AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
AstrocytesGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinCells, CulturedNeurogliaGliosisNeuronsBrainOligodendrogliaAnimals, NewbornExcitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2Cerebral CortexGlutamic AcidMicrogliaAquaporin 4Rats, Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1ImmunohistochemistryHippocampusS100 Calcium Binding Protein beta SubunitCoculture TechniquesCell CommunicationMice, Inbred C57BLSpinal CordCalcium SignalingMice, TransgenicNerve Tissue ProteinsOptic NerveAmino Acid Transport System X-AGRats, WistarCentral Nervous SystemAstrocytomaSignal TransductionRNA, MessengerGap JunctionsConnexin 43Cell DifferentiationS100 ProteinsCalciumMice, KnockoutGene Expression RegulationCulture Media, ConditionedNeural Stem CellsDisease Models, AnimalBlotting, WesternStem CellsBlood-Brain BarrierGliomaUp-RegulationFluorescent Antibody TechniqueCerebellumVimentinPrimary Cell CultureCell DeathCell Survival
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Gliosis
The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Oligodendroglia
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found in ASTROCYTES and in the LIVER.
Cerebral Cortex
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Glutamic Acid
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Microglia
The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Aquaporin 4
Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1
A glial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found predominately in ASTROCYTES. It is also expressed in HEART and SKELETAL MUSCLE and in the PLACENTA.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
A calcium-binding protein that is 92 AA long, contains 2 EF-hand domains, and is concentrated mainly in GLIAL CELLS. Elevation of S100B levels in brain tissue correlates with a role in neurological disorders.
Coculture Techniques
A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.
Cell Communication
Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Spinal Cord
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Optic Nerve
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Central Nervous System
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Gap Junctions
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
Connexin 43
A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.
Cell Differentiation
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
S100 Proteins
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Culture Media, Conditioned
Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).
Neural Stem Cells
Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Blotting, Western
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Stem Cells
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Up-Regulation
A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Vimentin
An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.
Primary Cell Culture
The initial culturing of cells derived directly from fresh TISSUES.
Cell Death
The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.
Cell Survival
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (1/6371)

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine in the caudate putamen. Dopamine replacement with levodopa, a precursor of the neurotransmitter, is presently the most common treatment for this disease. However, in an effort to obtain better therapeutic results, tissue or cells that synthesize catecholamines have been grafted into experimental animals and human patients. In this paper, we present a novel technique to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the host's own astrocytes. This procedure uses a transgene in which the expression of a TH cDNA is under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, which confers astrocyte-specific expression and also increases its activity in response to brain injury. The method was tested in a rat model of Parkinson's disease produced by lesioning the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Following microinjection of the transgene into the denervated striatum as a DNA-liposome complex, expression of the transgene was detected by RT-PCR and TH protein was observed specifically in astrocytes by using double-labeling immunofluorescence for GFAP and TH coupled with laser confocal microscopy. Efficacy was demonstrated by significant behavioral recovery, as assessed by a decrease in the pharmacologically induced turning behavior generated by the unilateral denervation of the rat striatum. These results suggest this is a valuable technique to express molecules of therapeutic interest in the brain.  (+info)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (2/6371)

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site.  (+info)

Early induction of angiogenetic signals in gliomas of GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. (3/6371)

Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain tumor, is characterized by extensive vascular proliferation. We previously showed that transgenic mice expressing a GFAP-v-src fusion gene in astrocytes develop low-grade astrocytomas that progressively evolve into hypervascularized glioblastomas. Here, we examined whether tumor progression triggers angiogenetic signals. We found abundant transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neoplastic astrocytes at surprisingly early stages of tumorigenesis. VEGF and v-src expression patterns were not identical, suggesting that VEGF activation was not only dependent on v-src. Late-stage gliomas showed perinecrotic VEGF up-regulation similarly to human glioblastoma. Expression patterns of the endothelial angiogenic receptors flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2 were similar to those described in human gliomas, but flt-1 was expressed also in neoplastic astrocytes, suggesting an autocrine role in tumor growth. In crossbreeding experiments, hemizygous ablation of the tumor suppressor genes Rb and p53 had no significant effect on the expression of VEGF, flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2. Therefore, expression of angiogenic signals is an early event during progression of GFAP-v-src tumors and precedes hypervascularization. Given the close similarities in the progression pattern between GFAP-v-src and human gliomas, the present results suggest that these mice may provide a useful tool for antiangiogenic therapy research.  (+info)

Expression of neuropeptide Y receptors mRNA and protein in human brain vessels and cerebromicrovascular cells in culture. (4/6371)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been suggested as an important regulator of CBF. However, except for the presence of Y1 receptors in large cerebral arteries, little is known about its possible sites of action on brain vessels. In this study, we sought to identify the NPY receptors present in the human cerebrovascular bed. Specific Y1 receptor binding sites, localized on the smooth muscle of human pial vessels and potently competed by NPY, polypeptide YY (PYY), and the selective Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226, were identified by quantitative radioautography of the Y1 radioligand [125I]-[Leu31, Pro34]-PYY. In contrast, no specific binding of the Y2-([125I]-PYY3-36) and Y4/Y5-(125I-human pancreatic polypeptide [hPP]) radioligands could be detected. By in situ hybridization, expression of Y1 receptor mRNA was restricted to the smooth muscle layer of pial vessels, whereas no specific signals were detected for either Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors. Similarly, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA for Y1 but not Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors was consistently detected in isolated human pial vessels, intracortical microvessels, and capillaries. In human brain microvascular cells in culture, PCR products for the Y1 receptors were exclusively found in the smooth muscle cells. In cultures of human brain astrocytes, a cell type that associates intimately with brain microvessels, PCR products for Y1, Y2, and Y4 but not Y5 receptors were identified. Finally, NPY significantly inhibited the forskolin-induced cAMP production in smooth muscle but not in endothelial cell cultures. We conclude that smooth muscle Y1 receptors are the primary if not exclusive NPY receptors associated with human brain extraparenchymal and intraparenchymal blood vessels, where they most likely mediate cerebral vasoconstriction.  (+info)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (5/6371)

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the beta-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1alpha and IL-1beta to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5'-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5'-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5'-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD.  (+info)

Micronucleus test using cultured new born rat astrocytes. (6/6371)

Micronuclei is induced in cytoplasm as a consequence of the formation of chromosomal fragments or remaining chromosomes during cell division by the cause of clastogens or spindle poisons, and is used as an indicator of genotoxicity screening tests. There are few short-term genotoxicity screening tests using brain cells. We attempted to establish a new in vitro micronucleus test (MN test) system by use of central nervous system cells. Primary cultured astrocytes were prepared from newborn male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In growth curve of astrocytes, doubling time was determined to be 31 h. In time study, the highest frequency of micronuclei was observed at 48 h, 72 h and 6 h-exposure-66 h-recovery by vincristine (VCR), mitomycin C (MMC) without metabolic activation system and cyclophosphamide (CPM) with metabolic activation system, respectively. Dose-response relationships between micronucleus frequency and concentrations of MMC, VCR and CPM were observed, respectively. It is suggested that the in vitro MN test using new born rat-astrocytes could be used as a screening test of environmental and occupational genotoxic chemicals in the central nervous system cells.  (+info)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (7/6371)

The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA.  (+info)

Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (8/6371)

The anticonvulsant and antibipolar drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is known to act as a specific antagonist at adenosine A1-receptors. After a 3-week application of CBZ, A1-receptors are upregulated in the rat brain. We have investigated the consequences of this upregulation for the A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in primary astrocyte cultures from different regions of the rat brain. CBZ treatment for 10 days had no effect on adenosine A1-receptor mRNA expression in cultures with high basal A1-receptor mRNA levels, but increased A1-receptor mRNA in cultures exhibiting low basal A1-receptor mRNA levels. This upregulation of A1-receptor mRNA was accompanied by an upregulation or induction of A1-receptor-mediated potentiation of PLC activity, a property that was not found in these cultures before CBZ treatment. Thus, CBZ treatment for 10 days induces a new quality of adenosine A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in cells that express low basal A1-receptor numbers.  (+info)

Acidosis-induced metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression in neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures<...Acidosis-induced metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression in neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Acidosis-induced metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression in neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures. AU - Aschner, M.. AU - Stark, S.. AU - Vrana, K. E.. AU - Conklin, D. R.. PY - 1998/4/15. Y1 - 1998/4/15. N2 - Metallothionein (MT) mRNA levels were determined following exposure of neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures to acidosis. Astrocyte total RNA was probed on northern blots with [α32P]dCTP-labeled synthetic cDNA probes specific for rat MT isoform mRNAs. The probe for MT-I mRNA hybridized to a single mRNA with a size appropriate for MT, approximately 550 nucleotides. MT-I mRNA levels in astrocyte monolayers exposed to pH 6.5 and 6.0 for 3 or 6 hours were unchanged compared with MT-I mRNA levels in control cultures exposed to pH 7.4. In contrast, 9 hour exposure of astrocytes to pH 6.5 and 6.0 led to a significant increase in MT-I mRNA transcripts compared with controls maintained at pH 7.4 (p,0.001 and p,0.02, respectively). A probe for MT-II mRNA that hybridizes to a single ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/acidosis-induced-metallothionein-mt-mrna-expression-in-neonatal-r-2
Infection of primary human fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus 6<...Infection of primary human fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus 6<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Infection of primary human fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus 6. AU - Jun, H. E.. AU - McCarthy, Micheline. AU - Zhou, Y. I.. AU - Chandran, Bala. AU - Wood, Charles. PY - 1996/1/29. Y1 - 1996/1/29. N2 - Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a lymphotropic betaherpesvirus which productively infects human CD4+ T cells and monocytes. HHV-6 is the etiologic agent for exanthem subitum (roseola), and it is well-known that central nervous system complications occur frequently during the course of HHV-6-associated disease. In addition, HHV-6 has been associated with encephalitis or encephalopathy. However, very little is known about its tropism for neural cells. There are reports that HHV-6 may infect some glial cell lines, but whether it can infect any primary neural cells is not known. Our studies show that both HHV-6A (GS) and HHV-6B (Z-29) can infect highly purified primary fetal astrocytes in vitro. Infected cells showed cytopathic effects, forming giant syncytia. In dual ...
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/infection-of-primary-human-fetal-astrocytes-by-human-herpesvirus-
Protein phosphorylation in primary astrocyte cultures treated with and without dibutyryl cyclic AMP<...Protein phosphorylation in primary astrocyte cultures treated with and without dibutyryl cyclic AMP<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Protein phosphorylation in primary astrocyte cultures treated with and without dibutyryl cyclic AMP. AU - Neary, Joseph T.. AU - Gutierrez, Maria del Pilar. AU - Norenberg, Luz Oliva B.. AU - Norenberg, Michael D.. PY - 1987/4/28. Y1 - 1987/4/28. N2 - Protein phosphorylation was investigated in primary rat astrocyte cultures treated with and without dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Astrocytes maintained in dibutyryl cyclic AMP for several weeks displayed increased phosphate incorporation in 5 protein bands (55, 52, 45, 43 and 28 kDa) while incorporation in one band (42 kDa) was decreased. Phosphate incorporation in several other protein bands was unchanged. Calcium-dependent phosphate incorporation was also altered by prior exposure of the cells to dibutyryl cyclic AMP: addition of calcium to broken cell preparations resulted in increased incorporation in 75, 53 and 52 kDa while decreased incorporation occurred in 100 kDa. These differences in protein phosphorylation may be related to the ...
