Astrocytes. Medical search

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found in ASTROCYTES and in the LIVER.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A glial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found predominately in ASTROCYTES. It is also expressed in HEART and SKELETAL MUSCLE and in the PLACENTA.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

A calcium-binding protein that is 92 AA long, contains 2 EF-hand domains, and is concentrated mainly in GLIAL CELLS. Elevation of S100B levels in brain tissue correlates with a role in neurological disorders.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.

A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

The initial culturing of cells derived directly from fresh TISSUES.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (1/6371)

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine in the caudate putamen. Dopamine replacement with levodopa, a precursor of the neurotransmitter, is presently the most common treatment for this disease. However, in an effort to obtain better therapeutic results, tissue or cells that synthesize catecholamines have been grafted into experimental animals and human patients. In this paper, we present a novel technique to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the host's own astrocytes. This procedure uses a transgene in which the expression of a TH cDNA is under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, which confers astrocyte-specific expression and also increases its activity in response to brain injury. The method was tested in a rat model of Parkinson's disease produced by lesioning the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Following microinjection of the transgene into the denervated striatum as a DNA-liposome complex, expression of the transgene was detected by RT-PCR and TH protein was observed specifically in astrocytes by using double-labeling immunofluorescence for GFAP and TH coupled with laser confocal microscopy. Efficacy was demonstrated by significant behavioral recovery, as assessed by a decrease in the pharmacologically induced turning behavior generated by the unilateral denervation of the rat striatum. These results suggest this is a valuable technique to express molecules of therapeutic interest in the brain. (+info)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (2/6371)

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site. (+info)

Early induction of angiogenetic signals in gliomas of GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. (3/6371)

Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain tumor, is characterized by extensive vascular proliferation. We previously showed that transgenic mice expressing a GFAP-v-src fusion gene in astrocytes develop low-grade astrocytomas that progressively evolve into hypervascularized glioblastomas. Here, we examined whether tumor progression triggers angiogenetic signals. We found abundant transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neoplastic astrocytes at surprisingly early stages of tumorigenesis. VEGF and v-src expression patterns were not identical, suggesting that VEGF activation was not only dependent on v-src. Late-stage gliomas showed perinecrotic VEGF up-regulation similarly to human glioblastoma. Expression patterns of the endothelial angiogenic receptors flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2 were similar to those described in human gliomas, but flt-1 was expressed also in neoplastic astrocytes, suggesting an autocrine role in tumor growth. In crossbreeding experiments, hemizygous ablation of the tumor suppressor genes Rb and p53 had no significant effect on the expression of VEGF, flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2. Therefore, expression of angiogenic signals is an early event during progression of GFAP-v-src tumors and precedes hypervascularization. Given the close similarities in the progression pattern between GFAP-v-src and human gliomas, the present results suggest that these mice may provide a useful tool for antiangiogenic therapy research. (+info)

Expression of neuropeptide Y receptors mRNA and protein in human brain vessels and cerebromicrovascular cells in culture. (4/6371)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been suggested as an important regulator of CBF. However, except for the presence of Y1 receptors in large cerebral arteries, little is known about its possible sites of action on brain vessels. In this study, we sought to identify the NPY receptors present in the human cerebrovascular bed. Specific Y1 receptor binding sites, localized on the smooth muscle of human pial vessels and potently competed by NPY, polypeptide YY (PYY), and the selective Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226, were identified by quantitative radioautography of the Y1 radioligand [125I]-[Leu31, Pro34]-PYY. In contrast, no specific binding of the Y2-([125I]-PYY3-36) and Y4/Y5-(125I-human pancreatic polypeptide [hPP]) radioligands could be detected. By in situ hybridization, expression of Y1 receptor mRNA was restricted to the smooth muscle layer of pial vessels, whereas no specific signals were detected for either Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors. Similarly, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA for Y1 but not Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors was consistently detected in isolated human pial vessels, intracortical microvessels, and capillaries. In human brain microvascular cells in culture, PCR products for the Y1 receptors were exclusively found in the smooth muscle cells. In cultures of human brain astrocytes, a cell type that associates intimately with brain microvessels, PCR products for Y1, Y2, and Y4 but not Y5 receptors were identified. Finally, NPY significantly inhibited the forskolin-induced cAMP production in smooth muscle but not in endothelial cell cultures. We conclude that smooth muscle Y1 receptors are the primary if not exclusive NPY receptors associated with human brain extraparenchymal and intraparenchymal blood vessels, where they most likely mediate cerebral vasoconstriction. (+info)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (5/6371)

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the beta-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1alpha and IL-1beta to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5'-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5'-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5'-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD. (+info)

Micronucleus test using cultured new born rat astrocytes. (6/6371)

Micronuclei is induced in cytoplasm as a consequence of the formation of chromosomal fragments or remaining chromosomes during cell division by the cause of clastogens or spindle poisons, and is used as an indicator of genotoxicity screening tests. There are few short-term genotoxicity screening tests using brain cells. We attempted to establish a new in vitro micronucleus test (MN test) system by use of central nervous system cells. Primary cultured astrocytes were prepared from newborn male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In growth curve of astrocytes, doubling time was determined to be 31 h. In time study, the highest frequency of micronuclei was observed at 48 h, 72 h and 6 h-exposure-66 h-recovery by vincristine (VCR), mitomycin C (MMC) without metabolic activation system and cyclophosphamide (CPM) with metabolic activation system, respectively. Dose-response relationships between micronucleus frequency and concentrations of MMC, VCR and CPM were observed, respectively. It is suggested that the in vitro MN test using new born rat-astrocytes could be used as a screening test of environmental and occupational genotoxic chemicals in the central nervous system cells. (+info)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (7/6371)

The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA. (+info)

Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (8/6371)

The anticonvulsant and antibipolar drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is known to act as a specific antagonist at adenosine A1-receptors. After a 3-week application of CBZ, A1-receptors are upregulated in the rat brain. We have investigated the consequences of this upregulation for the A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in primary astrocyte cultures from different regions of the rat brain. CBZ treatment for 10 days had no effect on adenosine A1-receptor mRNA expression in cultures with high basal A1-receptor mRNA levels, but increased A1-receptor mRNA in cultures exhibiting low basal A1-receptor mRNA levels. This upregulation of A1-receptor mRNA was accompanied by an upregulation or induction of A1-receptor-mediated potentiation of PLC activity, a property that was not found in these cultures before CBZ treatment. Thus, CBZ treatment for 10 days induces a new quality of adenosine A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in cells that express low basal A1-receptor numbers. (+info)

Gliosis is made up of glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons. When neural tissue is damaged, glial cells proliferate and form a scar-like tissue to fill in the gap and repair the damage. This scar tissue can be made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or microglia, depending on the type of injury and the location of the damage.

Gliosis can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the brain. On one hand, it can help to prevent further damage by providing a physical barrier against invading substances and protecting the surrounding neural tissue. It can also promote healing by bringing in immune cells and growth factors that aid in the repair process.

