Atp synthetase complexes. Medical search

Multisubunit enzyme complexes that synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE from energy sources such as ions traveling through channels.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

An enzyme that activates lysine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.6.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

An enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.12.

An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Mercury-containing benzoic acid derivatives.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.

An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into a series of (2'-5') linked oligoadenylates and pyrophosphate in the presence of double-stranded RNA. These oligonucleotides activate an endoribonuclease (RNase L) which cleaves single-stranded RNA. Interferons can act as inducers of these reactions. EC 2.7.7.-.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.

An enzyme that activates tryptophan with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.2.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.

Longitudinal patient-maintained records of individual health history and tools that allow individual control of access.

Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.

An educational process that provides information and advice to individuals or families about a genetic condition that may affect them. The purpose is to help individuals make informed decisions about marriage, reproduction, and other health management issues based on information about the genetic disease, the available diagnostic tests, and management programs. Psychosocial support is usually offered.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

Value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year.

A disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the ELASTIN gene. Clinical manifestations include SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS; MENTAL RETARDATION; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient HYPERCALCEMIA in infancy. The condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy.

F0 complex of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Not all monomers of the subunit c oligomer are involved in F1 interaction. (1/160)

The antigenic determinants of mAbs against subunit c of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase were mapped by ELISA using overlapping synthetic heptapeptides. All epitopes recognized are located in the hydrophilic loop region and are as follows: 31-LGGKFLE-37, 35-FLEGAAR-41, 36-LEGAAR-41 and 36-LEGAARQ-42. Binding studies with membrane vesicles of different orientation revealed that all mAbs bind to everted membrane vesicles independent of the presence or absence of the F1 part. Although the hydrophilic region of subunit c and particularly the highly conserved residues A40, R41, Q42 and P43 are known to interact with subunits gamma and epsilon of the F1 part, the mAb molecules have no effect on the function of F0. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the F1 part and the mAb molecule(s) are bound simultaneously to the F0 complex suggesting that not all c subunits are involved in F1 interaction. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that this interaction is fixed, which means that subunits gamma and epsilon do not switch between the c subunits during catalysis and furthermore, a complete rotation of the subunit c oligomer modified with mAb(s) along the stator of the F1F0 complex, proposed to be composed of at least subunits b and delta, seems to be unlikely. (+info)

Chemical mechanism of ATP synthase. Magnesium plays a pivotal role in formation of the transition state where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (2/160)

The chemical mechanism by which ATP synthases catalyze the synthesis of ATP remains unknown despite the recent elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of two forms of the F(1) catalytic sector (subunit stoichiometry, alpha(3)beta(3)gammadeltaepsilon). Lacking is critical information about the chemical events taking place at the catalytic site of each beta-subunit in the transition state. In an earlier report (Ko, Y. H., Bianchet, M. A., Amzel, L.M., and Pedersen, P. L. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18875-18881), we provided evidence for transition state formation in the presence of Mg(2+), ADP, and orthovanadate (V(i)), a photoreactive phosphate analog with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry resembling that of the gamma-P of ATP in the transition state of enzymes like myosin. In the presence of ultraviolet light and O(2,) the MgADP.V(i)-F(1) complex was cleaved within the P-loop (GGAGVGKT) of a single beta-subunit at alanine 158, implicating this residue as within contact distance of the gamma-P of ATP in the transition state. Here, we report that ADP, although facilitating transition state formation, is not essential. In the presence of Mg(2+) and V(i) alone the catalytic activity of the resultant MgV(i)-F(1) complex is inhibited to nearly the same extent as that observed for the MgADP. V(i)-F(1) complex. Inhibition is not observed with ADP, Mg(2+), or V(i) alone. Significantly, in the presence of ultraviolet light and O(2,) the MgV(i)-F(1) complex is cleaved also within the P-loop of a single beta-subunit at alanine 158 as confirmed by Western blot analyses with two different antibodies, by N-terminal sequence analyses, and by quantification of the amount of unreacted beta-subunits. These novel findings indicate that Mg(2+) plays a pivotal role in transition state formation during ATP synthesis catalyzed by ATP synthases, a role that involves both its preferential coordination with P(i) and the repositioning of the P-loop to bring the nonpolar alanine 158 into the catalytic pocket. A reaction scheme for ATP synthases depicting a role for Mg(2+) in transition state formation is proposed here for the first time. (+info)

Catalytic activities of mitochondrial ATP synthase in patients with mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation in the ATPase 6 gene encoding subunit a. (3/160)

We investigated the biochemical phenotype of the mtDNA T8993G point mutation in the ATPase 6 gene, associated with neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), in three patients from two unrelated families. All three carried >80% mutant genome in platelets and were manifesting clinically various degrees of the NARP phenotype. Coupled submitochondrial particles prepared from platelets capable of succinate-sustained ATP synthesis were studied using very sensitive and rapid luminometric and fluorescence methods. A sharp decrease (>95%) in the succinate-sustained ATP synthesis rate of the particles was found, but both the ATP hydrolysis rate and ATP-driven proton translocation (when the protons flow from the matrix to the cytosol) were minimally affected. The T8993G mutation changes the highly conserved residue Leu(156) to Arg in the ATPase 6 subunit (subunit a). This subunit, together with subunit c, is thought to cooperatively catalyze proton translocation and rotate, one with respect to the other, during the catalytic cycle of the F(1)F(0) complex. Our results suggest that the T8993G mutation induces a structural defect in human F(1)F(0)-ATPase that causes a severe impairment of ATP synthesis. This is possibly due to a defect in either the vectorial proton transport from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix or the coupling of proton flow through F(0) to ATP synthesis in F(1). Whatever mechanism is involved, this leads to impaired ATP synthesis. On the other hand, ATP hydrolysis that involves proton flow from the matrix to the cytosol is essentially unaffected. (+info)

Supercomplexes in the respiratory chains of yeast and mammalian mitochondria. (4/160)

Around 30-40 years after the first isolation of the five complexes of oxidative phosphorylation from mammalian mitochondria, we present data that fundamentally change the paradigm of how the yeast and mammalian system of oxidative phosphorylation is organized. The complexes are not randomly distributed within the inner mitochondrial membrane, but assemble into supramolecular structures. We show that all cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is bound to cytochrome c reductase (complex III), which exists in three forms: the free dimer, and two supercomplexes comprising an additional one or two complex IV monomers. The distribution between these forms varies with growth conditions. In mammalian mitochondria, almost all complex I is assembled into supercomplexes comprising complexes I and III and up to four copies of complex IV, which guided us to present a model for a network of respiratory chain complexes: a 'respirasome'. A fraction of total bovine ATP synthase (complex V) was isolated in dimeric form, suggesting that a dimeric state is not limited to S.cerevisiae, but also exists in mammalian mitochondria. (+info)

Differential regulation of exonic regulatory elements for muscle-specific alternative splicing during myogenesis and cardiogenesis. (5/160)

Muscle-specific isoform of the mitochondrial ATP synthase gamma subunit (F(1)gamma) was generated by alternative splicing, and exon 9 of the gene was found to be lacking particularly in skeletal muscle and heart tissue. Recently, we reported that alternative splicing of exon 9 was induced by low serum or acidic media in mouse myoblasts, and that this splicing required de novo protein synthesis of a negative regulatory factor (Ichida, M., Endo, H., Ikeda, U., Matsuda, C., Ueno, E., Shimada, K., and Kagawa, Y. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8492-8501; Hayakawa, M., Endo, H., Hamamoto, T., and Kagawa, Y. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251, 603-608). In the present report, we identified a cis-acting element on the muscle-specific alternatively spliced exon of F(1)gamma gene by an in vivo splicing system using cultured cells and transgenic mice. We constructed a F(1)gamma wild-type minigene, containing the full-length gene from exon 8 to exon 10, and two mutants; one mutant involved a pyrimidine-rich substitution on exon 9, whereas the other was a purine-rich substitution, abbreviated as F(1)gamma Pu-del and F(1)gamma Pu-rich mutants, respectively. Based on an in vivo splicing assay using low serum- or acid-stimulated splicing induction system in mouse myoblasts, Pu-del mutation inhibited exon inclusion, indicating that a Pu-del mutation would disrupt an exonic splicing enhancer. On the other hand, the Pu-rich mutation blocked muscle-specific exon exclusion following both inductions. Next, we produced transgenic mice bearing both mutant minigenes and analyzed their splicing patterns in tissues. Based on an analysis of F(1)gamma Pu-del minigene transgenic mice, the purine nucleotide of this element was shown to be necessary for exon inclusion in non-muscle tissue. In contrast, analysis of F(1)gamma Pu-rich minigene mice revealed that the F(1)gamma Pu-rich mutant exon had been excluded from heart and skeletal muscle of these transgenic mice, despite the fact mutation of the exon inhibited muscle-specific exon exclusion in myotubes of early embryonic stage. These results suggested that the splicing regulatory mechanism underlying F(1)gamma pre-mRNA differed between myotubes and myofibers during myogenesis and cardiogenesis. (+info)