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/protein-phosphorylation-in-primary-astrocyte-cultures-treated-wit
Live Imaging of Neuroinflammation Reveals Sex and Estrogen Effects on Astrocyte Response to Ischemic Injury | StrokeLive Imaging of Neuroinflammation Reveals Sex and Estrogen Effects on Astrocyte Response to Ischemic Injury | Stroke
We report here a novel live imaging approach to study astrocyte response to ischemic injury in the brains of living mice. Our results revealed marked effects of sex and estrogen on astrocyte response to ischemic injury. We report here that: (1) bioluminescent signal intensities/GFAP induction were significantly higher in female mice (out of estrus) compared with males (confirmed by immunohistochemistry); (2) in female mice, astrocyte response to ischemia/GFAP upregulation was strongly dependent on the estrus cycle and serum estrogen level; and (3) contrary to the findings in male mice, there was no correlation between bioluminescent signal intensity/GFAP upregulation and size of the ischemic lesion in female GFAP-luc mice.. GFAP is a 50-kDa intermediate filament, predominantly expressed by mature astrocytes in the central nervous system.24,25 Reactive astrogliosis is a key component of the inflammatory cellular response to central nervous system injury, including ischemia.2,26 It is ...
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/39/3/935
Binding and Uptake of A beta 1-42 by Primary Human Astrocytes In VitroBinding and Uptake of A beta 1-42 by Primary Human Astrocytes In Vitro
article{9714ffdf-1e21-475d-ac0b-daebdc2182ca, abstract = {Clearance of the amyloid-P peptide (A beta) as a remedy for Alzheimers disease (AD) is a major target in on-going clinical trials. In vitro studies confirmed that A beta is taken up by rodent astrocytes, but knowledge on human astrocyte-mediated A beta clearance is sparse. Therefore, by means of flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we evaluated the binding and internalization of A beta 1-42 by primary human fetal astrocytes and adult astrocytes, isolated from nondemented subjects (n = 8) and AD subjects (n = 6). Furthermore, we analyzed whether alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), which is found in amyloid plaques and can influence A beta fibrillogenesis, affects the A beta uptake by human astrocytes. Upon over night exposure of astrocytes to FAM-labeled A beta 1-42 (10 mu M) preparations, (80.7 +/- 17.7)% fetal and (52.9 +/- 20.9)% adult A beta-positive astrocytes (P = 0.018) were observed. No significant difference ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/1443637
Astrocytes process synaptic information<...Astrocytes process synaptic information<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Astrocytes process synaptic information. AU - Araque, Alfonso. PY - 2008/2. Y1 - 2008/2. N2 - Astrocytes were classically considered as simple supportive cells for neurons without a significant role in information processing by the nervous system. However, considerable amounts of evidence obtained by several groups during the past years demonstrated the existence of a bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons, which prompted a re-examination of the role of astrocytes in the physiology of the nervous system. While neurons base their excitability on electrical signals generated across the membrane, astrocytes base their cellular excitability on variations of the Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol. This article discusses our current knowledge of the properties of the synaptically evoked astrocyte Ca2+ signal, which reveals that astrocytes display integrative properties for synaptic information processing. Astrocytes respond selectively to different axon pathways, ...
https://minnesota-staging.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/astrocytes-process-synaptic-information
DI-TNC1 Transfection Kit (Rat Brain Astrocytes) | InVivo and Cell Line Transfection Reagents | Altogen BiosystemsDI-TNC1 Transfection Kit (Rat Brain Astrocytes) | InVivo and Cell Line Transfection Reagents | Altogen Biosystems
Transfection Efficiency:. Reagent exhibits at least 77% transfection efficiency of siRNA delivery. Transfection efficiency was determined by qRT-PCR.. Transfection Protocol and MSDS:. Download Altogen Biosystems DI-TNC1 Transfection Protocol: [PDF]. Download MSDS: [PDF]. DI-TNC1 Cell Line:. Astrocytes are the most abundant type of cells in the central nervous system that perform a variety of different functions, including support of brain metabolism, the primary focus of which is on the relationship between astrocytes and neurons. Astrocytes are cells that promote the growth of neurons by providing nourishment and support. DI-TNC1 is derived from cultures of interbrain tissue of one-day-old rats and comprises rat brain astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes have been shown to promote neurite outgrowth by producing adhesion molecules found either on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix. The cells retain characteristics of type 1 astrocytes including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ...
https://altogen.com/product/di-tnc1-transfection-reagent-rat-brain-astrocytes/
CRAC channels regulate astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and gliotransmitter release to modulate hippocampal GABAergic transmission |...CRAC channels regulate astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and gliotransmitter release to modulate hippocampal GABAergic transmission |...
Astrocytes are the major glial subtype in the brain and mediate numerous functions ranging from metabolic support to gliotransmitter release through signaling mechanisms controlled by Ca2+. Despite intense interest, the Ca2+ influx pathways in astrocytes remain obscure, hindering mechanistic insights into how Ca2+ signaling is coupled to downstream astrocyte-mediated effector functions. Here, we identified store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels encoded by Orai1 and STIM1 as a major route of Ca2+ entry for driving sustained and oscillatory Ca2+ signals in astrocytes after stimulation of metabotropic purinergic and protease-activated receptors. Using synaptopHluorin as an optical reporter, we showed that the opening of astrocyte CRAC channels stimulated vesicular exocytosis to mediate the release of gliotransmitters, including ATP. Furthermore, slice electrophysiological recordings showed that activation of astrocytes by protease-activated receptors stimulated interneurons in ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/12/582/eaaw5450.abstract
Our previous findings reveal that A2A and D2 receptors are co-expressed on adult rat striatal astrocytes and on the astrocyte...Our previous findings reveal that A2A and D2 receptors are co-expressed on adult rat striatal astrocytes and on the astrocyte...
Our previous findings reveal that A2A and D2 receptors are co-expressed on adult rat striatal astrocytes and on the astrocyte processes, and that A2A-D2 receptorCreceptor conversation can control the release of glutamate from your processes. (and that these heteromers can play functions in the control of the striatal glutamatergic transmission) may shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. = 3). (B) Aliquots (300 g) of Triton X-100-soluble proteins obtained from gliosomes were immunoprecipitated with 1 g of anti-D2 antibody as explained in Methods. IP and Output were analyzed by immunoblotting using the anti-D2 antibody. IP and Output were also analyzed using anti-A2A antibody. A representative blot (of three) is usually shown. A2A immunoreactive bands were quantified and the data were reported in the graph. Values are means SEM (= 3). 2.2. D2 and A2A Receptors Expressed on Striatal Astrocytes Can Form Heteromers As illustrated in Physique 2 astrocytes ...
http://atheistsconcernedforamerica.com/%EF%BB%BFour-previous-findings-reveal-that-a2a-and-d2-receptors-are-co-expressed-on-adult-rat-striatal-astrocytes-and-on-the-astrocyte-processes-and-that-a2a-d2-receptorcreceptor-conversation-can-con/
The impact of defective gp130/SOCS3 signaling on the astrocyte response to hyper-IL6 (38.17) | The Journal of ImmunologyThe impact of defective gp130/SOCS3 signaling on the astrocyte response to hyper-IL6 (38.17) | The Journal of Immunology
Astrocytes derived from Y757F mutant mice defective in gp130-SHP2/SOCS3 signaling were investigated into their ability to respond to IL-6. Compared with WT astrocytes, Y757F astrocytes treated with hyper-IL6, had higher and more sustained activation of STAT3, while the levels of pY-SHP2 and pERK remained unchanged. Gene expression was investigated by Affymetrix gene chip analysis. At 2 hr, 306 genes were upregulated in WT astrocytes and of these, 28 did not increase in Y757F astrocytes. Of 238 genes upregulated in Y757F astrocytes, 9 were not upregulated in WT astrocytes. Some 99 genes were downregulated in WT astrocytes and of those 55 were not decreased in Y757F astrocytes. In WT astrocytes after 12 hrs the level of expression of many genes was reduced back to or near levels seen in the untreated cells, however, in Y757F astrocytes 109 genes either maintained their 2hr upregulated levels or were further increased. A number of candidate genes upregulated by hyper-IL6 in WT and Y757F astrocytes ...
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/182/1_Supplement/38.17
JCI - Nuclear factor I-A regulates diverse reactive astrocyte responses after CNS injuryJCI - Nuclear factor I-A regulates diverse reactive astrocyte responses after CNS injury
Reactive astrocytes are associated with every form of neurological injury. Despite their ubiquity, the molecular mechanisms controlling their production and diverse functions remain poorly defined. Because many features of astrocyte development are recapitulated in reactive astrocytes, we investigated the role of nuclear factor I-A (NFIA), a key transcriptional regulator of astrocyte development whose contributions to reactive astrocytes remain undefined. Here, we show that NFIA is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes in human neurological injury and identify unique roles across distinct injury states and regions of the CNS. In the spinal cord, after white matter injury (WMI), NFIA-deficient astrocytes exhibit defects in blood-brain barrier remodeling, which are correlated with the suppression of timely remyelination. In the cortex, after ischemic stroke, NFIA is required for the production of reactive astrocytes from the subventricular zone (SVZ). Mechanistically, NFIA directly regulates the ...
https://jci.org/articles/view/127492/figure/3
Interactions between Sirt1 and MAPKs regulate astrocyte activation induced by brain injury in vitro and in vivo | Journal of...Interactions between Sirt1 and MAPKs regulate astrocyte activation induced by brain injury in vitro and in vivo | Journal of...
Astrocyte activation is presumed to depress neuronal regeneration after CNS injury due to the glial scar, a formation of a physical barrier, and overproduction of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, which further aggravate the glial activation and injure the remaining neurons through positive feedback [4, 31, 38, 39]. The recombinant IL-1β used in the present study was shown to be biologically active as previously demonstrated by its ability to induce astrocyte activation in an in vitro astrocyte activation model [4, 40-42]. Therefore, we speculate that our IL-1β stimulation model is suitable and credible for the detection of the astrocyte activation in vitro. Upregulation of GFAP and hypertrophy of astrocyte cellular processes play a major and prominent role in astrocyte activation and the formation of glial scar [6, 12]. In the present study, the IL-1β stimulation triggered an elevated level of GFAP and induced the astrocyte hypertrophy; this phenomenon ...
https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-017-0841-6
Gene profiling of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocyte progenitors following spinal cord engraftment. | Broad...Gene profiling of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocyte progenitors following spinal cord engraftment. | Broad...
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represents an exciting advancement with promise for stem cell transplantation therapies as well as for neurological disease modeling. Based on the emerging roles for astrocytes in neurological disorders, we investigated whether hiPSC-derived astrocyte progenitors could be engrafted to the rodent spinal cord and how the characteristics of these cells changed between in vitro culture and after transplantation to the in vivo spinal cord environment. Our results show that human embryonic stem cell- and hiPSC-derived astrocyte progenitors survive long-term after spinal cord engraftment and differentiate to astrocytes in vivo with few cells from other lineages present. Gene profiling of the transplanted cells demonstrates the astrocyte progenitors continue to mature in vivo and upregulate a variety of astrocyte-specific genes. Given this mature astrocyte gene profile, this work highlights hiPSCs as a tool to investigate disease-related ...
https://www.broadinstitute.org/publications/broad143831
Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders<...Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders. AU - Bachoo, Robert M.. AU - Kim, Ryung S.. AU - Ligon, Keith L.. AU - Maher, Elizabeth A.. AU - Brennan, Cameron. AU - Billings, Nathan. AU - Chan, Suzanne. AU - Li, Cheng. AU - Rowitch, David H.. AU - Wong, Wing H.. AU - DePinho, Ronald A.. PY - 2004/6/1. Y1 - 2004/6/1. N2 - The astrocyte represents the most abundant yet least understood cell type of the CNS. Here, we use a stringent experimental strategy to molecularly define the astrocyte lineage by integrating microarray datasets across several in vitro model systems of astrocyte differentiation, primary astrocyte cultures, and various astrocyte-rich CNS structures. The intersection of astrocyte data sets, coupled with the application of nonastrocytic exclusion filters, yielded many astrocyte-specific genes possessing strikingly varied patterns of regional CNS expression. Annotation of these astrocyte-specific genes provides direct molecular ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-diversity-of-astrocytes-with-implications-for-neurologi
Elevated intracellular cAMP exacerbates vulnerability to oxidative stress in optic nerve head astrocytes.Elevated intracellular cAMP exacerbates vulnerability to oxidative stress in optic nerve head astrocytes.
