Functional morphology of the first cervical vertebra in humans and nonhuman primates. (1/34)
The cervical vertebral column bears or balances the weight of the head supported by the nuchal muscles that partly originate from the cervical vertebrae. The position of the head relative to the vertebral column, and consequently locomotion and posture behavior, could thus be associated with the form of the cervical vertebrae. In spite of this assumption and some empirical indications along these lines, primate vertebral morphologies have been reported to be very similar and not clearly related to locomotion. We therefore study the relationship between the morphology of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas, and the locomotion pattern within primates using a geometric morphometric approach. Our analysis is based on a total of 116 vertebrae of adult Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates lar, Macaca mulatta, Papio hamadryas, Ateles geoffroyi, and Alouatta palliata. On each atlas, 56 landmarks were digitized and superimposed by Procrustes registration. The resulting shape variables were analyzed by principal component analysis, multivariate regression, and partial least-squares analysis. We found that the nine primate species differ clearly in their atlas morphology and that allometric shape change is distinct between the nonhuman primates and Homo sapiens. We could further identify morphological features that relate to the species' locomotion pattern. Human atlas shape, however, cannot be predicted by an extrapolation of the nonhuman primate model. This implies that either the primate atlas is generalized enough to allow bipedal locomotion or else the human atlas morphology is a unique adaptation different from that in the more orthograde nonhuman primates. (+info)Aggression and conflict management at fusion in spider monkeys. (2/34)
In social systems characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, members of a large community are rarely all together, spending most of their time in smaller subgroups with flexible membership. Although fissioning into smaller subgroups is believed to reduce conflict among community members, fusions may create conflict among individuals from joining subgroups. Here, we present evidence for aggressive escalation at fusion and its mitigation by the use of embraces in wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Our findings provide the first systematic evidence for conflict management at fusion and may have implications for the function of human greetings. (+info)Rapid evolution of an X-linked microRNA cluster in primates. (3/34)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a growing class of small RNAs (about 22 nt) that play crucial regulatory roles in the genome by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Most of the identified miRNAs are highly conserved among species, indicating strong functional constraint on miRNA evolution. However, nonconserved miRNAs may contribute to functional novelties during evolution. Recently, an X-linked miRNA cluster was reported with multiple copies in primates but not in rodents or dog. Here we sequenced and compared this miRNA cluster in major primate lineages including human, great ape, lesser ape, Old World monkey, and New World monkey. Our data indicate rapid evolution of this cluster in primates including frequent tandem duplications and nucleotide substitutions. In addition, lineage-specific substitutions were observed in human and chimpanzee, leading to the emergence of potential novel mature miRNAs. The expression analysis in rhesus monkeys revealed a strong correlation between miRNA expression changes and male sexual maturation, suggesting regulatory roles of this miRNA cluster in testis development and spermatogenesis. We propose that, like protein-coding genes, miRNA genes involved in male reproduction are subject to rapid adaptive changes that may contribute to functional novelties during evolution. (+info)Nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck trabecular architecture and its relationship to locomotor mode. (4/34)
Functional analyses of human and nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck structure have largely ignored the trabecular bone. We tested hypotheses regarding differences in the relative distribution and structural anisotropy of trabecular bone in the femoral neck of quadrupedal and climbing/suspensory anthropoids. We used high-resolution X-ray computed tomography to analyze quantitatively the femoral neck trabecular structure of Ateles geoffroyi, Symphalangus syndactylus, Alouatta seniculus, Colobus guereza, Macaca fascicularis, and Papio cynocephalus (n = 46). We analyzed a size-scaled superior and inferior volume of interest (VOI) in the femoral neck. The ratio of the superior to inferior VOI bone volume fraction indicated that the distribution of trabecular bone was inferiorly skewed in most (but not all) quadrupeds and evenly distributed the climbing/suspensory species, but interspecific comparisons indicated that all taxa overlapped in these measurements. Degree of anisotropy values were generally higher in the inferior VOI of all species and the results for the two climbing/suspensory taxa, A. geoffroyi (1.71 +/- 0.30) and S. syndactylus (1.55 +/- 0.04), were similar to the results for the quadrupedal anthropoids, C. guereza (male = 1.64 +/- 0.13; female = 1.68 +/- 0.07) and P. cynocephalus (1.47 +/- 0.13). These results suggest strong trabecular architecture similarity across body sizes, anthropoid phylogenetic backgrounds, and locomotor mode. This structural similarity might be explained by greater similarity in anthropoid hip joint loading mechanics than previously considered. It is likely that our current models of anthropoid hip joint mechanics are overly simplistic. (+info)Neuroendocrine tumor in the lung of a captive black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus). (5/34)
This paper describes a neuroendocrine (NE) tumor of the lung that was observed during the necropsy of a 14-year-old female black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) with sudden death. Grossly, multifocal firm and coalescing nodular masses were observed in the lung. The histological examination showed the tumor to be an typical NE tumor with polygonal cells grouped in small solid aggregates, with regularly sized, spherical, centrally placed nuclei with modest, lightly granular cytoplasm suspended in a fibrovascular stroma. The immunohistochemical examination revealed the tumor to be positive for cytokeratin, chromogranin A and synaptophysin, and negative for CD56. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NE tumor in the lung of the black spider monkey. (+info)The complete nucleotide sequence of a New World simian foamy virus. (6/34)
We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the New World simian foamy virus (FV) from spider monkey (SFVspm). Starting from a conserved region in the integrase (IN) domain of the pol gene we cloned fragments of the genome up to the 5' end of the long terminal repeat (LTR) into plasmid vectors and elucidated their nucleotide sequence. The 3' end of the genome was determined by direct nucleotide sequencing of PCR products. Each nucleotide of the genome was determined at least two times from both strands. All protein motifs described to be conserved among primate FVs were found in SFVspm. At both the nucleotide and protein levels SFVspm is the most divergent primate FV described to date, reflecting the long-term phylogenetic separation between Old World and New World primate host species (Catarrhini and Platyrrhini, respectively). The molecular probes developed for SFVspm will allow the investigation of trans-species transmissions of this New World foamy virus to humans by serological assays. (+info)The seminal coagulum favours passage of fast-moving sperm into the uterus in the black-handed spider monkey. (7/34)
(+info)Fission-fusion dynamics, behavioral flexibility, and inhibitory control in primates. (8/34)
(+info)'Atelinae' is a biological classification category, specifically a tribe, that includes several genera of New World monkeys. These monkeys are characterized by their lack of a tail-grasping reflex and the presence of ischial callosities, which are thickened areas of skin on their buttocks that they use for sitting.
