Astronauts
Weightlessness
Cosmic Radiation
Space Suits
Space Simulation
Aerospace Medicine
Weightlessness Simulation
United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Solar Activity
Extravehicular Activity
Spacecraft
Weightlessness Countermeasures
Visible Human Projects
Linear Energy Transfer
Orthostatic Intolerance
Blood Circulation Time
Hypergravity
Hindlimb Suspension
Hypotension, Orthostatic
Head-Down Tilt
Decreased thin filament density and length in human atrophic soleus muscle fibers after spaceflight. (1/72)
Soleus muscle fibers were examined electron microscopically from pre- and postflight biopsies of four astronauts orbited for 17 days during the Life and Microgravity Sciences Spacelab Mission (June 1996). Myofilament density and spacing were normalized to a 2. 4-microm sarcomere length. Thick filament density ( approximately 1, 062 filaments/microm(2)) and spacing ( approximately 32.5 nm) were unchanged by spaceflight. Preflight thin filament density (2, 976/microm(2)) decreased significantly (P < 0.01) to 2,215/microm(2) in the overlap A band region as a result of a 17% filament loss and a 9% increase in short filaments. Normal fibers had 13% short thin filaments. The 26% decrease in thin filaments is consistent with preliminary findings of a 14% increase in the myosin-to-actin ratio. Lower thin filament density was calculated to increase thick-to-thin filament spacing in vivo from 17 to 23 nm. Decreased density is postulated to promote earlier cross-bridge detachment and faster contraction velocity. Atrophic fibers may be more susceptible to sarcomere reloading damage, because force per thin filament is estimated to increase by 23%. (+info)Space flight is associated with rapid decreases of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and increases of markers of bone resorption without changes in their circadian variation: observations in two cosmonauts. (2/72)
BACKGROUND: Microgravity induces bone loss by mechanism(s) that remain largely unknown. METHODS: We measured biochemical markers related to bone remodeling in two cosmonauts before, during, and after 21- and 180-day space flights, respectively. RESULTS: During both flights, type I procollagen propeptide and bone alkaline phosphatase decreased as early as 8 days after launch. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin percentage increased early and remained high during both flights. Vitamin K supplementation restored carboxylation of osteocalcin during the long-term flight. Urinary and serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) increased as early as day 8 of the flights; the increase was greater in serum than in urine. Pyridinoline, free deoxypyridinoline, and N-telopeptide increased less than CTX during the short-term space flight. The circadian rhythm of bone resorption assessed by urine CTX and free deoxypyridinoline was not altered by microgravity. CONCLUSION: Vitamin K metabolism or action and bone remodeling may be altered in cosmonauts. (+info)Reactivation and shedding of cytomegalovirus in astronauts during spaceflight. (3/72)
The reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 71 astronauts was investigated, using polymerase chain reaction. A significantly greater (P<.0001) shedding frequency was found in urine samples from astronauts before spaceflight (10.6%) than in urine from the healthy control subject group (1.2%). Two of 4 astronauts studied during spaceflight shed CMV in urine. A significant increase (P<.0001) in CMV antibody titer, compared with baseline values, was also found 10 days before spaceflight. CMV antibody titer was further increased (P<.001) 3 days after landing, compared with 10 days before the mission. Significant increases in stress hormones were also found after landing. These results demonstrate that CMV reactivation occurred in astronauts before spaceflight and indicate that CMV may further reactivate during spaceflight. (+info)Effects of long-term spaceflight on mechanical properties of muscles in humans. (4/72)
The effects of long-term spaceflight (90-180 days) on the contractile and elastic characteristics of the human plantarflexor muscles were studied in 14 cosmonauts before and 2-3 days after landing. Despite countermeasures practiced aboard, spaceflight was found to induce a decrease in maximal isometric torque (17%), whereas an index of maximal shortening velocity was found to increase (31%). In addition, maximal muscle activation evaluated during isokinetic tests decreased by 39%. Changes in musculotendinous stiffness and whole joint stiffness were characterized by means of quick-release movements and sinusoidal perturbations. Musculotendinous stiffness was found to be increased by 25%. Whole joint stiffness decreased under passive conditions (21%), whereas whole joint stiffness under active conditions remained unchanged after spaceflight (-1%). This invariance suggests an adaptive mechanism to counterbalance the decrease in stiffness of passive structures by an increased active stiffness. Changes in neural drive could participate in this equilibrium. (+info)Static and dynamic postural control in long-term microgravity: evidence of a dual adaptation. (5/72)
The adaptation of dynamic movement-posture coordination during forward trunk bending was investigated in long-term weightlessness. Three-dimensional movement analysis was carried out in two astronauts during a 4-mo microgravity exposure. The principal component analysis was applied to joint-angle kinematics for the assessment of angular synergies. The anteroposterior center of mass (CM) displacement accompanying trunk flexion was also quantified. The results reveal that subjects kept typically terrestrial strategies of movement-posture coordination. The temporary disruption of joint-angular synergies observed at subjects' first in-flight session was promptly recovered when repetitive sessions in flight were analyzed. The CM anteroposterior shift was consistently <3-4 cm, suggesting that subjects could dynamically control the CM position throughout the whole flight. This is in contrast to the observed profound microgravity-induced disruption of the quasi-static body orientation and initial CM positioning. Although this study was based on only two subjects, evidence is provided that static and dynamic postural control might be under two separate mechanisms, adapting with their specific time course to the constraints of microgravity. (+info)Effect of long-duration spaceflight on postural control during self-generated perturbations. (6/72)
This report is the first systematic evaluation of the effects of prolonged weightlessness on the bipedal postural control processes during self-generated perturbations produced by voluntary upper limb movements. Spaceflight impacts humans in a variety of ways, one of which is compromised postflight postural control. We examined the neuromuscular activation characteristics and center of pressure (COP) motion associated with arm movement of eight subjects who experienced long-duration spaceflight (3--6 mo) aboard the Mir space station. Surface electromyography, arm acceleration, and COP motion were collected while astronauts performed rapid unilateral shoulder flexions before and after spaceflight. Subjects generally displayed compromised postural control after flight, as evidenced by modified COP peak-to-peak anterior-posterior and mediolateral excursion, and pathlength relative to preflight values. These changes were associated with disrupted neuromuscular activation characteristics, particularly after the completion of arm acceleration (i.e., when subjects were attempting to maintain upright posture in response to self-generated perturbations). These findings suggest that, although the subjects were able to assemble coordination modes that enabled them to generate rapid arm movements, the subtle control necessary to maintain bipedal equilibrium evident in their preflight performance is compromised after long-duration spaceflight. (+info)Code of conduct for the International Space Station Crew. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Interim final rule. (7/72)
