrial myocytes. ...
Ufberg, JW; Clark, JS (February 2006). "Bradydysrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction blocks". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. ... AV conduction disturbances (AV block; primary AV block, secondary type I AV block, secondary type II AV block, tertiary AV ... The clinical relevance pertaining to AV blocks is greater than that of SA blocks. Beta blocker medicines also can slow the ... Pathological causes include sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sinus exit block, or AV block. Idioventricular rhythm, also known ...
Atrioventricular conduction disease (AV block) describes impairment of the electrical continuity between the atria and ... November 2007). "Abnormal Conduction and Morphology in the Atrioventricular Node of Mice With Atrioventricular Canal-Targeted ... Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia, which is caused by a dual AV node physiology and AVNRT can only occur in people ... Cystic tumour of atrioventricular nodal region (CTAVN) CTAVN is of endodermal origin and occurs exclusively in the area of the ...
Chacón suffered from dextrocardia and an atrioventricular block. Université Laval "Ministra de Defensa: Carme Chacón Piqueras ...
"Cause of atrioventricular block in patients after heart transplantation". Transplantation journal. "USC AGSA Dinner Dance and ... He co-authored a research article in the peer-reviewed journal Transplantation on "Cause of Atrioventricular Block in Patients ...
In addition, there is the possibility of atrioventricular block. There have also been post-marketing reports of lacosamide ... muscarinic or cannabinoid receptors and does not block potassium or calcium currents. Lacosamide does not modulate the reuptake ...
Other lethal cardiovascular effects include bradycardia, hypotension, and atrioventricular block. Dyspnea, and prostration may ... Quinidine is an example of a Na channel blocker which may be helpful in curing heart block. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Rhododendron ...
"Walter Gaskell and the understanding of atrioventricular conduction and block". J Am Coll Cardiol. 39 (10): 1574-1580. doi: ... "Walter Gaskell and the understanding of atrioventricular conduction and block". American College of Cardiology Foundation. ... introduction of the concept of heart block and the experimental demonstration of the myogenic origin of the heartbeat. His ...
"Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 classification of second-degree atrioventricular block". Circulation. 110 (9): 1162-7. doi:10.1161 ... Mobitz included 2 : 1, 3 : 1 AV block in his type II classification, and indicated the serious nature of type II block and its ... With type II block (Mobitz type II), all conducted beats show a constant, typically normal PR interval, and conduction to the ... The forms of second degree AV block are named after him for him. Mobitz was born on 31 May 1889 in St. Petersburg, Russia. He ...
... block is the most common cardiac conduction deficit. This often progresses to a Third-degree atrioventricular block, which is a ... Symptoms of heart block include syncope, exercise intolerance, and bradycardia.[citation needed] Kearns-Sayre patients are ... KEARNS TP; SAYRE GP (1958). "Retinitis Pigmentosa, External Ophthalmoplegia, and Complete Heart Block Unusual Syndrome with ... Kearns, Thomas P. (1958). "Retinitis Pigmentosa, External Ophthalmoplegia, and Complete Heart Block". AMA Archives of ...
He also contributed to Karel Frederik Wenckebach's work on what is now known as second-degree atrioventricular block of the ... "Woldemar Mobitz and His 1924 Classification of Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block". Circulation. 110 (9): 1162-7. doi:10.1161 ... heart in which Wenckebach described the periodicity of this block as "Luciani periodicity." http://www.ibro.org/Pub/Pub_Main_ ...
Toxic doses may cause first-degree or second-degree atrioventricular block. These adverse events usually occur briefly after ...
Kii Y, Ito T (May 2002). "Drug-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmia in isolated rabbit hearts with atrioventricular block". ...
"Torsades de pointes complicating atrioventricular block: evidence for a genetic predisposition". Heart Rhythm. 4 (2): 170-4. ... hERG, and IKr, are highly susceptible to block by a range of structurally diverse pharmacological agents. This property means ...
Barold SS, Lüderitz B (June 2001). "John Hay and the earliest description of type II second-degree atrioventricular block". Am ... In 1905 he identified a form of second degree AV block. In 1907 he was appointed Assistant Physician and set up the first ...
It is contraindicated in patients with AV (atrioventricular) heart block or digoxin toxicity. Bretylium should be used only in ... It also acts by blocking K+ channels and is considered a class III antiarrhythmic. The dose is 5-10 mg/kg and side effects are ... It blocks the release of noradrenaline from nerve terminals. In effect, it decreases output from the peripheral sympathetic ...