Catalytic site forms and controls in ATP synthase catalysis. (6/160)

A suggested minimal scheme for substrate binding by and interconversion of three forms of the catalytic sites of the ATP synthase is presented. Each binding change, that drives simultaneous interchange of the three catalytic site forms, requires a 120 degrees rotation of the gamma with respect to the beta subunits. The binding of substrate(s) at two catalytic sites is regarded as sufficing for near maximal catalytic rates to be attained. Although three sites do not need to be filled for rapid catalysis, during rapid bisite catalysis some enzyme may be transiently present with three sites filled. Forms with preferential binding for ADP and P(i) or for ATP are considered to arise from the transition state and participate in other steps of the catalysis. Intermediate forms and steps that may be involved are evaluated. Experimental evidence for energy-dependent steps and for control of coupling to proton translocation and transition state forms are reviewed. Impact of relevant past data on present understanding of catalytic events is considered. In synthesis a key step is suggested in which proton translocation begins to deform an open site so as to increase the affinity for ADP and P(i), that then bind and pass through the transition state, and yield tightly bound ATP in one binding change. ADP binding appears to be a key parameter controlling rotation during synthesis. In hydrolysis ATP binding to a loose site likely precedes any proton translocation, with proton movement occurring as the tight site form develops. Aspects needing further study are noted. Characteristics of the related MgADP inhibition of the F(1) ATPases that have undermined many observations are summarized, and relations of three-site filling to catalysis are assessed. (+info)

The epsilon subunit of bacterial and chloroplast F(1)F(0) ATPases. Structure, arrangement, and role of the epsilon subunit in energy coupling within the complex. (7/160)

Recent studies show that the epsilon subunit of bacterial and chloroplast F(1)F(0) ATPases is a component of the central stalk that links the F(1) and F(0) parts. This subunit interacts with alpha, beta and gamma subunits of F(1) and the c subunit ring of F(0). Along with the gamma subunit, epsilon is a part of the rotor that couples events at the three catalytic sites sequentially with proton translocation through the F(0) part. Structural data on the epsilon subunit when separated from the complex and in situ are reviewed, and the functioning of this polypeptide in coupling within the ATP synthase is considered. (+info)

The rotary binding change mechanism of ATP synthases. (8/160)

The F(0)F(1) ATP synthase functions as a rotary motor where subunit rotation driven by a current of protons flowing through F(0) drives the binding changes in F(1) that are required for net ATP synthesis. Recent work that has led to the identification of components of the rotor and stator is reviewed. In addition, a model is proposed to describe the transmission of energy from four proton transport steps to the synthesis of one ATP. Finally, some of the requirements for efficient energy coupling by a rotary binding change mechanism are considered. (+info)

These disorders are caused by changes in specific genes that fail to function properly, leading to a cascade of effects that can damage cells and tissues throughout the body. Some inherited diseases are the result of single gene mutations, while others are caused by multiple genetic changes.

Inherited diseases can be diagnosed through various methods, including:

1. Genetic testing: This involves analyzing a person's DNA to identify specific genetic changes that may be causing the disease.
2. Blood tests: These can help identify certain inherited diseases by measuring enzyme levels or identifying specific proteins in the blood.
3. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans can help identify structural changes in the body that may be indicative of an inherited disease.
4. Physical examination: A healthcare provider may perform a physical examination to look for signs of an inherited disease, such as unusual physical features or abnormalities.

Inherited diseases can be treated in various ways, depending on the specific condition and its causes. Some treatments include:

1. Medications: These can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities or repair damaged tissues.
3. Gene therapy: This involves using genes to treat or prevent inherited diseases.
4. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation can help individuals with inherited diseases manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Inherited diseases are a significant public health concern, as they affect millions of people worldwide. However, advances in genetic research and medical technology have led to the development of new treatments and management strategies for these conditions. By working with healthcare providers and advocacy groups, individuals with inherited diseases can access the resources and support they need to manage their conditions and improve their quality of life.

Physical Features:

* Delayed growth and short stature
* Broad forehead
* Long, narrow face with a wide mouth and full lips
* Wide-set eyes that are often blue or green
* Low-set ears
* Curly or wavy hair

Developmental Features:

* Intellectual disability or cognitive impairment
* Delayed speech and language development
* Difficulty with fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination
* Poor musical ability

Personality Profile:

* Friendly and outgoing personality
* High level of empathy and compassion for others
* Excellent social skills
* Love of music and dance
* Curiosity and playfulness

Causes and Inheritance:

Williams syndrome is caused by a deletion of genetic material from chromosome 7, specifically the q11.23 region. This deletion occurs spontaneously, without a known family history or environmental trigger. The disorder is not inherited in a Mendelian pattern, meaning that it does not follow traditional patterns of inheritance.

Diagnosis:

Williams syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of physical and developmental assessments, as well as genetic testing. Physical features such as broad foreheads and wide mouths are often present at birth, while developmental delays and cognitive impairments may not become apparent until later in childhood. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis by identifying the deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7.

Treatment and Management:

There is no cure for Williams syndrome, but early intervention and specialized management can help individuals with the disorder reach their full potential. Treatment may include:

* Physical therapy to improve fine motor skills and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills
* Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills
* Special education programs tailored to individual needs
* Medications to manage cardiovascular problems, hypertension, and sleep disorders

Prognosis:

The prognosis for individuals with Williams syndrome varies depending on the severity of the symptoms. Some individuals may experience significant developmental delays and cognitive impairments, while others may have fewer or no symptoms. With early intervention and specialized management, many individuals with Williams syndrome can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

Inheritance Pattern:

Williams syndrome is not inherited in a Mendelian pattern, meaning that it does not follow traditional patterns of inheritance. The disorder is caused by a spontaneous deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, and there is no known family history or environmental trigger. Each child of an individual with Williams syndrome has a 50% chance of inheriting the deletion and developing the disorder.

Prenatal Testing:

Prenatal testing for Williams syndrome is available but not routine. The test is typically offered to pregnant women who have a family history of the disorder or who have had a previous child with Williams syndrome. Prenatal testing involves analyzing cells from the developing fetus, usually through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis.

Genetic Counseling:

Genetic counseling is essential for individuals and families affected by Williams syndrome. A genetic counselor can provide information on the inheritance pattern of the disorder, discuss prenatal testing options, and offer guidance on managing the condition. Genetic counseling can also help families understand the risks and benefits of genetic testing and make informed decisions about their reproductive options.