NASA is issuing new regulations entitled "International Space Station Crew," to implement certain provisions of the International Space Station (ISS) Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) regarding ISS crewmembers' observance of an ISS Code of Conduct. (+info)Functional and structural adaptations of skeletal muscle to microgravity. (8/72)
Our purpose is to summarize the major effects of space travel on skeletal muscle with particular emphasis on factors that alter function. The primary deleterious changes are muscle atrophy and the associated decline in peak force and power. Studies on both rats and humans demonstrate a rapid loss of cell mass with microgravity. In rats, a reduction in muscle mass of up to 37% was observed within 1 week. For both species, the antigravity soleus muscle showed greater atrophy than the fast-twitch gastrocnemius. However, in the rat, the slow type I fibers atrophied more than the fast type II fibers, while in humans, the fast type II fibers were at least as susceptible to space-induced atrophy as the slow fiber type. Space flight also resulted in a significant decline in peak force. For example, the maximal voluntary contraction of the human plantar flexor muscles declined by 20-48% following 6 months in space, while a 21% decline in the peak force of the soleus type I fibers was observed after a 17-day shuttle flight. The reduced force can be attributed both to muscle atrophy and to a selective loss of contractile protein. The former was the primary cause because, when force was expressed per cross-sectional area (kNm(-2)), the human fast type II and slow type I fibers of the soleus showed no change and a 4% decrease in force, respectively. Microgravity has been shown to increase the shortening velocity of the plantar flexors. This increase can be attributed both to an elevated maximal shortening velocity (V(0)) of the individual slow and fast fibers and to an increased expression of fibers containing fast myosin. Although the cause of the former is unknown, it might result from the selective loss of the thin filament actin and an associated decline in the internal drag during cross-bridge cycling. Despite the increase in fiber V(0), peak power of the slow type I fiber was reduced following space flight. The decreased power was a direct result of the reduced force caused by the fiber atrophy. In addition to fiber atrophy and the loss of force and power, weightlessness reduces the ability of the slow soleus to oxidize fats and increases the utilization of muscle glycogen, at least in rats. This substrate change leads to an increased rate of fatigue. Finally, with return to the 1g environment of earth, rat studies have shown an increased occurrence of eccentric contraction-induced fiber damage. The damage occurs with re-loading and not in-flight, but the etiology has not been established. (+info)An astronaut is a professional who is trained and competent to travel in space outside of the Earth's atmosphere. The term "astronaut" is commonly used to refer to individuals from the United States, while the terms "cosmonaut" and "taikonaut" are used for those from Russia and China, respectively.
Astronauts undergo rigorous training and physical examinations to ensure they are in good health and can handle the demanding conditions of space travel. They may perform various tasks during their missions, including scientific research, operating equipment, maintaining the spacecraft, and communicating with mission control on Earth.
The first human astronaut was Yuri Gagarin, a Russian cosmonaut who became the first person to orbit the Earth in 1961. Since then, thousands of people from various countries have become astronauts and have contributed to our understanding of space and the universe.
"Space flight" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general, it refers to the act of traveling through space, outside of Earth's atmosphere, aboard a spacecraft. This can include trips to the International Space Station (ISS), lunar missions, or travel to other planets and moons within our solar system.
From a medical perspective, space flight presents unique challenges to the human body, including exposure to microgravity, radiation, and isolation from Earth's biosphere. These factors can have significant impacts on various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, sensory, and immune systems. As a result, space medicine has emerged as a distinct field of study focused on understanding and mitigating these risks to ensure the health and safety of astronauts during space flight.
Weightlessness, also known as zero gravity or microgravity, is a condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless. The effects of weightlessness on the human body are similar to those experienced during freefall.
This state can be achieved in various ways:
1. Freefall: This is the natural weightless state that occurs when an object is in free fall and accelerating towards the center of a celestial body such as Earth, but is not being affected by any other forces (like air resistance). During this state, the only force acting upon the object is gravity, which pulls everything towards the center of the planet. This is why astronauts experience weightlessness during space travel.
2. Neutral Buoyancy: In a fluid medium like water, an object can achieve neutral buoyancy when its weight equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. This creates a state where the object neither sinks nor floats, appearing to be weightless.
3. Specialized Equipment: Devices such as aircraft that fly in parabolic arcs can create short periods of weightlessness for training purposes or research. These flights involve climbing steeply, then diving towards the earth, creating a state of freefall and thus weightlessness.
Prolonged exposure to weightlessness can have significant effects on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, balance disorders, and changes in cardiovascular function.
Cosmic radiation refers to high-energy radiation that originates from space. It is primarily made up of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, and consists of several components including galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, and trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field (the Van Allen belts).
Galactic cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outside our solar system. They consist mainly of protons, with smaller amounts of helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier ions. These particles travel at close to the speed of light and can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, creating a cascade of secondary particles called "cosmic rays" that can be measured at the Earth's surface.
Solar energetic particles are high-energy charged particles, mainly protons and alpha particles, that are released during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun. These events can accelerate particles to extremely high energies, which can pose a radiation hazard for astronauts in space and for electronic systems in satellites.
Trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field is composed of charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field and form two doughnut-shaped regions around the Earth called the Van Allen belts. The inner belt primarily contains high-energy electrons, while the outer belt contains both protons and electrons. These particles can pose a radiation hazard for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) and for astronauts during spacewalks or missions beyond LEO.
Cosmic radiation is an important consideration for human space exploration, as it can cause damage to living tissue and electronic systems. Therefore, understanding the sources, properties, and effects of cosmic radiation is crucial for ensuring the safety and success of future space missions.