On the other hand, gliosis can also have negative effects on brain function. The scar tissue can disrupt normal communication between neurons, leading to impaired cognitive and motor function. In addition, if the scar tissue is too extensive or severe, it can compress or displaces surrounding neural tissue, leading to long-term neurological deficits or even death.

There are several ways to diagnose gliosis, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and histopathology. Treatment options for gliosis depend on the underlying cause of the condition and can include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

In summary, gliosis is a type of scar tissue that forms in the brain and spinal cord as a result of damage to neural tissue. It can have both beneficial and harmful effects on brain function, and diagnosis and treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

There are several subtypes of astrocytoma, including:

1. Low-grade astrocytoma: These tumors grow slowly and are less aggressive. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
2. High-grade astrocytoma: These tumors grow more quickly and are more aggressive. They are often resistant to treatment and may recur after initial treatment.
3. Anaplastic astrocytoma: These are the most aggressive type of astrocytoma, growing rapidly and spreading to other parts of the brain.
4. Glioblastoma (GBM): This is the most common and deadliest type of primary brain cancer, accounting for 55% of all astrocytomas. It is highly aggressive and resistant to treatment, often recurring after initial surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

The symptoms of astrocytoma depend on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or behavior.

Astrocytomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

The prognosis for astrocytoma varies based on the subtype and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. In general, low-grade astrocytomas have a better prognosis than high-grade tumors. However, even with treatment, the survival rate for astrocytoma is generally lower compared to other types of cancer.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are several types of gliomas, including:

1. Astrocytoma: This is the most common type of glioma, accounting for about 50% of all cases. It arises from the star-shaped cells called astrocytes that provide support and nutrients to the brain's nerve cells.
2. Oligodendroglioma: This type of glioma originates from the oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for producing the fatty substance called myelin that insulates the nerve fibers.
3. Glioblastoma (GBM): This is the most aggressive and malignant type of glioma, accounting for about 70% of all cases. It is fast-growing and often spreads to other parts of the brain.
4. Brain stem glioma: This type of glioma arises in the brain stem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

The symptoms of glioma depend on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality, memory, or speech.

Gliomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for glioma depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

The prognosis for glioma patients varies depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with slow-growing, low-grade tumors, while those with fast-growing, high-grade tumors have a poorer prognosis. Overall, the 5-year survival rate for glioma patients is around 30-40%.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astrocytes. Cell Centered Database - Astrocyte UIUC Histology Subject 57 "Astrocytes" at ... The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... Gomori-positive Astrocytes and Brain Dysfunction A type of astrocyte with an aging-related pathology has been described over ... After astrocyte specification has occurred in the developing CNS, it is believed that astrocyte precursors migrate to their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte

Although these astrocytes are present in this disease, it has not yet been determined if Alzheimer type II astrocytes are a ... Alzheimer type II astrocytes are visually characterized by an enlarged size and lack of cytoplasm. These astrocytes appear to ... Like other astrocytes, it is a non-neuronal glial cell. It's mainly seen in diseases that cause increased levels of ammonia ( ... Astrocytes belong to a class of glial cells which are known to have specialized functions in the central nervous system. Among ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer_type_II_astrocyte

Rouach, N.; Glowinski, J.; Giaume, C. (2000). "Astrocytes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (7): 1513-1526. doi:10.1083/jcb. ... properties of astrocytes and astrocyto-neuronal relationships, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Glowinski

BAFF is secreted by a variety of cells: monocytes and macrophages; bone marrow stromal cells; astrocytes in certain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belimumab

Welberg, Leonie (April 10, 2014). "Invasion of the astrocytes!". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 (4): 207. doi:10.1038/nrn3720 ... "Invasion of Astrocytes: modeling driving experiments" In 2011, mathematical modeling was at a turning point as it was becoming ... The Life and Death of Cells The discovery that astrocytes could invade the synpatic cleft under some specific conditions was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holcman

... in which demyelinated plaques are surrounded by reactive astrocytes. These astrocytes often exhibit extreme hypertrophy and ... Astrocytes themselves also produce cytokines, which may be used for self-regulation or for the regulation of microglia, which ... Exposure of reactive astrocytes to β-amyloid (Αβ) peptide, the main component of amyloid plaques, may also induce astroglial ... Reactive astrocytes are affected by molecular signals released from a variety of CNS cell types including neurons, microglia, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosis

July 2018). "Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia ... July 2018). "Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia ... differential regulation by astrocytes". Journal of Neurophysiology. 74 (4): 1473-84. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1473. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRB2

Astrocytes form a dense network of gap junctions that generates a physical barrier to axonal regrowth. Further, the astrocytes ... Reactive astrocytes are the main cellular component of the glial scar. After injury, astrocytes undergo morphological changes, ... David S, Ness R. (1993). "Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes." In: Fedoroff S (ed) Biology and pathology of astrocyte-neuron ... thus compounding the response of other astrocytes and contributing to the heterogeneity. Particularly, astrocytes closest to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_scar

Astrocytes: Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the ... Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Two types of ... NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and serve as the developmental ... In the central nervous system: Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_tissue

Astrocyte. 1 (4): 305-308. doi:10.4103/2349-0977.161627. S2CID 58017296. Ginghina, C.; Nastase, OA; Ghiorghiu, I; Egher, L (5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Gibson

Furthermore, while not sufficient to induce astrocyte dedifferentiation alone, Ezh2 is necessary for astrocytes to ... at which point it is able to receive astrocyte inducing stimulations and begin cytokine-inducible astrocyte differentiation. ... Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that vastly outnumber neurons in the adult brain, due to their ability to multiply as ... This dedifferentiation allows astrocytes to potentially reach a different cell fate entirely, so long as this dedifferentiation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic_regulation_of_neurogenesis

Susan S. Margulies Joins Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals' Scientific Advisory Board - Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals". Astrocyte ... In 2015 she joined the advisory board of Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals. In May 2017 she was announced as Chair of the Coulter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Margulies

Velate astrocytes are glia that sheath the glomeruli. They are protoplasmic astrocytes with extremely thin veil-like processes ... Chan-Palay, Victoria; Palay, Sanford L. (1972). "The form of velate astrocytes in the cerebellar cortex of monkey and rat: High ... "Velate astrocyte". NeuroLex. The Neuroscience Information Framework. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(cerebellum)

... s differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Its tumor is called a glioblastoma, and is the most common type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblast

Astrocytes are unique in that they are intermediaries that lie between blood vessels and neurons. They are able to communicate ... Constriction has been shown in vitro to occur when NE is placed in the synapse and is taken up by astrocyte receptors. NE ... When these calcium ion waves spread down the length of the astrocyte, phospholipase A (PLA2) is activated which in turn ... It has been shown that NO inhibits 20-HETE synthesis, which may interfere with astrocytes' constriction pathways and lead to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemodynamic_response

Other glia such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes may also release these extrinsic cues for microglia and microglia themselves ... Ji, Ru-Rong; Donnelly, Christopher R.; Nedergaard, Maiken (November 2019). "Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain

Besides being universal this classification has the advantage of being able to classify astrocytes as well. A method called ... Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells. They have been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of their stem cell-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