Khoury MY, Moukarbel GV, Obeid MY, Alam SE (May 2001). "Effect of aminophylline on complete atrioventricular block with ...
... second-degree atrioventricular block. An example of irregular intermittent (irregularly irregular) pulse is atrial fibrillation ... An unequal pulse between upper and lower extremities is seen in coarctation to aorta, aortitis, block at bifurcation of aorta, ... partial heart block etc. Intermittent dropping out of beats at pulse is called "intermittent pulse". Examples of regular ... complete heart block, aortic regurgitation), decreased distensibility of arterial system (as seen in atherosclerosis, ...
When it is administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient heart block in the atrioventricular (AV) node. This is ... Adenosine is one of the four nucleoside building blocks of RNA (and its derivative deoxyadenosine is a building block of DNA), ... If this has no effect (i.e., no evidence of transient AV block), a dose of 12 mg can be given 1-2 minutes after the first dose ... Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine to the adenosine A1 receptor, which enhances release of the neurotransmitter ...
Others include: QT prolongation, bundle branch block, first-degree atrioventricular block, and even sinus tachycardia. It may ...
Arrhythmias such as tachycardia, bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and premature ventricular beats have also been reported. ... Ranitidine is an H2 histamine receptor antagonist that works by blocking histamine, thus decreasing the amount of acid released ...
"The bee venom peptide tertiapin underlines the role of IKACh in acetylcholine-induced atrioventricular blocks". British Journal ... This α-helix is plugged into the external end of the conduction pore, thereby blocking the channel. The N-terminal of the ... Excessive stimulation with acetylcholine can induce an AV-block in the heart as shown in guinea pigs, which can be prevented by ... Tertiapin is a 21-amino acid peptide isolated from venom of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). It blocks two different ...
Atrioventricular block (AV block) is a type of heart block that occurs when the electrical signal traveling from the atria, or ... Third-degree AV block is the most severe of the AV blocks. Persons with third-degree AV block need emergency treatment ... In an AV block, this electrical signal is either delayed or completely blocked. When the signal is completely blocked, the ... "Atrioventricular Block". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Knabben, Vinicius; Chhabra, Lovely; Slane ...
... block occurs when atrial depolarizations fail to reach the ventricles or when atrial depolarization is conducted with a delay. ... Atrioventricular Block. This rhythm strip shows third-degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block). The atrial rate is ... Atrioventricular Block. This rhythm strip shows third-degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block). The atrial rate is ... Atrioventricular Block. Third-degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block). The atrial rate is faster than the ...
... block, also referred to as third-degree heart block or complete heart block, is a disorder of the cardiac conduction system ... where there is no conduction through the atrioventricular node (AVN). Therefore, complete dissociation of the atrial and ... Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block (Complete Heart Block) * Sections Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block (Complete Heart Block ... Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block (Complete Heart Block)) and Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block (Complete Heart Block) What ...
... block, or second-degree heart block, is a disorder characterized by disturbance, delay, or interruption of atrial impulse ... conduction to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node (AVN). Electrocardiographically, some P waves are not followed ... Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block. Mobitz II atrioventricular (AV) block with intermittent periods of 2:1 AV block. If only ... 2:1 block. In cases where there is a 2:1 block and one is unable to determine if there is a Mobitz I block or Mobitz II block, ...
Predicting postpartum cardiac events in pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block. Download Prime PubMed App to ... AdultAtrioventricular BlockFemaleHeart ArrestHeart FailureHeart RateHumansIncidenceMultivariate AnalysisOdds RatioPacemaker, ... Isolated congenital atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero: natural history and outcome.. *Cardiac function and cardiac ... Women with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) can tolerate hemodynamic changes during pregnancy; however, the incidence of ...
His EKG showed a complete atrioventricular block with a ventricular escape rate of 35 bpm and a QRS wave duration of 140 ms ( ... We report 2 cases of an advanced atrioventricular block in young adult patients in Israel who sought care for acute Q fever ... Badarni K, Blich M, Atiya-nasagi Y, Ghanem-zoubi N. Acute Q Fever with Atrioventricular Block, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022; ... Electrocardiogram of a a 48-year-old patient in Israel with Q fever, showing a complete atrioventricular block with ventricular ...