A space suit is not typically considered a medical device, but rather a specialized garment worn by astronauts during space travel and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) to provide life support, protection from the harsh environment of space, and mobility in space. However, I can provide you with a general definition of a space suit:
A space suit is a complex system of components designed to provide an astronaut with a breathable atmosphere, temperature control, pressure maintenance, radiation protection, and micrometeoroid defense during spacewalks or while working in the vacuum of space. It typically includes a hard upper torso, arms, gloves, lower torso, boots, a helmet, and a life support system that provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and maintains temperature and pressure. Some space suits are also designed to provide mobility and flexibility for various tasks and missions in space.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "space simulation" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. It is a concept more commonly found in the fields of aerospace engineering and virtual reality technology. In those contexts, space simulation refers to the creation of artificial environments intended to replicate various aspects of outer space, such as zero gravity or the appearance of celestial bodies. These simulations can be used for training astronauts, testing spacecraft and equipment, or for entertainment purposes like video games. If you have any questions related to medical definitions, I'd be happy to help with those!
Aerospace medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the health and safety of pilots, astronauts, and passengers during space travel or aircraft flight. It involves studying the effects of various factors such as altitude, weightlessness, radiation, noise, vibration, and temperature extremes on the human body, and developing measures to prevent or mitigate any adverse effects.
Aerospace medicine also encompasses the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions that occur during space travel or aircraft flight, as well as the development of medical standards and guidelines for pilot and astronaut selection, training, and fitness for duty. Additionally, it includes research into the physiological and psychological challenges of long-duration space missions and the development of countermeasures to maintain crew health and performance during such missions.
Weightlessness simulation, also known as "zero-gravity" or "microgravity" simulation, is the reproduction of the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless. This state can be achieved through various methods, including neutral buoyancy, which is simulating the feeling of weightlessness by immersing individuals in a fluid (usually water) with a density equal to their body, or reduced-gravity environments created using specialized equipment such as aircraft that fly in parabolic arcs to generate brief periods of weightlessness.
Another method for weightlessness simulation is through the use of virtual reality and other technology to create an illusion of weightlessness. This can be done by manipulating visual and auditory cues, as well as providing a haptic feedback system that simulates the sensation of movement in zero-gravity environments. These simulations are often used for training astronauts, researching the effects of weightlessness on the human body, and developing technologies for use in space.
The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not a medical term or organization, but rather the civilian space agency of the U.S. federal government. It is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and space research. However, NASA has made significant contributions to medicine and health through its research and technological developments. For example, it has developed medical technologies for use in space that have also been applied to patient care on Earth, such as improved imaging techniques and telemedicine systems. Additionally, NASA's studies of the effects of space travel on the human body have led to advances in understanding and treating various health conditions, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and radiation exposure.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "solar activity" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Solar activity refers to the various phenomena that occur on the Sun, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar wind. These events involve the release of energy and charged particles from the Sun's atmosphere and can have effects on space weather and technological systems in near-Earth space. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
Extravehicular activity (EVA) is a medical and space terminology used to describe any activity conducted by an astronaut or spacewalker outside the spacecraft or space station, in which they are exposed to the space environment. This includes any work or movement done in outer space, away from the protective shield of a space vehicle.
During EVA, astronauts are exposed to the vacuum of space, extreme temperatures, and various space hazards such as radiation, micrometeoroids, and debris. Therefore, proper training, equipment, and protective measures are essential to ensure the safety and health of the astronauts during extravehicular activities.
Extravehicular activities have many important applications in space exploration, including spacewalks for spacecraft maintenance and repair, scientific research, construction of space structures, and preparation for future human missions to other planets or moons.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spacecraft" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. It may be used to transport humans or cargo to and from space stations, conduct scientific research, or explore other celestial bodies such as the moon, planets, and asteroids. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
Weightlessness countermeasures refer to the methods and techniques used to prevent or minimize the negative effects of weightlessness (or microgravity) on the human body during spaceflight. Prolonged exposure to weightlessness can lead to various physiological changes, such as muscle atrophy, bone loss, cardiovascular deconditioning, and balance disorders. Weightlessness countermeasures aim to mitigate these effects through various strategies, including:
1. Exercise: Regular exercise, particularly resistance and aerobic exercises, helps maintain muscle strength, endurance, and cardiovascular fitness during spaceflight. Devices like the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and treadmills are used on the International Space Station (ISS) to provide a suitable exercise routine for astronauts.
2. Nutrition: Adequate nutrient intake, including calcium, vitamin D, and protein, is essential for maintaining bone and muscle health during spaceflight. Monitoring and optimizing dietary habits can help counteract the negative effects of weightlessness on the body.
3. Medications and supplements: Some medications and supplements may be used to prevent or treat specific issues related to weightlessness, such as bone loss (bisphosphonates) or muscle wasting (anabolic agents). However, these interventions should be carefully evaluated for their risks and benefits.
4. Artificial gravity: Systems that create a gravitational force, such as rotating spacecraft or centrifuges, can help maintain the body's physiological adaptations to Earth's gravity. Although not yet implemented in human spaceflight, artificial gravity is a promising countermeasure for long-duration missions.
5. Pre- and post-flight rehabilitation: A well-structured rehabilitation program before and after spaceflight can help astronauts recover more quickly from the effects of weightlessness and reduce the risk of long-term health issues.
6. Monitoring and telemedicine: Regular monitoring of physiological parameters, such as muscle mass, bone density, and cardiovascular function, allows for early detection and intervention of any adverse effects related to weightlessness. Telemedicine can also provide remote medical support and guidance during space missions.
Overall, a comprehensive approach that combines various countermeasures is essential for minimizing the negative impacts of weightlessness on astronaut health during and after space missions.
The Visible Human Project is not a medical definition, but rather a pioneering effort initiated by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in the 1990s to create a detailed, anatomically accurate, and publicly accessible dataset of cross-sectional images of the human body. The project involves the creation of male and female cadaver datasets, which were frozen, sliced into thin sections, and then digitally scanned to generate thousands of cross-sectional images. These images provide a three-dimensional visualization of the human body's internal structures, including bones, muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, and organs.
