The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.
Ionized gases, consisting of free electrons and ionized atoms or molecules which collectively behave differently than gas, solid, or liquid. Plasma gases are used in biomedical fields in surface modification; biological decontamination; dentistry (e.g., PLASMA ARC DENTAL CURING LIGHTS); and in other treatments (e.g., ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION).
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The pressure due to the weight of fluid.
The dissociation of molecules in the air into positive and negative ions under the influence of an electric field.
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.
Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.
The reactions and interactions of atoms and molecules, the changes in their structure and composition, and associated energy changes.
The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
The field of medicine concerned with conditions affecting the health of people in submarines or sealabs.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.
The atmospheric properties, characteristics and other atmospheric phenomena especially pertaining to WEATHER or CLIMATE.
Argon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.
Mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as PLANT EXTRACTS; VENOMS; and MANURE. These are distinguished from DRUG COMBINATIONS which have only a few components in definite proportions.
Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.
The tearing or bursting of the wall along any portion of the AORTA, such as thoracic or abdominal. It may result from the rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to TRAUMA.
Photochemistry in the medical field refers to the chemical reactions that occur when certain molecules are exposed to light, which can have therapeutic or adverse effects on biological systems.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Techniques for measuring blood pressure.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Chronic activation of neurokinin-1 receptor induces pulmonary hypertension in rats. (1/437)

In this study we explored the hypothesis that chronic activation of neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor induces pulmonary hypertension in Wistar rats. First, the activation of NK-1 receptor on the pulmonary circulation was investigated by use of a chronic injection of NK-1 agonist [Ser9,Met(O2)11]-substance P (1 x 10(-9) mol/kg) for 2 wk at sea level (rats breathed room air) and during hypoxia (rats were placed in a hypobaric 380-Torr chamber). Second, we studied the effect of NK-1 antagonist (CP-96345) on developing and developed (after 4 wk of chronic hypoxia) pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial pressure, the weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle + septum, hematocrit, and substance P (SP) were measured. We found that NK-1 agonist significantly increased pulmonary arterial pressure in the sea-level but not in the hypoxic group. However, NK-1 agonist induced neither right heart hypertrophy nor polycythemia. CP-96345 significantly decreased pulmonary arterial pressure in the hypoxic group but had no effect in the sea-level group. Furthermore, CP-96345 significantly attenuated the acute SP-induced increase in pulmonary arterial pressure in the sea-level and hypoxic groups, with a larger increase in the hypoxic group. These results suggest that chronic activation of NK-1 receptor induces pulmonary hypertension and that there is an increase in the sensitivity of pulmonary vessels in response to SP in chronically hypoxic rats.  (+info)

Particulate air pollution and daily mortality on Utah's Wasatch Front. (2/437)

Reviews of daily time-series mortality studies from many cities throughout the world suggest that daily mortality counts are associated with short-term changes in particulate matter (PM) air pollution. One U.S. city, however, with conspicuously weak PM-mortality associations was Salt Lake City, Utah; however, relatively robust PM-mortality associations have been observed in a neighboring metropolitan area (Provo/Orem, Utah). The present study explored this apparent discrepancy by collecting, comparing, and analyzing mortality, pollution, and weather data for all three metropolitan areas on Utah's Wasatch Front region of the Wasatch Mountain Range (Ogden, Salt Lake City, and Provo/Orem) for approximately 10 years (1985-1995). Generalized additive Poisson regression models were used to estimate PM-mortality associations while controlling for seasonality, temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. Salt Lake City experienced substantially more episodes of high PM that were dominated by windblown dust. When the data were screened to exclude obvious windblown dust episodes and when PM data from multiple monitors were used to construct an estimate of mean exposure for the area, comparable PM-mortality effects were estimated. After screening and by using constructed mean PM [less than/equal to] 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) data, the estimated percent change in mortality associated with a 10-mg/m3 increase in PM10 (and 95% confidence intervals) for the three Wasatch Front metropolitan areas equaled approximately 1. 6% (0.3-2.9), 0.8% (0.3-1.3), and 1.0% (0.2-1.8) for the Ogden, Salt Lake City, and Provo/Orem areas, respectively. We conclude that stagnant air pollution episodes with higher concentrations of primary and secondary combustion-source particles were more associated with elevated mortality than windblown dust episodes with relatively higher concentrations of coarse crustal-derived particles.  (+info)

Unhealthy effects of atmospheric temperature and pressure on the occurrence of myocardial infarction and coronary deaths. A 10-year survey: the Lille-World Health Organization MONICA project (Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease). (3/437)

BACKGROUND: Associations between an increase in coronary heart disease occurrence and low atmospheric temperatures have been reported from mortality data and hospital admission registries. However, concomitant increases in noncardiovascular case fatality rates and selection bias of hospital cases may weaken this observation. In this study, we addressed the question of the relationships between fatal and nonfatal coronary diseases and meteorological variables in 10-year data (1985 to 1994) collected in a morbidity registry (Lille-WHO MONICA Project) monitoring 257 000 men from 25 to 64 years of age. METHODS AND RESULTS: The impacts of atmospheric temperature (in Celsius) and pressure (in millibars) on daily rates of myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary deaths were studied. Percentages of variation of event rates according to meteorological variations were derived from the relative risks estimated with a Poisson regression model. During the 10-year longitudinal survey, 3616 events occurred. Rates of events decreased linearly with increasing atmospheric temperature. For atmospheric pressure, we detected a V-shaped relationship, with a minimum of daily event rates at 1016 mbar. A 10 degrees C decrease was associated with a 13% increase in event rates (P<0.0001); a 10-mbar decrease <1016 mbar and a 10-mbar increase >1016 mbar were associated with a 12% increase (P=0.001) and an 11% increase (P=0. 01) in event rates, respectively. These effects were independent and influenced both coronary morbidity and mortality rates, with stronger effects in older age groups and for recurrent events. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal study is the first to estimate the attributable effect of meteorological variables on MI morbidity in population and strongly argues for a systematic fight against cold in cardiovascular disease prevention, particularly in older ages and after a first MI.  (+info)

Changes in c-Fos expression induced by noxious stimulation in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and C1 spinal neurons of rats after hyperbaric exposure. (4/437)

The present study aims to test the hypothesis that hyperbaric exposure inhibits nociceptive processing in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and C1 spinal neurons. We investigated the c-Fos-like immunoreactivity of the brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord (C1 region) following an injection of mustard oil (15 microliters of 20%) into the nasal mucosa of pentobarbital anesthetized rats after exposure to hyperbaric (2-atmospheres, 1 h) and normobaric pressures. After the hyperbaric exposure, the mean number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the ipsilateral laminae I-II and III-IV of the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis were significantly lower than those in the normobaric condition. Similarly, the mean number of c-Fos positive neurons in the superficial layer (I-II) of the ipsilateral C1 segment were significantly reduced as compared with that in the normobaric condition. When treated with the vehicle alone, no significant difference was detected in the numbers of c-Fos positive neurons in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and C1 regions between hyperbaric and normobaric conditions. These results suggest that hyperbaric exposure may attenuate nociceptive signals from the area innervated by the trigeminal nerves at the level of both the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn.  (+info)

Tissue factor activity is increased in human endothelial cells cultured under elevated static pressure. (5/437)