It appears that astrocytes are coupled by gap junctions, both to other astrocytes and to oligodendrocytes. Moreover, mutations ... Orthmann-Murphy, Jennifer L.; Abrams, Charles K.; Scherer, Steven S. (May 2008). "Gap Junctions Couple Astrocytes and ... with antibodies against external loop domains in astrocytes". Glia. 24 (1): 141-54. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199809)24:1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction

"Aged Astrocytes Prime Brain for Neuroinflammation , ALZFORUM". www.alzforum.org. Retrieved 7 March 2020. "Astrocytes Are Trusty ... In 2012 while she was a postdoc in the lab of Ben Barres, she showed that astrocytes secrete glypican 4 and 6, which is needed ... "Brain cells called astrocytes have unexpected role in brain "plasticity"". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 7 ... Allen also showed that astrocytes excrete a protein called Chrdl1, which helps the maturation of the brain. It also increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Allen

... is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by astrocytes, but not all astrocytes express S100B. It has been shown that ... S100B is secreted by astrocytes or can spill from injured cells and enter the extracellular space or bloodstream. Serum levels ... Wang DD, Bordey A (December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Prog. Neurobiol. 86 (4): 342-67. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09. ... "beta-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100 beta in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures". Brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100B

Wang, Doris D.; Bordey, Angélique (11 December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Progress in Neurobiology. 86 (4): 342-367. doi: ... which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS. In terms of total ... by the processes of another type of glial cell the astrocyte.[citation needed] CNS myelin differs slightly in composition and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin

Astrocytes help to maintain ionic balance in the extracellular space in the brain. Knock-out of PMCA2 causes inner ear problems ... PMCA types 1, 2, and 4 have been found in glial cells called astrocytes in mammals, though it was previously thought that only ... "Plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms in astrocytes". Glia (published 1999-10-22). 28 (2): 150-155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane_Ca2 _ATPase

Vargas, MR; Johnson, JA (3 June 2009). "The Nrf2-ARE cytoprotective pathway in astrocytes". Expert Reviews in Molecular ... This neuroprotective pathway involves control of neuronal activity by perisynaptic astrocytes and neuronal glutamate release, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

He studied control of synapses by glia, and the differentiation of astrocytes by endothelial cells. He investigated the role of ... Clarke, L.E.; Barres, B.A. (2013). "Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. ... Liddelow, S.A.; Barres, B.A. (2017). "Reactive Astrocytes: Production, Function, and Therapeutic Potential". Immunity. 46 (6): ... "Knockout of reactive astrocyte activating factors slows disease progression in an ALS mouse model". Nature Communications. 11 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Barres

... these astrocytes are found in close proximity to the 'end feet' of blood vessels. These astrocytes aid in the tightening and ... The crucial role that astrocytes play in the formation of muscle memory may also shed light on the beneficial impact of ... Lundgaard, I.; Osório, M.J.; Kress, B.T.; Sanggaard, S.; Nedergaard, M. (2014). "White matter astrocytes in health and disease ... Gold, Paul E. (2014). "Regulation of memory - from the adrenal medulla to liver to astrocytes to neurons". Brain Research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(emotion)

Eroglu C (2009). Astrocyte-Secreted Matricellular Proteins in Central Nervous System Development and Function. Journal of Cell ... Her work further highlighted the critical role astrocytes play in the direct regulation of synapse formation in the central ... Their focus on the communication between astrocytes and neurons in the healthy brain is paving the way towards eventually ... Her findings showed both the role that astrocyte secreted factors play in specifically excitatory synapse formation, as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagla_Eroglu

Around the edge of necrosis, astrocytes proliferate. These cells extend processes, and form a delicate rim of gliosis around ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_healing

"Astrocytes: Structure, Functions and Role in Disease". Novapublishers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-29. "Neuro-Immune Interactions in ... Additionally, Gonzalez has published three books: Astrocytes: Structure, Functions and Role in Disease, Neuro-Immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Gonzalez-Perez

Colin, A (2009). "Engineered lentiviral vector targeting astrocytes in vivo". Glia. 57 (6): 667-679. doi:10.1002/glia.20795. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic_adenovirus

It is also found in rat astrocytes. Pre-pro U-II in both humans and rats are primarily expressed in the motorneurons of the ... "Biochemical and functional characterization of high-affinity urotensin II receptors in rat cortical astrocytes". (primary). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotensin-II

Efficient-Conversion-of-Astrocytes-to-Functional-Midbrain-Dopaminergic-Neurons-Using-a-Single-pone.0028719.s002.ogv 18 s, 640 ... Engulfing-Astrocytes-Protect-Neurons-from-Contact-Induced-Apoptosis-following-Injury-pone.0033090.s008.ogv 28 s, 290 × 245; 1.2 ... Engulfing-Astrocytes-Protect-Neurons-from-Contact-Induced-Apoptosis-following-Injury-pone.0033090.s009.ogv 29 s, 288 × 210; 1.6 ... Media in category "Astrocytes". The following 119 files are in this category, out of 119 total. ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrocytes

Increasing astrocyte Ca2+ signalling was sufficient to silence dopaminergic neuron activity, which was mediated by astrocyte ... and tyramine-based neuromodulation can be mediated by astrocytes, and demonstrates that astrocytes are essential for multiple ... Astrocytes associate with synapses throughout the brain and express receptors for neurotransmitters that can increase ... This is the first in vivo demonstration of astrocyte calcium signalling as an obligatory intermediate in neuronal circuitry and ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20145?error=cookies_not_supported&code=478a18d7-a6f5-4716-8fa9-d267bd69d604

... have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. This page provides a ... Astrocytes are the most common glial cell type in the brain, and perform many functions such as neurotransmitter uptake and ... background on astrocytes and their role in ASD , ALS, and Rett syndrome. BioLegend develops and manufactures world-class, ... Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type residing in the brain, accounting for 20- 40% of all glial cells. Astrocytes ...

https://www.biolegend.com/en-gb/astrocytes

In cultured rat cerebellar and brainstem astrocytes isolated from normotensive controls and... ... Angiotensinogen and ACE2 Expression in Astrocytes of mRen2(27) Transgenic Rats. Grant Winner. *Michelle Clark, Ph.D. - College ... In cultured rat cerebellar and brainstem astrocytes isolated from normotensive controls and mRen2(27) transgenic rat pups, the ... which is primarily synthesized in astrocytes. Further, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme of the RAS has been ...

https://www.nova.edu/academic-affairs/faculty-research-grant/winners0607/clark_1.html

... and ATP in the communication between neurons and astrocytes. This new research has also found that by the astrocytes ... Do Astrocytes Play a Role in Brain Performance?. Our brains are tremendously complex - in may respects as vast as the universe ... These Astrocyte cells have usually been described as simply being the "glue" that holds the brain together, and they provide ... What are Astrocytes? Submitted by ADD ADHD Inform... on Mon, 04/30/2012 - 14:40. ...