The Visible Human Project has significantly contributed to medical education, research, and computer-aided design in various fields such as radiology, surgery, biomechanics, and bioengineering. It allows researchers and medical professionals to study human anatomy in detail and develop new techniques for diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical simulation.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a concept in radiation physics that describes the amount of energy that is transferred from an ionizing particle to a medium per unit length along its path. It is usually expressed in units of keV/μm (kiloelectron volts per micrometer). High-LET radiations, such as alpha particles and heavy ions, transfer more energy to the medium per unit length than low-LET radiations, such as X-rays and gamma rays. This results in a higher probability of producing dense ionizations and causing biological damage along the particle's path. Therefore, LET is an important factor in determining the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different types of radiation.
Bed rest is a medical recommendation for a person to limit their activities and remain in bed for a period of time. It is often ordered by healthcare providers to help the body recover from certain medical conditions or treatments, such as:
* Infections
* Pregnancy complications
* Recent surgery
* Heart problems
* Blood pressure fluctuations
* Bleeding
* Bone fractures
* Certain neurological conditions
The duration of bed rest can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and response to treatment. While on bed rest, patients are typically advised to change positions frequently to prevent complications such as bedsores, blood clots, and muscle weakness. They may also receive physical therapy, occupational therapy, or other treatments to help maintain their strength and mobility during this period.
Orthostatic intolerance is a condition in which an individual experiences lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting when standing or maintaining an upright position for extended periods. It is caused by an abnormal physiological response to gravity and results in inadequate blood flow to the brain upon standing.
The medical definition of orthostatic intolerance includes symptoms that are exacerbated by upright posture and relieved by recumbent (lying down) position. The underlying mechanisms involve dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and vasoconstriction.
Orthostatic intolerance can be a symptom of various medical conditions, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, and other autonomic disorders. Proper diagnosis and management require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional to identify the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Blood circulation time is the duration it takes for blood to travel throughout the body and return to the point of origin. It is typically measured from the time a substance is injected into the bloodstream until it can be detected at the original injection site after circulating through the body. This measurement can provide valuable information about an individual's cardiovascular health, as any delays in circulation time may indicate issues with the heart or blood vessels.
In medical terms, blood circulation time is often divided into two components: the pulmonary circulation time and the systemic circulation time. The pulmonary circulation time refers to the time it takes for blood to travel from the heart to the lungs and back again, while the systemic circulation time refers to the time it takes for blood to travel from the heart to the rest of the body and back again.
There are several methods for measuring blood circulation time, including injecting a dye or other substance into the bloodstream and using specialized equipment to detect its presence at various points in the body. This information can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as heart disease, shock, and other circulatory disorders.
Hypergravity is a term used to describe an environment where the force of gravity is greater than that which we normally experience on Earth's surface (1G). This can occur in various situations such as high-speed aircraft rides, space travel, or in certain laboratory settings. It leads to increased gravitational load and force on the body, which can have various physiological effects, including cardiovascular changes, muscle tension, and altered body positioning. Prolonged exposure to hypergravity can lead to physical fatigue and discomfort.
Hindlimb suspension is a commonly used animal model in biomedical research, particularly in the study of muscle atrophy and disuse osteoporosis. In this model, the hindlimbs of rodents (such as rats or mice) are suspended using a tape or a harness system, which elevates their limbs off the ground and prevents them from bearing weight. This state of disuse leads to significant changes in the musculoskeletal system, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and alterations in muscle fiber type composition and architecture.
The hindlimb suspension model is often used to investigate the mechanisms underlying muscle wasting and bone loss in conditions such as spinal cord injury, bed rest, and spaceflight-induced disuse. By understanding these mechanisms, researchers can develop potential therapeutic interventions to prevent or mitigate the negative effects of disuse on the musculoskeletal system.
Orthostatic hypotension is a type of low blood pressure that occurs when you stand up from a sitting or lying position. The drop in blood pressure causes a brief period of lightheadedness or dizziness, and can even cause fainting in some cases. This condition is also known as postural hypotension.
Orthostatic hypotension is caused by a rapid decrease in blood pressure when you stand up, which reduces the amount of blood that reaches your brain. Normally, when you stand up, your body compensates for this by increasing your heart rate and constricting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure. However, if these mechanisms fail or are impaired, orthostatic hypotension can occur.
Orthostatic hypotension is more common in older adults, but it can also affect younger people who have certain medical conditions or take certain medications. Some of the risk factors for orthostatic hypotension include dehydration, prolonged bed rest, pregnancy, diabetes, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain neurological disorders.
If you experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, it is important to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can perform tests to determine the underlying cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment options. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, such as increasing fluid intake, avoiding alcohol and caffeine, and gradually changing positions from lying down or sitting to standing up. In some cases, medication may be necessary to manage orthostatic hypotension.
Head-down tilt (HDT) is a positioning technique often used in medical settings, particularly during diagnostic procedures or treatment interventions. In this position, the person lies down on a specially designed table with their head tilted below the horizontal plane, typically at an angle of 6 degrees to 15 degrees, but sometimes as steep as 90 degrees. This posture allows for various medical evaluations such as carotid sinus massage or intracranial pressure monitoring. It is also used in space medicine to simulate some effects of weightlessness on the human body during spaceflight. Please note that prolonged exposure to head-down tilt can have physiological consequences, including changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and eye function, which should be monitored and managed by healthcare professionals.
Heavy ions, in the context of medicine, typically refer to charged particles that are used in the field of radiation therapy for cancer treatment. These particles are much heavier than electrons and carry a positive charge, unlike the negatively charged electrons or neutral photons used in conventional radiotherapy.
The term "heavy ions" is often associated with carbon ions or other ions like oxygen or neon. The high mass and charge of these particles result in unique physical properties that allow for more targeted and precise cancer treatment compared to traditional radiation therapy methods.
When heavy ions pass through tissue, they deposit most of their energy at the end of their range, creating a narrow, highly-damaging track known as the Bragg peak. This property enables clinicians to concentrate the dose of radiation within the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. The result is a potentially more effective and less toxic treatment option for certain types of cancer, particularly those that are radioresistant or located near critical organs.
It's important to note that heavy ion therapy requires specialized equipment, such as particle accelerators and gantry systems, which limits its availability to a smaller number of medical facilities worldwide.