We tested the hypothesis that elevated blood pressure, a known stimulus for vascular remodeling and an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic disease, can modulate basal and cytokine-induced tissue factor (TF; CD 142) expression in cultured human endothelial cells (EC). Using a chromogenic enzymatic assay, we measured basal and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 10 ng/ml, 5 h)-induced TF activities in human aortic EC (HAEC) and vena cava EC (HVCEC) cultured at atmospheric pressure and at 170 mmHg imposed pressure for up to 48 h. Basal TF activities were 22 +/- 10 U/mg protein for HAEC and 14 +/- 9 U/mg protein for HVCEC and were upregulated in both cell types >10-fold by TNF-alpha. Exposure to pressure for 5 h induced additional elevation of basal TF activity by 47 +/- 16% (P < 0.05, n = 6) for HAEC and 17 +/- 5% (P < 0.05, n = 3) for HVCEC. Pressurization also enhanced TF activity in TNF-alpha-treated cells from 240 +/- 28 to 319 +/- 32 U/mg protein in HAEC (P < 0.05, n = 4) and from 148 +/- 25 to 179 +/- 0.8 U/mg protein (P < 0.05, n = 3) in HVCEC. Cytokine stimulation caused an approximately 100-fold increase in steady-state TF mRNA levels in HAEC, whereas pressurization did not alter either TF mRNA or cell surface antigen expression, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR methodology and ELISA. Elevated pressure, however, modulated the EC plasma membrane organization and/or permeability as inferred from the increased cellular uptake of the fluorescent amphipathic dye merocyanine 540 (33 +/- 7%, P < 0.05). Our data suggest that elevated static pressure modulates the hemostatic potential of vascular cells by modifying the molecular organization of the plasma membrane.  (+info)

Influence of environmental temperature on incidence of indinavir-related nephrolithiasis. (6/437)

We analyzed the influence of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure on the 1-year incidence of nephrolithiasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients treated with indinavir. One hundred three patients (13.6%) developed 326 episodes of nephrolithiasis. Eighty-two patients (79.6%) had more than one episode (range, two to seven episodes). The overall incidence ranged from 0 to 10.2 episodes per 100 patients exposed per month. There was a significant correlation between temperature and the overall incidence of nephrolithiasis and the incidence of recurrences but not with the incidence of first episodes. Nephrolithiasis was not related to humidity or atmospheric pressure. Our data support the standard recommendation of drinking at least 1.5 L of water daily to prevent nephrolithiasis in most patients treated with indinavir irrespective of meteorologic factors. However, the risk of nephrolithiasis is higher for a certain subgroup of patients when the environment is hot irrespective of adequate water intake.  (+info)

Effect of increased pressure on tracheal ciliary beat frequency. (7/437)

Effects of increased ambient pressure on mucociliary clearance have been poorly investigated. The effects of increasing pressures on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of guinea-pig tracheal rings were studied in vitro. Increased pressures of 25 and 100 kPa induced a significant and equivalent enhancement of CBF from 30 min after the pressure increase. The increase in CBF observed after a pressure increase of 50 kPa (inspiratory oxygen fraction = 21%), was significantly greater than that observed with an equivalent oxygen tension at atmospheric pressure, i.e. with a gas mixture containing 30% oxygen. Addition of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) inhibited the enhancement in CBF observed after the 25 kPa pressure increase. Addition of L-arginine reversed the effect of L-NAME. These results demonstrate that a pressure increase applied to tracheal rings, in vitro, induces an enhancement of ciliary beat frequency and that generation of nitric oxide may be involved in this ciliary stimulation.  (+info)

Intrapulmonary gas mixing and the sloping alveolar plateau in COPD patients with macroscopic emphysema. (8/437)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, especially those with emphysema, show steep slopes of the alveolar plateau (S). This study tested the hypothesis that continued gas exchange between poorly and well-ventilated lung units by means of collateral ventilation would contribute to S in these patients. Nine young volunteers, nine older volunteers and 11 patients with macroscopic emphysema performed wash-out tests with helium (He) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). S was determined for breaths 1-5 (range 1), and for breaths between 95% and 98% of complete wash-out (range 2). An unequal ventilation index (UVI) was defined as the ratio between the estimated mean alveolar pressure and the end tidal pressure (PET) of each tracer gas, calculated over range 2. Over the same range, a phase III ratio was calculated by dividing PET by the estimated pressure at Fowler dead space. In all groups of subjects, the S for He and SF6 were greater for range 2 than for range 1 (p< or =0.012). In the emphysema patients, the correlations between S and UVI were 0.72 for He (p=0.012) and 0.81 for SF6 (p=0.002), while the mean phase III ratios were 1.7 for He and 2.4 for SF6, much less than their theoretical maxima. It was concluded that in patients collateral ventilation may account for only a small part of the increase in the alveolar plateau slope between ranges 1 and 2, and that this increase was mainly caused by unequal ventilation in combination with sequential emptying of lung units. The degree of sequential emptying, however, was modest compared with its full potential.  (+info)

In the medical field, atmospheric pressure refers to the amount of force exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere on the surface of the planet. This force is measured in units of pressure, such as millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pounds per square inch (psi). Atmospheric pressure is an important factor in medical practice because it can affect the body's ability to function properly. For example, changes in atmospheric pressure can cause altitude sickness, which can lead to symptoms such as headache, nausea, and dizziness. In addition, changes in atmospheric pressure can affect the delivery of oxygen to the body's tissues, which can be particularly important for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In some medical procedures, such as blood pressure monitoring, atmospheric pressure is taken into account to ensure accurate readings. For example, a sphygmomanometer, which is a device used to measure blood pressure, is calibrated to account for changes in atmospheric pressure. This helps to ensure that the readings obtained are accurate and reliable.

In the medical field, plasma gases refer to gases that have been ionized or partially ionized to form a plasma state. Plasma is a highly reactive state of matter that contains ions, electrons, and neutral particles. Plasma gases are used in various medical applications, including: 1. Plasma sterilization: Plasma gases are used to sterilize medical equipment and instruments by exposing them to a high-energy plasma stream. The plasma generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that can kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. 2. Plasma wound treatment: Plasma gases are used to treat wounds by promoting tissue regeneration and reducing inflammation. The plasma generates a variety of reactive species that can stimulate the production of growth factors and other molecules that promote healing. 3. Plasma cancer treatment: Plasma gases are being investigated as a potential treatment for cancer. The plasma generates reactive species that can damage cancer cells and promote their destruction. 4. Plasma surface modification: Plasma gases are used to modify the surface properties of materials, such as medical implants, by introducing new functional groups or changing the surface chemistry. This can improve the biocompatibility of the material and enhance its performance in medical applications. Overall, plasma gases have a wide range of potential applications in the medical field, and ongoing research is exploring new ways to harness their unique properties for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

Air ionization is a process in which electrically charged particles, known as ions, are introduced into the air. In the medical field, air ionization is often used to improve air quality and reduce the concentration of airborne particles, such as dust, pollen, and bacteria. There are two types of air ionization: positive ionization and negative ionization. Positive ionization involves the introduction of positively charged ions into the air, while negative ionization involves the introduction of negatively charged ions. Positive ions are typically produced by electrical devices, such as air purifiers, and are believed to have a calming effect on the body. Negative ions, on the other hand, are produced by natural sources, such as lightning, and are believed to have a energizing effect on the body. In medical settings, air ionization is often used to improve the air quality in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities. This can help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and other illnesses, as well as improve the overall comfort and well-being of patients and staff.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood through the body. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is typically expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats). Normal blood pressure is considered to be below 120/80 mmHg, while high blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and other health problems.