Exertional atrioventricular block presenting with recurrent syncope: successful treatment by coronary angioplasty. ... Exertional atrioventricular block presenting with recurrent syncope: successful treatment by coronary angioplasty. ...
Block*. atrioventricular (AV) (incomplete) (partial) 426.10*. with. *. 2:1 atrioventricular response block 426.13. *. ... A delay or failure in the conduction of a cardiac impulse from the atria to the ventricles at the level of the atrioventricular ... Atrioventricular block. *Atrioventricular block (heart beat disorder). *Atrioventricular block, high degree (heart rhythm ... 2015/16 ICD-10-CM I44.30 Unspecified atrioventricular block. Approximate Synonyms. *Atrioventricular (av) block (heart rhythm ...
AVB: atrioventricular block BFB: bifascicular block LAFB: left anterior fascicular block. LBBB: left bundle branch block. LPFB ... Patients with chronic bifascicular block (BFB) can progress to advanced atrioventricular block (AVB), especially when syncope ... Novel Predictors of Progression of Atrioventricular Block in Patients With Chronic Bifascicular Block ... April 2010 Novel Predictors of Progression of Atrioventricular Block in Patients With Chronic... ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Atrioventricular block. ... These blocks and delays usually happen because of some sort of ... Atrioventricular block Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... Risk Factors Associated With Atrioventricular Block JAMA Network Open (2019). *Vagally mediated atrioventricular block: ... Heart block describes a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal rhythm, that happens when the electrical signal gets delayed or blocked ...
Atrioventricular Block - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Heart block is complete in third-degree AV block (see figure Third-degree AV block Third-degree atrioventricular block ). ... Atrioventricular block may be partial or complete. First-degree and second-degree blocks are partial. Third degree blocks are ... 1 block) P wave (see figure Mobitz type II 2nd-degree AV block Mobitz type II 2nd-degree atrioventricular block ). ...
Atrioventricular Node Block, AV Block, AV Node Block, First Degree Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree Atrioventricular Block ... Complete Atrioventricular Block, Sinoatrial Exit Block, Wenckebach AV Block, Mobitz I AV Block, Mobitz II AV Block, Heart Block ... Atrioventricular Block. search Atrioventricular Block, Atrioventricular Node Block, AV Block, AV Node Block, First Degree ... Complete Atrioventricular Block, Sinoatrial Exit Block, Wenckebach AV Block, Mobitz I AV Block, Mobitz II AV Block, Heart Block ...
... life or anytime after birth with complete atrioventricular dissociation and bradycardia and is called congenital heart block to ... differentiate it from acquired third-degree heart block. It can occur in the fetal life due to maternal disease or due to a ... Third-degree or complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) is seen either in the fetal ... encoded search term (Pediatric Congenital Atrioventricular Block) and Pediatric Congenital Atrioventricular Block What to Read ...
Atrioventricular Block. The effect of verapamil on AV conduction and the SA node may lead to asymptomatic first-degree AV block ... Atrioventricular block can occur in patients without preexisting conduction defects. (See WARNINGS.) Verapamil HCl does not ... Marked first-degree block or progressive development to second- or third-degree AV block requires a reduction in dosage or, in ... However, there have been reports of excess bradycardia and AV block, including complete heart block, when the combination has ...
This is a review of Atrioventricular Blocks. You must answer 80% of the questions correctly to continue to the next lesson. ...
We Tell You Details Info About Atrioventricular Block All First, Second, and Third Degrees. Each heartbeat starts with the ... First Degree Atrioventricular Block. first degree Atrioventricular Block. *First-degree AV block when the signal is delayed but ... Second Degree Atrioventricular Block. second-degree heart block. *Second-degree AV block can be split into two types. Type 1, ... Third Degree Atrioventricular Block. 3rd-degree-heart-block. *Third-degree, or complete heart block, describes when the signal ...
Hidaka N, Chiba Y. Management of pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block. In Handbook of Prenatal Diagnosis: ... Hidaka, N & Chiba, Y 2010, Management of pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block. in Handbook of Prenatal Diagnosis ... Hidaka, N., & Chiba, Y. (2010). Management of pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block. In Handbook of Prenatal ... We have summarized the care management of pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) by reviewing the data from ...
What lies beneath peripheral oedema and atrioventricular block.. Joana Ferreira, Sara Gonçalves, Rui Coelho, Jéni Quintal, Rui ...
