Atrial Fibrillation: Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.Ventricular Fibrillation: A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.Electric Countershock: An electrical current applied to the HEART to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm, ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC. (Stedman, 25th ed)Anti-Arrhythmia Agents: Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.Electrocardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.Catheter Ablation: Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.Heart Atria: The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.Pulmonary Veins: The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac: Methods to induce and measure electrical activities at specific sites in the heart to diagnose and treat problems with the heart's electrical system.Heart Conduction System: An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.Cardiac Pacing, Artificial: Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.Heart Arrest: Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.Atrial Flutter: Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).Arrhythmias, Cardiac: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent clotting.Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for HEART ARREST resulting from electric shock, DROWNING, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation (RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL) and closed-chest CARDIAC MASSAGE.Tachycardia, Ventricular: An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).Atrial Appendage: Ear-shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)Refractory Period, Electrophysiological: The period of time following the triggering of an ACTION POTENTIAL when the CELL MEMBRANE has changed to an unexcitable state and is gradually restored to the resting (excitable) state. During the absolute refractory period no other stimulus can trigger a response. This is followed by the relative refractory period during which the cell gradually becomes more excitable and the stronger impulse that is required to illicit a response gradually lessens to that required during the resting state.Body Surface Potential Mapping: Recording of regional electrophysiological information by analysis of surface potentials to give a complete picture of the effects of the currents from the heart on the body surface. It has been applied to the diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction, localization of the bypass pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, recognition of ventricular hypertrophy, estimation of the size of a myocardial infarct, and the effects of different interventions designed to reduce infarct size. The limiting factor at present is the complexity of the recording and analysis, which requires 100 or more electrodes, sophisticated instrumentation, and dedicated personnel. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed)Defibrillators, Implantable: Implantable devices which continuously monitor the electrical activity of the heart and automatically detect and terminate ventricular tachycardia (TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR) and VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. They consist of an impulse generator, batteries, and electrodes.Defibrillators: Cardiac electrical stimulators that apply brief high-voltage electroshocks to the HEART. These stimulators are used to restore normal rhythm and contractile function in hearts of patients who are experiencing VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION or ventricular tachycardia (TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR) that is not accompanied by a palpable PULSE. Some defibrillators may also be used to correct certain noncritical dysrhythmias (called synchronized defibrillation or CARDIOVERSION), using relatively low-level discharges synchronized to the patient's ECG waveform. (UMDNS, 2003)Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Electrocardiography, Ambulatory: Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Tachycardia: Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)Tachycardia, Paroxysmal: Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.Atrial Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART ATRIA.Atrial Function, Left: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the LEFT ATRIUM.Death, Sudden, Cardiac: Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.Cardiac Complexes, Premature: A group of cardiac arrhythmias in which the cardiac contractions are not initiated at the SINOATRIAL NODE. They include both atrial and ventricular premature beats, and are also known as extra or ectopic heartbeats. Their frequency is increased in heart diseases.Pacemaker, Artificial: A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Brugada Syndrome: An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Atrial Premature Complexes: A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature atrial contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic atrial sites. The ectopic signals may or may not conduct to the HEART VENTRICLES. Atrial premature complexes are characterized by premature P waves on ECG which are different in configuration from the P waves generated by the normal pacemaker complex in the SINOATRIAL NODE.Pericardium: A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.beta-Alanine: An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.Sick Sinus Syndrome: A condition caused by dysfunctions related to the SINOATRIAL NODE including impulse generation (CARDIAC SINUS ARREST) and impulse conduction (SINOATRIAL EXIT BLOCK). It is characterized by persistent BRADYCARDIA, chronic ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and failure to resume sinus rhythm following CARDIOVERSION. This syndrome can be congenital or acquired, particularly after surgical correction for heart defects.Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead. (Dorland, 27th ed)Heart Ventricles: The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.International Normalized Ratio: System established by the World Health Organization and the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for monitoring and reporting blood coagulation tests. Under this system, results are standardized using the International Sensitivity Index for the particular test reagent/instrument combination used.Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.Models, Cardiovascular: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Echocardiography, Transesophageal: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue.Tachycardia, Supraventricular: A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Heart Massage: Rhythmic compression of the heart by pressure applied manually over the sternum (closed heart massage) or directly to the heart through an opening in the chest wall (open heart massage). It is done to reinstate and maintain circulation. (Dorland, 28th ed)Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Cardiac Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the heart.Epicardial Mapping: Recording the locations and measurements of electrical activity in the EPICARDIUM by placing electrodes on the surface of the heart to analyze the patterns of activation and to locate arrhythmogenic sites.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Myocardial Infarction: NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).Heart Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.Heart Failure: A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial: Abnormally rapid heartbeats originating from one or more automatic foci (nonsinus pacemakers) in the HEART ATRIUM but away from the SINOATRIAL NODE. Unlike the reentry mechanism, automatic tachycardia speeds up and slows down gradually. The episode is characterized by a HEART RATE between 135 to less than 200 beats per minute and lasting 30 seconds or longer.Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.Death, Sudden: The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.Bradycardia: Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.Atrial Function, Right: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the RIGHT ATRIUM.Arrhythmia, Sinus: Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Optical imaging techniques used for recording patterns of electrical activity in tissues by monitoring transmembrane potentials via FLUORESCENCE imaging with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes.Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted: Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.Bundle-Branch Block: A form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of HEART VENTRICLES is interrupted at either one of the branches of BUNDLE OF HIS thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles.Heart Block: Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.Atrial Septum: The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart.NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of CARDIOMYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN5A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of CARDIAC DISEASES that result from loss of sodium channel function.Sinoatrial Node: The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).Electric Injuries: Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.Syncope: A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)Ventricular Premature Complexes: A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS complex on ECG that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). It is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases.Heart Valve Diseases: Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Fourier Analysis: Analysis based on the mathematical function first formulated by Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier in 1807. The function, known as the Fourier transform, describes the sinusoidal pattern of any fluctuating pattern in the physical world in terms of its amplitude and its phase. It has broad applications in biomedicine, e.g., analysis of the x-ray crystallography data pivotal in identifying the double helical nature of DNA and in analysis of other molecules, including viruses, and the modified back-projection algorithm universally used in computerized tomography imaging, etc. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)Cardiac Electrophysiology: The study of the electrical activity and characteristics of the HEART; MYOCARDIUM; and CARDIOMYOCYTES.Digitalis Glycosides: Glycosides from plants of the genus DIGITALIS. Some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. Included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. The term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, but here is restricted to those related to Digitalis.Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Emergency Medical Services: Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients.Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.Chi-Square Distribution: A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.Stroke Volume: The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.Vagus Nerve Stimulation: An adjunctive treatment for PARTIAL EPILEPSY and refractory DEPRESSION that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the VAGUS NERVE. A battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Electrodes: Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Ventricular Dysfunction, Left: A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.Hypothermia, Induced: Abnormally low BODY TEMPERATURE that is intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means. In humans, mild or moderate hypothermia has been used to reduce tissue damages, particularly after cardiac or spinal cord injuries and during subsequent surgeries.Fibrinolytic Agents: Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Equipment Design: Methods of creating machines and devices.Atrial Remodeling: Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.Cerebrovascular Disorders: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Pyridones: Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.Syndrome: A characteristic symptom complex.Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Benzimidazoles: Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.Atrioventricular Block: Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Ventricular Function, Left: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.Proportional Hazards Models: Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.Feasibility Studies: Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.Equipment Failure: Failure of equipment to perform to standard. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.Kaplan-Meier Estimate: A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)Electrophysiological Phenomena: The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.Mitral Valve Stenosis: Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.Cardiac Catheterization: Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Hospitalization: The confinement of a patient in a hospital.Hypokalemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)Autonomic Denervation: The removal or interruption of some part of the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.Sodium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.Coronary Disease: An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.Myocardial Contraction: Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.Vitamin K: A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Sodium Channels: Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.Rheumatic Heart Disease: Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.Purkinje Fibers: Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease: Pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized PULMONARY VEINS and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. Veno-occlusion can arise from fibrous proliferation of the VASCULAR INTIMA and VASCULAR MEDIA; THROMBOSIS; or a combination of both.Coronary Sinus: A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Thrombosis: Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.Commotio Cordis: A sudden CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA (e.g., VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION) caused by a blunt, non-penetrating impact to the precordial region of chest wall. Commotio cordis often results in sudden death without prompt cardiopulmonary defibrillation.Esophageal Fistula: Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.Long QT Syndrome: A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.Telemetry: Transmission of the readings of instruments to a remote location by means of wires, radio waves, or other means. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Myocytes, Cardiac: Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Coronary Vasospasm: Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors: Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Bretylium CompoundsVena Cava, Superior: The venous trunk which returns blood from the head, neck, upper extremities and chest.Cardiomyopathies: A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.Pericarditis: Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.Cardiac Catheters: Catheters inserted into various locations within the heart for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic: Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.Ablation Techniques: Removal of tissue by vaporization, abrasion, or destruction. Methods used include heating tissue by hot liquids or microwave thermal heating, freezing (CRYOABLATION), chemical ablation, and photoablation with LASERS.Electrodes, Implanted: Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.JapanHospital Mortality: A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.Acetanilides: Compounds based on N-phenylacetamide, that are similar in structure to 2-PHENYLACETAMIDES. They are precursors of many other compounds. They were formerly used as ANALGESICS and ANTIPYRETICS, but often caused lethal METHEMOGLOBINEMIA.Echocardiography, Doppler: Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Infusions, Intravenous: The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
Atrial flutter
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ArrhythmiaRisk for atrial fibrillationDysfunctionOccurCatheter ablationElectrocardiogramSymptomsTreatment of atrial fibrillationManagement of atrial fibrillationRhythmControl of ventricular response rateAtria of thFlutter wavesNonvalvular atrial fibrillationCommonlyContractionAmiodaroneDepolarizationChronicPrematureMyocardialLVEFIrregular ventricular rateAsymptomatic atrialBeatsMultifocalRateClinicalRegular atrialRefractory periodCardiac arrestHeartHemodynamic consequencesAtrioventricularEchocardiogramResuscitation
Arrhythmia23
- This invention is related to a tissue ablation system and method that treats atrial arrhythmia by ablating a circumferential region of tissue at a location where a pulmonary vein extends from an atrium. (google.com)
- Atrial fibrillation is probably the most common cardiac arrhythmia. (google.com)
- Although it is not usually a life threatening arrhythmia, it is associated with strokes thought to be caused by blood clots forming in areas of stagnant blood flow as a result of prolonged atrial fibrillation. (google.com)
- Atrial fibrillation ( AF or A-fib ) is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by the rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart . (wikipedia.org)
- It may also start as other forms of arrhythmia such as atrial flutter that then transform into AF. (wikipedia.org)
- If the rhythm persists despite treatment of the underlying cause or in the absence of a reversible cause, electrical cardioversion is used to terminate the arrhythmia. (bmj.com)
- Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmia, characterized by grossly disorganized atrial electrical activity, which is irregular in respect to both rate and rhythm (see figures 14 , 15a, 15b ). (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- Repeated episodes of this arrhythmia can result in a marked shortening of the atrial refractory period and a loss of the normal lengthening of atrial refractiveness at slower heart rates. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- A critical mass of atrial tissue is required to sustain the minimal number of simultaneous circuits necessary for the perpetuation of the arrhythmia. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- Atrial Fibrillation Also known as afib, this is the most common type of serious arrhythmia, involving a very fast and irregular heart rhythm of the atria, or the upper chamber of the heart. (everydayhealth.com)
- Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity including stroke, heart failure and hospitalisations. (smw.ch)
- Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia, affects approximately 1-1.5% of the population. (smw.ch)
- [eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org] Subsequent analysis revealed that the monitoring function had detected the arrhythmia as frequent premature ventricular contraction , although the arrhythmia did not trigger [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] HRV measures and premature ventricular contraction (PVC) counts were compared between participants with (n 260) and without (n 1,141) incident CHF on follow-up. (symptoma.com)
- Is there a synergic effect of propafenone associated with atrial overdrive pacing for atrial arrhythmia prevention? (bmj.com)
- OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of adding propafenone to atrial overdrive for the prevention of atrial arrhythmia episodes in patients with DDD pacemakers. (bmj.com)
- DESIGN 22 patients (8 female, 14 male, mean (SD) age 67 (9) years, range 48 to 77) with DDD pacemakers and frequent paroxysmal atrial arrhythmia episodes were evaluated in a randomised crossover study. (bmj.com)
- With atrial overdrive, 14 patients (64.6%) had no recorded atrial arrhythmia v 15 (68.2%) with atrial overdrive + propafenone (NS). (bmj.com)
- There was no statistical difference between the atrial overdrive and atrial overdrive + propafenone phases with regard to the number of atrial arrhythmia episodes (14 (27) v 13 (28)), their total duration (30 (78) v 29 (63) h), and their maximum duration (41 (72) v 31 (58) min). (bmj.com)
- The proportion of asymptomatic atrial arrhythmia episodes increased only in the AV block group during atrial overdrive + propafenone (p = 0.03). (bmj.com)
- Propafenone may increase the proportion of asymptomatic atrial arrhythmia episodes. (bmj.com)
- Consequently, we conducted a randomised prospective crossover study to evaluate the effect of propafenone in patients with DDD pacemakers undergoing atrial overdrive for atrial arrhythmia control. (bmj.com)
- five (45%) were asymptomatic (absence of palpitations, dyspnoea, shortness of breath, or other symptoms consistent with arrhythmia) and the last 24 hour Holter recording just before the study did not reveal any ventricular or atrial arrhythmia. (bmj.com)
- The effects of pacing at frequencies close to those of the arrhythmia 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 have been investigated, since it has been demonstrated that these procedures have the capacity to modify atrial fibrillation activation patterns. (revespcardiol.org)
Risk for atrial fibrillation2
- Healthy lifestyle changes, such as weight loss in people with obesity, increased physical activity, and drinking less alcohol , can lower the risk for atrial fibrillation and reduce its burden if it occurs. (wikipedia.org)
- A recent study estimated that the lifetime risk for atrial fibrillation is approximately 37% after age 55 years. (saturdayeveningpost.com)
Dysfunction8
- Experts recommend a nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker (e.g., diltiazem, verapamil) for the relief of ongoing or recurrent ischemia when β-blocker therapy is inadequate, not tolerated, or contraindicated in patients with unstable angina who do not have clinically important left ventricular dysfunction, increased risk of cardiogenic shock, or AV block. (drugs.com)
- Cardiac failure is the most common cardiovascular manifestation in urban Africa Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), defined as left ventricular (LV) dilatation and systolic dysfunction, is a major cause of heart failure in adults between the third and fourth decades of life [1-It is the leading cause for heart transplantation worldwide. (scielo.org.za)
- All antiarrhythmic agents have the potential for serious or even lethal adverse events, which are seen more commonly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congestive heart failure, or ischemic heart disease (6-10) . (onlinejacc.org)
- Despite the safety and efficacy of contemporary surgical correction, an ongoing international debate persists regarding the need for early intervention in patients without American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guideline class I triggers (no or minimal symptoms and absence of left ventricular dysfunction). (medindia.net)
- 1) the loss of atrial systole may impair ventricular function in the noncompliant ventricle (e.g., aortic stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy) or the dilated ventricle with systolic dysfunction and (2) a rapid ventricular rate encroaches upon diastolic filling of the left ventricle and the coronary arteries. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- Tachycardiomyopathy refers to left ventricular systolic dysfunction occurring in patients with chronic rapid heart rates. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Patients with noncompliant ventricles and diastolic dysfunction are particularly sensitive to loss of atrial contribution to ventricular filling, where that highly increase the chance of developing the syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Previous research has shown that Afro-Caribbean patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction are manly hypertensives and half of them developed Heart Failure (HF) due to non-ischemic causes. (scientiaricerca.com)
Occur6