https://newideas.net/what-are-astrocytes

They found that astrocytes that had been intermittently exposed to high levels of alcohol during adolescence, became highly ... The researchers conclude that this aberrant hyperactivity by hippocampal astrocytes in adulthood may contribute to the enduring ... astrocytes play important roles in helping neurons establish connections with each other during brain development and repair. ... report that repeated binge-like alcohol exposure during adolescence results in long-term changes to cells called astrocytes in ...

http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/news-noteworthy/adolescent-alcohol-activates-hippocampal-astrocytes-adulthood

Regulation of CNS inflammation by astrocytes. Download VideoCast. You can download this VideoCast and play it on your device. ...

https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=29193

Role of Astrocytes and Astrocytic Networks in Drug Abuse (R01) PA-16-144. NIDA ... Glia, in particular astrocytes, are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the brain. Astrocytes account for the majority of ... For example, astrocytes can trigger the exocytotic release of gliotransmitters as well as neurotrophic factors. Astrocyte ... Examine the effects of drugs of abuse on astrocytes in shaping neuronal dynamics and astrocyte-neuron ensembles ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-16-144.html

Properties of regulated exocytosis and vesicle trafficking in astrocytes. author: Marko Kreft, Oddelek za biologijo, ...

http://videolectures.net/physiology2010_kreft_prev/

Microglia and astrocyte cells in the brain support neurons; both work to constantly eliminate the unnecessary synapses by ... Microglia and astrocyte cells in the brain support neurons and their synapses; both work to constantly eliminate the ... "Using novel tools, we show that, for the first time, it is astrocytes and not microglia that constantly eliminate excessive and ... They also deployed it in a mouse model without MEGF10, the gene that allows astrocytes to eliminate synapses. Adult animals ...

https://www.prohealth.com/blogs/breaking-news/how-astrocyte-cells-maintain-blain-plasticity-with-age

Left panels, CA1 astrocytes; Right panels, DG. C, Changes in ROS indicated by HEt fluorescence during GD in cultured astrocytes ... As shown in Figure 4A, after 1 h GD, the TMRE signal from DG astrocytes was constant, whereas the signal from CA1 astrocytes ... CA1 astrocyte death is minimal when GFAP and GLT-1 immunoreactivity is reduced after ischemia. Whether significant astrocyte ... Primary astrocyte cultures and organotypic brain slice cultures.. Primary astrocyte cultures were prepared from postnatal days ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/16/4253?ijkey=b5576d8a504fd1761266265bfd2e8e2934585d2e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

NIEHS intramural scientists have defined descriptive terms of particular relevance to their own research, and have ranked those terms accordingly. This search feature obtains best-matches with the terms you choose, and shows an overall score based on the scientific rankings.. View our page to search various areas of interest and methodology.. ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.grantDetail&grant_number=K00ES033033

It seems we cant find what youre looking for. Perhaps searching can help.. ...

https://dbbs.wustl.edu/tag/astrocyte/

NIH findings in rodents suggest that astrocytes play an important role in how the brain processes information. ... Release: Astrocytes regulate signal speeds of neurons NIH findings in rodents suggest astrocytes play important role in how the ... The results, appearing in PNAS, suggest that brain cells called astrocytes alter the transmission speed of neurons by changing ... The researchers blocked the ability of perinodal astrocytes to regulate thrombin and observed thinner myelin sheaths and wider ...

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/102918-astrocytes

Ac2-26, a mimetic peptide of Annexin-A1, plays a vital role in the anti-inflammatory response mediated by astrocytes. In this ... Finally, Ac2-26 treatment reduced CFA-induced activation of astrocytes and production of inflammatory mediators in the spinal ... Specifically, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Ac2-26 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced astrocyte migration and on ... Our results demonstrated that Ac2-26 inhibited LPS-induced astrocytes migration, reduced the production of pro-inflammatory ...

https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/pain-research-forum/papers-of-the-week/paper/128077-annexin-1-mimetic-peptide-ac2-26-suppresses-inflammatory-mediators-lps-induced/

... astrocytes help the brain optimize the flow of information. ... Astrocytes May Play an Important Role in How the Brain ... According to a study conducted by the National Institutes of Health, astrocytes, a type of brain cell, play an important role ... In the experiment, researchers blocked the ability of astrocytes to regulate thrombin in mice and rats. As a result, the signal ... 29, showed that blocking the ability of astrocytes to regulate the enzyme thrombin resulted in thinner sheaths of myelin and ...

https://www.cit.nih.gov/about-cit/news/astrocytes-may-play-important-role-how-brain-processes-information

Single computed slice through a tomographic reconstruction of the cell body of a protoplasmic astrocyte in a 0.5 um thick ... Single computed slice through a tomographic reconstruction of the cell body of a protoplasmic astrocyte in a 0.5 um thick ... astrocyte of the hippocampus. CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/W9CIL40202 ...

http://cellimagelibrary.org/images/40202

μ Opioid Transactivation and Down-Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Astrocytes: Implications for Mitogen- ... μ Opioid Transactivation and Down-Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Astrocytes: Implications for Mitogen- ... μ Opioid Transactivation and Down-Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Astrocytes: Implications for Mitogen- ... μ Opioid Transactivation and Down-Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Astrocytes: Implications for Mitogen- ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/64/6/1391/tab-article-info

However, the structural properties of astrocytes in various brainstem regions are not known. In this study astrocytes in the ... Astrocytes, the most plentiful and structurally complex glial cells of the central nervous system, are thought to play an ... Morphometric analysis of astrocytes in brainstem respiratory regions. Thursday, September 13, 2018. - Poster Session III ... Morphological analysis revealed that preBotC astrocytes are structurally more complex than those within the functionally ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2018/posters/morphometric-analysis-astrocytes-brainstem-respiratory-regions

Circadian rhythmicity shapes astrocyte morphology and neuronal function in CA1 (McCauley et al 2020). ... Astrocytes change their proximity clustered excitatory synaptic inputs, ultimately shaping hippocampal-dependent learning in ... 1] Circadian modulation of neurons and astrocytes controls synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA1 by J.P. McCauley, M.A ... These findings highlight important mechanisms through which neurons and astrocytes modify the molecular composition and ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=257027&file=%2FmodelDB-Migliore-Scimemi-2020%2Fkca.mod

... Basic Researchers Discover Possible Target for Treating Brain Cancer Posted on May 23rd, 2023. by Lawrence Tabak, D ... Tags: astrocytes, casein kinase I delta gene, CKIδ, cortical spreading depression, familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, ... Tags: astrocytes, brain cells, cognition, glia, human brain, learning, memory, mouse brain, proteins ... Tags: actin filaments, astrocytes, brain cancer, cancer, cancer biology, cell biology, central nervous system cancers, GAPa43, ...

https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/astrocytes/

astrocytes. IRP Scientist Shares Path From Stuttering to Science. Diversity-Focused NIH Program Helps Dr. Shahriar SheikhBahaei ... New IRP research has revealed that star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes may play a role in the pleasurable effects of ...