In the medical field, air pressure refers to the amount of force exerted by the air molecules in a given space. This force is measured in units of pressure, such as millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pounds per square inch (psi). Air pressure plays an important role in the respiratory system, as it helps to move air in and out of the lungs. The lungs are designed to expand and contract in response to changes in air pressure, allowing air to flow in and out of the airways. In medical settings, air pressure is often used to measure the pressure inside the lungs or other air-filled spaces in the body. This can be useful in diagnosing and treating a variety of respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. Air pressure is also used in medical equipment such as ventilators, which are used to help patients breathe when they are unable to do so on their own. These machines use controlled air pressure to move air in and out of the lungs, helping to keep the patient's airways open and providing them with the oxygen they need to survive.

Chromatography, Liquid, also known as liquid chromatography (LC), is a separation technique used in the medical field to separate and analyze complex mixtures of compounds. It involves the use of a liquid mobile phase to separate and separate components of a mixture based on their chemical properties, such as polarity, molecular weight, and charge. In liquid chromatography, the mixture is introduced into a column packed with a stationary phase, which is typically a solid or a liquid. The mobile phase is then pumped through the column, and the components of the mixture are separated based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. The separated components are then detected and quantified using various detection methods, such as UV-Vis absorbance, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography is widely used in the medical field for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and development, quality control of pharmaceuticals, analysis of biological samples, and environmental monitoring. It is a powerful and versatile technique that can be used to separate and analyze a wide range of compounds, from small molecules to large proteins and polymers.

In the medical field, chemical processes refer to the various chemical reactions and transformations that occur within the body to maintain homeostasis and carry out essential functions. These processes involve the breakdown of molecules, the synthesis of new molecules, and the transport of molecules throughout the body. Some examples of chemical processes in the medical field include: 1. Metabolism: This is the process by which the body breaks down food and other substances to produce energy and other molecules needed for growth and repair. 2. Enzyme catalysis: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They play a crucial role in many chemical processes, including metabolism, digestion, and the synthesis of hormones and other signaling molecules. 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions: These are chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another. They play a key role in many biological processes, including energy production, detoxification, and the synthesis of important molecules like DNA and RNA. 4. Acid-base balance: The body must maintain a delicate balance of acids and bases to ensure proper functioning of cells and organs. Chemical processes like respiration and ion transport help to regulate this balance. Overall, chemical processes are essential for the proper functioning of the body and play a critical role in maintaining health and preventing disease.

In the medical field, "air" typically refers to the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere, which is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, and neon. In medical contexts, air can refer to the inhalation of air into the lungs, which is necessary for respiration and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Air can also refer to the presence of air in the body, such as in the case of pneumothorax, where air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. In some medical procedures, such as bronchoscopy or endoscopy, air is used to inflate the airways and create a clear view of the inside of the body. In other cases, air may be used as a contrast medium to help visualize certain structures on medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans.

High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a technique used in the medical field to separate and analyze complex mixtures of compounds. It involves the use of a liquid mobile phase that is forced through a column packed with a stationary phase under high pressure. The compounds in the mixture interact with the stationary phase to different extents, causing them to separate as they pass through the column. The separated compounds are then detected and quantified using a detector, such as a UV detector or a mass spectrometer. HPLC is commonly used in the analysis of drugs, biological samples, and other complex mixtures in the medical field.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a synthetic organic chemical compound that is composed of six chlorine atoms attached to a benzene ring. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. In the medical field, HCB has been used as a pesticide and as a flame retardant in the past. However, it has been banned in many countries due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment. HCB is a persistent organic pollutant, which means that it does not break down easily and can accumulate in the environment and in living organisms. It has been linked to a range of health effects, including liver and kidney damage, reproductive problems, and cancer. In humans, exposure to HCB can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and is considered a high priority for regulation by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

In the medical field, argon is a noble gas that is used in various medical applications, including: 1. Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC): APC is a surgical technique that uses an argon plasma beam to coagulate and cut tissue. It is commonly used in endoscopic procedures to treat bleeding, remove polyps, and cut tissue. 2. Argon Laser: An argon laser is a type of laser that uses argon gas to produce a beam of light. It is used in various medical procedures, including eye surgery, dermatology, and urology. 3. Argon Gas Therapy: Argon gas therapy is a treatment for various medical conditions, including chronic wounds, ulcers, and burns. It involves the use of argon gas to promote healing and reduce inflammation. 4. Argon Cryotherapy: Argon cryotherapy is a treatment that uses argon gas to produce a cold temperature that can be used to freeze and destroy abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. Overall, argon is a versatile gas that has many medical applications due to its unique properties, including its low reactivity and ability to produce a plasma beam.

In the medical field, ions are charged particles that are either positively or negatively charged. They are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, and they play a crucial role in many bodily functions. For example, ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride are essential for maintaining the proper balance of fluids in the body, which is necessary for proper nerve and muscle function. Imbalances in these ions can lead to a variety of medical conditions, such as hypertension, heart disease, and muscle cramps. In addition, ions are also important in the transmission of nerve impulses and the functioning of the immune system. They are also used in medical treatments such as electrotherapy and iontophoresis, which involve the application of electrical currents to the body to treat various conditions.

In the medical field, gases are substances that exist in a gaseous state at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. Gases are typically composed of atoms or molecules that are highly energetic and move rapidly in all directions. Gases are important in medicine because they play a role in many physiological processes, such as respiration, circulation, and gas exchange. For example, oxygen is a gas that is essential for respiration, and carbon dioxide is a waste product that is exhaled from the body. In medical settings, gases can be used for a variety of purposes, such as anesthesia, oxygen therapy, and carbon dioxide removal. Gases can also be used in diagnostic tests, such as pulmonary function tests, which measure the amount of air that a person can inhale and exhale. It is important for healthcare professionals to be familiar with the properties and effects of different gases, as well as the proper handling and administration of gases in medical settings.

In the medical field, complex mixtures refer to a type of substance that is composed of multiple components or ingredients, often with varying chemical structures and properties. These mixtures can be found in a variety of contexts, including pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, environmental pollutants, and consumer products. Complex mixtures can be challenging to study and understand because their individual components interact with each other in complex ways, and their overall effects on health and the environment may not be predictable based on the properties of the individual components alone. As a result, researchers and regulators often rely on a variety of analytical techniques and modeling approaches to study complex mixtures and assess their potential risks. Some examples of complex mixtures in the medical field include tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust, and certain types of air pollution. These mixtures contain a variety of chemicals, including carcinogens, irritants, and toxicants, that can have a range of adverse effects on human health, including respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Helium is a noble gas that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. Here are some of the ways helium is used in medicine: 1. Inhalation therapy: Helium is used as a carrier gas for oxygen in inhalation therapy to treat respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis. Helium-oxygen mixtures are less dense than air, which makes it easier for patients to breathe and reduces the workload on their lungs. 2. Cryotherapy: Helium is used in cryotherapy to freeze and destroy abnormal cells or tissues in the body. This technique is used to treat various medical conditions such as skin cancer, warts, and keloids. 3. MRI imaging: Helium is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to cool the superconducting magnets that generate the magnetic field used in the imaging process. This cooling process helps to maintain the stability of the magnetic field and improve the quality of the images. 4. Medical research: Helium is used in medical research to study the properties of gases and their interactions with living organisms. It is also used in the development of new medical technologies and treatments. Overall, helium is a versatile gas that has many applications in the medical field, from treating respiratory conditions to improving the quality of medical imaging.