In conclusion, Williams syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 10,000 individuals worldwide. It is caused by a spontaneous deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7 and is characterized by developmental delays, cognitive impairments, and cardiovascular problems. Early intervention and specialized management can significantly improve the prognosis for individuals with Williams syndrome. Prenatal testing and genetic counseling are available for families who have a risk of inheriting the disorder. With proper care and support, individuals with Williams syndrome can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

... atp synthetase complexes MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500 - proton-translocating atpases MeSH D08.811.913.696.650.150.500.249 ... electron transport complex iii MeSH D08.811.600.317 - fatty acid synthetase complex MeSH D08.811.600.391 - glycine ... electron transport complex i MeSH D08.811.600.250.500.750 - electron transport complex ii MeSH D08.811.600.250.500.750.500 - ... photosystem i protein complex MeSH D08.811.600.710.750 - photosystem ii protein complex MeSH D08.811.600.715 - polyketide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

... open conformational change of the sigma N-RNA polymerase complex around the glutamine synthetase gene promoter requires ATP and ... to form an open complex with RNA polymerase in order to activate glnA transcription. The closed -> ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NtrC

... leucyl-tRNA synthetase is indispensable in its interaction with arginyl-tRNA synthetase in the multi-tRNA synthetase complex". ... a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine ... Norcum MT (August 1991). "Structural analysis of the high molecular mass aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex. Effects of neutral ... It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucyl-tRNA_synthetase

... which is used by ATP synthetase to form ATP. The core complex is anchored in the cell membrane, consisting of one unit of RC ... The D1 and D2 proteins occur as a heterodimer that form the reaction core of PSII, a multisubunit protein-pigment complex ... Deisenhofer J, Epp O, Miki K, Huber R, Michel H (December 1984). "X-ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex. ... The Type II photosynthetic apparatus in non-oxygenic bacteria consists of light-harvesting protein-pigment complexes LH1 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre_protein_family

... believed mechanism for synthetase activity is that first glutathione and Mg2+-ATP bind to the enzyme in a ternary complex where ... Its C-terminal domain is a synthetase and has an ATP-grasp family fold that is usually found in carbon-nitrogen ligases. The N- ... Oza SL, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH (September 2006). "Mapping the functional synthetase domain of trypanothione synthetase from ... Structurally the synthetase and amidase domains are bound together by three residues of Glu-650-Asp-651-Glu-652 through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanothione_synthase

The synthetase first binds ATP and the corresponding amino acid (or its precursor) to form an aminoacyl-adenylate, releasing ... Feb 2017). "The complex evolutionary history of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases". Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (3): 1059-1068. doi:10.1093/ ... Lee SW, Cho BH, Park SG, Kim S (August 2004). "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes: beyond translation". Journal of Cell ... Beside their lack of overall sequence and structure similarity, class I and class II synthetases feature different ATP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

PDB: 1RY2; Jogl G, Tong L (February 2004). "Crystal structure of yeast acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase in complex with AMP". ... The adenine ring of AMP/ATP is held in a hydrophobic pocket create by residues Ile (512) and Trp (413). The source for the ... In mammals, the cytoplasmic-nuclear synthetase (AceCS1) is activated by SIRT1 while the mitochondrial synthetase (AceCS2) is ... Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) or Acetate-CoA ligase is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.1) involved in metabolism of acetate. It is in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_synthetase

... and another that produces ATP from ADP. Plants have the type that produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase). Several ... It activates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase which in turn activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Calcium also ... An assessment of the total ATP yield with newly revised proton-to-ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose ... The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase to form ATP (the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle

... molecule which is known to inhibit Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which effectively reduces ATP ... Three enzymes are known to synthesize H 2S: cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) and 3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide

The hydrolysis of ATP drives the first step of a two-part, concerted mechanism. ATP phosphorylates glutamate to form ADP and an ... The AT:PIID complex will activate GS by deadenylylation. The AT:PIIA and AT:PIID complexes are allosterically regulated in a ... Each adenylylation requires an ATP and complete inhibition of GS requires 12 ATP. Deadenylylation by AT involves phosphorolytic ... ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase

There are two distinct paths in the large central pathway of the tunnel in the complex structure, which includes the "ATP path ... of the ligase family that activates the oxidation of complex fatty acids. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the ... The ATP binding site is connected to an ATP path that is a hydrophobic channel in the fatty acid-binding tunnel. The fatty acid ... Within the active site the negatively charged oxygen on the fatty acid attacks the alpha phosphate on ATP, forming an ATP-long ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA_ligase

Succinate is generated from succinyl-CoA by the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase in a GTP/ATP-producing step:: Section 17.1 ... RET at mitochondrial respiratory complex 1, the complex normally preceding SDH in the electron transport chain, leads to ROS ... where it is known as respiratory complex II. This enzyme complex is a 4 subunit membrane-bound lipoprotein which couples the ... Respiratory complex II: Role in cellular physiology and disease. 1827 (5): 578-587. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.01.004. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid

5-F-UMP is thought to become a suicide inhibitor for thymidylate synthetase and plays an important role in tumor growth ... Uridylate (UMP) is later converted to UDP via phosphorylation by UMP kinase and ATP and then nucleoside diphosphate kinase ... In other pyrimidine auxotrophs that do not have this bifunctional enzyme, usually less complex organisms, two separate enzymes ... UTP can then be aminated through catalysis by cytidine triphosphate synthetase to from CTP. The reaction of orotic acid ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orotate_phosphoribosyltransferase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids, forming aminoacyl-tRNA complexes. ... ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP, often together with ... Due to the strength of the ATP-Mg2+ interaction, ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with Mg2+ bonded to the phosphate ... For every ATP transported out, it costs 1 H+. Producing one ATP costs about 3 H+. Therefore, making and exporting one ATP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

At low glucose levels: CoA is acetylated using acetate by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), also coupled with ATP hydrolysis. ... It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Other conversions between pyruvate and acetyl-CoA are possible. For ... and the energy released is captured in the form of 11 ATP and one GTP per acetyl group. GTP is the equivalent of ATP and they ... "ACLY ATP citrate lyase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-06. Ragsdale, S. W. (2004 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA

... which contributes in complex regulation of nitrogen metabolism through AMPylation of glutamine synthetase that was introduced ... A Class III Fic AMPylator NmFic of N. meningtidis is also found to modify AMPylate GyrB at the conserved tyrosine for ATP ... Recently, there is a N6pATP that contains an alkynyl tag (propargyl) at the N6 position of the adenine of ATP. This N6pATP ... The transfer of an AMP moiety using ATP to the threonine residue results in steric hindrance, and thus prevents Rho GTPases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylylation

... the electron transport chain protein complexes, and ATP synthase. ADP acts as an activator. The mitochondria contains its own ... succinyl-CoA synthetase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase. The urea cycle is facilitated by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I ... These complexes are complex I (NADH:coenzyme Q oxidoreductase), complex II (succinate:coenzyme Q oxidoreductase), complex III ( ... The energy is used in order to rotate ATP synthase which facilitates the passage of a proton, producing ATP. A pH difference ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix

During their experiments with rat liver cells, Hoagland and Zamecnik noticed that in the presence of ATP, amino acids associate ... These enzymes were named aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Incidentally, this lab's discovery of tRNA supported the theory of ... with heat soluble RNA, which was later named transfer RNA (tRNA). This amino acid and tRNA complex was later called aminoacyl- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland

Characterization of homo- and heterodinuclear complexes of Zn(II) and Ln(III) ions with a tridentate Schiff-base ligand. ... Explanation of the mechanism of interaction between SARS coronavirus helicase/ATPase and ATP and design of potential inhibitors ... Design of novel leulcyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors based on self-made aminoacyl-tRNA synthase inhibitor database. ... Elucidation of geometry of UO4− ion, formed upon dissociation of some complex uranyl anions. These and other studies resulted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Hoffmann

Evidence for an enzyme complex". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (12): 6908-15. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34515-0. PMID 7085612. Wall L; ... an acyl-protein thioester The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, acid, and protein, whereas its 3 products are AMP, ... This enzyme is also called acyl-protein synthetase. Riendeau D, Rodriguez A, Meighen E (1982). "Resolution of the fatty acid ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + an acid + protein ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—luciferin-component_ligase

In 2019, a full length structure of human ACLY in complex with the substrates coenzyme A, citrate and Mg.ADP was determined by ... ACLY forms a homotetramer with a rigid citrate synthase homology (CSH) module, flanked by four flexible acetyl-CoA synthetase ... "Entrez Gene: ATP citrate lyase". Guay C, Madiraju SR, Aumais A, Joly E, Prentki M (December 2007). "A role for ATP-citrate ... ATP citrate synthase (also ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)) is an enzyme that in animals represents an important step in fatty acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_citrate_synthase

The nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), a multi-modular enzyme complex, minimally contains repeating, tri-domains ( ... Enzyme characterization by, for example, ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assays for substrate specificity, in silico substrate- ... NRPS, NRPS-like or NRPS-PKS complexes also exist and have domain variations, additions and/or exclusions. The A-domains have 8 ... The specificity-conferring code of adenylation domains in nonribosomal peptide synthetases 1999[full citation needed] Compeau, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonribosomal_code