Coronary Sinus Pacing in Patients after Tricuspid Valve Surgery with Complete Atrioventricular Block. PubMed, SCI, Scopus, ESCI ... Coronary Sinus Pacing in Patients after Tricuspid Valve Surgery with Complete Atrioventricular Block. Author(s): Anna Rydlewska ...
New life-saving treatments for Fetal atrioventricular block in clinical trial on Surveillance and Treatment to Prevent Fetal ...
New life-saving treatments for Fetal atrioventricular block in clinical trial on Surveillance and Treatment to Prevent Fetal ...
Atrioventricular block. 7015 Avitaminosis. 6313 Bartonellosis. 6306 Beriberi. 6314 Bladder: Calculus in. 7515 ...
Atrioventricular Block: A Heralding Sign of Cardiac Allograft Rejection ...
Atrioventricular conduction disease (AV block) describes impairment of the electrical continuity between the atria and ... November 2007). "Abnormal Conduction and Morphology in the Atrioventricular Node of Mice With Atrioventricular Canal-Targeted ... Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia, which is caused by a dual AV node physiology and AVNRT can only occur in people ... Cystic tumour of atrioventricular nodal region (CTAVN) CTAVN is of endodermal origin and occurs exclusively in the area of the ...
Bradyarrhythmias and atrioventricular block. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. ...
Ufberg, JW; Clark, JS (February 2006). "Bradydysrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction blocks". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. ... AV conduction disturbances (AV block; primary AV block, secondary type I AV block, secondary type II AV block, tertiary AV ... Atrioventricular junction[edit]. An AV-junctional rhythm, or atrioventricular nodal bradycardia, is usually caused by the ... The clinical relevance pertaining to AV blocks is greater than that of SA blocks.[12] ...
... and 2-3 degrees of atrioventricular block noted at a concentration below 2.0 mEq/L [83], while torsades de pointes, ventricular ...
See examples of HEART BLOCK used in a sentence. ... heart block. in a sentence. *. We may define heart block as the ... impaired conduction or blocking of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat, resulting in a lack of coordination between the ... Overdosing with digitalis has produced partial heart block in many cases.. Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension: , Louis Marshall ... Also called: Adams-Stokes syndrome, atrioventricular block. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital ...
  • Third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, also referred to as third-degree heart block or complete heart block (CHB), is an abnormal heart rhythm resulting from a defect in the cardiac conduction system in which there is no conduction through the atrioventricular node (AVN), leading to complete dissociation of the atria and ventricles. (medscape.com)
  • None received a diagnosis of second- or third-degree atrioventricular block. (lu.se)
  • Treatment with exogenous Ca2+, from calcium-chloride, induced second or third degree atrioventricular blocks and ventricular fibrillation. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, the physical examination findings of patients with third-degree AV block will be notable for bradycardia, which can be severe. (medscape.com)
  • Electrocardiogram of a 23-year-old patient in Israel with Q fever, showing a left bundle branch block with sinus bradycardia of 35 bpm. (cdc.gov)
  • The third, sick sinus syndrome , covers conditions that include severe sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block , sinus arrest , and bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome ( atrial fibrillation , atrial flutter , and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ). (wikipedia.org)
  • An AV-junctional rhythm , or atrioventricular nodal bradycardia, is usually caused by the absence of the electrical impulse from the sinus node . (wikipedia.org)
  • Idioventricular rhythm , also known as atrioventricular bradycardia or ventricular escape rhythm, is a heart rate of less than 50 BPM. (wikipedia.org)
  • [7] Ventricular bradycardias occurs with sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, and AV block. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pacemakers are generally used for persistent, symptomatic second- or third-degree AV block and symptomatic sinus bradycardia. (cms.gov)
  • The signal travels from the SA node to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node (AV node). (wikipedia.org)
  • First-degree AV block occurs when there is a delay, but not disruption, as the electrical signal moves between the atrium and the ventricles through the AV node. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mobitz I is characterized by a progressive yet reversible block of the AV node. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drugs that slow the conduction of the electrical signal through AV node, such as beta-blockers, digoxin, calcium channel blockers, and amiodarone, can cause heart block if they are taken in excessive amounts, or the levels in the blood get too high. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrioventricular (AV) block is an interruption or delay of electrical conduction from the atria to the ventricles due to conduction system abnormalities in the AV node or the His-Purkinje system. (medscape.com)
  • Following intra-atrial conduction to the area of the lower intra-atrial septum, this wavefront reaches the inputs to the atrioventricular node (AVN). (medscape.com)
  • Second-degree block at the level of the atrioventricular node (AVN) may be due to digoxin, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers. (medscape.com)
  • The block occurs at the AV node in about 75% of patients with a narrow QRS complex and at infranodal sites (His bundle, bundle branches, or fascicles) in the rest. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However in patients with sick sinus syndrome, verapamil HCl may interfere with sinus node impulse generation and may induce sinus arrest or sinoatrial block. (drugs.com)