Author(s): Shim, Myoung Sup; Kim, Keun-Young; Bu, Jung Hyun; Nam, Hye Seung; Jeong, Seung Won; Park, Tae Lim; Ellisman, Mark H; Weinreb, Robert N; Ju, Won-Kyu | Abstract: Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, but the underlying biological basis for the accompanying neurodegeneration is not known. Accumulating evidence indicates that structural and functional abnormalities of astrocytes within the optic nerve head (ONH) have a role. However, whether the activation of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway is associated with astrocyte dysfunction in the ONH remains unknown. We report here that the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is critical to ONH astrocyte dysfunction, leading to caspase-3 activation and cell death via the AKT/Bim/Bax signaling pathway. Furthermore, elevated intracellular cAMP exacerbates vulnerability to oxidative stress in ONH astrocytes, and this may contribute to axonal damage in glaucomatous
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/02s3s6j0
Introduction Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. in C57BL/6 - Breast Cancer-derived Factors Stimulate...Introduction Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. in C57BL/6 - Breast Cancer-derived Factors Stimulate...
Introduction Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. in C57BL/6 mice TNFSF11 astroglial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using reverse-transcription polymerase BMS-911543 BMS-911543 chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results We provide for the first time evidence that astrocytes can express IL-19 mRNA following LPS stimulation. Furthermore we have found the expression of IL-19 mRNA in the cortex of adult C57BL/6 mice following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LPS. Discussion This finding will contribute to current knowledge on the function and behavior of cells and mediators during inflammatory conditions in BMS-911543 the brain. Keywords: IL-19 Mice Astroglial Cells brain Cortex Lipopolysaccharide 1 Introduction Glial cells play an important role in controlling of CNS inflammation. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type in the brain (Kim Hong & BMS-911543 Ro 2011 BMS-911543 Astrocytes are multifunctional glial cells that regulate extracellular ion and ...
http://cylch.org/introduction-astrocytes-are-the-most-abundant-glial-cell-type-in-c57bl6/
HKU Scholars Hub: Caveolin-1 promote astroglial differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells through modulating Notch1/NICD...HKU Scholars Hub: Caveolin-1 promote astroglial differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells through modulating Notch1/NICD...
In the present study, we aim to elucidate the role of caveolin-1 in modulating astroglial differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the potential mechanisms involved. We first investigated astroglial differentiation and Notch signaling by detecting the expressions of S100β, GFAP, NICD and hairy enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) in the brains of wild-type and caveolin-1 knockout mice. Caveolin-1 knockout mice revealed remarkably less astroglial differentiation and lower levels of NICD and Hes1 expressions than wild type mice. We then studied the potential roles of caveolin-1 in modulating NICD and Hes1 expressions and astroglial differentiation in isolated cultured NPCs by using caveolin-1 peptide and caveolin-1 RNA silencing. In the differentiating NPCs, caveolin-1 peptide markedly promoted astroglial formation and up-regulated the expressions of NICD and Hes1. In contrast, the knockdown of caveolin-1 inhibited astroglial differentiation of NPCs and the expressions of NICD and Hes1. Taken ...
http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/134772
The induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression on human fetal astrocytes by interferon-gamma, tumor...The induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression on human fetal astrocytes by interferon-gamma, tumor...
Antigen presentation reactions are dependent upon the expression of the class II major histocompatibility antigens (MHC), the T-cell receptor, and the presented antigen. Recent studies demonstrate that such processes also require the presence of adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1) and its cell surface ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). It has been suggested that the brain astrocyte can function as a facultative antigen presenting cell (APC). This hypothesis is based upon the ability to induce the expression of the class II MHC antigens on astrocytes, and on their ability to present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T-cells in vitro. The best in vivo data showing that astrocytes serve as intracerebral APCs is the finding that astrocytes in multiple sclerosis plaques are DR+ (class II MHC in human). However, it still remains to be resolved whether the in vivo expression of the MHC antigens in disease states is instrumental to antigen presentation
https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/482693
Induction of Alzheimer-specific tau epitope AT100 in apoptotic human fetal astrocytes<...Induction of Alzheimer-specific tau epitope AT100 in apoptotic human fetal astrocytes<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Induction of Alzheimer-specific tau epitope AT100 in apoptotic human fetal astrocytes. AU - Ksiezak-Reding, Hanna. AU - He, Deke. AU - Gordon-Krajcer, Wanda. AU - Kress, Yvonne. AU - Lee, Sunhee. AU - Dickson, Dennis W.. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - In Alzheimers and other neurodegenerative diseases, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates in affected neuronal and glial cells in the form of paired helical filaments (PHFs). This tau binds antibody AT100, which recognizes the double phosphorylation site (Thr212/Ser214) that is not present in normal biopsy tau. In primary cultures, highly enriched (,98%) in astrocytes of human fetal brain, three polypeptides of 52, 64, and 70 kD showed immunoreactivity with tau antibodies against non-phosphorylated epitopes, accounting for 88, 12, and ,1%, respectively, of the total reactivity. All three polypeptides were phosphorylated at the PHF-1 epitope but not at the epitopes Tau-1, 12E8, AT8, and AT100. Treatment of cultures with okadaic acid ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/induction-of-alzheimer-specific-tau-epitope-at100-in-apoptotic-hu-2
Synergistic induction of astrocytic differentiation by factors secreted from meninges in the mouse developing brain<...Synergistic induction of astrocytic differentiation by factors secreted from meninges in the mouse developing brain<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Synergistic induction of astrocytic differentiation by factors secreted from meninges in the mouse developing brain. AU - Kawamura, Yoichiro. AU - Katada, Sayako. AU - Noguchi, Hirofumi. AU - Yamamoto, Hiroyuki. AU - Sanosaka, Tsukasa. AU - Iihara, Koji. AU - Nakashima, Kinichi. PY - 2017/11. Y1 - 2017/11. N2 - Astrocytes, which support diverse neuronal functions, are generated from multipotent neural stem/precursor cells (NS/PCs) during brain development. Although many astrocyte-inducing factors have been identified and studied in vitro, the regions and/or cells that produce these factors in the developing brain remain elusive. Here, we show that meninges-produced factors induce astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs. Consistent with the timing when astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs increases, expression of astrocyte-inducing factors is upregulated. Meningeal secretion-mimicking combinatorial treatment of NS/PCs with bone morphogenetic protein 4, retinoic acid and leukemia ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/synergistic-induction-of-astrocytic-differentiation-by-factors-se
Glial-derived proteins activate cultured astrocytes and enhance beta amyloid-induced glial activation.Glial-derived proteins activate cultured astrocytes and enhance beta amyloid-induced glial activation.
In this study, we focused on four glial proteins that are abundant in amyloid plaques and/or that are known to interact with Abeta: alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), S100beta, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). We examined the ability of these proteins to activate rat cortical astrocyte cultures and to influence the ability of Abeta to activate astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with ACT, IL-1beta, or S100beta resulted in glial activation, as assessed by reactive morphology, upregulation of IL-1beta, and production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide. The ability of Abeta to induce astrocyte activation was also enhanced in the presence of each of these three proteins. In contrast, BChE alone did not activate astrocytes and had no effect on Abeta-induced activation ...
http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=1723
Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1)-facilitated HIV restriction in astrocytes...Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1)-facilitated HIV restriction in astrocytes...
Astrocytes, which constitute 40% to 70% of total cells in the CNS [1], perform key regulatory functions critical to brain function. The different CNS cell types are differentially infected with HIV; microglia being highly susceptible, astrocytes moderately restrictive, and neurons highly restrictive. Despite the lack of CD4 receptors, astrocytes become infected via CD4-independent mechanism [6,44]. In line with the earlier studies [1,2], we also found low level of HIV replication in astrocytes compared to microglia. After the initial productive phase, infection subsides to a persistent stage in astrocytes, which goes in hand with reports from other investigators [1,2,32]. Infected astrocytes produce very low levels of virus even in the acute phase in contrast to infection of T-lymphocytes [45,46]. Our results with pseudotyped virus confirm that regardless of the entry routes, there are post-entry blocks to infection in astrocytes. Though the introduction of potent HAART has significantly ...
https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-015-0285-9
Unfolded protein response, activated by OASIS family transcription factors, promotes astrocyte differentiation - 金本 聡自 -...Unfolded protein response, activated by OASIS family transcription factors, promotes astrocyte differentiation - 金本 聡自 -...
OASIS is a member of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors and modulates cell- or tissue-specific unfolded protein response signalling. Here we show that this modulation has a critical role in the differentiation of neural precursor cells into astrocytes. Cerebral cortices of mice specifically deficient in OASIS (Oasis−/−) contain fewer astrocytes and more neural precursor cells than those of wild-type mice during embryonic development. Furthermore, astrocyte differentiation is delayed in primary cultured Oasis−/− neural precursor cells. The transcription factor Gcm1, which is necessary for astrocyte differentiation in Drosophila, is revealed to be a target of OASIS. Introduction of Gcm1 into Oasis−/− neural precursor cells improves the delayed differentiation of neural precursor cells into astrocytes by accelerating demethylation of the Gfap promoter. Gcm1 expression is temporally controlled by the unfolded protein response through interactions between OASIS family members ...
https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ja/list/HU_creator/%E3%82%AB/4b1145472137e719520e17560c007669/item/48725
Mitochondria Exert a Negative Feedback on the Propagation of Intracellular Ca2+ Waves in Rat Cortical Astrocytes - PronuviaMitochondria Exert a Negative Feedback on the Propagation of Intracellular Ca2+ Waves in Rat Cortical Astrocytes - Pronuvia
We have used digital fluorescence imaging techniques to explore the interplay between mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and physiological Ca2+ signaling in rat cortical astrocytes. A rise in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt), resulting from mobilization of ER Ca2+ stores was followed by a rise in mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m, monitored using rhod-2). Whereas [Ca2+]cyt recovered within ~1 min, the time to recovery for [Ca2+]m was ~30 min. Dissipating the mitochondrial membrane potential ( Dcm, using the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone [FCCP] with oligomycin) prevented mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and slowed the rate of decay of [Ca2+]cyt transients, suggesting that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays a significant role in the clearance of physiological [Ca2+]cyt loads in astrocytes. Ca2+ signals in these cells initiated either by receptor-mediated ER Ca2+ release or mechanical stimulation often consisted of propagating waves (measured using fluo-3). In response to either ...