... synthetase Polyadenylate nucleotidyltransferase Polyadenylate polymerase Polyadenylate synthetase Polyadenylic acid polymerase ... NTP polymerase RNA adenylating enzyme AMP polynucleotidylexotransferase ATP-polynucleotide adenylyltransferase ATP: ... The protein is the final addition to a large protein complex that also contains smaller assemblies known as the cleavage and ... After cleavage of the 3' signaling region that directs the assembly of the complex, polyadenylate polymerase (PAP) adds the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_adenylyltransferase

In a condensation reaction, enzyme GAR synthetase, along with glycine and ATP, activates the glycine carboxylase group of 5-PRA ... Molecules as complex as RNA must have arisen from small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. ... Enzyme SAICAR synthetase, along with amino group from aspartate forms an amide bond to create N-succinyl-5-aminoimidazale-4- ... The precursors for RNA are GTP, CTP, UTP and ATP, which is a major source of energy in group-transfer reactions. Scientists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide

The cryo-EM model of ATP synthase suggests that the peripheral stalk is a flexible structure that wraps around the complex as ... Matzke NJ, Lin A, Stone M, Baker MA (July 2021). "Flagellar export apparatus and ATP synthetase: Homology evidenced by synteny ... The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H+in The formation of ATP from ADP and Pi ... By pumping proton cations into the matrix, the ATP-synthase converts ADP into ATP. The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_synthase

De-novo synthesis starts with cytosolic carbamoylphosphate synthetase II which uses glutamine, carbon dioxide and ATP. This ... This is suggested by the fact that CPS II is not stable unless a part of the complex. DHO and ATC and are thought to be the ... For example, GLN and CPS II create carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, glutamine, and two ATP molecules. The ATC then takes ... In addition, it is thought that three GLN-CPS II dimers border the DHO-ATC complex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_protein

In the final step, the keto-containing carbocylic ring F is formed by an ATP-dependent enzyme Coenzyme F(430) synthetase (CfbB ... A two-component complex Ni-sirohydrochlorin a,c-diamide reductive cyclase (CfbCD) carries out a 6-electron and 7-proton ... The ATP-dependent Ni-sirohydrochlorin a,c-diamide synthase (CfbE) then converts the a and c acetate side chains to acetamide in ... Reduction involves ATP hydrolysis and electrons are relayed through two 4Fe-4S centres. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_F430

Gribble FM, Proks P, Corkey BE, Ashcroft FM (Oct 1998). "Mechanism of cloned ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation by ... as opposed to long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, which ligate fatty acids to CoA, to produce the CoA ester. The role of the ACOT ... Formation of equimolar enzyme-inhibitor complex". European Journal of Biochemistry. 89 (1): 33-41. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978 ... Long-chain acyl-CoAs also regulate opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and activation of Calcium ATPases, thereby ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOT4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOT1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOT11

This aminoacyl-tRNA precursor is produced in an ATP-dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. This ... their activation into reactive forms using energy from ATP, and thirdly, the assembly of these precursors into complex ... the human body can use about its own weight in ATP per day. ATP acts as a bridge between catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism ... Although some more ATP is generated in the citric acid cycle, the most important product is NADH, which is made from NAD+ as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

The receptor on the monocyte or other phagocyte for ATP and UTP signals has been shown to be P2Y2 in vivo. The receptor on the ... EMAPII, a fragment of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase, has also been shown to attract monocytes. This molecule has inflammatory ... "The EMAPII Cytokine Is Released from the Mammalian Multisynthetase Complex after Cleavage of Its p43/proEMAPII Component *". ... Studies were able to show that the controlled release of the nucleotides ATP and UTP from cells in the beginning stages of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find-me_signals

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Peacock JR, Walvoord RR, Chang AY, Kozlowski MC, Gamper H, Hou YM (June 2014). "Amino acid-dependent ... TetO is 75% similar to TetM, and both have some 45% similarity with EF-G. The structure of TetM in complex with E. coli ... First, the adenylation of the amino acid, which forms aminoacyl-AMP: Amino Acid + ATP → Aminoacyl-AMP + PPi Second, the amino ... Every amino acid has its own specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which is utilized to chemically bind to the tRNA that it is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA

... stays true to this rule, in that it uses the energy generated by ATP. Initially, the carboxylate group ... structure of Escherichia coli B glutathione synthetase complexed with ADP, glutathione, and sulfate at 2.0 A resolution". ... On the other hand, E. coli glutathione synthetase is a homotetramer. Nevertheless, they are part of the ATP-grasp superfamily, ... The ATP-grasp fold is conserved within the ATP-grasp superfamily and is characterized by two alpha helices and beta sheets that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_synthetase

Because of the "water problem", a primitive ATP synthase and other biomolecules would go through hydrolysis due to the absence ... Ma, Wentao; Yu, Chunwu; Zhang, Wentao; Hu, Jiming (Nov 2007). "Nucleotide synthetase ribozymes may have emerged first in the ... Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems Entropy and life - Relationship between the thermodynamic concept of entropy and ... which can provide an ideal container for the synthesis and compartmentalization of complex organic molecules. Clay-armored ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocell

MYLK2 Carney complex variant; 608837; MYH8 Carney complex, type 1; 160980; PRKAR1A Carnitine deficiency, systemic primary; ... RASA1 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency; 237300; CPS1 Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, type Ib; 602579; ... due to ATP synthase deficiency; 604273; TMEM70 Encephalopathy, familial, with neuroserpin inclusion bodies; 604218; SERPINI1 ... C20orf7 Mitochondrial complex I deficiency; 252010; NDUFA1 Mitochondrial complex I deficiency; 252010; NDUFA11 Mitochondrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

The reaction is: R-COOH + ATP + NADPH → R-CHO + AMP + PP + NADP+. One primary system that controls bioluminescence through ... and the luxCDE codes for a fatty acid reductase complex that makes the fatty acids necessary for the luciferase mechanism. luxC ... and luxE makes the proteins needed for the enzyme acyl-protein synthetase. Luciferase produces blue/green light through the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliivibrio_fischeri

"Nucleotide complexes of Escherichia coli phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase". J Biol Chem. 281 (30): ... It is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate ... phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase, PurC, SAICAR synthetase, 4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole ... synthetase, 4-[(N-succinylamino)carbonyl]-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide, synthetase, SAICARs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide_synthase

N 2 + 16 ATP + 16 H 2 O + 8 e − + 8 H + ⟶ 2 NH 3 + H 2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi {\displaystyle {\ce {N2 + 16ATP + 16H2O + 8e- + 8H+ -> ... Bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids are part of the light-harvesting complex; together with the reaction center, this one ... glutamine synthetase) and GOGAT (glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase), which incorporate the inorganic ammonia into amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatiaceae

DUE-B's hydrolyze ATP In order to function. Also possess similar sequence to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, and were previously ... to form complexes. DNA replication in eukaryotes initiates upon origin recognition complex (ORC) binding to the origin. This ... Initiation complexes then allow for recruitment of MCM helicase activator Cdc45 and subsequent unwinding of duplex at origin. ... The specific unwinding of the DUE allows for initiation complex assembly at the site of replication on single-stranded DNA, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_unwinding_element

... catalyzed by glutathione synthetase. Both steps of the synthesis of glutathione are ATP dependent reactions. Glutathione is ... Despite the fact that the phytochelatins form complexes which a few heavy metals, viz. cadmium, it is assumed that these ... The activation of sulfate is catalyzed by ATP sulfurylase, which affinity for sulfate is rather low (Km approximately 1 mM) and ... lyase it is associated as enzyme complex named cysteine synthase. The formation of cysteine is the direct coupling step between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation

ATP ---> + ADP Thymidine reacts with ATP to give thymidine monophosphate and ADP. Thymidine monophosphate, the product of the ... The main fraction of the active enzyme in the circulation has a molecular weight of 730 kD and is probably bound in a complex ... Konishi T, Miyama T, Sakamoto S, Hirata T, Mafune K, Hiraishi M, Idezuki Y (1992). "Activities of thymidylate synthetase and ... ATP → TMP + ADP where Thd is (deoxy)thymidine, ATP is adenosine 5'-triphosphate, TMP is (deoxy)thymidine 5'-phosphate and ADP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_in_clinical_chemistry

CTP (cytidine triphosphate) synthetase catalyzes the last committed step in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis: ATP + UTP + ... feedback regulation and drug resistance in cytidine triphosphate synthetases from the structure of a CTP-inhibited complex". ... "Crystal structure of Escherichia coli cytidine triphosphate synthetase, a nucleotide-regulated glutamine amidotransferase/ATP- ... The ATP-binding site and CTP-binding site in the synthase domain are located at the tetramer interface. It is for this reason ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTP_synthetase

Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and ... Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 129 (4): 1700- ... that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the light- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany

Zhang, Y., Desharnais, J., Boger, D.L., Wilson, I.A. (2005) "Human GAR Tfase complex structure with 10-(trifluoroacetyl)-5,10- ... and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (AIRS). This protein (110kDa) catalyzes steps 2, 3 and 5 of de novo purine ... AMP is a building block for important energy carriers such as ATP, NAD+ and FAD, and signaling molecules such as cAMP. ... crystal structure of a multisubstrate adduct complex of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase at 1.96 A resolution". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase

fGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP → fGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi The fifth is catalyzed by AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase). fGAM + ATP → ... Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on ... CAIR + L-Aspartate + ATP → SAICAR + ADP + Pi The eight is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase. SAICAR → AICAR + Fumarate The ... PRPP + L-Glutamine + H2O → PRA + L-Glutamate + PPi In the second step react PRA, glycine and ATP to create GAR, ADP, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_metabolism

... its subsequent dissociation from the multi-synthetase complex (MSC). The molecule's role as a second messenger has recently ... ATP) is present. Diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) is synthesized from Ap4A with ATP. Luo, Jiankai; Jankowski, Vera; GüNgär, ... Ap4A can be created by a non-canonical activity of the Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS). This function of LysRS is activated by ... Myxococcus xanthus is a type of Gram-negative bacteria, and M. xanthus lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysS) is an enzyme from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap4A

The fatty acid synthetase used to produce omega-alicyclic fatty acids is also used to produce membrane branched-chain fatty ... There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate can be used for gluconeogenesis (in ... In mammals the aerobic desaturation is catalyzed by a complex of three membrane-bound enzymes (NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, ... This system is distinct from the branched-chain fatty acid synthetase that utilizes short-chain acyl-CoA esters as primers. α- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis

In addition, SUCLG2 may function in ATP generation in the absence of SUCLA2 by complexing with the mitochondrial nucleotide ... This gene encodes a GTP-specific beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the reversible ... Johnson JD, Mehus JG, Tews K, Milavetz BI, Lambeth DO (October 1998). "Genetic evidence for the expression of ATP- and GTP- ... Succinyl-CoA synthetase SUCLG1 SUCLA2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172340 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUCLG2

E1 SAMP-activating enzyme Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) Argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) CTP synthase (EC 6.3.4.2 ... ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) Kynureninase EC 3.7.1.3 EC 3.8.1.3 Haloacetate dehalogenase EC 3.9.1.1: Phosphoamidase EC 3.9.1.2: ... and complex carbohydrates to be turned into simple sugars that will be easier to absorb. Clinical Significance: Amylase also ... ATP-hydrolysing) Serine racemase Category:EC 5.1.2 Mandelate racemase Category:EC 5.1.3 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase Category:EC 5.1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes

Ruff, M. (1991). "Class II aminoacyl tRNA-synthetases : crystal structure of yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase complexed with ... ATP). The latter was so far only found in class II enzymes. (iv) The crystal structure of threonyl-tRNA synthetase enlightened ... Sankaranarayanan, R. (1999). "The structure of threonyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA(Thr) complex enlightens its repressor activity and ... Dock-Bregeon, A-C. (2000). "Transfer RNA-Mediated editing in threonyl-tRNA synthetase : The class II solution to the double ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Moras

ATP → UTP + ADP CTP is subsequently formed by the amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase. Glutamine is ... Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents". In Astrid S, Helmut S, Sigel RK (eds.). Lead: Its ... Both steps are fueled by ATP hydrolysis: ATP + UMP → ADP + UDP UDP + ... to PRPP by reacting it with ATP. The reaction is unusual in that a pyrophosphoryl group is directly transferred from ATP to C1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide

Once combined, the CDK-cyclin complex is capable of enacting its function within the cell cycle. The reaction catalyzed by CDK ... Fitzgerald DK, Brodbeck U, Kiyosawa I, Mawal R, Colvin B, Ebner KE (Apr 1970). "Alpha-lactalbumin and the lactose synthetase ... is as follows: ATP + a target protein → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } ADP + a phosphoprotein. Transfer of sulfur-containing ... These efforts are focused on sequencing the subunits of the rubber transferase enzyme complex in order to transfect these genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase

ATP has been shown to have weak inhibition in some bacterial strains. The reaction product, methylglyoxal, does not exhibit any ... For fuel ethanol production, complete metabolism of complex combinations of sugars in E. coli by synthetic biocatalysts is ... Other names in common use include methylglyoxal synthetase, and glycerone-phosphate phospho-lyase. This enzyme participates in ... which is converted to pyruvate via lactate with the uncoupling of ATP synthesis. This interplay between the two enzymes allows ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal_synthase

... autoinhibition results from a conformation that restricts ATP binding. ATP binding induces autophosphorylation of an ... The GCN1/GCN20 complex physically interacts with GCN2 by binding to its N-terminus. It is thought that GCN1/GCN20 facilitates ... Wek SA, Zhu S, Wek RC (August 1995). "The histidyl-tRNA synthetase-related sequence in the eIF-2 alpha protein kinase GCN2 ... Another stimulatory input to GCN2 is exerted by a complex of GCN1/GCN20. GCN1/GCN20 shows structural similarity to eEF3, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gcn2

... α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi → succinate + GTP catalyzing enzyme: succinyl-CoA-synthetase, EC ... one ATP by direct phosphorylation of GDP two ATP from oxidation of FADH2 three ATP at a time for the NADH + H+ produced within ... Matsuno, T; Goto I (1992). "Glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activities in human cirrhotic liver and hepatocellular ... Quinone Reductase/Complex II Regulate Production of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Protect Normal Cells from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminolysis

ATP Synthetase Complexes / antagonists & inhibitors* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... Mechanism of mycobacterial ATP synthase inhibition by squaramides and second generation diarylquinolines. Courbon GM, Palme PR ... For 53 of the resistant mutants, the atpE gene, which encodes a transmembrane and oligomeric C subunit of the ATP synthase and ... Rates and mechanisms of resistance development in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a novel diarylquinoline ATP synthase inhibitor ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20038615

Bedaquiline works by inhibiting bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and represents the first novel class of ... ATP Synthetase Complexes / antagonists & inhibitors* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... Keywords: ATP synthase; MDR TB; R207910; TMC207; bedaquiline; diarylquinoline; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; tuberculosis. ... Bedaquiline works by inhibiting bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and represents the first novel class of ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25203970

MeSH Terms: ATP Synthetase Complexes/metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Homeostasis/ ... TAP of the AHR, followed by mass spectrometry (MS) identified ATP5α1, a subunit of the ATP synthase complex, as a strong AHR ... Title: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacts with ATP5α1, a subunit of the ATP synthase complex, and modulates mitochondrial ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=1761556

ATP-ADP Kinase Term UI T102578. LexicalTag ACX. ThesaurusID NLM (2002). ATP Synthetase Complex Term UI T102579. LexicalTag ACX ... ATP 1977-1993, PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES 1972-1976 & ATP 1972-1976. History Note. 2002; use ATP SYNTHETASE COMPLEXES (NM) 1980-2001. ... ATP Synthetase Complexes Preferred Concept UI. M0072576. Registry Number. EC 2.7.4.-. Scope Note. Multisubunit enzyme complexes ... ATP Synthetase Complex ATP-ADP Kinase Registry Number. EC 2.7.4.-. Previous Indexing. Adenosine Triphosphate (1972-1976). ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D025181