https://irp.nih.gov/blog/tag/astrocytes

Winters, N. D., Kondev, V., Loomba, N., Delpire, E., Grueter, B. A., & Patel, S. (2023). Opposing retrograde and astrocyte- ... Winters, ND, Kondev, V, Loomba, N, Delpire, E, Grueter, BA & Patel, S 2023, Opposing retrograde and astrocyte-dependent ... Opposing retrograde and astrocyte-dependent endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms regulate lateral habenula synaptic ... Opposing retrograde and astrocyte-dependent endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms regulate lateral habenula synaptic ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/opposing-retrograde-and-astrocyte-dependent-endocannabinoid-signa

Irritation of astrocytes by endothelin and oxidative stress is a major contributor to cell death in glaucoma. Activated glia ... especially astrocytes. Under clinical conditions, it is not possible to see or measure astrocyte activation in the optic nerf ... Activation of astrocytes. We have already seen on the above that the crucial difference between glaucomatous and non- ... The "gliosis-like retinal alterations" described above have a distribution pattern like astrocytes. They are absent in the ...

https://glaucomaresearch.ch/en/glaucoma-astrocyte-activation/

Hypoxic regulation of Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes and endothelial cells. Peers C., Aley PK., Boyle JP., Porter KE., Pearson ...

https://www.ovg.ox.ac.uk/publications/625912?0f3b9efc-02a5-11ee-be50-064cbb69e63c

Munoz, J. R. (2008). Cortical astrocytes regulate the differentiation of cortical neural progenitor cells. Department of ...

https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_facpresentations/2551/

Researchers at the MTA Research Centre for Natural Sciences have made a breakthrough discovery on how the nervous system functions. Their results could help us in the better understanding and treatment of cognitive disorders. Please click here to access the entire study.. ...

https://www.ttk.hu/aktualis-hirek/astrocytes-illuminate-the-night

Neurotechnology landscape: Europe (2021). An overview of 67 European neurotech startups, industries/markets that they serve, and what layers of the tech stack they operate at. Read more ... ...

https://www.astrocyte.me/

Gut microbiota metabolites differentially release gliotransmitters from the cultured human astrocytes: a preliminary report, ... Gut microbiota metabolites differentially release gliotransmitters from the cultured human astrocytes: a preliminary report. ... Gut microbiota metabolites differentially release gliotransmitters from the cultured human astrocytes: a preliminary report, ...

https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/f9y2dcfb99

Hubbard AJ, Binder DK (2016). Chapter 1. History of astrocytes. In Astrocytes and Epilepsy. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, pp. ... Here, we identify an in vivo astrocyte subpopulation termed immediate-early astrocytes (ieAstrocytes) that is defined by ... Remarkably, more than 95% of disease-activated cells in vivo were astrocytes that we named immediate-early astrocytes ( ... A new, functionally defined in vivo subpopulation of astrocytes termed immediate-early astrocytes (ieAstrocytes) was identified ...

https://www.eneuro.org/content/5/5/ENEURO.0239-18.2018

Part of what has been learned in studying astrocytes is the importance of gliotransmitters such as glutamic acids (also an important neurotransmitter) and ATP in the communication between neurons and astrocytes. (newideas.net)
2020 [1], we identify cell-type specific structural and functional changes that occur with circadian rhythmicity in neurons and astrocytes in hippocampal area CA1. (yale.edu)
These findings highlight important mechanisms through which neurons and astrocytes modify the molecular composition and structure of the synaptic environment, contribute to the local storage of information in the hippocampus and alter the temporal dynamics of cognitive processing. (yale.edu)
Nervous system cells called radial glial cells (RGC) develop into neurons and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
After 10 hours postmortem, neurons and astrocytes normally undergo cellular disintegration unless salvaged by the BrainEx system. (nih.gov)

The researchers conclude that this aberrant hyperactivity by hippocampal astrocytes in adulthood may contribute to the enduring structural and functional abnormalities that are seen in the hippocampus following high-dose alcohol exposure during adolescence. (nih.gov)
this study finds that in the adult brain's hippocampal CA1 region, astrocytes are the primary clean-up cell that controls synapse number and plasticity. (prohealth.com)
Through this process, we show that, at least in the adult hippocampal CA1 region, astrocytes are the major player in eliminating synapses, and this astrocytic function is essential for controlling synapse number and plasticity," Chung said. (prohealth.com)
We demonstrate, for the first time, differential responses of astrocytes from different hippocampal subregions to ischemia: generation of reactive oxygen species, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and uptake of glutamate. (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes change their proximity clustered excitatory synaptic inputs, ultimately shaping hippocampal-dependent learning in vivo. (yale.edu)

This new research has also found that by the astrocytes controlling potassium levels around them, the control neuronal activity levels and reduce the "noise" or "static" among the neurons so that they are more efficient. (newideas.net)
Underappreciated and conceptualized as the passive supporting cells in their immediate vicinity in the CNS, astrocytes are emerging as the rising stars as studies begin to recognize that astrocytes function not only as neuronal guardians, but may play substantial roles in signaling within the CNS. (nih.gov)
Using novel tools, we show that, for the first time, it is astrocytes and not microglia that constantly eliminate excessive and unnecessary adult excitatory synaptic connections in response to neuronal activity," Professor Chung said. (prohealth.com)
Whether differential astrocyte vulnerability in ischemic injury contributes to CA1 neuronal death is uncertain. (jneurosci.org)
We postulate that differences in astrocyte vulnerability or sensitivity to functional change are central to this regional neuronal loss. (jneurosci.org)
We provide evidence that early loss of glutamate transport contributes to neuronal loss because induction of higher GLT-1 levels in astrocytes before ischemia reduces neuronal death in slice and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes, the most plentiful and structurally complex glial cells of the central nervous system, are thought to play an important role in controlling the activities of neuronal networks, including respiratory rhythm-generating circuits of the preBotzinger complex (preBotC) located in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. (nih.gov)
We hypothesize that morphological complexity of preBotC astrocytes reflects their functional role in providing structural/metabolic support and control of the neuronal network essential for breathing, as well as constraints imposed by arrangements of associated neurons and/or other local structural features of the brainstem parenchyma. (nih.gov)
Taken together, the results indicate that adenosine plays a role of anti-excitatory toxicity effect in protection against neuronal death and the functional recovery of ischemic stroke mainly by targeting astrocytes , which are closely related to A2aR. (bvsalud.org)
However, a major unresolved issue in neuroscience is how astrocytes integrate diverse neuronal signals under healthy conditions, modulate neural circuit structure and function at multiple temporal and spatial scales, and how aberrant excitation and molecular output influences sensorimotor behavior and contributes to disease. (nih.gov)

Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and can be identified with markers such as EAAT1/Glast, EAAT2/GLT-1, ALDH1L1 , glutamine synthetase , S100β , and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ( GFAP ). (biolegend.com)
GFAP is a member of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, and is specifically expressed in astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
GFAP antibodies are widely used to detect reactive astrocytes which form part of this response, since reactive astrocytes stain much more strongly with GFAP antibodies than normal astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
GFAP is also a major component of the "glial scar", an astrocyte rich structure that can inhibit nerve fiber regeneration following damage in the central nervous system. (biolegend.com)
In rats subjected to transient forebrain ischemia, CA1 astrocytes lose glutamate transport activity and immunoreactivity for GFAP, S100β, and glutamate transporter GLT-1 within a few hours of reperfusion, but without astrocyte cell death. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, we show that dramatic loss of GFAP immunoreactivity is not associated with astrocyte death. (jneurosci.org)
These cells displayed astrocyte morphologies and expressed typical astrocyte markers such as GFAP, NF-IA, and S100-B. (nih.gov)

CIL:40202, Mus musculus, astrocyte of the hippocampus. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Single computed slice through a tomographic reconstruction of the cell body of a protoplasmic astrocyte in a 0.5 um thick section from the hippocampus of a 1 month old male mouse, imaged with intermediate voltage electron microscopy. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Taken together, these data indicate that ventral midbrain astrocytes are physiologically distinct from astrocytes in cortex and hippocampus. (nih.gov)

Finally, Ac2-26 treatment reduced CFA-induced activation of astrocytes and production of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord. (iasp-pain.org)
Additionally, 4-O-methylhonokiol prevented PS2 mutation-induced activation of astrocytes as well as production of TNF-α, IL-1β, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) in neurons. (nih.gov)

However, the structural properties of astrocytes in various brainstem regions are not known. (nih.gov)
The summer project will focus on measuring stiffness of astrocytes in a cell culture model of the glial scar using AFM, and test the hypothesis that altering the mechanical properties of astrocytes will alter glial scar formation. (nih.gov)

The protocol included in this invention will permit increased in vitro use of human astrocytes for basic research, drug discovery, disease modeling, and cell therapy. (nih.gov)

They also determined that those mitochondria often came from healthy astrocytes, a process that had been seen before in the recovery from a stroke. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, we profiled the secretome of AxD-astrocytes under basal and "reactive" conditions and found that specific cytokines involved in innate immunity were not produced as compared to healthy astrocytes. (nih.gov)

Astrocytic Ca 2+ signalling has been proposed to modulate neural circuit activity 4 , but the pathways that regulate these events are poorly defined and in vivo evidence linking changes in astrocyte Ca 2+ levels to alterations in neurotransmission or behaviour is limited. (nature.com)
Selective disruption of Oct-TyrR or Wtrw expression in astrocytes blocked astrocytic Ca 2+ signalling and profoundly altered olfactory-driven chemotaxis and touch-induced startle responses. (nature.com)
Our work identifies Oct-TyrR and Wtrw as key components of the astrocytic Ca 2+ signalling machinery, provides direct evidence that octopamine- and tyramine-based neuromodulation can be mediated by astrocytes, and demonstrates that astrocytes are essential for multiple sensory-driven behaviours in Drosophila . (nature.com)
This webpage covers a background summary of astrocytes, highlights an important astrocytic marker, and the contribution of astrocytes to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (biolegend.com)
In addition, astrocytes help maintain brain blood barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability by projecting astrocytic endfeet to encircle and cover endothelial cells of the blood vessels. (biolegend.com)
Despite continuing advances in understanding astrocyte function within the CNS, little is known as to the impact of drugs of abuse on the structural organization and functional information encoded within astrocytic networks. (nih.gov)

In experiments using mice and rats, the researchers found that these astrocytes regulate adhesion molecules that connect myelin to axons. (nih.gov)
The researchers blocked the ability of perinodal astrocytes to regulate thrombin and observed thinner myelin sheaths and wider nodes of Ranvier. (nih.gov)
The results, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) on Oct. 29, showed that blocking the ability of astrocytes to regulate the enzyme thrombin resulted in thinner sheaths of myelin and wider gaps between segments of myelin. (nih.gov)
In the experiment, researchers blocked the ability of astrocytes to regulate thrombin in mice and rats. (nih.gov)
Here, we report that eCBs differentially regulate glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission in the LHb, exhibiting canonical and circuit-specific inhibition of both systems and an opposing potentiation of synaptic glutamate release mediated via activation of CB 1 receptors on astrocytes. (northwestern.edu)

Tyramine and octopamine released from neurons expressing tyrosine decarboxylase 2 (Tdc2) signal directly to astrocytes to stimulate Ca 2+ increases through the octopamine/tyramine receptor (Oct-TyrR) and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Water witch (Wtrw), and astrocytes in turn modulate downstream dopaminergic neurons. (nature.com)
They suspect a variety of internal and external factors are influencing how astrocytes modulate each regional circuit, and plan to elucidate these variables. (prohealth.com)
2) How do astrocytes convert this information into functional outputs that modulate neural circuit structure and function at different spatial and temporal scales. (nih.gov)

Schematic representation of a 'tripartite synapse', which refers to the localization of astrocytes in the proximity of synapses. (biolegend.com)
Gray matter in the brain contains microglia and astrocytes, two complementary cells that, among other things, support neurons and synapses. (prohealth.com)
They also deployed it in a mouse model without MEGF10, the gene that allows astrocytes to eliminate synapses. (prohealth.com)

Our results demonstrated that Ac2-26 inhibited LPS-induced astrocytes migration, reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1α)] and upregulated GSH reductase mRNA and GSH levels in LPS-induced astrocytes in vitro. (iasp-pain.org)
Much of what we have learned about astrocytes is from in vitro studies and astrocyte culture is a useful tool for exploring the diverse properties of this cell type. (ixcellsbiotech.com)
2] Van der Laan, L. J. W., De Groot, C. J. A., Elices, M. J. and Dijkstran, C. D. (1997) Extracellular matrix proteins expressed by human adult astrocytes in vivo and in vitro: an astrocyte surface protein containing the CS1 domain contributes to binding of lymphoblasts. (ixcellsbiotech.com)

This communication is facilitated through the release of gliotransmitters ( e.g . glutamate and ATP) from astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
In this figure, glutamate released by neurons is cleared from the synapse and recycled in astrocytes to generate glutamine, which is the essential component of glutamate production at the nerve terminals. (biolegend.com)
In this study, astrocytes were pretreated with adenosine , and the effects of an A2a receptor (A2aR) inhibitor (SCH58261) and A2b receptor (A2bR) inhibitor (PSB1115) on excitatory glutamate were investigated. (bvsalud.org)

Morphological analysis revealed that preBotC astrocytes are structurally more complex than those within the functionally distinct neighboring IRF region, or the NTS, which is located in the dorsal region of the medulla oblongata. (nih.gov)
ieAstrocyte formation was reduced by either astrocyte-specific genetic removal of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P 1 ) or pharmacological inhibition by fingolimod (FTY720), an FDA-approved MS medicine that can functionally antagonize S1P 1 . (eneuro.org)
ieAstrocyte s thus represent a functionally defined subset of disease-linked astrocytes that are the first and predominant CNS cell population activated during EAE, and that track with disease severity in vivo . (eneuro.org)
A new, functionally defined in vivo subpopulation of astrocytes termed immediate-early astrocytes ( ieAstrocyte s) was identified as the first and predominant CNS cell type showing c-Fos activation, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). ieAstrocyte s track with disease severity. (eneuro.org)
Numerous studies have demonstrated that astrocytes are among the most functionally diverse group of cells in the CNS [4] . (ixcellsbiotech.com)