http://www.us.pronuvia.com/mitochondria-exert-a-negative-feedback-on-the-propagation-of-intracellular-ca2-waves-in-rat-cortical-astrocytes/
A crucial role for Olig2 in white matter astrocyte development | DevelopmentA crucial role for Olig2 in white matter astrocyte development | Development
When DArcy Wentworth Thompsons On Growth and Form was published 100 years ago, it raised the question of how biological forms arise during development and across evolution. In light of the advances in molecular and cellular biology since then, a succinct modern view of the question states: how do genes encode geometry? Our new special issue is packed with articles that use mathematical and physical approaches to gain insights into cell and tissue patterning, morphogenesis and dynamics, and that provide a physical framework to capture these processes operating across scales.. Read the Editorial by guest editors Thomas Lecuit and L. Mahadevan, as they provide a perspective on the influence of DArcy Thompsons work and an overview of the articles in this issue.. ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/early/2007/04/11/dev.02847
Meteorin: a secreted protein that regulates glial cell differentiation and promotes axonal extension | The EMBO JournalMeteorin: a secreted protein that regulates glial cell differentiation and promotes axonal extension | The EMBO Journal
In the astrocyte lineage, Meteorin expression appears to be restricted to relatively immature cell populations. Meteorin expression is gradually lost in GLAST‐expressing astrocytes located in the postnatal cerebral parenchyma (Figure 2K and L), and is not detected in two major types of astrocytes in the adult cerebrum, fibrous astrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes (Miller and Raff, 1984) (Supplementary Figure 3G). In the developing cerebellum, Meteorin is expressed in the VZ and GLAST‐positive migrating glial precursors. Among three subclasses of astrocytes in the adult cerebellar cortex, bushy protoplasmic astrocytes, smooth protoplasmic astrocytes, and Bergmann glia (Palay and Chan‐Palay, 1974), Meteorin expression is restricted to Bergmann glia (Figure 2M and N) (Supplementary Figure 3H and I). Expression of Meteorin in Bergmann glia may be regulated by neurons that interact with Bergmann glia. For instance, dendritic spines of Purkinje cells were completely enwrapped by Bergmann glial ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/23/9/1998
Astrocytes Give Rise to New Neurons in the Adult Mammalian Hippocampus | Journal of NeuroscienceAstrocytes Give Rise to New Neurons in the Adult Mammalian Hippocampus | Journal of Neuroscience
The cells we identify here as primary precursors for new neurons in the adult hippocampus have the characteristics of astrocytes at the light and electron microscope. They contain multiple processes with intermediate filaments rich in GFAP. Results from three independent experiments support this conclusion. First, many proliferating SGL astrocytes rapidly convert to a cell type that is GFAP negative and that possesses characteristics of D cells. Second, anti-mitotic treatment resulted in the elimination of D cells from the SGL, but neurogenesis returned. Because new neurons are born at a time when [3H]thymidine-labeled astrocytes were observed, we infer that astrocytes function as primary precursors. Finally, we show that SGL astrocytes, specifically labeled with an avian retrovirus, give rise to granule neurons. We observed granule neurons at different stages of maturation by killing animals at different survivals after retroviral infection. Some SGL astrocytes remain labeled with thymidine ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/18/7153.long
Effects of tenascin-C in cultured hippocampal astrocytes: NCAM and fibronectin immunoreactivity changes.Effects of tenascin-C in cultured hippocampal astrocytes: NCAM and fibronectin immunoreactivity changes.
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with trophic and repulsive properties on neuronal cells, involved in migratory processes of immature neurons. Previous reports demonstrated that this molecule is produced and secreted by astrocytes, in vitro after activation by bFGF or in vivo after CNS lesion. In injured brain the expression of tenascin-C has been correlated with the glial reaction since it was observed in regions suffering a dramatic glial proliferation and hypertrophy. In this report we show that the treatment of cultured hippocampal astrocytes with tenascin-C results in an increased fibronectin and NCAM immunoreactivities. In addition, treated astrocytes form longer extensions than control ones. The number of cells as well as the levels of GFAP mRNA and protein immunoreactivity are not modified after tenascin-C treatment. The present changes may, therefore, be related to the modification of the adhesive properties of astrocytes to the substrate. These observations are compatible
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00522473
Transplantation of Specific Human Astrocytes Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord InjuryTransplantation of Specific Human Astrocytes Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury
Repairing trauma to the central nervous system by replacement of glial support cells is an increasingly attractive therapeutic strategy. We have focused on the less-studied replacement of astrocytes, the major support cell in the central nervous system, by generating astrocytes from embryonic human glial precursor cells using two different astrocyte differentiation inducing factors. The resulting astrocytes differed in expression of multiple proteins thought to either promote or inhibit central nervous system homeostasis and regeneration. When transplanted into acute transection injuries of the adult rat spinal cord, astrocytes generated by exposing human glial precursor cells to bone morphogenetic protein promoted significant recovery of volitional foot placement, axonal growth and notably robust increases in neuronal survival in multiple spinal cord laminae. In marked contrast, human glial precursor cells and astrocytes generated from these cells by exposure to ciliary neurotrophic factor both failed
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0017328
Purification of Adult Human Astrocytes Shows: They Are Unique | ALZFORUMPurification of Adult Human Astrocytes Shows: They Are Unique | ALZFORUM
One barrier to studying astrocytes has been the difficulty of isolating and culturing the mature cell from the brain. Most current protocols isolate precursor cells rather than mature astrocytes. These precursor cells proliferate in culture in the presence of serum, developing a flat, fibroblast-like appearance that bears little resemblance to astrocytes in the brain (see image above). Other isolation methods, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting, are too harsh to produce viable cells, co-first author Ye Zhang told Alzforum.. To gently isolate mature astrocytes for culturing, Zhang and co-first author Steven Sloan developed an immunopanning protocol. In this procedure, dissociated cells from brain tissue were passed through several culture dishes coated with antibodies to specific cell-surface markers. The first several plates removed unwanted cell types, while the final plate contained anti-HepaCAM to capture astrocytes. After washing off contaminating cells, the authors detached the ...
https://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/purification-adult-human-astrocytes-shows-they-are-unique
北京大学医学部机构知识库(IR@PKUHSC): The association of 14-3-3 gamma and actin plays a role in cell division and apoptosis in astrocytes北京大学医学部机构知识库([email protected]): The association of 14-3-3 gamma and actin plays a role in cell division and apoptosis in astrocytes
The 14-3-3 protein family plays critical regulatory roles in signaling pathways in cell division and apoptosis. 14-3-3gamma is mainly expressed in brain. Using primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes, we investigated the relationships between 14-3-3gamma proteins and actin in astrocytes in cell division and under ischemia. Our results showed that endogenous 14-3-3gamma proteins in immature astrocytes appeared filamentous and co-localized with filamentous actin (F-actin). During certain stages of mitosis, 14-3-3gamma proteins first aggregated and then formed a ring-like structure that surrounded the daughter nuclei and enclosed the F-actin. In 4-week-old cultures of astrocytes, 14-3-3gamma proteins appeared as punctate aggregates in the cytoplasm. Under ischemia, 14-3-3gamma proteins formed filamentous structures and were closely associated with F-actin in surviving astrocytes. However, in apoptotic astrocytes, the intensity of immunostaining of 14-3-3gamma proteins in the cytoplasm ...
http://ir.bjmu.edu.cn/handle/400002259/67757
A model for glioma cell migration on collagen and astrocytes | Journal of The Royal Society InterfaceA model for glioma cell migration on collagen and astrocytes | Journal of The Royal Society Interface
In cell migration assays, spheroids are seeded on an astrocyte monolayer culture, so the glioma cells do not penetrate the astrocyte culture and the migration is two-dimensional. This is the reason why we considered two layers in the model: one layer is the astrocyte on top of which lies the tumour cell layer. Thus, glioma cells and astrocytes can occupy the same position but on different planes. For all practical purposes, astrocytes in a confluent monolayer culture could be considered as non-motile cells. Time-lapse experiments registered only chaotic non-directional movements of negligible magnitude 1.24±0.36 μm in 5 h.. The rules of motion inside the layer of glioma cells are exactly the same as described before, for migration on a passive substrate: in the control situation we have p+=1, whereas in the treated situation we take p−=0.5. For the sake of coherency, we model the heterotype GJ communication as we did for homotype communication, i.e. with a parameter q which quantifies the ...
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/18/75
Rabbit Polyclonal to MRPS32. | Small molecule inhibitors of HCV replicationRabbit Polyclonal to MRPS32. | Small molecule inhibitors of HCV replication
Functionally diversified neuronal populations have been efficiently generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral identities with the same morphogens used for neuronal subtype specification generate immature astrocytes that carry distinct homeodomain transcription factors and display phenotypic differences. These human astroglial progenitors and immature astrocytes will be instrumental for studying astrocytes in brain development and function for revealing their roles in disease processes and for developing novel treatments for neurological disorders. INTRODUCTION Astroglial cells are the most abundant cell type in our brain and spinal cord and are now understood to be as important as neurons for brain function1 2 During development astroglial progenitors are specified after neurogenesis even though the identity of the progenitors isnt well described due to R935788 insufficient dependable markers3 4 These progenitors differentiate to immature astrocytes ...
http://lecollege.org/tag/rabbit-polyclonal-to-mrps32/
Plus itPlus it
We found that cultured mouse cortical astrocytes display circadian rhythms in extracellular ATP, in agreement with recent results from rat astrocyte cultures, SCN and SCN2.2 cells (Womac et al., 2009). We used a stabilized form of luciferase that allowed long-term recordings of extracellular ATP from the same cells without perturbations that can affect circadian clock-gene expression in astrocytes (Prolo et al., 2005). We found that Clock/Clock, Per1m Per2m, Cry1−/−Cry2−/− and Bmal1−/− astrocytes are arrhythmic, similar to the locomotor behavior deficits of these mice (Vitaterna et al., 1994; van der Horst et al., 1999; Bunger et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2001). We found that Bmal1, Clock−/+ and Cry1−/−Cry2−/+ glia have abnormal periods, much like the heterozygous mouse behavior. The correlations between rhythmicity in clock genes, extracellular ATP in glia and locomotor behavior suggest they may be tightly related.. Most of the astrocyte cultures deficient for functional ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/23/8342
Metallothionein-3 modulates the amyloid β endocytosis of astrocytes through its effects on actin polymerization | Molecular...Metallothionein-3 modulates the amyloid β endocytosis of astrocytes through its effects on actin polymerization | Molecular...
The central finding of the present study is that Mt3 plays a key role in the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Aβ in astrocytes. In Mt3 −/− astrocytes, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the mechanism responsible for Aβ endocytosis, was markedly decreased, whereas caveolin-mediated endocytosis was not altered. Astrocytes are likely key players in the clearance of extracellular Aβ; thus, our results suggest that changes in the Mt3 expression in astrocytes may have clinical relevance in AD. Taken together with our previous findings that Mt3 helps to maintain lysosomal degradation in astrocytes, the reduction in Mt3 in astrocytes may aggravate Aβ accumulation in the extracellular space.. Early studies showed that AD brain extracts induce more neurite outgrowth in cell cultures than do control brain extracts [27], suggesting upregulation of a growth-inducing factor or downregulation of a growth-inhibitory factor (GIF) in AD brains. The latter was shown to be the case, and a subsequent study ...
https://molecularbrain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13041-015-0173-3
Electrophysiological behavior of neonatal astrocytes in hippocampal stratum radiatum | Molecular Brain | Full TextElectrophysiological behavior of neonatal astrocytes in hippocampal stratum radiatum | Molecular Brain | Full Text
To better characterize the electrophysiological properties of neonatal astrocytes, we purposely narrowed the animal age to the dormant P1-3 period for examining potential diversity in ion channel expression among neonatal astrocytes. Interestingly, two electrophysiological phenotypes could be readily identified during this early postnatal age. The neonatal astrocytes in P1 homogeneously show a variably rectifying whole cell current profile, whereas electrophysiologically passive astrocytes (PAs) first appear in P2, and the percentage of PAs rapidly increased from 6.67 % in P2 to 20.83 % at P3. Interestingly, the appearance of PA in mice is 2 days earlier than rats [2], which seemingly follows a longer gestation time in rats (22 day) than mice (20 day).. We show that the passive behavior of neonatal astrocytes is solely attributable to gap junction coupling (Fig. 3). This differs fundamentally from the passive behavior of membrane conductance in mature astrocytes that is caused by intrinsic K+ ...