The protein coding genes include 14 genes in the respiratory complexes, four ATP synthetase genes, 16 ribosomal proteins genes ... It was recently separated from the species complex P. megasperma sensu lato. In this study, we sequenced and annotated its ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=368721

PDB Description: lysyl-trna synthetase (lysu) hexagonal form complexed with lysine and the non-hydrolysable atp analogue amp- ... Protein Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) [50256] (2 species). *. Species Escherichia coli, gene lysU [TaxId:562] [50258] (5 PDB ... d1e22a1 b.40.4.1 (A:11-153) Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) {Escherichia coli, gene lysU} ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=25259&ver=1.55

6. Mechanism of an ATP-dependent carboxylase, dethiobiotin synthetase, based on crystallographic studies of complexes with ... Interconversion of ATP binding and conformational free energies by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: structures of ATP bound to ... Crystal structure of a polyhistidine-tagged recombinant catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase complexed with the ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=11491293&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D025181

ATP Synthetase Complexes - Preferred Concept UI. M0072576. Scope note. Multisubunit enzyme complexes that synthesize ADENOSINE ... 2002; ATP SYNTHETASE COMPLEX was indexed under MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES 1980-2001, PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (PHOSPHATE GROUP ACCEPTOR) ... ATP Synthetase Complexes Entry term(s). ADP Kinase ADP Kinases ATP ADP Kinase ATP Synthetase Complex ATP-ADP Kinase ... ATP synthetase complexes Entry term(s):. ADP Kinase. ADP Kinases. ATP ADP Kinase. ATP Synthetase Complex. ATP-ADP Kinase. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36119

ATP Synthetase Complexes N0000011431 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters N0000180226 ATP-Dependent Endopeptidases N0000167596 ATP ... N0000167864 Fatty Acid Desaturases N0000167741 Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex N0000178814 Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex, Type I ... Complex 1 N0000168711 Adaptor Protein Complex 2 N0000168710 Adaptor Protein Complex 3 N0000168702 Adaptor Protein Complex 4 ... Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits N0000168708 Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits N0000168704 Adaptor Protein Complex ...

https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/FDA/ndfrt/Archive/StructuralClass%202012-06-04.txt

... transcriptome changes with a notable increase in expression of genes belonging to the mitochondrial ATP synthetase complex. ... We analyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol II incorporation of ATP or an ATP analog, Sp-ATP-α-S. Here we have measured the rate ... The super elongation complex (SEC) is an important complex regulating gene transcription and expression in metazoans closely ... This complex regulation of P-TEFb has evolved for the precise temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression in the ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=mh:RNA+Polimerase+II/metabolismo

Structure of E.coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase complexed with trnagln and ATP at 2.8 Angstroms resolution. X-ray diffraction. ... Structure of E.coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase complexed with trnagln and ATP at 2.8 Angstroms resolution. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. ... GLUTAMINYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE COMPLEXED WITH A TRNA MUTANT AND AN ACTIVE SITE INHIBITOR. X-ray diffraction. 2.6. 2000-06-04. ... GLUTAMINYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE COMPLEXED WITH A TRNA MUTANT AND AN ACTIVE SITE INHIBITOR. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. 2.6. 73. ...

http://rna.bgsu.edu/rna3dhub/nrlist/view/NR_20.0_31819.3

HN - 2002; use ATP SYNTHETASE COMPLEXES (NM) 1980-2001 BX - ATP Synthetase Complex MH - Atrial Myosins UI - D024743 MN - D8.586 ... HN - 2002 MH - ATP Synthetase Complexes UI - D025181 MN - D8.586.913.696.650.150 MS - Multisubunit enzyme complexes that ... In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, ... complexes through the nuclear pore complex. HN - 2002 FX - Active Transport, Cell Nucleus MH - Nurses Role UI - D024802 MN - ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/1999-2010/newterms/mshnew2002.txt

It catalyses the ATP-dependent formation of NAD+ from NaAD+ (nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide) at the synthetase active site ... we report the structures of the inactive glutaminase C176A variant in an apo form and in three synthetase-ligand complexes with ... Regulation of the intersubunit ammonia tunnel in Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase.. Publication ... p,Glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase is an essential enzyme and a validated drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtuNadE ...

https://necat.chem.cornell.edu/regulation-intersubunit-ammonia-tunnel-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-glutamine-dependent-nad-synthetase

DNA repair complex + DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex + ... aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex aminodeoxychorismate synthase complex anaerobic ribonucleoside-triphosphate ... pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex, alpha-subunit complex pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex ... phosphatase complex (GO:1903293). Annotations: Rat: (50) Mouse: (54) Human: (56) Chinchilla: (37) Bonobo: (43) Dog: (44) ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/view.html?acc_id=GO:1903293

ATP synthetase alpha chain, *alpha subunit of the mitochondrial F[[1]]F[[0]] ATPase, ... ATP synthase subunit alpha, *C-V-alpha, *ATP synthase alpha subunit of complex V, ...

https://www.flymine.org/query/portal.do?origin=flybase&externalid=FBgn0011211

Truncated Human ATP-Citrate Lyase with Citrate Bound ... superfamily in complex with its organic acid substrate, ... Residues 2-425 form three domains homologous to the beta-subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), while residues 487-820 form ... ATP-citrate synthase. A. 425. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ACLY. EC: 2.3.3.8. ... ATP-citrate synthase. B. 334. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ACLY. EC: 2.3.3.8. ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3mwd

It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C ... a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine ... This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, ... is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred ... This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded ...

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/LARS

GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK t [...] Leucyl-trna synthetase; Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA ... resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK t [...] ... Leucyl-trna synthetase; Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family ... Leucyl-trna synthetase; Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family ...

https://string-db.org/network/511145.b0658

When ADP and Pi are bound to ATP synthetase, the excess of protons (H+) that has formed outside of the mitochondria (an H+ ... It can be just as complex, if ... The Citric Acid Cycle, or Krebs cycle, refers to a complex series of chemical reactions in ... most of the atp from metabolism is produced in the. ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate, is the sole source of energy ... The PDH complex is composed of ... In forming the entire PDH complex, the 289th beta residue, aspartic acid, interacts with the ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/search/citric-acid-cycle

... mitochondrial Fo complex subunit B1 (ATP5F1), ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial (Fragment) (ATP5H), and ATP synthase ... ACSL5 belongs to the acyl-CoA synthetase family, which plays an important part in de novo lipid synthesis and fatty acid ... Chinopoulos C. ATP synthase complex and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: poles of attraction. EMBO Rep. 2007;18: ... Systematic analysis of the expression of the mitochondrial ATP Synthase (Complex V) subunits in clear cell renal cell carcinoma ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-32667/v1

... coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. Also called synthetase. ... Ribosome -- A complex organelle composed of proteins and rRNA that catalyzes translation of messenger RNA into an amino acid ... ATP, or Adenosine triphosphate -- Nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups that is the ... Made up of a complex of amino-acids, enzymes are part of every chemical reaction in living things. They aid in digestion, the ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wh/feature/glossary

"CGL160 factor involved in ATP synthase complex assembly","protein_coding" "Zm00001e028255_P003","No alias","Zea mays","no hits ... "Protein biosynthesis.aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities.glutamyl-tRNA-dependent amidotransferase complex.GatB component"," ... "CGL160 factor involved in ATP synthase complex assembly","protein_coding" "Solyc07g055720.4.1","No alias","Solanum lycopersicum ... "Photosynthesis.photophosphorylation.ATP synthase complex.assembly.CGL160 factor","protein_coding" "Smo128787","No alias"," ...

https://evorepro.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/sequences/table/5383

https://sgreports.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wh/feature/glossary

"Terrae complex" is presented in Figure 9A. In this case a four amino acid insertion in the protein ATP-dependent helicase is ... non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, hypothetical protein with accession number WP_083040170 and DUF4185 domain-containing protein ... Of the two clades which form the "M. terrae complex," most of the species closely related to M. terrae are part of a clade that ... The "Abscessus-Chelonae" clade, also referred to as M. chelonae or M. abscessus complex (Adékambi and Drancourt, 2004; Medjahed ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067/full