Similar to microglia, astrocytes are highly sensitive to alterations in their microenvironment, and undergo morphological changes and alter their gene expression profile to upregulate expression and secretion of a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, in response to CNS injury. (biolegend.com)
In addition to phenotypic changes, astrocytes in SOD1-ALS models show other features, such as ubiquitinated SOD1 species reflecting defective proteostasis, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretion of TGF-β1 , which prevents neuroprotective functions of microglia and T cells. (biolegend.com)

Furthermore, astrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1 mice and sporadic ALS patients, have elevated levels of the gap junction protein, connexin 43 , leading to increased intracellular calcium levels and toxicity in motor neurons. (biolegend.com)
But glioblastoma arises from abnormal astrocytes , a particular type of the glial cell , a common cell in the brain and spinal cord. (nih.gov)

Here, we identify an in vivo astrocyte subpopulation termed immediate-early astrocytes ( ieAstrocytes ) that is defined by functional c-Fos activation during CNS disease development. (eneuro.org)
Yet, despite the essential functional roles they fill, very little is known about the physiology of astrocytes in the ventral midbrain, a region that houses dopamine-releasing neurons and is critical for reward learning and motivated behaviors. (nih.gov)
performed the first functional and molecular profiling of ventral midbrain astrocytes and observed numerous differences between these cells and their telencephalic counterparts, both in their gene expression profile and in their physiological properties. (nih.gov)
This work provides new insights into the extent of functional astrocyte heterogeneity within the adult brain and establishes the foundation for examining the impact of regional astrocyte differences on dopamine neuron function and susceptibility to degeneration. (nih.gov)
Here, using a combination of whole-transcriptome sequencing, histology, slice electrophysiology, and calcium imaging, we performed the first functional and molecular profiling of ventral midbrain astrocytes and observed numerous differences between these cells and their telencephalic counterparts, both in their gene expression profile and in their physiological properties. (nih.gov)

Increasing astrocyte Ca 2+ signalling was sufficient to silence dopaminergic neuron activity, which was mediated by astrocyte endocytic function and adenosine receptors. (nature.com)

In this video interview, Vukasin Jovanovic, Ph.D., explains how the team developed RGCs from human pluripotent stem cells and then bypassed neurogenesis to create astrocytes directly from RGCs. (nih.gov)
The protocol included in this technology is the most efficient and reproducible astrocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells. (nih.gov)

Long-term recovery after brain injury, through neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, or neuron regeneration, is also influenced by astrocyte surface molecule expression and trophic factor release [3] . (ixcellsbiotech.com)

Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type residing in the brain, accounting for 20- 40% of all glial cells. (biolegend.com)
This overactive brain RAS, with augmented responses to Ang II, may arise from dysregulation of one of its many components, including the Ang II inactive precursor molecule "angiotensinogen", which is primarily synthesized in astrocytes. (nova.edu)
Do Astrocytes Play a Role in Brain Performance? (newideas.net)
These Astrocyte cells have usually been described as simply being the "glue" that holds the brain together, and they provide nutritional support to parts of the nervous system. (newideas.net)
astrocytes play important roles in helping neurons establish connections with each other during brain development and repair. (nih.gov)
They found that astrocytes that had been intermittently exposed to high levels of alcohol during adolescence, became highly active in adulthood, and continued the signaling and synapse-forming functions that they typically perform during brain development. (nih.gov)
Glia, in particular astrocytes, are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the brain. (nih.gov)
Microglial are a frontline immunity defense, responsible for eating pathogens and dead cells, and astrocytes are star-shaped cells that help structure the brain and maintain homeostasis by helping to control signaling between neurons. (prohealth.com)
In his group's preliminary data in other brain regions, it appears that each region has different rates of synaptic elimination by astrocytes. (prohealth.com)
Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain, dynamically involved in synaptic transmission, metabolic and ionic homeostasis, inflammatory response, antioxidant defense, trophic support of neurons, as well as in the establishment and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2005 ). (jneurosci.org)
The results, appearing in PNAS , suggest that brain cells called astrocytes alter the transmission speed of neurons by changing the thickness of myelin, an insulation material, and the width of gaps in myelin called nodes of Ranvier, which amplify signals. (nih.gov)
The researchers focused their attention on perinodal astrocytes, which frequently touch nodes of Ranvier throughout the brain. (nih.gov)
The findings suggest that astrocytes, by regulating signal speeds, play an important role in how the brain processes information. (nih.gov)
According to a study conducted by the National Institutes of Health, astrocytes, a type of brain cell, play an important role in regulating the flow of information required for day-to-day activities. (nih.gov)
New IRP research has revealed that star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes may play a role in the pleasurable effects of marijuana and contribute to the drug's addictive properties. (nih.gov)
Astrocytes are the major cell type in the mammalian brain. (ixcellsbiotech.com)
Astrocytes, one of the most abundant cell types in the brain, have long been thought of as primarily passive support cells. (nih.gov)
The overall goal of this U19 Team-Research BRAIN Circuit Program project is to address this fundamental issue by developing a deeper mechanistic understanding of astrocytes' roles in neural circuit operation, complex behaviors, and brain computation theories. (nih.gov)
By integrating experimental and theoretical approaches, molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms will be determined through which astrocytes influence neural circuits and contribute to complex behaviors and brain computation theories. (nih.gov)

Here we show that Drosophila astrocytes exhibit activity-regulated Ca 2+ signalling in vivo . (nature.com)

In this study astrocytes in the preBotC, an intermediate reticular formation (IRF) region with respiratory-related function, and a region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in adult rats were reconstructed, after which their morphological features were compared. (nih.gov)

Astrocytes in ALS lesions demonstrate altered morphology and gene expression patterns that correlate with a reactive state. (biolegend.com)

Specifically, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Ac2-26 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced astrocyte migration and on pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines expressions, as well as one glutathione (GSH) reductase mRNA and total intracellular GSH levels in LPS-induced astrocytes. (iasp-pain.org)
Generation of TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and NO and ERK activation in cultured astrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/ml) were also prevented by 4-O-methylhonokiol in a dose-dependent manner. (nih.gov)

Here, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of membrane bound fraction of proteins isolated from healthy and diseased iPSC- astrocytes under basal conditions and after 24 h treatment with inflammatory cytokines. (nih.gov)

They are divided into protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes based on their morphologies and anatomical locations. (nih.gov)
Astrocytes have prominent roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and disease, with subpopulations defined primarily by morphologies and molecular markers often determined in cell culture. (eneuro.org)

Furthermore, the function of astrocytes in the maintenance of the BBB has significant implications during inflammation as dysfunction of astrocytes may lead to BBB disruption and favor the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and molecules into the CNS. (biolegend.com)