  • The blood supply of the AV node is from the atrioventricular nodal branch. (wikipedia.org)
  • The atrioventricular node delays impulses by approximately 0.09s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia, which is caused by a dual AV node physiology and AVNRT can only occur in people with it, however almost half of the population have it, though only a few of them will develop AVNRT at some point in life. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cystic tumour of atrioventricular nodal region (CTAVN) CTAVN is of endodermal origin and occurs exclusively in the area of the AV node, tricuspid valve, and interatrial septum. (wikipedia.org)
  • [4] This dysrhythmia also may occur when the electrical impulses from the SA node fail to reach the AV node because of SA or AV block . (wikipedia.org)
  • [7] [8] In a third-degree heart block , about 61% take place at the bundle branch-Purkinje system, 21% at the AV node, and 15% at the bundle of His. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities: May worsen sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular (AV) block, especially in patients taking other sympatholytic drugs. (nih.gov)
  • Complete heart block, also known as complete atrioventricular (AV) block, is a condition in which the electrical impulses generated by the sino-atrial node in the atria of the heart are not conducted to the ventricles. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • As with Mobitz I block, AV nodal agents should be avoided, and an anti-ischemic regimen should be instituted if ischemia is suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment involves correction or resolution of underlying causes and, if AV block is progressive, symptomatic, and/or persistent, a pacemaker is required. (medscape.com)
  • No specific therapy is required in the emergency department (ED) for Mobitz I (Wenckebach) second-degree AV block, unless the patient is symptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Except for the use of atropine in selected cases of transient AV block, permanent cardiac pacing has replaced medical interventions in the treatment of patients with symptomatic, otherwise untreatable, AV block. (medscape.com)
  • Urgent cardiology consult is indicated for patients who have symptomatic type II block and for those asymptomatic patients who are unable to achieve capture with transcutaneous pacing. (medscape.com)
  • Because of his symptomatic atrioventricular block, a permanent pacemaker was implanted. (cdc.gov)
  • First-degree AV block is rarely symptomatic, and no treatment is required. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of AV block range from no symptoms to weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, or syncope. (medscape.com)
  • Exertional atrioventricular block presenting with recurrent syncope: successful treatment by coronary angioplasty. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with chronic bifascicular block (BFB) can progress to advanced atrioventricular block (AVB), especially when syncope or a prolonged HV interval is present. (revespcardiol.org)
  • Nigéria, en décembre 2022 et publie depuis lors des rapports mensuels. (who.int)
  • We have summarized the care management of pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) by reviewing the data from previous literature and our experience including 29 births. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2 Complete congenital AV block (CAVB) may be diagnosed during fetal life or after birth. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Most patients whose heart block is not otherwise treatable will require placement of a permanent pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). (medscape.com)
  • Women with complete atrioventricular heart block without a permanent pacemaker normally receive temporary pacing for labour and birth. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Pathological variants in TRPM4 gene have been linked to several cardiac phenotypes such as complete heart block (CHB), ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome (BrS). (frontiersin.org)
  • Heart block describes a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal rhythm , that happens when the electrical signal gets held up and delayed or blocked entirely at some point along the conduction system. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • Note that not all patients with AV dissociation have complete heart block. (medscape.com)
  • Further investigation may be indicated when first-degree AV block accompanies another heart disorder or appears to be caused by medication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Background: Previous studies of patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) and 2:1 atrioventricular block (AVB) have reported a mortality rate greater than 50% during infancy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Atrioventricular block can occur in patients without preexisting conduction defects. (drugs.com)
  • It may be isolated or occur in association with congenital structural defects of the heart, such as atrioventricular discordance or AV canal defects. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • It is important to diagnose AV-blocks precisely because unnecessary pacemaker placement in patients with pseudo-AV blocks can worsen symptoms and create complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Persons with third-degree AV block need emergency treatment including but not limited to a pacemaker. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some institutions recommend insertion of a transvenous pacemaker for all new Mobitz type II blocks, although this practice varies greatly from institution to institution. (medscape.com)