- Should ventricular fibrillation occur, collapse and sudden death follows unless cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and further medical help is provided immediately. (irishheart.ie)
- This complication can occur in some patients with AF and very rapid ventricular rates, and is reversible and preventable with adequate rate control. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- [scielo.br] Premature ventricular contractions Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) occur commonly. (symptoma.com)
- Atrial fibrillation may occur, notably in elderly patients. (pioner.rw)
- Ventricular aneurysm is a complication that can occur after a heart attack, arising from a patch of weakened tissue in a ventricular wall. (positivehealth.com)
- Fibrillation, a disorganized, rapid (400+/minute) heart rhythm, can occur in the atria (atrial fibrillation, AF) or the ventricles (ventricular fibrillation, VF). (saturdayeveningpost.com)
Catheter ablation3
- Atrial flutter can be treated more definitively with a technique known as catheter ablation. (wikipedia.org)
- Atypical atrial flutter rarely occurs in people who have not undergone previous heart surgery or previous catheter ablation procedures. (wikipedia.org)
- In welcoming attendees to the 16th Atrial Fibrillation Symposium, Prof Dipen Shah of Geneva, Switzerland, said: "This year's programme has been put together to emphasise currently relevant themes and threads in the field of AF and its treatment by catheter ablation. (aerjournal.com)
Electrocardiogram4
- Atrial flutter is characterized by a sudden-onset (usually) regular abnormal heart rhythm on an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which the heart rate is fast. (wikipedia.org)
- Leads V4 and V5 of an electrocardiogram showing atrial fibrillation with somewhat irregular intervals between heart beats, no P waves , and a heart rate of about 150 beats per minute. (wikipedia.org)
- These foci may mimic the appearance of atrial fibrillation on the surface electrocardiogram or, more commonly, may degenerate or trigger classic atrial fibrillation. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- My father-in-law also made the first diagnosis of right ventricular infarction by the electrocardiogram in 1958. (positivehealth.com)
Symptoms18
- If symptoms persist or worsen, addition of this combination to the standard therapy is reasonable. (elitmed.hu)
- Rhythm control of AF using antiarrhythmic drug therapy in some patients might offer clinically meaningful advantages, such as increased exercise tolerance, decreased symptoms, and prevention of atrial remodeling (1,2) . (onlinejacc.org)
- According to current guidelines, MV repair/replacement is indicated in the presence of severe MR associated with symptoms or the presence of cardiac alterations caused by persisting left ventricular (LV) and atrial volume load like LV dilation/impairment or atrial fibrillation. (invasivecardiology.com)
- Symptoms of atrial fibrillation include a quivering or fluttering heartbeat that can be accompanied by fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness, faintness or confusion, and sweating. (everydayhealth.com)
- Digoxin tablets, USP increase left ventricular ejection fraction and improve heart failure symptoms as evidenced by improved exercise capacity and decreased heart failure-related hospitalizations and emergency care, while having no effect on mortality. (nih.gov)
- However, in patients with persisting symptoms, it may be difficult to determine the patients in whom invasive angiography is justified to rule out false negative MPI. (springer.com)
- We evaluated predictors for severe stenosis at invasive angiography in patients with persisting symptoms after normal MPI. (springer.com)
- Since invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is still the gold standard for ruling out obstructive coronary disease, it can be considered in patients with normal MPI with persisting symptoms. (springer.com)
- The aim of our study was to assess independent predictors of severe coronary stenosis as detected with ICA in patients with normal MPI and persisting symptoms. (springer.com)
- Subsequent ICA within six months was performed in 1,602 (14%) patients, including 256 stable patients with normal MPI and persisting or worsening symptoms. (springer.com)
- Many of the symptoms that patients suffer during AF, such as palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, chest discomfort, and dizziness, are caused directly or indirectly by a rapid and irregular ventricular rate. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- In general, the symptoms of the syndrome are a combination of decreased cardiac output, loss of atrial contribution to ventricular filling, loss of total peripheral resistance response, and nonphysiologic pressure waves. (wikipedia.org)
- The loss of physiologic timing of atrial and ventricular contractions, or sometimes called AV dyssynchrony, leads to different mechanisms of symptoms production. (wikipedia.org)
- This altered ventricular contraction will decrease cardiac output, and in turn will lead to systemic hypotensive reflex response with varying symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms vary with the ventricular rate and duration of the SVT. (patient.info)
- For refractory recurrent atrial tachycardias causing symptoms (particularly recurrence after electrical cardioversion), antiarrhythmic drugs have been tried. (medscape.com)
- If symptoms persist see your healthcare professional. (healthdirect.gov.au)
- A Lewis Lead (also called the S5 lead ) is a modified ECG lead used to detect atrial flutter waves when atrial flutter is suspected clinically, based on signs and symptoms, but is not definitely demonstrated on the standard 12 lead ECG. (blogspot.com)
Treatment of atrial fibrillation1
- Objectives This study evaluated the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). (onlinejacc.org)
Management of atrial fibrillation1
- This article reviews the pharmacology, adverse effects and clinical evidence available to date on the use of dronedarone in the management of atrial fibrillation. (smw.ch)