In the medical field, calibration refers to the process of verifying and adjusting the accuracy and precision of medical equipment or instruments. Calibration is important to ensure that medical equipment is functioning properly and providing accurate results, which is critical for making informed medical decisions and providing appropriate patient care. Calibration typically involves comparing the performance of the medical equipment to known standards or references. This can be done using specialized equipment or by sending the equipment to a calibration laboratory for testing. The calibration process may involve adjusting the equipment's settings or replacing worn or damaged components to restore its accuracy and precision. Calibration is typically performed on a regular basis, depending on the type of equipment and the frequency of use. For example, some medical equipment may need to be calibrated daily, while others may only require calibration every six months or so. Failure to properly calibrate medical equipment can lead to inaccurate results, which can have serious consequences for patient safety and outcomes.

In the medical field, oxygen is a gas that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, and anemia. Oxygen is typically administered through a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen tank, and is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can help to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs, which is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. In medical settings, oxygen is often used to treat patients who are experiencing difficulty breathing due to conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma. It may also be used to treat patients who have suffered from a heart attack or stroke, as well as those who are recovering from surgery or other medical procedures. Overall, oxygen is a critical component of modern medical treatment, and is used in a wide range of clinical settings to help patients recover from illness and maintain their health.

Aortic rupture is a medical emergency that occurs when the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body, ruptures or tears. This can happen due to a variety of factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), aneurysms (ballooning of the aorta), and certain medical conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms of aortic rupture may include severe chest pain, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and loss of consciousness. If left untreated, aortic rupture can lead to rapid bleeding and death. Treatment for aortic rupture typically involves emergency surgery to repair or replace the damaged section of the aorta. In some cases, aortic rupture may be treated with medications to control blood pressure and prevent further bleeding. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may be experiencing aortic rupture.

Blood pressure determination is the process of measuring the force of blood against the walls of arteries as it flows through the body. This measurement is an important indicator of cardiovascular health and is typically taken using a sphygmomanometer, a device that consists of an inflatable cuff and a gauge to measure the pressure inside the cuff. During a blood pressure determination, the cuff is placed around the upper arm and inflated to a point where blood flow is temporarily blocked. The pressure is then slowly released, and the gauge records the pressure at which blood flow begins to resume. This pressure is known as the systolic pressure, which represents the maximum pressure in the arteries during a heartbeat. The pressure at which blood flow returns to normal after the heartbeat is known as the diastolic pressure, which represents the minimum pressure in the arteries between heartbeats. Blood pressure determination is typically performed in a healthcare setting by a healthcare provider, such as a doctor or nurse. It is an important part of routine health screenings and is used to diagnose and manage conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure).

In the medical field, water is a vital substance that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that makes up the majority of the body's fluids, including blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. Water plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature, transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste products, and lubricating joints. It also helps to regulate blood pressure and prevent dehydration, which can lead to a range of health problems. In medical settings, water is often used as a means of hydration therapy for patients who are dehydrated or have fluid imbalances. It may also be used as a diluent for medications or as a component of intravenous fluids. Overall, water is an essential component of human health and plays a critical role in maintaining the body's normal functions.