Astronauts & Heretics - Wikipedia
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mercury astronauts Archives - Universe Today
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Perseverance Mission - Astronaut Charlie
Aboard13
- Her promising future ended in 2003 when she died with 6 fellow astronauts aboard the shuttle Columbia over Texas. (scienceblogs.com)
- A total of four astronauts will travel aboard the Crew Dragon later this year. (engadget.com)
- Astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery used the sunglint off the surface of the Mediterranean Sea to reveal biogenic films on the ocean surface ("Biogenic film" refers to a thin layer of biologically-produced film resting on the surface. (nasa.gov)
- Astronauts aboard the International Space Station will be far away from family and friends this Thanksgiving but will still enjoy what sounds like a great meal. (astronomy.com)
- Astronauts aboard two different spacecraft in different orbits celebrated Thanksgiving in the mid-90s. (astronomy.com)
- Charlie is a cat astronaut aboard his Rover and he needs your help. (steampowered.com)
- It's back to the future as NASA astronauts launch again from the U.S. - aboard a retro-style "Right Stuff" capsule. (sltrib.com)
- The astronauts will manually dock with the Tiangong 1 module that was launched last year and conduct scientific experiments while aboard, Xinhua said. (salon.com)
- Christmas came a day late for astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) with the successful Wednesday arrival of a Russian cargo ship bearing gifts and fresh supplies. (livescience.com)
- Tucked aboard the Progress 27 are about 2.5 tons of propellant, oxygen, fresh fruit, equipment and other vital supplies for the station's three-astronaut crew. (livescience.com)
- Highly trained astronauts are ultimately responsible for all that happens aboard the ISS, so they need to deal with immediate emergencies while maintaining and upgrading the station for future astronauts. (psychologytoday.com)
- There's not much astronauts aboard the ISS to do other than work, and photography is a popular pastime making it easy to recruit crew members to participate. (slashgear.com)
- But out in space, none of these things come naturally-which is why it's so amazing that astronauts have managed to grow flowers aboard the International Space Station. (mentalfloss.com)
French astronaut Thomas Pesquet2
- French astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who will join the ISS in November next year, is already preparing his dream space menu. (spacedaily.com)
- Peggy Whitson, center, and Shane Kimbrough, right, will venture outside the lab Friday while Kimbrough and French astronaut Thomas Pesquet, left, will carry out a second EVA one week later, on Friday, Jan. 13. (spaceflightnow.com)
NASA Astronaut17
- Peggy Whitson -- NASA Astronaut and Biochemist We continue to recognize 50 Years of Women in Space with STEM Role Model Peggy Whitson. (scienceblogs.com)
- Peggy Whitson grew up on a farm in Iowa with big dreams of becoming a NASA Astronaut. (scienceblogs.com)
- Kalpana Chawla -- Aerospace Engineer, NASA Astronaut Born in the small town of Karnal, India, she became hooked on flight when she took her first plane ride in a small craft through the local flying club. (scienceblogs.com)
- Kalpana Chawla would later become a certified FAA flight instructor, a talented aerospace engineer, and a NASA astronaut. (scienceblogs.com)
- Comparative Physiologist, Dr. Jessica Meir, selected as a 2013 NASA Astronaut Candidate! (scienceblogs.com)
- NASA astronaut Scott Kelly can brag about having a green thumb all day long, and we wouldn't mind at all. (engadget.com)
- At the same time, NASA astronaut John E. Blaha celebrated Thanksgiving on the Russian space station, Mir , with cosmonauts Valeri G. Korzun and Aleksandr Y. Kaleri. (astronomy.com)
- But the record was broken in 1997 when NASA astronaut David A. Wolf, Russian cosmonauts Anatoli Y. Solovev, and Pavel V. Vinogradov were on Mir. (astronomy.com)
- Jonny Kim was selected as a NASA astronaut in 2017. (nasa.gov)
- This monument dedicated to "Seven Astronauts" who died national heroes as members of the crew of the "Challenger" January 28, 1986 ------------------------------ Erected in their memory by the students of Elizabeth October 22, 1986, Francis R. Scobee Commander NASA Astronaut, Michael J. Smith Lt. Comdr. (hmdb.org)
- USN NASA Astronaut, Ellison S. Onizuka Lt. Col. USAF NASA Astronaut, Ronald E. McNair Ph. (hmdb.org)
- D. NASA Astronaut, Judith A. Resnik Ph. (hmdb.org)
- D. NASA Astronaut, Sharon Christa McAuliffe First Teacher in Space, Gregory B. Jarvis Payload Specalist. (hmdb.org)
- NASA astronaut Douglas Hurley (C) waves to onlookers as he boards a plane at Naval Air Station Pensacola to return him and NASA astronaut Robert Behnken home to Houston a few hours after the duo landed in their SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour spacecraft off the coast of Pensacola, Fla,, on August 2, 2020. (upi.com)
- NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins, Expedition 38 Flight Engineer, takes a selfie while participating in spacewalk on Dec 27, 2013. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- Every seat in Lundmarkssalen was full, and around 50 additional visitors followed on zoom, as NASA astronaut Jim Pawelczyk gave his talk on Monday afternoon. (lu.se)
- Jim Pawelczyk is not only a NASA astronaut but also an associate professor of physiology and kinesiology at PennState University studying the effects of microgravity on the human body. (lu.se)
Seven astronauts1
- When the seven astronauts of space shuttle Endeavour docked Friday afternoon with the six crewmen of the International Space Station, they set a record for the number of space flyers together in the heavens. (go.com)
Spacewalk4
- Two astronauts from the crew of the space shuttle Endeavour have conducted a successful spacewalk Wednesday. (globalsecurity.org)
- Atlantis shuttle astronaut Robert Satcher Jr., STS-129 mission specialist, holds a camera during his mission's first spacewalk of his mission to the International Space Station on Nov. 19, 2009. (space.com)
- On Nov. 22, 1973, astronauts Gerald P. Carr, William E. Pogue, and Edward G. Gibson celebrated with two meals at dinner time after the team completed a spacewalk that took 6 hours and 33 minutes. (astronomy.com)
- Astronaut Ed White during the first American spacewalk, June 3, 1965. (popsci.com)
Doug Hurley3
- Astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken entered the station at 1:22 p.m. (upi.com)
- SpaceX via AP) Astronauts Doug Hurley, foreground, and Bob Behnken work in SpaceX's flight simulator at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., on March 19, 2020, as SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at Kennedy Space Center and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, Calif., along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, run a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft. (sltrib.com)