Rhythm20
- The first direct-current shocks failed to restore sinus rhythm, but rather converted ventricular fibrillation back into preexcited atrial fibrillation. (ahajournals.org)
- The primary aim of this study is to investigate whether dietary supplements of n-3 PUFA concentrates (1g fish oil/day comprising eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA 46% and docosahexaenoic, DHA 38%)) helps maintain sinus rhythm after cardioversion to normal sinus rhythm in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common abnormal heart rhythm that starts in the atrial chambers of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
- It is typically not a stable rhythm, and often degenerates into atrial fibrillation (AF). (wikipedia.org)
- Similar to the abnormal heart rhythm atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter also leads to poor contraction of the atrial chambers of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
- If the affected person is having chest pain, has lost consciousness, or has low blood pressure (unstable atrial flutter), then an urgent electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal heart rhythm is necessary. (wikipedia.org)
- Medications used to restore a normal heart rhythm (antiarrhythmics) such as ibutilide effectively control atrial flutter about 80% of the time when they are started but atrial flutter recurs at a high rate (70-90% of the time) despite continued use. (wikipedia.org)
- Published in the August issue of CHEST , the peer-reviewed journal of the ACCP, the guidelines offer specific recommendations on cardiac pacing, anticoagulation therapy, pharmaceutical prophylaxis, intraoperative interventions, and pharmacologic control of ventricular rate and rhythm. (news-medical.net)
- The most serious cardiac rhythm disturbance is called ventricular fibrillation when the electrical activity is so fast and chaotic that the heart cannot pump any blood. (irishheart.ie)
- The most effective and safest antiarrhythmic drug for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains uncertain. (onlinejacc.org)
- Atrial fibrillation is the most common serious abnormal heart rhythm and, as of 2020, affects more than 33 million people worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
- This rhythm is commonly associated with atrial fibrillation, into which it may degenerate. (bmj.com)
- This rhythm is closely related to atrial fibrillation. (bmj.com)
- In absence of discernible atrial electrical activity, a grossly irregular ventricular rhythm still suggest the presence of atrial fibrillation. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- This phenomenon called atrial remodelling may be reversible with maintenance of sinus rhythm. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- Major studies on atrial fibrillation have shown no significant difference between rhythm and rate control in terms of mortality. (smw.ch)
- When approaching a patient with AF and a rapid ventricular response, one must consider the urgency of therapy, as well as whether acute rate control or rhythm control would be more appropriate. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- The European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Association and the Latin American Society for Cardiac Stimulation and Electrophysiology attempted to standardise the definition, characterisation and clinical implications of the term atrial cardiomyopathy in 2016. (aerjournal.com)
- Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart. (blogspot.com)
- Atrial fibrillation, on the other hand, is the most common sustained heart rhythm disorder, affecting over 5 million Americans, and expected to increase to more than 12 million by 2030. (saturdayeveningpost.com)
Control of ventricular response rate2
- Control of ventricular response rate in adults with chronic atrial fibrillation. (drugs.com)
- Digoxin tablets, USP are indicated for the control of ventricular response rate in adult patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. (nih.gov)
Atria of th4
- The atrial defibrillator includes a first detector for detecting ventricular activations of the heart, a second detector for detecting atrial activity of the heart, and an atrial fibrillation detector responsive to the second detector for determining when the atria of the heart are in need of cardioversion. (google.com)
- The atrial defibrillator also includes a cardioverting stage for applying the cardioverting electrical energy to the atria of the heart when the atria of the heart are in need of cardioversion and when the time between immediately successive ventricular activations is greater than a preselected minimum time interval. (google.com)
- The present invention is more particularly directed to a fully automatic implantable atrial defibrillator which exhibits improved safety by reducing the potential risk of induced ventricular fibrillation which may result from the mistimed delivery of cardioverting electrical energy to the atria of the heart. (google.com)
- More specifically, the atrial defibrillator of the present invention guards against applying cardioverting electrical energy to the atria of the heart under conditions believed to contribute to induced ventricular fibrillation. (google.com)
Flutter waves4
- The re-entry loop cycles in the opposite direction in clockwise atrial flutter, thus the flutter waves are upright in II, III, and aVF. (wikipedia.org)
- In the typical form, this entity is characterized electrocardiographically by flutter waves, which are a saw-tooth pattern of atrial activation, most prominent in leads II, III, aVF, and V1. (bmj.com)
- In contrast, obvious, coarse flutter waves (really 'f' waves) with a regular ventricular response, especially if slow, suggest the coexistence of high grade AV block with atrial fibrillation. (rjmatthewsmd.com)
- The Lewis Lead is then read as Lead I on the ECG and, since in most patients it will be roughly perpendicular to the wave of ventricular depolarization, atrial flutter waves may be more apparent. (blogspot.com)
Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation1
- ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. (bmj.com)
Commonly3
- Counterclockwise atrial flutter (known as cephalad-directed atrial flutter) is more commonly seen. (wikipedia.org)
- [medicinenet.com] A premature ventricular contraction is defined as an early ventricular depolarization that is quite commonly encountered in the general population. (symptoma.com)
- Propafenone is a type IC antiarrhythmic drug commonly used for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias. (bmj.com)
Contraction4
- Patients who develop pacemaker syndrome may require adjustment of the pacemaker, or fitting of another lead to better coordinate the timing of atrial and ventricular contraction. (wikipedia.org)
- Inappropriate pacing in patients with decreased ventricular compliance, which may be caused by diseases such as hypertensive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and aging, can result in loss of atrial contraction and significantly reduces cardiac output. (wikipedia.org)
- Atrial contraction against a closed tricuspid valve can cause pulsation in the neck and abdomen, headache, cough, and jaw pain. (wikipedia.org)
- Patients with AVNRT being more likely to describe 'shirt flapping' or 'neck pounding' than patients with AVRT, possibly due to right atrial contraction against a closed tricuspid valve [ 2 ] . (patient.info)
Amiodarone2
- The effects and toxicities of amiodarone may persist weeks after it is stopped. (nps.org.au)
- Dronedarone is a noniodinated benzofuran derivative of amiodarone that has been recently approved by Swissmedic for management of patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. (smw.ch)
Depolarization1
- She left ventricular fibrillation, as depolarization acti- vates voltage-sensitive ca2 A 24-year-old medical importance. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Chronic2
- Oral management (alone † 172 173 174 176 177 178 or in combination with a cardiac glycoside) to control ventricular rate at rest and during stress in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and/or flutter. (drugs.com)
- Overall, guidelines recommend the use of beta-blockers over calcium channel blockers, a standard therapy for chronic AF, for general prevention of postoperative AF and control of ventricular rate. (news-medical.net)
Premature5
- The plasma ANP level was significantly higher in patients with rather than without PAF attacks (75 ± 41 vs. 54 ± 60 pg/ml, p = 0.01), although there were no significant differences in age, left atrial dimension or high grade atrial premature beats between the groups. (onlinejacc.org)
- Treatment of patients with asymptomatic ventricular premature contractions should be avoided. (rxlist.com)
- [doi.org] How common are premature ventricular contractions ? (symptoma.com)
- [escardio.org] The nature of this sensation is usually premature ventricular contractions . (symptoma.com)
- Why We Love premature ventricular complexes treatment (And You Should, Too! (brooklynne.net)
Myocardial1
- The radio-frequency -induced lesion increases the heterogeneity of myocardial activation during ventricular fibrillation and modifies arrival of the activation fronts in the adjacent zones. (revespcardiol.org)
LVEF1
- However, the majority of AF patients with HF do not have a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ( 3,4 ). (onlinejacc.org)
Irregular ventricular rate1
- A typical ECG in AF shows no P waves and an irregular ventricular rate. (wikipedia.org)
Asymptomatic atrial1
- He is currently conducting a large study monitoring for silent or asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in women from the WHI randomized to exercise intervention, and is co-PI in the Apple Heart Study, a clinical trial using the Apple Watch to screen for atrial fibrillation. (stanford.edu)
Beats4
- Type I atrial flutter, also known as common atrial flutter or typical atrial flutter, has an atrial rate of 240 to 340 beats/minute. (wikipedia.org)
- Type II (atypical) atrial flutter follows a significantly different re-entry pathway to type I flutter, and is typically faster, usually 340-440 beats/minute. (wikipedia.org)
- Patients with untreated AF seek medical treatment for ventricular rates that may at times be in excess of 150 beats per minute (bpm). (clinicaladvisor.com)
- In postimplantation, an increased percentage of ventricular paced beats is the only variable that significantly predicts development of pacemaker syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Multifocal1
- It is a half-life of the neutrophil count shows frequent multifocal ventricular rate improves is it safe to take ambien pregnant secondary amen- orrhoea. (musicaenlamochila.net)
Rate8
- Immediate treatment of atrial flutter centers on slowing the heart rate with medications such as beta blockers (e.g., metoprolol) or calcium channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem) if the affected person is not having chest pain, has not lost consciousness, and if their blood pressure is normal (known as stable atrial flutter). (wikipedia.org)
- It can be especially beneficial for patients with high-ventricular-rate atrial fibrillation. (elitmed.hu)
- and 2) allowing AF to persist or recur while controlling the ventricular rate, principally with atrioventricular node blocking drugs ("rate control") (11-13) . (onlinejacc.org)
- There are three important reasons to control the ventricular rate in patients presenting with atrial fibrillation (AF). (clinicaladvisor.com)
- If an average heart rate of more than 110 to 120 bpm persists for long periods (e.g., weeks to months), there is the risk of developing so-called "tachycardiomyopathy. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- The ventricular rate with which a patient presents is mostly dependent on the conduction properties of the atrioventricular (AV) node. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Therefore one can conclude from these trials that ventricular rate control of AF is an effective and acceptable treatment approach for some patients with AF. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Lidocaine has been shown to cause no, or minimal decrease in ventricular contractility, cardiac output, arterial pressure or heart rate. (bioportfolio.com)