  • On the ECG there was atrial with a pacemaker being the typical form of flutter with 3:1 atrioventricular block. (who.int)
  • Occasionally, first-degree AV block may be associated with other conduction disturbances, including bundle-branch block and fascicular blocks (bifascicular or trifascicular block). (medscape.com)
  • Second-degree AV block occurs when the electrical signal between the atria and ventricles is even more impaired than in a first-degree AV block. (wikipedia.org)
  • Third-degree AV block occurs when the signal between the atria and ventricles is completely blocked, and there is no communication between the two. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrioventricular conduction disease (AV block) describes impairment of the electrical continuity between the atria and ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, one important consideration when diagnosing AV blocks from ECGs is the possibility of pseudo- AV blocks which are due to concealed junctional extrasystoles. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the block becomes complete, a reliable junctional escape rhythm typically develops. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Later that day, second-degree Mobitz type I atrioventricular block with intermittent junctional escape developed (Appendix 1, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.141468/-/DC1 ). (cmaj.ca)
  • There is a low risk of a Mobitz I AV block leading to complete heart block or cardiac arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • On electrocardiography (ECG), complete heart block is represented by QRS complexes being conducted at their own rate and totally independent of the P waves (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Electrocardiography showed temporary total atrioventricular block (not shown). (cmaj.ca)
  • We report 2 cases of an advanced atrioventricular block in young adult patients in Israel who sought care for acute Q fever without evidence of myocarditis. (cdc.gov)
  • We report 2 patients in Israel who had acute Q fever and advanced atrioventricular block as the cardiac manifestation. (cdc.gov)
  • The risks and possible effects of Mobitz II are much more severe than Mobitz I in that the risk of progression to complete heart block or asystole are significant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mobitz II second-degree block and third-degree AV block are not normal variants and are associated with an underlying condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reversible causes of Mobitz II and third-degree heart block include untreated Lyme disease, hypothyroidism, hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium), and drug toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • This type is subdivided into Mobitz I (Wenckebach), Mobitz II, 2:1, paroxysmal, and high-grade AV block. (medscape.com)
  • Mobitz II block is more likely to progress to complete heart block and thus requires a different approach. (medscape.com)
  • Transcutaneous pacing pads should be applied to all patients with Mobitz II second-degree AV block, including those who are asymptomatic patients, because such patients have a propensity to progress to complete heart block. (medscape.com)
  • In cases where there is a 2:1 block and one is unable to determine if there is a Mobitz I block or Mobitz II block, the patient should be admitted and cardiology consultation should be obtained. (medscape.com)
  • In such cases, it is safest to assume that a Mobitz II second-degree AV block exists. (medscape.com)
  • Second-degree AV block Type 2, or Mobitz II, is similar to type 1 AV block in that you get irregular dropped beats, except this time they happen fairly randomly, so you don't have this progressive lengthening of the PR interval. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • Twenty-four-hour (Holter or ambulatory) ECG monitoring is recommended to determine the nature of the block, i.e. if it is continuous or intermittent, as well as to check for any other electrocardiographical abnormalities. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • During third-degree ("complete") AV block, no AV conduction occurs when it should be able to occur. (medscape.com)
  • The same adverse reactions found with systemic administration of beta-adrenergic blocking agents may occur with topical administration. (theodora.com)
  • Hidaka, N & Chiba, Y 2010, Management of pregnant women with complete atrioventricular block . (elsevierpure.com)
  • AV block is generally defined based on a regular atrial rhythm. (medscape.com)
  • First-degree AV block is a condition in which a 1:1 relationship exists between the P waves and QRS complexes, but the PR interval is longer than 200 msec. (medscape.com)
  • Utility of cardiac monitoring in fetuses at risk for congenital heart block: the PR Interval and Dexamethasone Evaluation (PRIDE) prospective study. (medscape.com)
  • Type 1, called Mobitz 1 or sometimes Wenckebach, happens when the PR interval gets progressively longer with each beat until P-wave is blocked completely. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • It is also possible that a high degree block can result after cardiac surgery during which the surgeon was in close proximity to the electrical conduction system and accidentally injured it. (wikipedia.org)
  • These blocks or delays usually happen because of some damage or fibrosis to the electrical conduction system, the pathways that conduct the electrical signal. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • Finally, it's deserving pointing out that the electrical conduction system is sort of like the electrical wiring in some walls of a home, so it makes sense that diseases of the heart muscle walls - cardiomyopathies, and inflammation of the heart muscle or myocarditis, can both cause heart block. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • Initial triage of patients with complete heart block consists of determining symptoms, assessing vital signs, and looking for evidence of compromised peripheral perfusion. (medscape.com)