https://molecularbrain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13041-016-0213-7
A latent neurogenic program in astrocytes regulated by Notch signaling in the mouse | ScienceA latent neurogenic program in astrocytes regulated by Notch signaling in the mouse | Science
Neurogenesis is restricted in the adult mammalian brain; most neurons are neither exchanged during normal life nor replaced in pathological situations. We report that stroke elicits a latent neurogenic program in striatal astrocytes in mice. Notch1 signaling is reduced in astrocytes after stroke, and attenuated Notch1 signaling is necessary for neurogenesis by striatal astrocytes. Blocking Notch signaling triggers astrocytes in the striatum and the medial cortex to enter a neurogenic program, even in the absence of stroke, resulting in 850 ± 210 (mean ± SEM) new neurons in a mouse striatum. Thus, under Notch signaling regulation, astrocytes in the adult mouse brain parenchyma carry a latent neurogenic program that may potentially be useful for neuronal replacement strategies. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/237
Acute treatment with 17\beta-estradiol attenuates astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron communication - ePrints@IIScAcute treatment with 17\beta-estradiol attenuates astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron communication - [email protected]
Astrocytes are now recognized as dynamic signaling elements in the brain. Bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes involves integration of neuronal inputs by astrocytes and release of gliotransmitters that modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. The ovarian steroid hormone, 17\beta-estradiol, in addition to its rapid actions on neuronal electrical activity can rapidly alter astrocyte intracellular calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ through a membrane-associated estrogen receptor. Using calcium imaging and electrophysiological techniques, we investigated the functional consequences of acute treatment with estradiol on astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron communication in mixed hippocampal cultures. Mechanical stimulation of an astrocyte evoked a $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ rise in the stimulated astrocyte, which propagated to the surrounding astrocytes as a $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ wave. Following acute treatment with estradiol, the amplitude of the $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ elevation in ...
http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/16549/
Specification of astrocytes by bHLH protein SCL in a restricted region of the neural tube | Semantic ScholarSpecification of astrocytes by bHLH protein SCL in a restricted region of the neural tube | Semantic Scholar
Astrocytes are the most abundant and functionally diverse glial population in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms underlying astrocyte specification are poorly understood. It is well established that cellular diversification of neurons in the embryo is generated by position-dependent extrinsic signals and combinatorial interactions of transcription factors that direct specific cell fates by suppressing alternative fates. It is unknown whether a comparable process determines embryonic astrocyte identity. Indeed, astrocyte development is generally thought to take place in a position-independent manner. Here we show multiple functions of Stem cell leukaemia (Scl, also known as Tal1), which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, in the regulation of both astrocyte versus oligodendrocyte cell fate acquisition and V2b versus V2a interneuron cell fate acquisition in the p2 domain of the developing vertebrate spinal cord. Our findings demonstrate a
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Specification-of-astrocytes-by-bHLH-protein-SCL-in-Muroyama-Fujiwara/289f1d024819493d17b610185338a30a97b3a370
Loss of Astrocyte Polarization in the Tg-ArcSwe Mouse Model of Alzheimers DiseaseLoss of Astrocyte Polarization in the Tg-ArcSwe Mouse Model of Alzheimers Disease
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the predominant water channel in brain and is selectively expressed in astrocytes. Astrocytic endfoot membranes exhibit tenfold higher densities of AQP4 than non-endfoot membranes, making AQP4 an excellent marker of astrocyte polarization. Loss of astrocyte polarization is known to compromise astrocytic function and to be associated with impaired water and K+ homeostasis. Here we investigate by a combination of light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry whether amyloid deposition is associated with a loss of astrocyte polarization, using AQP4 as a marker. We used the tg-ArcSwe mouse model of Alzheimers disease, as this model displays perivascular plaques as well as plaques confined to the neuropil. 3D reconstructions were done to establish the spatial relation between plaques and astrocytic endfeet, the latter known to contain the perivascular pool of AQP4. Changes in AQP4 expression emerge just after the appearance of the first plaques. Typically, there is a loss ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:471282
How might brain astrocytes alter nerve cell connections and contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder?How might brain astrocytes alter nerve cell connections and contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder?
This cellular imaging study in animal models will explore whether two genetically determined forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have similar deleterious alterations in star-shaped cells, called astrocytes, that adversely affect brain development. Two genetic forms of ASD are Retts syndrome, which occurs almost exclusively in girls, and Fragile X syndrome, which occurs predominately in boys. Prior research showed that defects occur in neurons. More recent research indicates that defects occur as well in other types of cells in the brain, including astrocytes. While there are billions of nerve cells in the brain, there are even more astrocytes. Research suggests that astrocytes can produce both advantageous and deleterious effects. In the developing brain, astrocytes have a key role in regulating nerve cells functions. If astrocytes are altered, however, they may adversely affect brain development. The investigators hypothesize that both in Retts syndrome and Fragile X syndrome, as well ...
http://www.dana.org/Media/GrantsDetails.aspx?id=123059
Morphological evidence for vesicular glutamate release from astrocytes. - Semantic ScholarMorphological evidence for vesicular glutamate release from astrocytes. - Semantic Scholar
There is now growing evidence that astrocytes, like neurons, can release transmitters. One transmitter that in a vast number of studies has been shown to be released from astrocytes is glutamate. Although asytrocytic glutamate may be released by several mechanisms, the evidence in favor of exocytosis is most compelling. Astrocytes may respond to neuronal activity by such exocytotic release of glutamate. The astrocyte derived glutamate can in turn activate neuronal glutamate receptors, in particular N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Here we review the morphological data supporting that astrocytes possess the machinery for exocytosis of glutamate. We describe the presence of small synaptic-like microvesicles, SNARE proteins and vesicular glutamate transporters in astrocytes, as well as NMDA receptors situated in vicinity of the astrocytic vesicles.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Morphological-evidence-for-vesicular-glutamate-rel-Bergersen-Gundersen/3a8a513fd96cf3fd73337ee789834f63ed31dd3b
Traumatic Injury in vitro Elicits JNK-mediated Human Astrocyte Retract by Claudia AugustineTraumatic Injury in vitro Elicits JNK-mediated Human Astrocyte Retract by Claudia Augustine
The pathophysiology of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lumen of the BBB is lined with cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CVEC) that are ensheathed with perivascular astrocyte endfeet. We investigated the cellular response of human-astrocytes and human-CVEC following trauma in vitro. Astrocytes and CVEC were subjected to a concussive injury (CI; mechanical stretch), then assessed for markers of injury (monolayer retraction) and activation (mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation). CI induces astrocyte monolayer retraction and activation, with predominant phosphorylation of JNK1/2 MAPK. Interfering with JNK1/2 activation (selective JNK inhibitors) reduces trauma-induced astrocyte retraction. On the contrary, CI does not induce CVEC retraction, however up-regulates CVEC pro-adhesive phenotype resulting in increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion. These findings indicate that CI elicits differential BBB cell responses
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1411/
Differences among astrocytes | ScienceDifferences among astrocytes | Science
Astrocytes are diverse in morphology and molecular makeup (1, 2), potentially enabling them to provide for the varying needs of their diverse neuronal counterparts (3). What accounts for and maintains astrocyte heterogeneity are only beginning to be explored. One possibility is that the signals specifying astrocyte subpopulations might operate only during the critical phases of development, after which the cell is hardwired. Alternatively, these signals might be operational at all times. On page 849 of this issue, Farmer et al. (4) reveal that neuronal signals drive the molecular programs of astrocytes even during adult stages of life. This challenges the idea that astrocyte function is hardwired during development and provides a new mechanism for cellular plasticity in the adult brain. ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6275/813
Intracellular pH Regulation in Primary Rat Astrocytes and C6 Glioma Ce by Lamara D. Shrode and Robert W. PutnamIntracellular pH Regulation in Primary Rat Astrocytes and C6 Glioma Ce by Lamara D. Shrode and Robert W. Putnam
We used the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF to study intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Both cell types contain three pH-regulating transporters: (1) alkalinizing Na+/H+ exchange; (2) alkalinizing Na+ + HCO3 −/Cl−exchange; and (3) acidifying Cl−/HCO3− exchange. Na+/H+ exchange was most evident in the absence of CO2; recovery from acidification was Na+ dependent and amiloride sensitive. Exposure to CO2 caused a cell alkalinization that was inhibited by DIDS, dependent on external Na+, and inhibited 75% in the absence of Cl− (thus mediated by Na+ + HCO3−/Cl− exchange). When pHi was increased above the normal steady-state pHi, a DIDS-inhibitable and Na+ -independent acidifying recovery was evident, indicating the presence of Cl− /HCO3−exchange. Astrocytes, but not C6 cells, contain a fourth pH-regulating transporter, Na+ −HCO3− cotransport; in the presence of CO2, depolarization caused an alkalinization of 0.12 +− 0.01 (n
https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ncbp/758/
Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 localization and expression after focal cerebral ischemia underlies differences in white versus...Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 localization and expression after focal cerebral ischemia underlies differences in white versus...
Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality, is frequently accompanied by life-threatening cerebral edema. Aquaporin-4 (Aqp4), an astrocytic transmembrane water channel, is an important molecular contributor to cerebral edema formation. Past studies of Aqp4 expression and localization after ischemia examined grey matter exclusively. However, as white matter astrocytes differ developmentally, physiologically, and molecularly from grey matter astrocytes, we hypothesized that functionally important regional heterogeneity exists in Aqp4 expression and subcellular localization following cerebral ischemia. Subcellular localization of Aqp4 was compared between cortical and white matter astrocytes in postmortem specimens of patients with focal ischemic stroke versus controls. Subcellular localization and expression of Aqp4 was examined in rats subjected to experimental stroke. Volumetric analysis was performed on the cortex and white matter of rats subjected to experimental stroke. Following cerebral ischemia,
https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-015-0239-6/figures/2
Hippocampal Atrophy Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Correlates with Disruption of Astrocyte Morphology and Capillary Coverage...Hippocampal Atrophy Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Correlates with Disruption of Astrocyte Morphology and Capillary Coverage...
Despite successful management of ruptured intracranial aneurysm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) remains the main cause of high mortality and morbidity in patients who survive the initial bleeding. Astrocytes play a key role in neurovascular coupling. Therefore, changes in the neurovascular unit including astrocytes following SAH may contribute to the development of DCI and long-term complications. In this study, we characterized morphological changes in hippocampal astrocytes following experimental SAH, with special emphasis on glia-vascular cross-talk and hippocampal volume changes. Four days after induction of SAH or sham-operation in mice, their hippocampal volumes were determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological/stereological methods. Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunostained hippocampal sections were examined by stereological techniques to detect differences in astrocyte morphology, and global spatial sampling method was ...
https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/hippocampal-atrophy-following-subarachnoid-hemorrhage-correlates-with-disruption-of-astrocyte-morphology-and-capillary-coverage-by-aqp4
The protective effects of coumestrol against amyloid-beta peptide- and lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity on mice astrocytes<...The protective effects of coumestrol against amyloid-beta peptide- and lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity on mice astrocytes<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The protective effects of coumestrol against amyloid-beta peptide- and lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity on mice astrocytes. AU - Liu, Man Hai. AU - Tsuang, Fon Yih. AU - Sheu, Shiow Yunn. AU - Sun, Jui Sheng. AU - Shih, Chi Ming. PY - 2011/7. Y1 - 2011/7. N2 - Objectives: Estrogen replacement therapy can decrease the risk of developing Alzheimers disease. Phytoestrogens have been proposed as potential alternatives to estrogen replacement therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro protective effects of coumestrol on mice astrocytes. Methods: Different concentrations of coumestrol were tested for their protective efficacy against two toxic insults, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and amyloid-beta peptide, on astrocytes. The mitochondrial activity of astrocytes was determined, and the protective efficacy and pathway were examined by their specific gene expression and protein change. Results: The results showed that coumestrol induced a modest but significant ...