Clinical4
- This study evaluated gender differences in clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome among patients with heart failure, and to what extent these differences are due to age and differences in left ventricular (LV) function. (bmj.com)
- 3 Men and women with heart failure have different clinical characteristics, in that women are older and have more hypertension but less evidence of coronary heart disease and better ventricular function than men with heart failure. (bmj.com)
- The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) has released the first evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery. (news-medical.net)
- Whether these differences persist and influence clinical outcomes 1 year following implantation is unknown. (elsevier.com)
Regular atrial1
- Due to regular atrial activation from atrial areas with centrifugal spread. (patient.info)
Refractory period3
- Action potential duration and effective refractory period of ventricular muscle are also decreased. (bioportfolio.com)
- Effective refractory period of the AV node may increase, decrease or remain unchanged and atrial effective refractory period is unchanged. (bioportfolio.com)
- These drugs prolong the atrial refractory period and slow conduction velocity, thereby disrupting the reentrant circuit. (medscape.com)
Cardiac arrest3
- Preexcited atrial fibrillation with cardiac arrest caused by hemodynamic collapse or degeneration to ventricular fibrillation may be the first manifestation of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. (ahajournals.org)
- ST depression is common BOTH after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and during atrial fib with RVR. (blogspot.com)
- Troponins were minimally elevated, consistent with type 2 MI from low flow state of cardiac arrest and high demand state of atrial fib with RVR. (blogspot.com)
Heart13
- 3 Few studies have been adequately powered to investigate how many of these known differences between men and women are due to gender alone, and how many are due to known other differences such as the discrepancies in age, ventricular function, or cause of heart failure. (bmj.com)
- This observation may be an indirect effect due to the overall beneficial effort of fish consumption on reducing ischaemic heart disease, however this association persisted after adjustment for confounding characteristics. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- This involves the insertion of a catheter through a vein in the groin which is followed up to the heart and is used to identify and interrupt the electrical circuit causing the atrial flutter (by creating a small burn and scar). (wikipedia.org)
- Bi-ventricular stimulation is constantly provided with and without sensing to encourage normal pumping of the heart on a consistent basis. (google.com)
- An implantable atrial defibrillator provides cardioverting electrical energy to the atria of a human heart in need of cardioversion. (google.com)
- considered as benign by those supporting medical watchful waiting (nonsurgical observation until a distinct event is encountered) vs. conveying excess mortality and morbidity (including heart failure and atrial fibrillation) by those advocating early surgical intervention," according to background information in the article. (medindia.net)
- At least 2.7 million Americans are living with atrial fibrillation, according to the American Heart Association (AHA). (everydayhealth.com)
- Importance: Racial differences are recognized in multiple cardiovascular parameters, including left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, which are 2 major manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (americanheart.org)
- The risk of pregnancy depends on the underlying heart defect as well as on additional factors such as ventricular function, functional class, and cyanosis. (dxy.cn)
- A normal heart versus one experiencing atrial fibrillation. (saturdayeveningpost.com)
- His group studies the genetic variations and environmental exposures that are associated with conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure. (stanford.edu)
- The Apple Heart Study (AHS) is a research study conducted to evaluate whether the Apple Heart Study App can use data collected on the Apple Watch to identify irregular heart rhythms, including those from potentially serious heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation. (stanford.edu)
- It has been observed that In African Americans, the higher percentage of cases of heart failure is attributable to modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and smoking, and fewer cases are due to ischemic heart disease [3, namely : Nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) predominates in African Americans, whereas ischemic cardiomyopathy (IDCM) predominates in whites. (scientiaricerca.com)
Hemodynamic consequences1
- The hemodynamic consequences of rapid ventricular rates include a fall in cardiac output, drop in blood pressure, and elevation in left atrial pressure. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Atrioventricular1
- Ventricular rates range from 120 to 160 bpm, and most characteristically 150 bpm, because an associated 2:1 atrioventricular block is common. (bmj.com)
Echocardiogram2
- An echocardiogram is performed and demonstrates mild left ventricular enlargement with a calculated EF of 40. (powershow.com)
- Her echocardiogram showed bilateral ventricular hypertrophy, mild aortic regurgitation, and mild stenosis of the distal main pulmonary artery. (biomedcentral.com)
Resuscitation1
- 2. ST depression (with reciprocal ST elevation in lead aVR) is common shortly after BOTH resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation AND after cardioversion from atrial fibrillation. (blogspot.com)
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