- This fresh take on a vintage look will be on full display Wednesday when SpaceX plans to launch NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to the International Space Station - a first for a private company. (sltrib.com)
Send astronauts2
- The successful 19-hour journey to the space station makes SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts into orbit. (upi.com)
- We've long been familiar with the traditional astronauts' fare of liquid meals and freeze-dried food stuffs-oh, and Tang-but when considering plans to send astronauts further afield and beyond the reach of supply vessels, the AFT has found it must create healthier space-meals and methods to grow food in zero-gravity. (inhabitat.com)
Fellow astronauts1
- We go on expeditions on Earth with fellow astronauts for long durations before to get used to this notion that the most important people right now are the few people who are here with me, and I must get along with them. (psychologytoday.com)
Mars8
- In fact, NASA is working towards sending astronauts to Mars sometime in the 2030's. (scienceblogs.com)
- But when travelling further into space, such as to an asteroid or Mars, astronauts will be exposed to radiation doses close to NASA's acceptable lifetime limits , upping their chances of developing illnesses from damaged DNA. (newscientist.com)
- But people with variants of the liver gene CYP2D6 can metabolise drugs such as the painkiller codeine too quickly, potentially leading to an overdose - and there is no hospital en route to Mars. (newscientist.com)
- Three years ago SINTEF was investigating whether snake robots could help astronauts working on Mars with mobility and access. (sciencedaily.com)
- Perseverance Mission - Astronaut Charlie is a puzzle game set on Mars. (steampowered.com)
- NASA is hiring more astronauts because they're planning a lot of missions in the coming years, including trips that will pave the way to landing a person on Mars, NASA's current long-term goal for crewed missions. (popsci.com)
- On previous missions, a lack of gravity has meant that taste and smell has hindered food preparation, but NASA are ensuring that for missions to Mars, astronauts will be able to chop vegetables, cook and grow plants in a hydroponic solution. (inhabitat.com)
- The nature of weightlessness, ionizing radiation, and psychological isolation need to be better understood in order to make spaceflight safer for astronauts of the future when we venture off to the Moon, to Mars, and beyond," said former Canadian astronaut Robert Thrisk at the exhibit launch. (psychologytoday.com)
Shuttle13
- Space Shuttle astronauts have photographed these dusts storms several times. (nasa.gov)
- As the Space Shuttle Atlantis passed over southern Egypt in mid-March 2001, the STS-102 astronauts were able to document new flooding in the Toshka region west of Lake Nasser. (nasa.gov)
- Astronaut photographs from the Gemini era and from the space shuttle reveal tremendous growth. (nasa.gov)
- Shuttle astronauts frequently track Saharan dust storms as they blow from north Africa across the Atlantic Ocean. (nasa.gov)
- The image was taken by Space Shuttle astronauts on July 11, 1994. (nasa.gov)
- An astronaut on the Space Shuttle photographed several wildfires burning in California in August 2001. (nasa.gov)
- The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center has unveiled a stained glass tribute to the 17 astronauts whose lives were lost in the Apollo 1 fire and space shuttle Columbia and Challenger accidents. (space.com)
- The space shuttle has launched 134 times during its 30 years of service, and in that time it has ferried more than 540 astronauts into space. (livescience.com)
- In addition to the first shuttle flight, he commanded the shuttle on three missions in the 1980s: He presided over the first five-person crew, STS-7, flew with the first female American astronaut in space, Sally Ride, on STS-41-C and commandeered the first seven-person crew (STS-41-G). He spent 23 days in space over the course of his four shuttle missions. (livescience.com)
- Sally Ride was already a notable American physicist before she began her rather unorthodox path to becoming a space shuttle astronaut. (livescience.com)
- The seven shuttle astronauts floated into the space station, one by one, and embraced their six station colleagues. (go.com)
- It will be the first astronaut launch from Florida since Atlantis closed out the space shuttle program in 2011, and the first American-made capsule to carry people into orbit since the Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975. (sltrib.com)
- A US astronaut has been charged with trying to kidnap a woman she thought was a rival for the affection of a space shuttle pilot. (bbc.co.uk)
20161
- AMASS began participating in the program in 2016 with astronauts photographing locations along the North American migratory path of the Whooping Crane. (slashgear.com)
Randy Bresnik2
- Atlantisshuttle astronauts Randy Bresnik - whose new daughter Abigail was bornlate Saturday back home - and Robert Satcher, Jr. plan to spend about 6 1/2hours working outside the station to install a new oxygen gas tank, materialsexperiment and other gear. (space.com)
- 8 December 2020) NASA Astronauts Stephanie Wilson, Jonny Kim, and Randy Bresnik take a look at the Orion spacecraft simulator that recently arrived at the agency's Johnson Space Center in Houston on Dec. 8, 2020. (nasa.gov)
Missions4
- He was a member of the astronaut support crew for Skylab missions and for the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, which was the last Apollo mission, and the first joint U.S./Soviet space flight. (livescience.com)
- Roughly half of astronauts have experienced back pain during missions , which is treated in space with exercise and painkillers. (newscientist.com)
- You may not be in NASA, or even able to do the moonwalk, but you can recreate space missions on your desk with the Astronaut Light . (geekalerts.com)
- To get ready, astronauts go on other long-duration missions on Earth to learn how to cope with others in confined environments. (psychologytoday.com)
Mike Hopkins1
- Crew members for that mission are to be NASA astronauts Mike Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker, along with Soichi Noguchi , an astronaut with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. (upi.com)
Atlantis1
- by LarryWhitehair, a friend of Atlantis astronaut Mike Foreman. (space.com)
Spacecraft3
- Astronaut is the American name for a person who is trained to explore outer space , planetary moons, etc. in a spacecraft. (conservapedia.com)
- No issues with the spacecraft have been reported -- described by a SpaceX commentator as "pretty boring for the astronauts, but that's what we wanted. (upi.com)
- Two Chinese astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong started their monthlong stay in space on Wednesday after their spacecraft Shenzhou XI docked with Tiangong II space lab. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Freefall2