... , also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the ... The mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) is the atmospheric pressure at mean sea level (PMSL). This is the atmospheric pressure ... Atmospheric pressure is thus proportional to the weight per unit area of the atmospheric mass above that location. Pressure on ... As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude. ...
... (or AP plasma or normal pressure plasma) is a plasma in which the pressure approximately matches ... Atmospheric-pressure plasmas matter because in contrast with low-pressure plasma or high-pressure plasma, no reaction vessel is ... This kind of atmospheric-pressure plasmas is different. The plasma is only top of the electrode. That is the reason the ... Noeske M., Degenhardt J., Strudhoff S., Lommattzsch U.: Plasma Jet Treatment of five Polymers at Atmospheric Pressure: Surface ...
An atmospheric pressure discharge is an electrical discharge in air or another gas at atmospheric pressure. An electrical ... Typical atmospheric discharges are: DC arc Lightning Atmospheric-pressure glow discharge Dielectric barrier discharge List of ... grows fast with the gas pressure. Therefore, compared to lower-pressure discharges, atmospheric discharges require a higher ... Li, X.; et, al (2017). "Generation of a planar direct-current glow discharge in atmospheric pressure air using rod array ...
"Comparison of Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization for Normal-Phase LC/MS Chiral ... atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 37 (7): 693- ... by Syage and coworkers that accepted atmospheric pressure gas phase samples but stepped down the pressure for ionization to ... Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is a soft ionization method used in mass spectrometry (MS) usually coupled to ...
The origins of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization sources combined with mass spectrometry can be found in the 1960s in ... Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is an ionization method used in mass spectrometry which utilizes gas-phase ion- ... "Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI)". The University of Bristol, School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on ... Ionization of the substrate is very efficient as it occurs at atmospheric pressure, and thus has a high collision frequency. ...
Orbitrap Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Haapala M, Pól J, Saarela ... TLC is normally coupled with instruments in vacuum or atmospheric pressure, but vacuum pressure gives poor sensitivity for more ... Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient ionization technique for mass spectrometry that uses hot ... The photoionization techniques were first developed in the late 1970s and began being used in atmospheric pressure experiments ...
Atmospheric pressure laser ionization is an atmospheric pressure ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS). Laser light in ... M. Constapel; M. Schellenträger; O. J Schmitz; S. Gäb; K. J Brockmann; R. Giese; Th Benter (2005). "Atmosphericpressure laser ... This process is therefore called single photon ionization, it is the basic principle of atmospheric pressure photoionization ( ... D. Klink; O. Schmitz (2016). "SFC-APLI-(TOF)MS: Hyphenation of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography to Atmospheric Pressure Laser ...
Notable atmospheric pressure reports from offshore and in the North Atlantic are: High pressure, 28 January 2003 saw high of ... Met Éireann list the following national records for atmospheric pressure: Highest air pressure: 28 January 1905, Valentia ... A high pressure: 16 January 1882, Turin 1049.3 hPa. A low pressure: 2 December 1976, Turin 971.7 hPa. Highest air pressure: ... the Met Office record the record figures for atmospheric pressure (which are nominally since 1870) as: Highest air pressure: 31 ...
In both cases the cars were pushed by atmospheric pressure in one direction and increased pressure in the other, and in both ... An atmospheric railway uses differential air pressure to provide power for propulsion of a railway vehicle. A static power ... A pumping station ahead of the train would pump air from the tube, and atmospheric pressure behind the piston would push it ... in the USA has developed the concept of a high-speed atmospheric train that uses vacuum and air pressure to move passenger ...
Oxfam: Ox-Tales Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Mark Lawson (6 June 2009). "Atmospheric pressures". The Guardian. ...
All stations measure wind speed, direction, and gust; atmospheric pressure; and air temperature. In addition, all buoy stations ... The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather ...
"Atmospheric Pressure" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (6): 149. June 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14R.147.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493 ... Partagás & Díaz 1996, p. 39 "Atmospheric Pressure" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (7): 176-177. July 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv ... Galveston recorded peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), and a barometer in town registered a minimum pressure of 29.43 inHg (997 mb ... Little more than a day after the dissipation of the previous hurricane, a broad area of low pressure over the western Caribbean ...
Infrared laser desorption can be coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization using laser desorption atmospheric ... DART is an atmospheric pressure ion source that operates by exposing the sample to a gas stream (typically helium or nitrogen) ... Although atmospheric pressure MALDI is performed under ambient conditions, it is not generally considered to be an ambient mass ... Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is a solid-liquid extraction ambient ionization method that enables the ...
Another technique, desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), uses a jet of heated solvent vapor to desorb ... "Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization". Analytical Chemistry. 79 (20): 7867-7872. doi:10.1021/ac071152g. ISSN 0003- ...
"Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019.[permanent dead link] "Atmospheric Pressure ... "Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). 1.wetter3.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019. "Intense Mediterranean cyclone's Alpine crossing - ...
"Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019.[permanent dead link] Greenfield, Patrick (26 ... In contrast to usual winter storms, Hartmut was not formed as a normal low pressure area along the jetstream. The initial event ... The anticyclone was such an intense high pressure system that it evolved into an anticyclonic storm, and was named Hartmut. A ... The anticyclone, centred on Scandinavia, was the dominant high pressure area in the weather system and represented its European ...
Barometer Measures atmospheric pressure. May be used to determine elevation above sea level. Ultrasonic transducer Detects ...
... above atmospheric pressure. The Science Museum, London has a model of Dee's engine. When the paddle wheels turned 18 ...
Atmospheric lake A long-lived pool of water vapor. atmospheric model atmospheric pressure (p) The pressure exerted by the ... central pressure The atmospheric pressure at the center of a recognizable high or low-pressure area at any given instant, i.e. ... pressure system A relative peak or lull in the spatial distribution of sea-level atmospheric pressure. High- and low-pressure ... pressure gradient force (PGF) The force experienced by a unit mass of air in response to differences in atmospheric pressure in ...
Hectopascals (hPa) for atmospheric pressure. Percent (%) for relative humidity. Millimetres (mm) for precipitation (or the ... It also provides information on long-term climate change indicators including atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, ... Cloud atlas Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Global Climate Observing System International Cloud Atlas Regional ... is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, ...
Cons: Sensitive to atmospheric pressure. The HDD may fail if the camcorder is used at altitudes above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). ... Can withstand a wider range of air pressure, humidity and vibration than HDDs. Can be easily backed up to DVD for viewing and ...
... particularly atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization or atmospheric pressure photoionization, which allows for more ... Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is similar to ESI in that the sample is nebulized in droplets that are then ... Robb, Damon B.; Covey, Thomas R.; Bruins, Andries P. (2000). "Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization: An Ionization Method for ... Raffaelli, Andrea; Saba, Alessandro (2003). "Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry". Mass Spectrometry Reviews ...
"Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019. "Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu- ... "Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019.[permanent dead link] "Atmospheric Pressure ... "Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019.[permanent dead link] "Atmospheric Pressure ... "Atmospheric Pressure Chart" (GIF). Met.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 10 January 2019.[permanent dead link] "Atmospheric Pressure ...
The atmospheric pressure spray methods of electrospray, ion spray and APCI which helped to drive the burgeoning LC-MS market ... Pasilis, Sofie P.; Van Berkel, Gary J. (2017), "Modern Atmospheric Pressure Surface Sampling/Ionization Techniques in Mass ... Iribarne, J. V.; Dziedzic, P. J.; Thomson, B. A. (1983). "Atmospheric Pressure Ion Evaporation-Mass Spectrometry". ... to develop a mass spectrometer system based on atmospheric pressure ionisation and direct air sampling. In 1981 SCIEX was ...
... sublimates at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.2 °F) at Earth atmospheric pressure. This extreme cold makes the solid dangerous ... It is commonly used for temporary refrigeration as CO2 does not have a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure and ... The opposite process is called deposition, where CO2 changes from the gas to solid phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure, ... Next, the pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, causing a rapid lowering of temperature ...