Summary for Magnesium Main functions: strengthens bones, promotes muscle relaxation, and used to stabi- lize ATP. ... where it associates with AP-1 family proteins to form a functional complex. Squamous cell tumors of the trachea occur 34 times ... The structures of all lojdon aminoacyl-tRNA syn- thetases of E. ...

http://forexturboprofits.com/london-drug-trading.html

... the dietary tryptophan metabolite tryptamine produced by human gut microbiome induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) ... Dorizzi, M.; Labouesse, B.; Labouesse, J. Isolation and stoichiometry of beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase complexes ... ATP and Mg2+ or 6 mM dl-tryptophanol, ATP and Mg2+ for 21 h at 37 °C gave no evidence of positional isotope exchange in the ... Mutations in genes encoding other members of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family (prolyl-tRNA synthetase and asparaginyl-tRNA ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/4/410

... complex and the (ADP plus Pi) complex and are located at the bottom of a deep cavity with the adenosyl group nearer the ... S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MAT, EC 2.5.1.6 ) is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) ... from methionine and ATP [ (PUBMED:1696256) ]. AdoMet is an important methyl donor for transmethylation and is also the ... In bacteria there is a single isoform of AdoMet synthetase (gene metK), there are two in budding yeast (genes SAM1 and SAM2) ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=Pfam:S-AdoMet_synt_C&START=252&END=389&E_VALUE=1.5e-68&TYPE=PFAM&BLAST=IGGPQGDAGLTGRKIIVDTYGGWGAHGGGAFSGKDYTKVDRSAAYAARWVAKSLVKGGLCRRVLVQVSYAIGVSHPLSISIFHYGTSQKSERELLEIVKKNFDLRPGVIVRDLDLKKPIYQRTAAYGHFGRDSFPWEV

As the transcription complex moves along the DNA, the capping enzyme complex modifies the 5 end of the nascent mRNA. This is ... Nucleotidyltransferase uses ATP and CTP as substrates and always incorporates them into tRNA at a ratio of 2C/1A. The CCA ends ... Sera of patients with myositis have been shown to recognize cytoplasmic antigens such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Although ... The complex reactions to remove introns are accomplished by multicomponent enzyme systems that act in the nucleus; after these ...

https://happylibus.com/doc/1877/posttranscriptional-processing

This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. (nih.gov)

Multisubunit enzyme complexes that synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE from energy sources such as ions traveling through channels. (nih.gov)
Glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase is an essential enzyme and a validated drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtuNadE). (cornell.edu)
The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine to tRNA(Leu). (nih.gov)
Note how protein factors bind not only to their recognition sequences but also to each other and to RNA polymerase, itself a very large and complex enzyme. (happylibus.com)
is that synthase is (enzyme) any enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a biological compound but, unlike synthetases, does not make use of atp as a source of energy while synthetase is (enzyme) any ligase that synthesizes biological compounds using atp as a source of energy. (moviecultists.com)
The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side. (moviecultists.com)
ATP synthase is a ubiquitous, highly conserved enzyme that catalyses the formation of ATP from ADP and P i using a unique rotary motor mechanism. (moviecultists.com)
In glutamine metabolism, by contrast, the activity of its key enzyme, glutamine synthetase, is regulated by the two systems of interconvertible enzyme cycles, which are tightly linked. (nih.gov)
Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. (pbit.co.in)
The synthesis begins with carbon dioxide and ammonia combining to form carbamoyl phosphate catalysed by the cytosolic enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-II. (pbit.co.in)

It catalyses the ATP-dependent formation of NAD+ from NaAD+ (nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide) at the synthetase active site and glutamine hydrolysis at the glutaminase active site. (cornell.edu)
ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) catalyzes the conversion of citrate and CoA into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. (rcsb.org)
A synthase is also acknowledged as a lyase that catalyzes the cleavage of various chemical bonds through means excluding hydrolysis and oxidation without demand for any energy, whereas a synthetase is a ligase joining two chemicals or compounds with requirement for energy . (moviecultists.com)
Kinases are enzymes that couple the hydrolysis of ATP to the addition of a phosphate group to its substrate. (moviecultists.com)
Reactions in which it participates are often driven in the direction leading to hydrolysis (reaction with water) of ATP. (nih.gov)
Transcription factor Rho is a ring-shaped, homohexameric protein that causes transcript termination through actions on nascent RNAs that are coupled to ATP hydrolysis. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho is a ring-shaped hexameric protein that uses the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to dissociate RNA transcripts from the ternary elongation complex. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Residues 2-425 form three domains homologous to the beta-subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), while residues 487-820 form two domains homologous to the alpha-subunit of SCS. (rcsb.org)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacts with ATP5α1, a subunit of the ATP synthase complex, and modulates mitochondrial function. (nih.gov)
The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the process of chemiosmosis through the protein ATP synthase . (bionity.com)

Identification of an RNA-binding Site in the ATP binding domain of Escherichia coli Rho by H2O2/Fe-EDTA cleavage protection studies. (embl-heidelberg.de)
RNA passes through the hole of the protein hexamer in the complex with the Escherichia coli Rho factor. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Syroegin, E. A. , Aleksandrova, E. V. , and Polikanov, Y. S. (2022) Insights into the ribosome function from the structures of non-arrested ribosome-nascent chain complexes . (cornell.edu)

Because this is the first structure of any member of the acyl-CoA synthetase (NDP-forming) superfamily in complex with its organic acid substrate, locating the citrate-binding site is significant for understanding the catalytic mechanism of each member, including the prototype SCS. (rcsb.org)

In bacteria there is a single isoform of AdoMet synthetase (gene metK), there are two in budding yeast (genes SAM1 and SAM2) and in mammals while in plants there is generally a multigene family. (embl.de)

In our models, the dietary tryptophan metabolite tryptamine produced by human gut microbiome induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) deficiency with consequent neurodegeneration in cells and mice. (mdpi.com)
Mechanistically, arginine starvation induces asparagine synthetase (ASNS), depleting these cancer cells of aspartate, and disrupting their malate-aspartate shuttle. (nature.com)

TAP of the AHR, followed by mass spectrometry (MS) identified ATP5α1, a subunit of the ATP synthase complex, as a strong AHR interactor in the absence of ligand. (nih.gov)

In the present paper, we report the structures of the inactive glutaminase C176A variant in an apo form and in three synthetase-ligand complexes with substrates (NaAD+/ATP), substrate analogue {NaAD+/AMP-CPP (adenosine 5'-[α,β-methylene]triphosphate)} and intermediate analogues (NaAD+/AMP/PPi), as well as the structure of wild-type mtuNadE in a product complex (NAD+/AMP/PPi/glutamate). (cornell.edu)

Regulation of the intersubunit ammonia tunnel in Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase. (cornell.edu)
26 Pyrimidine nucleosides and bases can be either synthesized de novo from glutamine, aspartic acid, ATP, and bicarbonate, or they can be salvaged from the environment (Fig. Another important site of regulation is the inosinate branch point. (pbit.co.in)

ATP, or Adenosine triphosphate -- Nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups that is the primary carrier of chemical energy in cells. (nih.gov)
Under the original definition, synthases do not use energy from nucleoside triphosphates (such as ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, and UTP), whereas synthetases do use nucleoside triphosphates. (moviecultists.com)

The protein coding genes include 14 genes in the respiratory complexes, four ATP synthetase genes, 16 ribosomal proteins genes, a tatC translocase gene, six conserved ORFs and a unique orf402. (usda.gov)
Plays an essential role in the initiation of phage lambda DNA replication, where it acts in an ATP-dependent fashion with the DnaJ protein to release lambda O and P proteins from the preprimosomal complex. (string-db.org)
The past few years have witnessed remarkable progress in knowledge of the structure and function of RNA-binding proteins and their RNA complexes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy have provided structures for all major classes of RNA-binding proteins, both alone and complexed with RNA. (embl-heidelberg.de)
A variety of regulatory proteins including DNA methyltransferases, methyl-CpG binding proteins, histone- modifying enzymes, chromatin remodeling factors, and their multimolecular complexes are involved in the overall epigenetic process. (nih.gov)