- Since the ISS is in a constant state of freefall around Earth, astronauts "float" around the station, moving around by grabbing onto things and then pushing themselves off. (sciencedaily.com)
- The researchers believe this is due to the brain essentially re-learning how to move the legs in freefall, and astronauts are experiencing this every moment they are in space. (extremetech.com)
Cosmic1
- Ancient astronauts, cosmic collisions and other popular theories about man's past. (bvsalud.org)
20001
- On Nov. 23, 2000, astronauts of the Expedition 1 crew celebrated the first Thanksgiving on the International Space Station. (astronomy.com)
Jessica Meir2
- I am thrilled that Comparative Physiologist Dr. Jessica Meir, who was featured in a prior post, has been chosen as a 2013 Astronaut Candidate by NASA! (scienceblogs.com)
- NASA astronauts Andrew Morgan and Jessica Meir will take an unusual - and more exhausting - route home after safely landing in the Kazakh steppe on Friday, a Russian healthcare official said, because of lockdowns caused by the novel coronavirus. (com.pk)
Shannon Walker1
- If you have questions about what it takes to be an astronaut, astronaut Shannon Walker and astronaut selection manager Anne Roemer will be taking questions at 4PM today in a Reddit Ask Me Anything . (popsci.com)
SpaceX2
- ORLANDO, Fla., May 31 (UPI) -- Two NASA astronauts safely boarded the International Space Station on Sunday, capping a successful flight of SpaceX 's historic Crew Dragon Demo 2 mission. (upi.com)
- NASA and SpaceX crews on the ground congratulated the astronauts, while astronaut Chris Cassidy -- already on board the station -- welcomed them. (upi.com)
Spaceflight1
- Extraterrestrial Gynecology: Could Spaceflight Increase the Risk of Developing Cancer in Female Astronauts? (bvsalud.org)
International Space S7
- Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) already take supplements to counteract ill effects, such as vitamin D for bone strength. (newscientist.com)
- The latest in the pack is London celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal who is crafting delicacies for British astronaut Tim Peake currently on board the International Space Station (ISS). (spacedaily.com)
- Two astronauts plan to venture outside the International Space Station Friday, taking over from earlier robotic arm operations to help replace a set of batteries used to store power from one of the lab's four sets of solar arrays. (spaceflightnow.com)
- Three space station astronauts will participate in two spacewalks over the next week to swap out solar array batteries on the International Space Station. (spaceflightnow.com)
- It can be depressing sometimes if you're not careful," said Canadian astronaut David Saint-Jacques through a livestreamed broadcast from the International Space Station, as he joined the opening of Health in Space: Daring to Explore . (psychologytoday.com)
- Canadian Space Agency astronaut David Saint-Jacques works on International Space Station (ISS). (psychologytoday.com)
- Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thrisk works with experiment hardware on International Space Station (ISS). (psychologytoday.com)
Moon9
- An astronaut stuck on moon amidst an alien invasion wave. (microsoft.com)
- This desk lamp, which is powered by your choice of USB or batteries, features a moon as the base with an astronaut "floating" above it. (geekalerts.com)
- It's a gooseneck lamp, so you can adjust the position of the astronaut as you like above the moon. (geekalerts.com)
- A desk light like no other, the Astronaut Light features a floating astronaut that can be repositioned around the moon, giving you a perfect space-themed adjustable light for your desk or bedside table. (geekalerts.com)
- Measuring 13cm high, (approximately 5.1″), the Astronaut Light features a moon base with the astronaut 'floating' above. (geekalerts.com)
- Plan your own illuminated moon landing with this astronaut lamp. (geekalerts.com)
- Since gravity is different in space, the astronaut can hover all around the moon. (geekalerts.com)
- We call this the Moon, and we have explored it using space probes, different landers, and even with the help of the Apollo-astronauts. (lu.se)
- How the Apollo-astronauts studied the Moon and how we study it today. (lu.se)
20201
- 10 January 2020) Graduation Ceremony of the 2017 class of Astronaut Candidates. (nasa.gov)
Apollo3
- Wewrapped the Kansas state motto around [the Apollo astronaut] -- Ad Astra perAspera [To the stars through difficulty], and that really made this projectcome to life," said Ollenburger. (space.com)
- The return to Earth for the Demo 2 mission would mark the first splashdown of a U.S. space capsule carrying astronauts since the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. (upi.com)
- The book's title invokes an iconic image of the earth as seen from space by the Apollo astronauts. (cdc.gov)
Scott Kelly1
- Astronaut Scott Kelly and his colleagues took on the role of space gardeners, working to coax their seedlings out of the soil and into bloom. (mentalfloss.com)
Radiation doses2
- This project sought to locate articles containing data on radiation dosimetry in outer space, to use those data to create a Location Exposure Matrix (LEM) for equivalent radiation doses in extraterrestrial environments, and then apply the LEM to the study of US astronaut mortality between April 1959 and December 2012. (cdc.gov)
- Data from the LEM were then used to estimate cumulative equivalent radiation doses for 330 US astronauts between April 1959 and December 2012. (cdc.gov)
Soyuz2
- Over the past decade, NASA astronauts only used Russian Soyuz rockets and capsules to reach the space station, at a cost of more than $70 million per seat. (upi.com)
- Russia's workhorse Soyuz capsules, still in use after a half-century plus, have kept NASA astronauts flying to the space station. (sltrib.com)
Skylab1
- Astronauts Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson, eating on SkyLab 4. (astronomy.com)
Solar system1
- It is hoped that this work can be expanded in the near future, and that it may serve as a template for similar work with other routine exposures faced by astronauts as humans continue to explore the solar system. (cdc.gov)
Dock1
- BEIJING (AP) - China's next space mission will carry three astronauts who will dock with and live inside an experimental orbiting module launched last year, state media said Friday. (salon.com)
Spacewalks2
- He made the trip wearing just his Manned Maneuvering Unit, that jetpacklike device astronauts use on spacewalks. (livescience.com)
- Astronauts will also go on five spacewalks, replacing batteries and installing other components. (go.com)
Ancient3
- Ancient Aliens and Ancient Astronaut Theory Mark P. Robertson Educational Planning Course "Critical Issue Project" Empire State College Mary Ellen Shaughnessy June 17, 2011 There has been a lot of commotion lately between both the scientific and religious communities in regards to this topic. (bartleby.com)