... discharge method required to initiate stable high-pressure gas discharges can be used both below and above atmospheric pressure ... By operating at atmospheric pressure, complex vacuum and gas-handling systems could be avoided. They could produce MW peak ... Beaulieu reported a transversely-excited atmospheric-pressure CO2 laser. His solution to the problem of arc formation was to ... Pearson, P.; Lamberton, H. (1972). "Atmospheric pressure CO2lasers giving high output energy per unit volume". IEEE Journal of ...
Tritonian atmospheric pressure is about 1Pa. The surface temperature is at least 35.6 K, with the nitrogen atmosphere in ... Observations of a second occultation on August 20, 2002 suggest that Pluto's atmospheric pressure has tripled, indicating a ... Benneke, B.; Seager, S. (2012). "Atmospheric Retrieval for Super-Earths: Uniquely Constraining the Atmospheric Composition with ... and as a consequence Mars is subject to strong thermal tides that can change total atmospheric pressure by up to 10%. The thin ...
The following occur under atmospheric pressure. The transition between β-rhombic to α-rhombic forms (at 32.3 °C) occurs at ... While ammonium nitrate is stable at ambient temperature and pressure under many conditions, it may detonate from a strong ... Ammonium nitrate was mined there until the Haber-Bosch process made it possible to synthesize nitrates from atmospheric ... The resulting heat and pressure from decomposition increases the sensitivity to detonation and increases the speed of ...
Herbert, H. (November 1894). "Atmospheric Pressure and Cholera in India". The Indian Medical Gazette. 29 (11): 415-418. ISSN ...
These boilers operate at atmospheric pressure. The first-generation PFBC system also uses a sorbent and jets of air to suspend ... However, these systems operate at elevated pressures and produce a high-pressure gas stream at temperatures that can drive a ... A CHIPPS system is similar, but uses a furnace instead of an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor. It also has gas turbine air ... FBC systems fit into essentially two major groups, atmospheric systems (FBC) and pressurized systems (PFBC), and two minor ...
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the ... The mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) is the atmospheric pressure at mean sea level (PMSL). This is the atmospheric pressure ... Atmospheric pressure is thus proportional to the weight per unit area of the atmospheric mass above that location. Pressure on ... As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude. ...
In this study, we explore the possibility of using atmospheric pressure plasma as a dry process to treat 100% grey cotton ... Experimental results reveal that atmospheric pressure plasma treatment can effectively remove impurities from 100% grey cotton ... Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment. The atmospheric pressure plasma treatment was conducted with an atmospheric pressure ... Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment for Grey Cotton Knitted Fabric by Chi-wai Kan ...
Directions to Hospitals Treating Pressure gradient (atmospheric) Risk calculators and risk factors for Pressure gradient ( ... In atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally ... The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length. The SI unit is pascal per metre ... The horizontal pressure gradient is a 2-dimensional vector resulting from the projection of the pressure gradient onto a local ...
Fabrication of hydrogel coatings by atmospheric-pressure plasma polymerization Function by structure and chemistry on ... The simplicity of atmospheric-pressure plasma polymerization to fabricate stimuli-responsive hydrogels as "materials on demand ... This coating was synthesized by using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. By flowing argon through the discharge channel, the ... Fabrication of hydrogel coatings by atmospheric-pressure plasma polymerization Function by structure and chemistry. Volume 41, ...
For finding the streamlines entirely in terms of the pressure field and all of its individual derivatives, one such solution is ... practical considerations nevertheless lead us to seek by approximations the wind fields corresponding to a given pressure field ... not only because of the ensuing ambiguity but also in carrying out the graphical algebra and analysis of the pressure-wise ... arrived at from a bicubic pressure polynomial in angular ageostrophic deviation. Against selected criteria this solution is ...
and the oceanic response to atmospheric pressure loading. The potential effects of stratification on this. response are ... Effects of Stratification on the Large-Scale Ocean Response to Barometric Pressure. By Rui M. Ponte, Sergey Vinogradov May 22, ... forcing, largest differences between surface and bottom pressure signals reach 10%-20% of the surface. signals and tend to ... Effects of stratification on the large-scale ocean response to barometric pressure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., Vol 37, Issue 2 ( ...
... and now well be looking at atmospheric pressure or sea level pressure. Atmospheric pressures determine where low-pressure ... End Zone 3: atmospheric pressure. We are entering the final phase of the melting season. Extent decrease rates are getting ... Posted by Neven on August 30, 2010 at 10:30 in Animation, Atmospheric pressure, Weather forecast , Permalink ... When looking at the distribution of atmospheric pressure systems in 2007, 2008 and 2009, we see a confirmation of what happened ...
Air Pressure,Units of pressure,Standard atmospheric pressure,Isobar,Pressure gradient. Air Pressure Air Pressure Definition: ... Atmospheric pressure can be defined as the weight exerted by air column on units
With the Reavell sub-atmospheric inlet pressure systems you can be sure they will offer maximum reliability, whatever the ... with our sub-atmospheric inlet pressure systems you can be sure that not only are your compressors designed specifically with ... Reavell - Reliable Under Pressure. Saturation diving is the intelligent choice in many professional environments. We work with ... global leaders to ensure our breathing gas compressors offer maximum reliability, whatever the pressure. ...
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.. The particles thus have to overcome atmospheric pressure as they rise, which means that ... Even then, a pressure equal to 25 times that of normal atmospheric pressure is required to push it past the freezing point. ... Therefore, in order to have any pressure on a gas-other than normal atmospheric pressure-it is necessary to keep it in a closed ... If lowered atmospheric pressure means a lowered boiling point, what happens in outer space, where there is no atmospheric ...
Atmospheric pressure. The force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere on a given unit area. Atmospheric pressure on Earth at ... atmospheric lapse rate. The constant decline in temperature of an air parcel as it rises in the atmosphere due to pressure drop ... atmospheric (adiabatic) lapse rate. The constant decline in temperature of an air parcel as it rises in the atmosphere due to ...
... but may have a number of vessels at atmospheric pressure used for a variety of... ... Atmospheric pressure varies depending on your height above or below sea level. At sea level the pressure of the atmosphere ... First, though, its probably helpful to have a clear idea of what is meant by atmospheric pressure and pressure in general, ... First, though, its probably helpful to have a clear idea of what is meant by atmospheric pressure and pressure in general, ...
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (TAO) publishes bi-monthly scientific research articles, notes, correspondences and reviews in ... Meteotsunamis produced by high frequency atmospheric pressure forcing Published in Oceanic Science ... 1990-2033 Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (TAO). All rights reserved. Published by The Chinese Geoscience Union ... Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (TAO) - Search results for: East/Japan Sea ...
HP Agilent G1947A APCI Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source HP Agilent G1947A APCI Atmospheric Pressure Chemical ... HP Agilent G1947A APCI Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source. Rating * Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 ...
Atmospheric pressure. It refers to the force the atmosphere exerts in all directions due to the weight of its upper layers and ... Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude due to the fact that the higher a point is over sea level, the fewer layers of air ... it rises and there will be low pressure on the surface. Low pressure centers are dubbed cyclones, while high pressure ones ... Likewise, if we move horizontally, atmospheric pressure is not the same everywhere because if we find ourselves where the air ...
How to use an atmospheric pressure chamber dryer to dry wet tablets. December 13, 2022. by Administrator ... How to use an atmospheric pressure chamber dryer to dry wet tablets. ... How to use an atmospheric pressure chamber dryer to dry wet tablets ... 1) Pay attention to the drying time, steam pressure and drying temperature when drying.. (2) Check whether the material is ...
reference pressure for hybrid sigma coordinate atmospheric reference pressure at the surface for hybrid coordinates Pa ... Return to Start page for Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Names PLEASE DO NOT USE THE NAVIGATION BAR ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE! ... Return to Start page for Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Names PLEASE DO NOT USE THE NAVIGATION BAR ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE! ... The proposed standard_names listed below are based on the ideas provided at Construction of Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol ...
Atmospheric Pressure. The pressure exerted by the weight of air above a given point, sometimes expressed in millibars (mb) or ... An elongated atmospheric area of relatively high pressure, extending from the centre of a high pressure region; the opposite of ... A unit for expressing the atmospheric pressure. Average global sea level pressure is about 1013 millibars (101.3 kilopascals). ... Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place with regard to temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, ...
Venting of atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks ... Venting of atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks. ... storage tanks and aboveground and underground refrigerated storage tanks designed as atmospheric storage tanks or low-pressure ...