The tribe Atelinae includes the following genera:
* Ateles (spider monkeys)
* Brachyteles (muriquis or woolly spider monkeys)
* Lagothrix (woolly monkeys)
* Oreonax (the yellow-tailed woolly monkey)
These monkeys are native to Central and South America, where they inhabit a variety of forest habitats. They are generally arboreal, spending most of their time in trees, and have a varied diet that includes fruits, leaves, flowers, and insects. Many species of Atelinae are endangered due to habitat loss and hunting.
Atelinae
List of fossil primates of South America
Silvery woolly monkey
New World monkey
Spider monkey
Solimoea
Monte Alegre várzea
Geoffroy's spider monkey
List of mammals of Nicaragua
List of mammals of French Guiana
List of platyrrhines
List of mammals of Guyana
Caipora bambuiorum
List of mammals of El Salvador
Atelidae
List of mammals of Venezuela
List of mammals of Belize
List of mammals of Mexico
List of mammals of Honduras
List of mammals of South America
List of mammals of Guatemala
List of fossil primates
List of mammals of Suriname
List of mammals of Peru
Woolly monkey
List of mammals of Ecuador
Protopithecus
List of mammals of Bolivia
List of mammals of Costa Rica
List of mammals of Panama
Atelinae - Wikipedia
Howler monkey - New World Encyclopedia
ION: Index to Organism Names
PEPSIC - pepsic.bvsalud.org
Cervical vertebrae. Medical search
Medicina Veterinaria - Research output - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Isolation and characterization of simian T-cell leukemia virus type II from New World monkeys - 指紋 - 臺北醫學大學
Conservation status of lagothrix flavicauda and other primates in montane forest of San Martín and Huánuco, Peru - Fingerprint ...
Free Arcoxia, Low price arcoxia
Brachyteles Spix 1823 - Encyclopedia of Life
atelid monkeys - Encyclopedia of Life
DeCS 2017 - December 21, 2017 version
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2017 - July 04, 2017 version
Subfamily3
- The Atelinae are a subfamily of New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, and includes the various spider and woolly monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
- Family Atelidae: howler, spider and woolly monkeys Subfamily Alouattinae Subfamily Atelinae Genus Ateles: spider monkeys Genus Brachyteles: muriquis (woolly spider monkeys) Genus Lagothrix: woolly monkeys Subfamily Atelinae Genus Stirtonia Stirtonia tatacoensis Stirtonia victoriae Genus Protopithecus Protopithecus brasiliensis Genus Caipora Caipora bambuiorum Genus Solimoea Solimoea acrensis Wikispecies has information related to Atelinae. (wikipedia.org)
- Howler monkeys are placed alone in the Alouattinae subfamily, while the other members of the family belong to the Atelinae subfamily. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Alouatta1
- A new species of Alouatta (Primates, Atelinae) from the Late Pleistocene of Bahia, Brazil. (organismnames.com)
Subfamily Atelinae Genus Ateles1
- Family Atelidae: howler, spider and woolly monkeys Subfamily Alouattinae Subfamily Atelinae Genus Ateles: spider monkeys Genus Brachyteles: muriquis (woolly spider monkeys) Genus Lagothrix: woolly monkeys Subfamily Atelinae Genus Stirtonia Stirtonia tatacoensis Stirtonia victoriae Genus Protopithecus Protopithecus brasiliensis Genus Caipora Caipora bambuiorum Genus Solimoea Solimoea acrensis Wikispecies has information related to Atelinae. (wikipedia.org)
Atelidae2
- The Atelinae are a subfamily of New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, and includes the various spider and woolly monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
- Wełniak [6] , wełnik [6] ( Lagothrix ) - rodzaj ssaków naczelnych z podrodziny czepiaków (Atelinae) w obrębie rodziny czepiakowatych (Atelidae). (wikipedia.org)