https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-protective-effects-of-coumestrol-against-amyloid-beta-peptide
Network analysis of human glaucomatous optic nerve head astrocytes | BMC Medical Genomics | Full TextNetwork analysis of human glaucomatous optic nerve head astrocytes | BMC Medical Genomics | Full Text
Astrocyte activation is a characteristic response to injury in the central nervous system, and can be either neurotoxic or neuroprotective, while the regulation of both roles remains elusive. To decipher the regulatory elements controlling astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in glaucoma, we conducted a systems-level functional analysis of gene expression, proteomic and genetic data associated with reactive optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs). Our reconstruction of the molecular interactions affected by glaucoma revealed multi-domain biological networks controlling activation of ONHAs at the level of intercellular stimuli, intracellular signaling and core effectors. The analysis revealed that synergistic action of the transcription factors AP-1, vitamin D receptor and Nuclear Factor-kappaB in cross-activation of multiple pathways, including inflammatory cytokines, complement, clusterin, ephrins, and multiple metabolic pathways. We found that the products of over two thirds of genes linked to glaucoma by
https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1755-8794-2-24
Glutamate transporter function of rat hippocampal astrocytes is impaired following the global ischemia<...Glutamate transporter function of rat hippocampal astrocytes is impaired following the global ischemia<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Glutamate transporter function of rat hippocampal astrocytes is impaired following the global ischemia. AU - Yeh, Tu Hsueh. AU - Hwang, Hwa Min. AU - Chen, Jin Jung. AU - Wu, Tony. AU - Li, Allen Hon Lun. AU - Wang, Hung Li. PY - 2005/4. Y1 - 2005/4. N2 - Astroglial glutamate transporters, GLT-1 and GLAST, play an essential role in removing released glutamate from the extracellular space and are essential for maintaining a low concentration of extracellular glutamate in the brain. It was hypothesized that impaired function of glial glutamate transporters induced by transient global ischemia may lead to an elevated level of extracellular glutamate and subsequent excitotoxic neuronal death. To test this hypothesis, in the present study, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recording of hippocampal CA1 astrocytes in control or postischemic slices, and measured glutamate transporter activity by recording glutamate-evoked transporter currents. Six to 24 h after global ischemia, maximal ...
https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/glutamate-transporter-function-of-rat-hippocampal-astrocytes-is-i
Expression of TREK-1 on Cultured Neuron and Astrocytes under Normal and Hypoxia Condition--《Neural Injury and Functional...Expression of TREK-1 on Cultured Neuron and Astrocytes under Normal and Hypoxia Condition--《Neural Injury and Functional...
Objective:To investigate the expression of two-pore domain potassium channel-TREK-1 on primary cultured neurons and astrocytes and the temporal changes of TREK-1 expression in astrocytes under hypoxia insult.Methods: The cortical neurons and astrocytes were cultured.The expression of TREK-1 in cultured neurons and astrocytes were analyzed by double immunofluorescence staining.The temporal changes of TREK-1 expression in astrocytes under hypoxia insults were detected by Real-time PCR.Results: The TREK-1 immuno-reactivity was expressed on both the neurons and astrocytes under normal condition.During hypoxia insult,the TREK-1 expression on astrocyte increases at early phases and decreases gradually at late phase.Conclusion: The TREK-1 immunoreactivity is expressed on both the neurons and astrocytes.In astrocytes under hypoxia,there are temporal changes on TREK-1 expression.
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GWKF201203005.htm
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) Mouse, Alexa Fluor 488, Clone: GA5, eBioscience™ 25μg; Alexa Fluor 488 Glial Fibrillary...Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) Mouse, Alexa Fluor 488, Clone: GA5, eBioscience™ 25μg; Alexa Fluor 488 Glial Fibrillary...
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) Mouse, Alexa Fluor 488, Clone: GA5, eBioscience™ 25μg; Alexa Fluor 488 Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) Mouse, Alexa...
https://www.fishersci.co.uk/shop/products/glial-fibrillary-acid-protein-gfap-mouse-alexa-fluor-488-clone-ga5-ebioscience/15342090
Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinase Is a Critical Regulator of Astrocyte Reactivity in the Adult Mammalian CNS<...Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinase Is a Critical Regulator of Astrocyte Reactivity in the Adult Mammalian CNS<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinase Is a Critical Regulator of Astrocyte Reactivity in the Adult Mammalian CNS. AU - Chen, Meifan. AU - Geoffroy, Cédric G.. AU - Meves, Jessica M.. AU - Narang, Aarti. AU - Li, Yunbo. AU - Nguyen, Mallorie T.. AU - Khai, Vung S.. AU - Kong, Xiangmei. AU - Steinke, Christopher L.. AU - Carolino, Krislyn I.. AU - Elzière, Lucie. AU - Goldberg, Mark P.. AU - Jin, Yishi. AU - Zheng, Binhai. PY - 2018/3/27. Y1 - 2018/3/27. N2 - Reactive astrocytes influence post-injury recovery, repair, and pathogenesis of the mammalian CNS. Much of the regulation of astrocyte reactivity, however, remains to be understood. Using genetic loss and gain-of-function analyses in vivo, we show that the conserved MAP3K13 (also known as leucine zipper-bearing kinase [LZK]) promotes astrocyte reactivity and glial scar formation after CNS injury. Inducible LZK gene deletion in astrocytes of adult mice reduced astrogliosis and impaired glial scar formation, resulting in increased ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/leucine-zipper-bearing-kinase-is-a-critical-regulator-of-astrocyt
Astrocytic Function Assessed from 1-14C-Acetate Metabolism after Temporary Focal Cerebral Ischemia in RatsAstrocytic Function Assessed from 1-14C-Acetate Metabolism after Temporary Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
Astrocytes play many roles essential for normal brain activity. The ability of these cells to recover after temporary focal cerebral ischemia is likely to be one important determinant of the extent of brain dysfunction and tissue damage. We have assessed astrocytic function based on the incorporation of radiolabel from 1-14C-acetate into glutamine at 1 hour of recirculation after middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 or 3 hours in rats. There were marked differences in the response between subregions within the tissue subjected to ischemia, but the overall pattern of changes was similar after each ischemic period. The striatum, which forms part of the severely ischemic focal tissue during arterial occlusion, showed a large (44% to 68%) decrease in glutamine labeling compared with equivalent tissue from the contralateral hemisphere. In contrast, 14C-glutamine content was not significantly altered in perifocal tissue in the cerebral cortex, which was subjected to more moderate ischemia. Cortical ...
https://scholars.latrobe.edu.au/display/publication452150
PLOS ONE: Gene Expression and Functional Studies of the Optic Nerve Head Astrocyte Transcriptome from Normal African Americans...PLOS ONE: Gene Expression and Functional Studies of the Optic Nerve Head Astrocyte Transcriptome from Normal African Americans...
Purpose To determine whether optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes, a key cellular component of glaucomatous neuropathy, exhibit differential gene expression in primary cultures of astrocytes from normal African American (AA) donors compared to astrocytes from normal Caucasian American (CA) donors. Methods We used oligonucleotide Affymetrix microarray (HG U133A & HG U133A 2.0 chips) to compare gene expression levels in cultured ONH astrocytes from twelve CA and twelve AA normal age matched donor eyes. Chips were normalized with Robust Microarray Analysis (RMA) in R using Bioconductor. Significant differential gene expression levels were detected using mixed effects modeling and Statistical Analysis of Microarray (SAM). Functional analysis and Gene Ontology were used to classify differentially expressed genes. Differential gene expression was validated by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Protein levels were detected by Western blots and ELISA. Cell adhesion and migration assays tested physiological responses.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002847&imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002847.g004
Retinal Astrocytes in the Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy | IOVS | ARVO JournalsRetinal Astrocytes in the Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Purpose: Retinal neovascularization has been intensively investigated in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). The role of astrocytes for vascular loss and reactive angiogenesis, however, is not fully understood. Due to their stellar morphology, only semi-quantitative analysis has yet been possible. This study presents data on the kinetics of retinal astrocytes in relation to changes in the vascular bed during the OIR model based on a quantitative approach.. Methods: In the OIR model, mice are exposed to 75% oxygen from post-natal day 7 (P7) to P12 (hyperoxic phase). After return to room air, the avascular area of the retina becomes hypoxic and responds with physiologic and pathologic revascularization from P12 to P21. In this study, reporter mice expressing histone-bound GFP under the control of the Pdgfra promoter were used to identify astrocyte nuclei in the murine retina. The astrocytic density across the retina was determined at different times during the OIR model using the ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2150550
Wild-type but not mutant SOD1 transgenic astrocytes promote the efficient generation of motor neuron progenitors from mouse...Wild-type but not mutant SOD1 transgenic astrocytes promote the efficient generation of motor neuron progenitors from mouse...
Background The efficient derivation of mature (Hb9+) motor neurons from embryonic stem cells is a sought-after goal in the understanding, and potential treatment, of motor neuron diseases. Conditions that promote the robust generation of motor neuron progenitors from embryonic stem cells and that promote the survival of differentiated motor neurons ex vivo are likely, therefore, to be critical in future biological/therapeutic/screening approaches. Previous studies have shown that astrocytes have a protective effect on differentiated motor neurons (in vivo and ex vivo), but it remains unclear whether astrocytes also play a beneficial role in the support of motor neuron progenitors. Here we explore the effect of murine astrocyte-conditioned medium on monolayer cultures of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived motor neuron progenitors. Results Our data show that wild-type astrocyte-conditioned medium significantly increases the number of Olig2+/Hb9- progenitors, which subsequently differentiate into ...
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/81866/
Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full TextSpinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage | Molecular Neurodegeneration | Full Text
Neurons have intrinsic capability to regenerate after lesion, though not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological impairments partly due to formation of a glial scar that is composed of astrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes play both beneficial and detrimental roles on axonal re-growth, however, their precise role after SCI is currently under debate. We analyzed molecular changes in astrocytes at multiple stages after two SCI severities using cell-specific transcriptomic analyses. We demonstrate that astrocyte response after injury depends on both time after injury and lesion severity. We then establish that injury induces an autologous astroglial transdifferentiation where over 10 % of astrocytes express classical neuronal progenitor markers including βIII-tubulin and doublecortin with typical immature neuronal morphology. Lineage tracing confirmed that the origin of these astrocytes is resident mature, rather than newly formed astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived neuronal
https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-016-0133-0/figures/2
Interleukin-1β protects astrocytes against oxidant-induced injury via an NF-κB-Dependent upregulation of glutathione synthesis<...Interleukin-1β protects astrocytes against oxidant-induced injury via an NF-κB-Dependent upregulation of glutathione synthesis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interleukin-1β protects astrocytes against oxidant-induced injury via an NF-κB-Dependent upregulation of glutathione synthesis. AU - He, Yan. AU - Jackman, Nicole A.. AU - Thorn, Trista L.. AU - Vought, Valarie E.. AU - Hewett, Sandra J.. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2015/9. Y1 - 2015/9. N2 - Astrocytes produce and export the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Previously, we found that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) enhanced the expression of astrocyte system xc-, the transporter that delivers the rate-limiting substrate for GSH synthesis-cyst(e)ine. Herein, we demonstrate directly that IL-1β mediates a time-dependent increase in extracellular GSH levels in cortical astrocyte cultures, suggesting both enhanced synthesis and export. This increased GSH production was blocked by inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity but not by inhibition of p38 MAPK. To determine whether this ...
https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/interleukin-1%CE%B2-protects-astrocytes-against-oxidant-induced-injury
Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineageSpinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage
AbstractBackgroundNeurons have intrinsic capability to regenerate after lesion, though not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological impairments partly due to formation of a glial scar that is composed of astrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes play both beneficial and detrimental roles on axonal re-growth, however, their precise role after SCI is currently under debate.MethodsWe analyzed molecular changes in astrocytes at multiple stages after two SCI severities using cell-specific transcriptomic analyses.ResultsWe demonstrate that astrocyte response after injury depends on both time after injury and lesion severity. We then establish that injury induces an autologous astroglial transdifferentiation where over 10 % of astrocytes express classical neuronal progenitor markers including βIII-tubulin and doublecortin with typical immature neuronal morphology. Lineage tracing confirmed that the origin of these astrocytes is resident mature, rather than newly formed astrocytes.