  • What lies beneath peripheral oedema and atrioventricular block. (qxmd.com)
  • These techniques include topical anesthesia, infiltrative anesthesia, ring blocks, and peripheral nerve blocks (see the Technique section below for links to detailed, illustrated articles demonstrating these techniques). (medscape.com)
  • Identification and management of fetuses at risk for, or affected by, congenital heart block associated with autoantibodies to SSA (Ro), SSB (La), or an HsEg5-like autoantigen. (medscape.com)
  • Anti-SSA/Ro antibodies and the heart: more than complete congenital heart block? (medscape.com)
  • Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibody-mediated congenital heart block. (medscape.com)
  • A strong association has been recorded between the incidence of congenital heart block and the presence of maternal anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies, which may or may not be associated with maternal autoimmune disease- usually systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sjogren's syndrome. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Electrocardiogram from patient in complete heart block. (medscape.com)
  • Electrocardiogram of a a 48-year-old patient in Israel with Q fever, showing a complete atrioventricular block with ventricular escape rate of 35 bpm and a QRS duration of 140 ms. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical treatment of complete heart block is limited to patients with conduction disease in the AVN. (medscape.com)
  • First-degree AV block may be physiologic in younger patients with high vagal tone and in well-trained athletes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In fact, it's determined that about 20 percent of patients that have a heart attack go on to form a heart block. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • In patients with non-allergic bronchospasm or with a history of non-allergic bronchospasm (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema), carteolol should be administered with caution since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta 2 receptors. (theodora.com)
  • Some patients receiving beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents have been subject to protracted severe hypotension during anesthesia. (theodora.com)
  • For these reasons, in patients undergoing elective surgery, gradual withdrawal of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents may be appropriate. (theodora.com)
  • Beta-adrenergic blocking agents should be administered with caution in patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia or to diabetic patients (especially those with labile diabetes) who are receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. (theodora.com)
  • Atrioventricular block (AV block) is a type of heart block that occurs when the electrical signal traveling from the atria, or the upper chambers of the heart, to ventricles, or the lower chambers of the heart, is impaired. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heart block occurs when slowing or complete block of this conduction occurs. (medscape.com)
  • Atrioventricular (AV) block is partial or complete interruption of impulse transmission from the atria to the ventricles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • AV block results from various pathologic states causing infiltration, fibrosis, or loss of connection in portions of the healthy conduction system. (medscape.com)
  • Atrioventricular block may be partial or complete. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overdosing with digitalis has produced partial heart block in many cases. (dictionary.com)
  • Digitalis has been found to produce partial to complete heart block when therapeutically administered. (dictionary.com)
  • Traditionally, this type of AV block is divided into two main subcategories, Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) and Mobitz type II. (medscape.com)
  • Prenatal diagnosis of complete atrioventricular block associated with structural heart disease: combined experience of two tertiary care centers and review of the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Death due to asystole is possible in complete heart block. (medscape.com)
  • Yan J, Varma SK, Malhotra A, Menahem S. Congenital complete heart block: single tertiary centre experience. (medscape.com)
  • Investigations showed complete heart block on electrocardiograph (ECG) and echocardiography was normal. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • See Medication for more specific information on the treatment of atrioventricular block. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of third-degree AV block is based on the level of the block. (medscape.com)
  • The first, and sometimes most important, medical treatment for heart block is the withdrawal of any potentially aggravating or causative medications. (medscape.com)
  • symptoms and treatment depend on degree of block, but treatment, when necessary, usually involves pacing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • And treatment or management of the first-degree block might involve identifying electrolyte imbalances or causes due to medications, although it usually doesn't need further treatment. (healthdailyadvice.com)
  • Conduction delay or block can be physiologic if the atrial rate is abnormally fast or pathologic at normal atrial rates. (medscape.com)
  • Is intrapartum temporary pacing required for women with complete atrioventricular block? (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our experience suggests that women with complete atrioventricular block and without permanent pacing do not routinely require temporary pacing for labour and birth. (elsevierpure.com)