The daily range of atmospheric pressure (gray bars), as measured by the altimeter setting reported in e.g. a METAR report. ...
Intraocular pressure screening * Fundus camera * Refraction * iProfiler * Autorefractometer and keratometer * Subjective ...
Vapor fractionation of silicate melts at high temperatures and atmospheric pressures journal, July 1967 * Walter, Louis S.; ... Vapor Pressure of Uranium journal, August 1954 * Rauh, Everett G.; Thorn, Robert J. ... Actinide diffusion in a haplogranitic melt: Effects of temperature, water content, and pressure journal, June 1997 * Mungall, J ... Na-species as well as more refractory Ca-species provides evidence for an oxygen-rich fireball based on the vapor pressure of ...
Atmospheric Pressure (PRES):. 1016.4 mb. Air Temperature (ATMP):. 18.5 °C. Water Temperature (WTMP):. 17.2 °C. ... National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Weather Service. National Data Buoy Center. Building 3205. Stennis ...
Literature survey on two-phase flow pressure drop in a helical coil reveals that most of the research articles correspond to ... The objective of the present work is to study two phase flow pressure drop in a helically coiled once through steam generator ... In this study it is observed that the pressure drop at sub-atmospheric pressure is high as compared to atmospheric pressure. © ... System is operated at sub-atmospheric pressure of 150 mbar and atmospheric pressure, respectively. Water and/or steam mass flow ...
Beyond the transient changes in atmospheric pressure based on weather, the atmospheric pressure also changes across different ... No, decreases in atmospheric pressure have an outsized impact on intracranial pressure. There are a range of scientific papers ... No, decreases in atmospheric pressure have an outsized impact on intracranial pressure. There are a range of scientific papers ... Yes, but those are the day to day variations of pressure. For a region to be at a consistently higher atmospheric pressure than ...
Dive into the research topics of Characterization of an RF-driven argon plasma at atmospheric pressure using broadband ... Characterization of an RF-driven argon plasma at atmospheric pressure using broadband absorption and optical emission ...
atmospheric pressure. *atmospheric scale height. *average temperature. *effective temperature. *alphanumeric name. *alternate ...
... with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI). ... The urine pool was pressure-filtered with a 0.2-µm filter ...
Atmospheric composition and pressure also influence plasma intensity. This talk will detail our groups contributions to ...
Atmospheric mass and pressure. Energy and heat budget. Moisture in the atmosphere. Cloud development. Climate change. ENSO. ... Mean state, major patterns of atmospheric variability in the mid-latitudes and polar regions. Air masses. Synoptic scale cold, ... Vertical motion and surface pressure tendency. Vorticity in barotropic fluids. Vorticity and divergence fields in a present and ... Mean state, major patterns of atmospheric variability in the tropics. Tropical weather systems and their temporal variability, ...
  • Usually, atmospheric temperature is measured in Celsius degrees (°C), but there are also other scales of thermal measurement, like Fahrenheit or Kelvin. (icarito.cl)
  • The unit used to measure pressure is the atmosphere, defined as the amount of weight a 760 millimeter high column of mercury exerts at a latitude of 45° at sea level and at a temperature of 0° centigrade. (icarito.cl)
  • ICH is strongly affected by barometric and temperature alterations, especially with reductions in atmospheric pressure and temperature extremes. (phoenixrising.me)
  • In a study funded by the NASA Applied Sciences Program/Public Health Program (fully cited below), scientists at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/ Universities Space Research Association developed computer programs to process the NLDAS-2 hourly primary forcing files, extract the hourly air temperature, specific humidity, and atmospheric pressure data, and compute the daily Maximum Air Temperature, Minimum Air Temperature, and Maximum Heat Index. (cdc.gov)
  • As elevation increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. (wikipedia.org)
  • As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude due to the fact that the higher a point is over sea level, the fewer layers of air is has above it. (icarito.cl)
  • No, decreases in atmospheric pressure have an outsized impact on intracranial pressure. (phoenixrising.me)
  • Small decreases of 6-10 hPa relative to the standard atmospheric pressure of 1013 hPa induced migraine attacks most frequently in patients with migraine. (phoenixrising.me)
  • that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the atmosphere is thin relative to the Earth's radius-especially the dense atmospheric layer at low altitudes-the Earth's gravitational acceleration as a function of altitude can be approximated as constant and contributes little to this fall-off. (wikipedia.org)
  • On average, a column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 square centimetre (cm2), measured from the mean (average) sea level to the top of Earth's atmosphere, has a mass of about 1.03 kilogram and exerts a force or "weight" of about 10.1 newtons, resulting in a pressure of 10.1 N/cm2 or 101 kN/m2 (101 kilopascals, kPa). (wikipedia.org)
  • Surface pressure is the atmospheric pressure at a location on Earth's surface (terrain and oceans). (wikipedia.org)
  • Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within planetary atmospheres (including the Earth's ), the pressure gradient is a vector pointing roughly downwards, because the pressure changes most rapidly vertically, increasing downwards. (wikidoc.org)
  • Near the Earth's surface , this horizontal pressure gradient is typically pointing towards high pressure air masses ( anticyclones ), its particular orientation at any one time and place depends strongly on the weather situation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Pressure on Earth varies with the altitude of the surface, so air pressure on mountains is usually lower than air pressure at sea level. (wikipedia.org)
  • One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because pressure varies depending on altitude, it's possible you may see pressure measured in pounds per square inch absolute (psia). (greasebook.com)
  • with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI). (cdc.gov)
  • Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. (wikipedia.org)
  • You can measure barometric pressure variations using a barometer app on your phone, which has an inbuilt barometer for GPS. (phoenixrising.me)
  • mono-n-butyl phthalate is chromatographically resolved by reverse-phase HPLC, detected by negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometry, and quantified by isotope dilution. (cdc.gov)
  • And yes, these small changes do have a measurable impact on intracranial pressure specifically. (phoenixrising.me)
  • Any condition that increases intracranial pressure (ICP) may decrease cerebral perfusion pressure, resulting in secondary brain ischemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Brain Herniation Brain herniation occurs when increased intracranial pressure causes the abnormal protrusion of brain tissue through openings in rigid intracranial barriers (eg, tentorial notch). (msdmanuals.com)
  • A column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 in2 would have a weight of about 14.7 lbf, resulting in a pressure of 14.7 lbf/in2. (wikipedia.org)
  • At sea level the pressure of the atmosphere pressing down is about 14.7 psi. (greasebook.com)
  • The tire would be at 49.7 psia, however, as that number includes the atmospheric pressure (35 psi of the tire + 14.7 psi of the atmosphere at sea level). (greasebook.com)
  • Differences in air pressure between different locations are critical in weather forecasting and climate. (wikidoc.org)
  • Under stochastic forcing, largest differences between surface and bottom pressure signals reach 10%-20% of the surface signals and tend to occur in regions of enhanced topographic gradients. (aer.com)
  • They travel trough the atmosphere based on pressure differences and are capable of moving air from areas of higher pressure to lower ones. (icarito.cl)
  • Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure between one region and and another. (phoenixrising.me)
  • The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa), which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars, 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi. (wikipedia.org)
  • The United States and Canada also report sea-level pressure SLP, which is adjusted to sea level by a different method, in the remarks section, not in the internationally transmitted part of the code, in hectopascals or millibars. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pressure exerted by the weight of air above a given point, sometimes expressed in millibars (mb) or inches of mercury (Hg). (gc.ca)
  • Return to Start page for Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Names PLEASE DO NOT USE THE NAVIGATION BAR ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE! (esipfed.org)
  • The proposed standard_names listed below are based on the ideas provided at Construction of Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Terms and Future Standard_Names . (esipfed.org)
  • Atmospheric pressures determine where low-pressure areas ( cyclones ) and high-pressure areas ( anti-cyclones ) are situated. (typepad.com)
  • Low pressure centers are dubbed cyclones, while high pressure ones receive the name of anticyclones. (icarito.cl)
  • Atmospheric pressure is caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet on the atmospheric gases above the surface and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount and composition of the gases and their vertical distribution in the atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
  • The average pressure at mean sea level (MSL) in the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is 1,013.25 hPa, or 1 atmosphere (atm), or 29.92 inches of mercury. (wikipedia.org)
  • As you get higher, there's less atmosphere pressing down and so the pressure is lower. (greasebook.com)
  • Pounds per square inch gauge (psig), on the other hand, measures pressure in comparison to the local atmosphere. (greasebook.com)