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01376950
Iron uptake in quiescent and inflammation-activated astrocytes: A potentially neuroprotective control of iron burden<...Iron uptake in quiescent and inflammation-activated astrocytes: A potentially neuroprotective control of iron burden<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Iron uptake in quiescent and inflammation-activated astrocytes. T2 - A potentially neuroprotective control of iron burden. AU - Pelizzoni, Ilaria. AU - Zacchetti, Daniele. AU - Campanella, Alessandro. AU - Grohovaz, Fabio. AU - Codazzi, Franca. PY - 2013/8. Y1 - 2013/8. N2 - Astrocytes play a crucial role in proper iron handling within the central nervous system. This competence can be fundamental, particularly during neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative processes, where an increase in iron content can favor oxidative stress, thereby worsening disease progression. Under these pathological conditions, astrocytes undergo a process of activation that confers them either a beneficial or a detrimental role on neuronal survival. Our work investigates the mechanisms of iron entry in cultures of quiescent and activated hippocampal astrocytes. Our data confirm that the main source of iron is the non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) and show the involvement of two different routes for its ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/iron-uptake-in-quiescent-and-inflammation-activated-astrocytes-a-
Intermediate filaments of zebrafish retinal and optic nerve astrocytes and Müller glia: differential distribution of...Intermediate filaments of zebrafish retinal and optic nerve astrocytes and Müller glia: differential distribution of...
Optic nerve regeneration (ONR) following injury is a model for central nervous system regeneration. In zebrafish, ONR is rapid - neurites cross the lesion and enter the optic tectum within 7 days; in mammals regeneration does not take place unless astrocytic reactivity is suppressed. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is used as a marker for retinal and optic nerve astrocytes in both fish and mammals, even though it has long been known that astrocytes of optic nerves in many fish, including zebrafish, express cytokeratins and not GFAP. We used immunofluorescence to localize GFAP and cytokeratin in wild-type zebrafish and transgenic zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of a GFAP promoter to determine the pattern of expression of intermediate filaments in retina and optic nerve. GFAP labeling and GFAP gene expression as indicated by GFP fluorescence was found only in the Müller glial cells of the retina. Within Müller cells, GFP fluorescence filled the entire cell while
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-3-50
SMART: Secondary literature for Fibrillarin domainSMART: Secondary literature for Fibrillarin domain
BACKGROUND: Reactive astrogliosis is a ubiquitous but poorly understood hallmark of central nervous system pathologies such as trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro and in vivo studies have identified proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as mediators of astrogliosis during injury and disease; however, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identify astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), a human immunodeficiency virus 1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible oncogene, as a novel modulator of reactive astrogliosis. AEG-1 has engendered tremendous interest in the field of cancer research as a therapeutic target for aggressive tumors. However, little is known of its role in astrocytes and astrocyte-mediated diseases. Based on its oncogenic role in several cancers, here we investigate the AEG-1-mediated regulation of astrocyte migration and proliferation during reactive astrogliosis. METHODS: An in vivo brain injury mouse model was utilized to show AEG-1 induction ...
http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/smart/show_secondary.cgi?domain=Fibrillarin
Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineageSpinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage
Background: Neurons have intrinsic capability to regenerate after lesion, though not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological impairments partly due to formation of a glial scar that is composed of astrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes play both beneficial and detrimental roles on axonal re-growth, however, their precise role after SCI is currently under debate. Methods: We analyzed molecular changes in astrocytes at multiple stages after two SCI severities using cell-specific transcriptomic analyses. Results: We demonstrate that astrocyte response after injury depends on both time after injury and lesion severity. We then establish that injury induces an autologous astroglial transdifferentiation where over 10 % of astrocytes express classical neuronal progenitor markers including beta III-tubulin and doublecortin with typical immature neuronal morphology. Lineage tracing confirmed that the origin of these astrocytes is resident mature, rather than newly formed ...
https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/32388
AOP-WikiAOP-Wiki
Albrecht, J., Talbot, M., Kimelberg, H.K., Aschner, M. (1993) The role of sulfhydryl groups and calcium in the mercuric chloride-induced inhibition of glutamate uptake in rat primary astrocyte cultures. Brain Res 607, 249-254.. Anderson, C.M., Swanson, R.A. (2000) Astrocyte glutamate transport: review of properties, regulation, and physiological functions. Glia 32, 1-14.. Aschner, M., Yao, C.P., Allen, J.W., Tan, K.H. (2000) Methylmercury alters glutamate transport in astrocytes. Neurochem Int 37, 199-206.. Balazs, R. (2006) Trophic effect of glutamate. Curr Top Med Chem 6, 961-968.. Brookes, N., Kristt, D.A. (1989) Inhibition of amino acid transport and protein synthesis by HgCl2 and methylmercury in astrocytes: selectivity and reversibility. J Neurochem 53, 1228-1237.. Ceccatelli, S., Dare, E., Moors, M. (2010) Methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 188, 301-308.. Choi, D.W. (1992) Excitotoxic cell death. J Neurobiol 23, 1261-1276.. Feng, S., Xu, Z., Liu, W., Li, ...
https://aopwiki.org/relationships/1686
HIV-1 Nef increases astrocyte sensitivity towards exogenous hydrogen peroxideHIV-1 Nef increases astrocyte sensitivity towards exogenous hydrogen peroxide
Background: HIV-1 infected individuals are under chronic exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) considered to be instrumental in the progression of AIDS and the development of HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD). Astrocytes support neuronal function and protect them against cytotoxic substances including ROS. The protein HIV-1 Nef, a progression factor in AIDS pathology is abundantly expressed in astrocytes in patients with HAD, and thus may influence its functions. Results: Endogenous expressed HIV-1 Nef leads to increased sensitivity of human astrocytes towards exogenous hydrogen peroxide but not towards TNF-alpha. Cell death of nef-expressing astrocytes exposed to 10 mu M hydrogen peroxide for 30 min occurred within 4 h. Conclusion: HIV-1 Nef may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and the development of HAD by causing death of astrocytes through decreasing their tolerance for hydrogen peroxide. ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23401/index.html
The Role of Astrocytes in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia.The Role of Astrocytes in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia.
Abstract: A glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia emerged based on pharmacological evidence that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP), can induce symptoms similar to those seen in schizophrenia. Subsequently, abnormal expression of various neuronal molecules associated with the glutamate synapse has been reported in schizophrenia. Astrocytes, a prominent glial cell in the brain, play a significant role in maintaining the structure and integrity of neural tissue and in facilitating excitatory neurotransmission, therefore, any breakdown in the structure or function of astrocytes could disrupt neuronal signaling and disturb brain function. I studied structural and functional molecules in astrocytes to determine 1) whether astrocytes are themselves globally compromised in schizophrenia, and 2) whether abnormal expression of glutamatergic molecules in astrocytes could be a contributing factor to brain dysfunction in this illness. I examined the expression of ...
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/55679
D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release<...D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator. T2 - Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release. AU - Schell, Michael J.. AU - Molliver, Mark E.. AU - Snyder, Solomon H.. PY - 1995/4/25. Y1 - 1995/4/25. N2 - Using an antibody highly specific for D-serine conjugated to glutaraldehyde, we have localized endogenous D-serine in rat brain. Highest levels of D-serine immunoreactivity occur in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala. Localizations of D-serine immunoreactivity correlate closely with those of D-serine binding to the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA) receptor as visualized by autoradiography and are inversely correlated to the presence of D-amino acid oxidase. D-Serine is enriched in process-bearing glial cells in neuropil with the morphology of protoplasmic astrocytes. In glial cultures of rat cerebral cortex, D-serine is enriched in type 2 astrocytes. The ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/d-serine-an-endogenous-synaptic-modulator-localization-to-astrocy-4
Coordinate pathways for nucleotide and EGF signaling in cultured adult neural progenitor cells | Journal of Cell Science | The...Coordinate pathways for nucleotide and EGF signaling in cultured adult neural progenitor cells | Journal of Cell Science | The...
Our data also shed light on functional differences between neural progenitors and differentiated astrocytes. Adult mammalian neural stem cells of the SVZ carry features of astrocytes such as the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or the astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter (GLAST) (Ninkovic and Götz, 2007; Wang and Bordey, 2008), and are sometimes also referred to as the astrocytes of the SVZ. We therefore compared receptor profiles and induced signaling pathways between the cultured neural progenitors and cultured astrocytes. The GFAP-positive progenitor cells investigated in this study were multipotential and expressed the stem-cell marker nestin as well as the type-B cell-associated ectonucleotidases NTPDase2 and TNAP (Mishra et al., 2006; Langer et al., 2007), suggesting that they represent type-B cell-like neural precursors. Both RT-PCR and pharmacological experiments suggest that cultured astrocytes express a variety of P2Y and P2X receptors (Jacques-Silva et al., ...
https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/122/14/2524/30850/Coordinate-pathways-for-nucleotide-and-EGF
Anti-GFAP antibodies, human, mouse, rat - Primary antibodies - Antibodies - MACS Flow Cytometry - Products - Miltenyi Biotec -...Anti-GFAP antibodies, human, mouse, rat - Primary antibodies - Antibodies - MACS Flow Cytometry - Products - Miltenyi Biotec -...
Clone REA335 recognizes the human, mouse, and rat glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the main intermediate filament protein in mature astrocytes and an important component of the cytoskeleton in astrocytes during development. GFAP is expressed exclusively in astrocytes in the central nervous system. It has been shown to be involved in astrocyte functions, which are important during regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and reactive gliosis. Moreover, different subpopulations of astrocytes have been identified, which are likely to have distinctive tasks in brain physiology and pathology, and which are not only classified by their spatial and temporal appearance, but also by their specific expression of intermediate filaments, including distinct GFAP isoforms. Additional information: Clone REA335 displays negligible binding to Fc receptors. - Österreich
https://www.miltenyibiotec.com/AT-en/products/macs-flow-cytometry/antibodies/primary-antibodies/anti-gfap-antibodies-human-mouse-rat-rea335-1-10.html
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) | kinase inhibitor tool compounds for pharmacological validationReceptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) | kinase inhibitor tool compounds for pharmacological validation
Supplementary MaterialsESM 1: (PDF 316?kb) 10753_2019_1029_MOESM1_ESM. GFAP in astrocytes and facilitated the creation of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Activation of astrocytes by CTGF can be within an autocrine way. Based on the total outcomes of Boyden chamber assay, CTGF improved the recruitment of peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by reactive astrocytes. Besides, CTGF-mediated activation of astrocytes and enhancement of inflammatory response could be terminated from the inhibitor of ASK1 or p38 and JNK. Therefore, our data recommended that CTGF could activate astrocytes within an autocrine way and promote astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response by Cladribine triggering the ASK1-p38/JNK-NF-B/AP-1 pathways in astrocytes. Collectively, our research provided proof that astrocyte-secreted CTGF acts as an amplifier of neuroinflammatory and may be considered a potential focus on for alleviating TBI-induced swelling. Electronic supplementary materials The online edition of ...