- Ancient Astronauts were believed to have helped the Egyptian civilization construct the great Pyramids. (bartleby.com)
- If I had to choose an occupation in science I believe that I would be an Ancient astronaut theories. (bartleby.com)
Crew2
- how-astronauts-celebrate-thanksgiving-in-space https://www.astronomy.com/science/how-astronauts-celebrate-thanksgiving-in-space/ How astronauts celebrate Thanksgiving in space The crew on the ISS will enjoy turkey, duck, quail, seafood, pizza, hummus, and salsa with chocolate, pumpkin spice cappuccinos, and mochi. (astronomy.com)
- At this time, the STS-87 crew was also in orbit on the Columbia orbiter, setting the record for nine astronauts in space on Thanksgiving Day. (astronomy.com)
Hatches1
- The astronauts are expected to open the hatches between the ISS and Progress 27 at about 6:30 a.m. (livescience.com)
Prepare1
- We prepare a lot for this as astronauts," said Saint-Jacques. (psychologytoday.com)
Explore1
- Thethematics around [the astronaut] were a combination of symbols related to thetriumphs and tragedies of space flight," Cosmosphere President and CEOJeff Ollenburger told collectSPACE , "but their real purpose was tocapture the spirit of space flight -- even amidst the difficult times the needto explore needs to continue to come out. (space.com)
Earth4
- Due to these changes of space environment from that of the Earth, astronauts will face the changes on their body and health, some of the changes would be negative. (bartleby.com)
- Astronauts carry out experiments sent to them in boxes by their colleagues on Earth, and these experiments have to be carried out in a state of weightlessness. (sciencedaily.com)
- Michelin-starred chefs are vying to create Christmas delights for astronauts spending the festive season 400 kilometres away from Earth and their families. (spacedaily.com)
- Ducasse said German atsronaut Thomas Reiter, one of the first to savour these specially made dishes, "told me that this was a way for astronauts to keep touch with Earth," Ducasse said. (spacedaily.com)
Candidate1
- NASA just posted the coolest job listing ever, and anyone with the right qualifications can apply to be an Astronaut Candidate. (popsci.com)
Gravity1
- Blumenthal, who is known for using science in his cooking, said the challenge was to create gravity-defying but delicious food -- which for astronauts is usually dry-frozen, dehydrated or thermo-treated. (spacedaily.com)
Scientists1
- Scientists working in the region used spectral analysis of an astronaut photograph digitized from film to identify areas where woodland vegetation had been heavily damaged by the elephants. (nasa.gov)
Experiments1
- Since then, astronauts have conducted a number of successful gardening experiments, including a memorable 'talking' zucchini plant that kept a diary . (mentalfloss.com)
Time2
- She set records among American Astronauts for spending the most time in space. (scienceblogs.com)
- Though astronauts are separated from significant others on their home world, they never have any time alone on a space mission. (psychologytoday.com)
Pills1
- BLOODLETTING and vitamin pills are the future for astronaut health regimes. (newscientist.com)
Back1
- Astronauts who have spent months in microgravity have more liquid in their brains, which may affect their vision even after they get back home. (newscientist.com)
Mission2
- Mission Control stressed that the astronaut was in no danger, and that the hole did not penetrate all the layers of his glove. (globalsecurity.org)
- The first British astronaut to the ISS space station, Peake's mission began in the middle of this month, and the Christmas and New Year treats include dishes to remind him of home during his six-month stint. (spacedaily.com)
Main1
- These are the astronauts' main tasks, but they also have their work cut out inspecting and maintaining all the equipment needed to keep the space station in operation. (sciencedaily.com)
Https1
- Ney, Z. and Looper, C., "Development and Implementation of an Extravehicular Activity Skills Program for Astronauts," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3012, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3012 . (sae.org)
Meals1
- Because of the weightless conditions in which they live, the astronauts have to eat most of their meals from a can or aluminium envelope with a fork or spoon or risk their lunch flying all over the place. (spacedaily.com)
Health4
- How exercise impacts bone health in adolescents, astronauts, and you! (ucalgary.ca)
- Jasper Rine of the University of California, Berkeley, says Schmidt and Goodwin's proposal makes sense in principle, but we don't yet know enough about gene variations to predict which astronauts will have gene-based health problems. (newscientist.com)
- Astronauts can face critical threats to their health and well-being. (psychologytoday.com)
- Astronauts must cope with a stressful and dangerous environment in space, away from family and friends, by working together, said two astronauts at the opening of a new exhibit on space health. (psychologytoday.com)
Station4
- Monday?sspacewalk is the third and last excursion for the six astronauts aboardAtlantis, who are delivering about 15 tons of spare parts and supplies tothe space station. (space.com)
- The astronauts launched Nov. 16 and are due to depart thespace station Wednesday and land Friday at NASA?s Kennedy Space Center inFlorida. (space.com)
- The astronauts slept for about eight hours before the approach to the space station. (upi.com)
- That's why when you see pictures of astronauts on the space station they look like they have a puffy head. (newscientist.com)
Program1
- 8 December 2012) NASA WB-57F Space Flight Readiness Training (SFRT) Program with astronaut Jonny Kim & WB-57 pilot Adam Klein. (nasa.gov)
American2
- She was the first Indian American Astronaut and the first Indian-born woman in space. (scienceblogs.com)
- Saint-Jacques' candid discussion of the psychological challenges of living in space is in stark contrast to the heroic "Right Stuff" image of the 1960s that NASA used to portray of American astronauts, downplaying the stresses experienced by the earliest spacefarers. (psychologytoday.com)
Understood1
- When MTV Networks alumni Judy McGrath and Nick Shore formed Astronauts Wanted in 2013, they certainly understood younger audiences. (beet.tv)
Years4
- I really enjoyed learning more about her life story in this video and I am looking forward to hearing more about her accomplishments as an Astronaut in the years to come. (scienceblogs.com)
- The two astronauts were deeply involved in the new capsule's development over the past five years. (sltrib.com)
- The project has been in operation for over four years, and astronauts of captured images of key locations along migratory paths of all seven species being investigated in the study. (slashgear.com)
- The astronauts accrued 8,232.7 person-years of follow-up and a total estimated equivalent radiation dose of 7,601.8 mSv in that period. (cdc.gov)