Here, we investigated the early astrocyte response to ischemic injury comparing the selectively vulnerable CA1 region with the more resistant DG. (jneurosci.org)

Peter Zhegin/astrocyte* 2021. (astrocyte.me)

Smith, S. J. Do astrocytes process neural information? (nature.com)
Khakh, B. S. & Sofroniew, M. V. Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits. (nature.com)

Furthermore, astrocytes derived from ALS patients and a SOD1 transgenic mouse model show increased inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression ( e.g . (biolegend.com)
In cultured rat cerebellar and brainstem astrocytes isolated from normotensive controls and mRen2(27) transgenic rat pups, the production of angiotensinogen and the expression of ACE2 will be measured. (nova.edu)
Upregulation of GLT-1 expression in astrocytes with ceftriaxone protected CA1 neurons from forebrain ischemia. (jneurosci.org)
The results showed that (1) adenosine could improve the function of Na+-K+- ATPase , upregulate the expression of glt-1, and enhance the synthesis of glutamine in astrocytes . (bvsalud.org)
Exposure to inflammatory cytokines had a particularly strong effect on glycolytic enzymes and decreased the expression of GAPDH and ENOA in AxD- astrocytes. (nih.gov)
The scar is comprised of astrocytes which increase their expression of extracellular matrix molecules, especially chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. (nih.gov)

Astrocytes have been implicated as a contributing factor in ALS pathology and disease progression. (biolegend.com)
Our long-term goal is understanding how astrocyte-mediated synapse turnover affects the initiation and progression of various neurological disorders," Professor Chung said. (prohealth.com)

Khakh, B. S. & McCarthy, K. D. Astrocyte calcium signaling: from observations to functions and the challenges therein. (nature.com)
A study recently published in Science Signaling from a research team at University of Rochester Medical Center reports that these astrocytes are much more important that we had previously thought. (newideas.net)
Ventral midbrain astrocytes display unique physiological features and sensitivity to dopamine D2 receptor signaling. (nih.gov)

Oxidative stress may contribute to the observed selective CA1 changes, because CA1 astrocytes show early increases in mitochondrial free radicals and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. (jneurosci.org)
We suggest that greater oxidative stress and loss of GLT-1 function selectively in CA1 astrocytes is central to the well known delayed death of CA1 neurons. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that the improving effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory function may be associated with a suppression of the activation of ERK and astrocytes as well as a reduction in oxidative damage. (nih.gov)

Exogenous Adenosine Antagonizes Excitatory Amino Acid Toxicity in Primary Astrocytes. (bvsalud.org)

Astrocytes have many important functions, some of which include neurotransmitter uptake and release, modulation of synaptic transmission, and nervous system repair. (biolegend.com)

Faulty astrocytes are linked to such disorders as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease). (nih.gov)

Hypoxic regulation of Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes and endothelial cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Over the past two decades, studies indicate that astrocytes play pivotal roles in nervous system development, function, and diseases. (nih.gov)

The " gliosis-like retinal alterations " described above have a distribution pattern like astrocytes. (glaucomaresearch.ch)

But a team of scientists at NCATS and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has used stem cells and a novel shortcut to quickly create large supplies of astrocytes that could accelerate new therapies. (nih.gov)

Structural analyses of the astrocyte-associated microvasculature indicated no significant regional differences in vascular properties. (nih.gov)

1] Astrocytes, pharmacology and function. (ixcellsbiotech.com)

Astrocytes are ubiquitous CNS cells that support tissue homeostasis through ion buffering, neurotransmitter recycling, and regulation of CNS vasculature. (nih.gov)

Paired with an automated production process, the faster pathway to astrogliogenesis could supply researchers with far more astrocytes than traditional methods. (nih.gov)

Two overarching questions will be addressed: 1) How do astrocytes temporally and spatially integrate molecular signals from the diverse types of local and projection neurons activated during sensorimotor behaviors. (nih.gov)

Do Astrocytes Play a Role in ADHD? (newideas.net)
Ac2-26, a mimetic peptide of Annexin-A1, plays a vital role in the anti-inflammatory response mediated by astrocytes. (iasp-pain.org)

Astrocytes lose their homeostatic function in ALS and secrete cytotoxic factors detrimental to motor neurons' health. (biolegend.com)

Caption: Illustration of cancer cell (bottom right) stealing mitochondria (white ovals) from a healthy astrocyte cell (left). (nih.gov)
Astrocytes are the most common type of cell in the central nervous system. (nih.gov)

Figure 3: Astrocytes mediate Tyr-induced inhibition of dopaminergic neurons through Oct-TyrR. (nature.com)

There has to be an optimal balance of sodium and potassium, and a proper balance of calcium and magnesium, for the cells to work well, and these astrocytes are active in maintaining this balance by getting rid of any excesses of these minerals. (newideas.net)
Ventral midbrain astrocytes had very low membrane resistance and inward-rectifying potassium channel-mediated current and were extensively coupled to surrounding oligodendrocytes through gap junctions. (nih.gov)

Astrocytes account for the majority of the cells in the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)

Anatomy17

Organisms6

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations1

Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (1/6371)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (2/6371)

Early induction of angiogenetic signals in gliomas of GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. (3/6371)

Expression of neuropeptide Y receptors mRNA and protein in human brain vessels and cerebromicrovascular cells in culture. (4/6371)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (5/6371)

Micronucleus test using cultured new born rat astrocytes. (6/6371)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (7/6371)

Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (8/6371)

Astrocytes

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Cells, Cultured

Neuroglia

Gliosis

Neurons

Brain

Oligodendroglia

Animals, Newborn

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2

Cerebral Cortex

Glutamic Acid

Microglia

Aquaporin 4

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1

Immunohistochemistry

Hippocampus

S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit

Coculture Techniques

Cell Communication

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Spinal Cord

Calcium Signaling

Mice, Transgenic

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Optic Nerve

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG

Rats, Wistar

Central Nervous System

Astrocytoma

Signal Transduction

RNA, Messenger

Gap Junctions

Connexin 43

Cell Differentiation

S100 Proteins

Calcium

Mice, Knockout

Gene Expression Regulation

Culture Media, Conditioned

Neural Stem Cells

Disease Models, Animal

Blotting, Western

Stem Cells

Blood-Brain Barrier

Glioma

Up-Regulation

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Cerebellum

Vimentin

Primary Cell Culture

Cell Death

Cell Survival

Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (1/6371)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (2/6371)

Early induction of angiogenetic signals in gliomas of GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. (3/6371)

Expression of neuropeptide Y receptors mRNA and protein in human brain vessels and cerebromicrovascular cells in culture. (4/6371)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (5/6371)

Micronucleus test using cultured new born rat astrocytes. (6/6371)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (7/6371)

Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (8/6371)

Astrocyte

Alzheimer type II astrocyte

Jacques Glowinski

Belimumab

David Holcman

Gliosis

GABRB2

Glial scar

Nervous tissue

George Alexander Gibson

Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis

Susan Margulies

Glomerulus (cerebellum)

Glioblast

Haemodynamic response

Neuropathic pain

Neuron

Gap junction