  • Robert G. Fleagle and Joost A. Businger (1980) An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics , Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 25 , ISBN 0-12-260355-9. (wikidoc.org)
  • In atmospheric sciences ( meteorology , climatology and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of air , more generally of any fluid ) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. (wikidoc.org)
  • The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length. (wikidoc.org)
  • Strictly speaking, the concept of pressure gradient is a local characterization of the air (more generally of the fluid under investigation). (wikidoc.org)
  • The pressure gradient is defined only at those spatial scales at which pressure (more generally fluid dynamics ) itself is defined. (wikidoc.org)
  • The value of the strength (or norm ) of the pressure gradient in the troposphere is typically of the order 9 Pa/m (or 90 hPa/km). (wikidoc.org)
  • The pressure gradient often has a small but critical horizontal component, which is largely responsible for the wind circulation. (wikidoc.org)
  • The horizontal pressure gradient is a 2-dimensional vector resulting from the projection of the pressure gradient onto a local horizontal plane. (wikidoc.org)
  • At mid- latitudes , the typical horizontal pressure gradient may take on values of the order of 10 -2 Pa/m (or 10 Pa/km), although rather higher values occur within meteorological fronts . (wikidoc.org)
  • As indicated above, the pressure gradient constitutes one of the main forces acting on the air to make it move as wind. (wikidoc.org)
  • Note that the pressure gradient force points from high towards low pressure zones, it is thus oriented in the opposite direction from the pressure gradient itself. (wikidoc.org)
  • Single-layer (barotropic) models have been commonly used in studies of the inverted barometer effect and the oceanic response to atmospheric pressure loading. (aer.com)
  • They head from high subtropical pressures towards low equatorial pressures. (icarito.cl)
  • Unfortunately I live in an equatorial region which has some of the lowest atmospheric pressures. (phoenixrising.me)
  • Pressure measures force per unit area, with SI units of pascals (1 pascal = 1 newton per square metre, 1 N/m2). (wikipedia.org)
  • The way these pressure areas are distributed over the Arctic are a big factor in the annual extent decrease. (typepad.com)
  • In the same period during 2008 and 2009 we see how low-pressure areas engulf the Arctic around the 10th of September, bringing extent decrease to a screeching halt and effectively ending the melting season. (typepad.com)
  • while in the higher atmospheric layers the decrease is slower. (icarito.cl)
  • In most circumstances, atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the pressure changes with the weather, NASA has averaged the conditions for all parts of the earth year-round. (wikipedia.org)
  • of material enriched in relatively volatile Na-species as well as more refractory Ca-species provides evidence for an oxygen-rich fireball based on the vapor pressure of the two species under oxidizing conditions. (osti.gov)
  • The particles produced are examined during production at operational pressures close to atmospheric conditions and exhibit a lognormal size distribution ranging from 5-100 nm. (lu.se)
  • Whenever your produced fluid moves from a higher pressure to a lower pressure system, or has a lower pressure due to motion, additional gas is going to be released. (greasebook.com)
  • In this study, we explore the possibility of using atmospheric pressure plasma as a dry process to treat 100% grey cotton knitted fabric (single jersey and interlock) before processing. (mdpi.com)
  • A novel approach to generate hydrogel coatings composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and the tertiary amine methacrylate 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) copolymerized in 1:1 volume ratio through atmospheric-pressure plasma polymerization is presented. (materialstoday.com)
  • This coating was synthesized by using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. (materialstoday.com)
  • Tooth bleaching with nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma. (bvsalud.org)
  • General implications for modeling the ocean response to high-frequency atmospheric and tidal forcing are discussed. (aer.com)
  • For example, with our sub-atmospheric inlet pressure systems you can be sure that not only are your compressors designed specifically with your application in mind, but they will offer maximum reliability. (reavell.com)
  • Atmospheric pressure varies depending on your height above or below sea level. (greasebook.com)
  • I don't think you can have any region of the world at sea level which has a higher atmospheric pressure, because that high pressure would be rapidly neutralized by wind. (phoenixrising.me)
  • The first End Zone instalment compared air temperatures, the second one was about ice displacement , and now we'll be looking at atmospheric pressure or sea level pressure. (typepad.com)
  • Again the colour bars on the right displaying atmospheric pressure in millibar are continually switching, but it's not as disturbing as with air temperatures. (typepad.com)
  • The Mediterranean region seems to be the best place to move for such a person, as it has some of the highest atmospheric pressures in the world along with ideal temperatures, not too hot or cold. (phoenixrising.me)
  • John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs (2006) Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey , Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, ISBN 0-12-732951-X. (wikidoc.org)
  • Atmospheric pressure is thus proportional to the weight per unit area of the atmospheric mass above that location. (wikipedia.org)
  • That unit means that the pressure has been measured in comparison to a vacuum, meaning it was compared to a complete lack of pressure. (greasebook.com)
  • The internationally recognized unit for measuring atmospheric pressure is the kilopascal (kPa). (gc.ca)
  • The blue to purple blots are low-pressure areas, the green to red one are high-pressure areas. (typepad.com)
  • A high pressure system with an anticyclonic circulation. (gc.ca)
  • The magnitude of the pressure determines how strong these winds are. (typepad.com)
  • However, in Canada's public weather reports, sea level pressure is instead reported in kilopascals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Periodic forcing by the diurnal and semidiurnal atmospheric tides and 6-hourly stochastic forcing from weather center analyses are both examined. (aer.com)
  • The nice thing about SLP (sea level pressure) is that we can have a look at weather models that forecast 10 days in advance. (typepad.com)
  • If you feel worse when the weather is rainy, then this might make sense to you, as the atmospheric pressure reduces during cloudy weather. (phoenixrising.me)
  • NLDAS Phase 2 is a collaboration project among several groups: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Environmental Modeling Center (EMC), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Princeton University, the National Weather Service (NWS) Office of Hydrological Development (OHD), the University of Washington, and the NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC). (cdc.gov)
  • If that gas can be recovered, it can be sold, so most atmospheric vessels actually have a small amount of back pressure to reduce loss of gas and lighter weight components than produced oil through evaporation. (greasebook.com)
  • In addition to the backpressure, these tanks have to also handle pressure from the weight of the fluids inside. (greasebook.com)
  • For numerical reasons, atmospheric models such as general circulation models (GCMs) usually predict the nondimensional logarithm of surface pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is in contrast to mean sea-level pressure, which involves the extrapolation of pressure to sea level for locations above or below sea level. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you're below sea level atmospheric pressure will be higher. (greasebook.com)
  • For finding the streamlines entirely in terms of the pressure field and all of its individual derivatives, one such solution is arrived at from a bicubic pressure polynomial in angular ageostrophic deviation. (ametsoc.org)
  • Technological exploited plasmas, inspired by natural atmospheric discharges, offers unique capabilities of surface engineering including modifying selected surface properties and enabling surface functionalization along with the fabrication of special surface structures. (materialstoday.com)
  • Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (La Base Exhaustiva de Datos de Medicamentos Naturales) clasifica la eficacia, basada en evidencia científica, de acuerdo a la siguiente escala: Eficaz, Probablemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Eficaz, Posiblemente Ineficaz, Probablemente Ineficaz, Ineficaz, e Insuficiente Evidencia para Hacer una Determinación. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The 35 psi is also 35 psig, as it's in comparison to the local pressure. (greasebook.com)
  • It's often helpful to know the local atmospheric pressure. (greasebook.com)
  • Difficulties are encountered not only because of the ensuing ambiguity but also in carrying out the graphical algebra and analysis of the pressure-wise expressed wind vector. (ametsoc.org)
  • First, though, it's probably helpful to have a clear idea of what is meant by atmospheric pressure and pressure in general, particularly when you're talking about lease pumping. (greasebook.com)
  • Pressure (P), mass (m), and acceleration due to gravity (g) are related by P = F/A = (m*g)/A, where A is the surface area. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is composed of ice of different thicknesses formed under pressure during ebb tide, the whole mass freezes together and gradually increasing in size, with each successive tide. (gc.ca)
  • The average value of surface pressure on Earth is 985 hPa. (wikipedia.org)
  • The influence of stratification in the dynamics is assessed by comparing surface and bottom pressure signals. (aer.com)
  • The mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) is the atmospheric pressure at mean sea level (PMSL). (wikipedia.org)
  • So, a water disposal tank full to about 8 feet would have a bottom pressure of about 4 psi, plus any backpressure. (greasebook.com)
  • For long-term coma, adjunctive treatment includes passive range-of-motion exercises, enteral feedings, and measures to prevent pressure ulcers. (msdmanuals.com)