An important carrier of energy in cells, ATP is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by an oxidation reaction in mitochondria, or by a photo reaction in plants. (nih.gov)

Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a two step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA. (nih.gov)
A complex protein which catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction without changing itself. (nih.gov)

The enzymatic activity of this multi-subunit complex resides in its catalytic core composed of RPA194, RPA135, and RPA12, a subunit with functions in RNA cleavage, transcription initiation and elongation. (bvsalud.org)

It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C-terminal domain. (nih.gov)
Interacts with DnaK and GrpE to disassemble a protein complex at the origins of replication of phage lambda and several plasmids. (string-db.org)

ligase , also called Synthetase, any one of a class of about 50 enzymes that catalyze reactions involving the conservation of chemical energy and provide a couple between energy-demanding synthetic processes and energy-yielding breakdown reactions. (moviecultists.com)

1. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) Pegylated (PEG)-Complexes: Proof of Concept (PoC) of theranostic tool on a Murine Breast Cancer Model. (nih.gov)
2. A Pegylated Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide PEG Complex to Boost Immunogenic and Therapeutic Effects in a Liver Cancer Model. (nih.gov)

In eukaryotes, especially in animals, this machinery is complex and sophisticated, involving large, multi-component protein factors that assist in the operation of eukaryotic ribosomes ( Hashem and Frank, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)

upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. (string-db.org)

In order to enter the Kreb's Cycle pyruvate must first be converted into Acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex found in the mitochondria. (libretexts.org)
In order for pyruvate from glycolysis to enter the Kreb's Cycle it must first be converted into acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which is an oxidative process wherein NADH and CO 2 are formed. (libretexts.org)

The generic name for numerous enzymes that are specific for the transfer of an adenylyl group (adenosine[mono]phosphor group) from a donor molecule (usually adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to an acceptor, such as a nucleotide, a protein, and a sugar. (nih.gov)

It was recently separated from the species complex P. megasperma sensu lato. (usda.gov)
The sequence of AdoMet synthetase is highly conserved throughout isozymes and species. (embl.de)

Made up of a complex of amino-acids, enzymes are part of every chemical reaction in living things. (nih.gov)
Which enzymes are also called as synthetase? (moviecultists.com)

The binding of ATP caused one distinct change in the cleavage pattern, a strong protection at a cleavage point in the P-loop of the ATP binding domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
RNA molecules but not DNA molecules also caused a strong, ATP-dependent protection at a cleavage site in the predicted Q-loop of the ATP binding domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Variation in the number and radius of the tunnel constrictions is apparent in the crystal structures and is related to ligand binding at the synthetase domain. (cornell.edu)

Two phosphates are added to AMP to form ATP. (nih.gov)
In the proposed quaternary structure of Rho, the Q-loops from the six subunits form the upper entrance to the hole in the ring-shaped hexamer through which the nascent transcript is translocated by actions coupled to ATP hydrolyses. (embl-heidelberg.de)

The growth of GBM cells depends on the core transcriptional apparatus, thus rendering RNA polymerase (RNA pol) complex as a candidate therapeutic target. (bvsalud.org)

The Rho polypeptide has a distinct RNA binding domain of known structure as well as an ATP binding domain for which a structure has been proposed based on homology modeling. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Besides the site composed of multiples of the RNA binding domain, to which single-stranded DNA as well as RNA can bind, it has a separate, RNA-specific site on the Q-loop in the ATP binding domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
and 3) near the proposed secondary RNA-binding site in the ATP-binding domain (Cys-325 Rho). (embl-heidelberg.de)

15. Modulations of the reduction potentials of flavin-based electron bifurcation complexes and semiquinone stabilities are key to control directional electron flow. (nih.gov)
ATP synthase is a complex which makes use of the proton potential created by the action of the electron transport chain in mitochondria . (moviecultists.com)

Isolated fractions were examined for their capacity to bind [125I]C1q as a measure of immune complex levels, and for their ability to bind soluble tumour-specific antigen as well as to react with antigens expressed at the surface of viable hepatoma cells. (nih.gov)

It transports a proton down the gradient and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. (moviecultists.com)

Although complex, translation in eukaryotes conserves four main phases that are also found in its prokaryotic counterparts, namely: initiation, elongation, termination and recycling ( Schmeing and Ramakrishnan, 2009 ). (elifesciences.org)

and (iii) at the end near the synthetase active site. (cornell.edu)

ATP also participates in numerous synthetic reactions in cells. (nih.gov)

Comparisons of the nucleotide-binding site of SCSs with the similar structure in ACLY indicates that this is the ATP-binding site of ACLY. (rcsb.org)
Our model of the CSD(FRG)-RNA complex constitutes the first prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a CSD-RNA complex and is consistent with the hypothesis of a convergent evolution of CSD and RRM towards a related single-stranded RNA-binding surface. (embl-heidelberg.de)

How is ATP synthase made? (moviecultists.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes4

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care2

F0 complex of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Not all monomers of the subunit c oligomer are involved in F1 interaction. (1/160)

Chemical mechanism of ATP synthase. Magnesium plays a pivotal role in formation of the transition state where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (2/160)

Catalytic activities of mitochondrial ATP synthase in patients with mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation in the ATPase 6 gene encoding subunit a. (3/160)

Supercomplexes in the respiratory chains of yeast and mammalian mitochondria. (4/160)

Differential regulation of exonic regulatory elements for muscle-specific alternative splicing during myogenesis and cardiogenesis. (5/160)

Catalytic site forms and controls in ATP synthase catalysis. (6/160)

The epsilon subunit of bacterial and chloroplast F(1)F(0) ATPases. Structure, arrangement, and role of the epsilon subunit in energy coupling within the complex. (7/160)

The rotary binding change mechanism of ATP synthases. (8/160)

ATP Synthetase Complexes

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases

Arginine-tRNA Ligase

Multienzyme Complexes

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Lysine-tRNA Ligase

Phosphotransferases

Aspartate-tRNA Ligase

Methionine-tRNA Ligase

Adenosine Diphosphate

Mercuribenzoates

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Fatty Acid Synthases

Glutamate-tRNA Ligase

Malonates

RNA, Transfer, Glu

RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl

Kinetics

Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase

Molecular Weight

Adenosine Triphosphate

Macromolecular Substances

Escherichia coli

Reticulocytes

Chromatography, Gel

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Detergents

Liver

Peptide Synthases

Protein Conformation

Coenzyme A Ligases

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Ligases

Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases

MedlinePlus

Health Records, Personal

Genetic Diseases, Inborn

Genetic Counseling

Genetic Testing

Gross Domestic Product

Williams Syndrome

F0 complex of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Not all monomers of the subunit c oligomer are involved in F1 interaction. (1/160)

Chemical mechanism of ATP synthase. Magnesium plays a pivotal role in formation of the transition state where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (2/160)

Catalytic activities of mitochondrial ATP synthase in patients with mitochondrial DNA T8993G mutation in the ATPase 6 gene encoding subunit a. (3/160)

Supercomplexes in the respiratory chains of yeast and mammalian mitochondria. (4/160)

Differential regulation of exonic regulatory elements for muscle-specific alternative splicing during myogenesis and cardiogenesis. (5/160)

Catalytic site forms and controls in ATP synthase catalysis. (6/160)

The epsilon subunit of bacterial and chloroplast F(1)F(0) ATPases. Structure, arrangement, and role of the epsilon subunit in energy coupling within the complex. (7/160)

The rotary binding change mechanism of ATP synthases. (8/160)

List of MeSH codes (D08)

NtrC

Leucyl-tRNA synthetase

Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family

Trypanothione synthase

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Acetyl-CoA synthetase

Citric acid cycle

Hydrogen sulfide

Glutamine synthetase

Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase

Succinic acid

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase

Adenosine triphosphate

Acetyl-CoA

Adenylylation

Mitochondrial matrix

Mahlon Hoagland

Marcin Hoffmann

Long-chain-fatty-acid-luciferin-component ligase

ATP citrate synthase

Nonribosomal code

Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase

Ribonucleotide

ATP synthase

CAD protein

Cofactor F430

ACOT4