https://cdkkinase.com/category/receptor-tyrosine-kinases-rtks/
The ABCs of Astrocytes | Brain Science TodayThe ABCs of Astrocytes | Brain Science Today
The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably the most important part of the human body. It includes the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is widely believed to be where all our thought originate. It compares and contrasts. It strings together words and paragraphs. It helps us to understand and communicate with the world around us. Given the complexity of this remarkable organ, it is hardly surprising that we are still uncovering its secrets. One such secret is the important role of astrocytes.. The brain isnt only occupied by neurons. Glial cells are also a local inhabitant. Though long thought to be little more than the neurons sidekicks, we now know that glial cells are a crucial component of CNS operations. Astrocytes are one of four identified glial cells in the CNS. Two additional varieties hang out in the periphery nervous system.. Astrocytes are essential for maintaining homeostasis in the CNS. They also play a role In brain defense and rejuvenation. Their malfunction or retardation ...
http://brainsciencetoday.com/2016/12/the-abcs-of-astrocytes/
JCI - Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesisJCI - Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
Cell culture: monocultures. Primary human fetal astrocyte cultures were established from 3 different brains as previously described (67). We confirmed an identical in vitro phenotype of commercially available cells (Lonza) and cross-referenced these to previous phenotypes. To establish human CD3+ T lymphocyte cultures from human blood of healthy donors, density centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare) was initially performed to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood. Six milliliters of whole blood containing acid citrate dextrose anticoagulant (Biological Specialty Corp.) was diluted with an equal volume of HBSS (Mediatech Inc.) and carefully layered in 15-ml tubes prefilled with 4 ml of density gradient medium. Tubes were centrifuged 40 minutes at 900 relative centrifugal force (RCF). PBMCs were collected by transfer pipette and afterward washed 2-3 times in HBSS (Mediatech Inc.) and centrifuged 15 minutes at 250 RCF. Human CD3+ T lymphocytes were then ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/91301
JCI - Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesisJCI - Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
Cell culture: monocultures. Primary human fetal astrocyte cultures were established from 3 different brains as previously described (67). We confirmed an identical in vitro phenotype of commercially available cells (Lonza) and cross-referenced these to previous phenotypes. To establish human CD3+ T lymphocyte cultures from human blood of healthy donors, density centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare) was initially performed to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood. Six milliliters of whole blood containing acid citrate dextrose anticoagulant (Biological Specialty Corp.) was diluted with an equal volume of HBSS (Mediatech Inc.) and carefully layered in 15-ml tubes prefilled with 4 ml of density gradient medium. Tubes were centrifuged 40 minutes at 900 relative centrifugal force (RCF). PBMCs were collected by transfer pipette and afterward washed 2-3 times in HBSS (Mediatech Inc.) and centrifuged 15 minutes at 250 RCF. Human CD3+ T lymphocytes were then ...
https://gimee-gz.com.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/91301
Jeffrey L. Saver to Chair Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Clinical Advisory Board - Astrocyte PharmaceuticalsJeffrey L. Saver to Chair Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Clinical Advisory Board - Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals
Cambridge, MA, December 11, 2018 - Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Inc., a privately held pharmaceutical company, today announced that Jeffrey L. Saver, M.D., has joined the companys Scientific Advisory Board and will chair the companys Clinical Advisory Board. Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals is developing small molecule therapeutics for the treatment of brain injuries, including patients who have suffered a stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion.. Dr. Saver is a recognized international thought leader on cerebrovascular research and treatments, with impressive experience in designing and leading multiple, successful, innovative clinical studies in stroke, said William Korinek, CEO at Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals. We are excited to have Dr. Saver chair our Clinical Advisory Board that will design the optimal clinical studies to assess AST-004s efficacy in human patients.. Dr. Jeffrey Saver is Vice-Chair and Professor of Neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and has been ...
https://www.astrocytepharma.com/2018/12/jeffrey-l-saver-to-chair-astrocyte-pharmaceuticals-clinical-advisory-board/
Astrocyte Signaling Sheds Light on Stroke Research - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comAstrocyte Signaling Sheds Light on Stroke Research - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
The study in mice, by neuroscientists at Tufts University School of Medicine, determined that astrocytes play a critical role in the spread of damage following stroke.. The National Heart Foundation reports that ischemic strokes account for 87% of strokes in the United States. Ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot that forms and travels to the brain, preventing the flow of blood and oxygen.. Even when blood and oxygen flow is restored, however, neurotransmitter processes in the brain continue to overcompensate for the lack of oxygen, causing brain cells to be damaged. The damage to brain cells often leads to health complications including visual impairment, memory loss, clumsiness, moodiness, and partial or total paralysis.. Research and drug trials have focused primarily on therapies affecting neurons to limit brain cell damage. Phil Haydons group at Tufts University School of Medicine have focused on astrocytes, a lesser known type of brain cell, as an alternative path to understanding ...
https://www.healthcanal.com/brain-nerves/37063-astrocyte-signaling-sheds-light-on-stroke-research.html
MicroRNA-211/BDNF axis regulates LPS-induced proliferation of normal human astrocyte through PI3K/AKT pathway | Bioscience...MicroRNA-211/BDNF axis regulates LPS-induced proliferation of normal human astrocyte through PI3K/AKT pathway | Bioscience...
According to previous studies, miRNAs affect astrogliosis and astrocyte proliferation through targetting diverse downstream genes [22,26]. To investigate the mechanism by which BDNF affects NHA proliferation, we used online tools including Tarbase and miRWalk to search for the candidate miRNAs which might regulate BDNF expression. After cross-contrast with the results of two software predictions, 14 candidate miRNAs were chosen for further verification (miR-15b, miR-497, miR-211, miR-206, miR-195, miR-204, miR-1s, miR-382, miR-613, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-103a, miR-182, and miR-107, Figure 3A). Upon LPS stimulation, the expression of the indicated candidate miRNAs was monitored; amongst all the candidate miRNAs, miR-211 expression was inhibited by LPS stimulation in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 3B). Next, we verified miR-211 regulation of BDNF using qRT-PCR and Western blot assays. In miR-211 mimics transfected NHAs, BDNF mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced, whereas miR-211 ...
https://portlandpress.com/bioscirep/article/37/4/BSR20170755/57068/MicroRNA-211-BDNF-axis-regulates-LPS-induced
JCI - Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesisJCI - Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
Lesions and neurologic disability in inflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) result from the translocation of leukocytes and humoral factors from the vasculature, first across the endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and then across the astrocytic glia limitans (GL). Factors secreted by reactive astrocytes open the BBB by disrupting endothelial tight junctions (TJs), but the mechanisms that control access across the GL are unknown. Here, we report that in inflammatory lesions, a second barrier composed of reactive astrocyte TJs of claudin 1 (CLDN1), CLDN4, and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) subunits is induced at the GL. In a human coculture model, CLDN4-deficient astrocytes were unable to control lymphocyte segregation. In models of CNS inflammation and MS, mice with astrocyte-specific Cldn4 deletion displayed exacerbated leukocyte and humoral infiltration, neuropathology, motor disability, and mortality. These findings identify a second inducible barrier to CNS entry ...
https://tgnanke.com.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/91301/figure/1
METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF A-RING AROMATIZED ACETYL MINOCYCLINES - Patent applicationMETHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF A-RING AROMATIZED ACETYL MINOCYCLINES - Patent application
0066]Astroglia cells, i.e. non neoplastic embryonal astrocyte cell line of the rat [Chamaon, K., Kirches, E., Kanakis, D., Braeuninger, S., Dietzmann, K., and Mawrin, C. (2005). Regulation of the pituitary tumor transforming gene by insulin-like-growth factor-I and insulin differs between malignant and non-neoplastic astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 331, 86-92] were cultivated on glass cover slips coated with poly-D-lysin at the bottom of culture dishes at 37° C. during 18 hours (5% CO2). 2 ml DMEM (PAA Laboratories GmbH Pasching, Austria) were used as the culture medium in each reaction and the sowing density was 0.3×106 cells/2 ml. First, the cell cultures were pre-incubated in different concentrations (1.0; 5.0 or 25.0 μM) of minocycline hydrochloride or pentaacetyl cyclin (Formula II) during 30 minutes. The sole addition of the solvent DMSO (2 μl/culture dish) under identical incubation conditions was used as the untreated control. Then, 1.0 or 3.0 mM H2O2 (final concentration) was ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20100173991
Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and...Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and...
The type beta transforming growth factors (TGF) are potent regulators of the growth and functions of lymphocytes and macrophages. Recently the human glioblastoma cell line 308 was shown to produce TGF-beta 2. The relevance of this finding was evaluated further by comparing human glioblastoma cells with their nontransformed animal counterpart, astrocytes, with regard to the production of the three TGF-beta isoforms observed so far in mammals. In this report astrocytes are demonstrated to secrete also TGF-beta 2 and to express TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 mRNA in vitro. In contrast, cultured murine brain macrophages release TGF-beta 1 and are positive for TGF-beta 1 mRNA only. Glia cell-derived TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 are detected in latent form whereas both latent and active TGF-beta are identified in the supernatant of three human glioblastoma cell lines tested. These cell lines, however, show heterogeneity in regard to the isoform of TGF-beta expressed but share with astrocytes the inability ...
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/148/5/1404.long
synaptic plasticity - Dwight Bergles Laboratorysynaptic plasticity - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Interneurons are critical for proper neural network function and can activate Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes. However, the impact of the interneuron-astrocyte signaling into neuronal network operation remains unknown. Using the simplest hippocampal Astrocyte-Neuron network, i.e., GABAergic interneuron, pyramidal neuron, single CA3-CA1 glutamatergic synapse, and astrocytes, we found that interneuron-astrocyte signaling dynamically affected excitatory neurotransmission in an activity- and time-dependent manner, and determined the sign (inhibition vs potentiation) of the GABA-mediated effects. While synaptic inhibition was mediated by GABAA receptors, potentiation involved astrocyte GABAB receptors, astrocytic glutamate release, and presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Using conditional astrocyte-specific GABAB receptor (Gabbr1) knockout mice, we confirmed the glial source of the interneuron-induced potentiation, and demonstrated the involvement of astrocytes in hippocampal theta and gamma ...
http://bergleslab.com/index.php/tag/synaptic-plasticity/
Functional analysis of astroglial IKK/NF-KappaB signaling in brain development and homeostasisFunctional analysis of astroglial IKK/NF-KappaB signaling in brain development and homeostasis
Neuroinflammation is an essential defense response to pathogens or injury in the central nervous system, but might also contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Astrocytes are glial cells that are implicated in neuroinflammation, but also in brain development and homeostasis. The NF-kappa B transcription factors are key regulators of inflammation that also regulate in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Previous studies suggested that NF-kappa B activation in astrocytes might indeed be critical for neuroinflammatory responses and its pathological consequences. In the present study a novel mouse model was characterized to further elucidate the role of astroglial NF-Kappa B signaling in neuroinflammation. This model conditionally expresses a constitutively active mutant of the NF-kappa B activating kinase IKK2 in astrocytes. This results in astroglial NF-kappa B activation, which is sufficient to induce a prominent neuroinflammatory response and impairs brain ...
https://oparu.uni-ulm.de/xmlui/handle/123456789/2618?locale-attribute=en
Functional analysis of astroglial IKK/NF-KappaB signaling in brain development and homeostasisFunctional analysis of astroglial IKK/NF-KappaB signaling in brain development and homeostasis
Neuroinflammation is an essential defense response to pathogens or injury in the central nervous system, but might also contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Astrocytes are glial cells that are implicated in neuroinflammation, but also in brain development and homeostasis. The NF-kappa B transcription factors are key regulators of inflammation that also regulate in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Previous studies suggested that NF-kappa B activation in astrocytes might indeed be critical for neuroinflammatory responses and its pathological consequences. In the present study a novel mouse model was characterized to further elucidate the role of astroglial NF-Kappa B signaling in neuroinflammation. This model conditionally expresses a constitutively active mutant of the NF-kappa B activating kinase IKK2 in astrocytes. This results in astroglial NF-kappa B activation, which is sufficient to induce a prominent neuroinflammatory response and impairs brain ...
https://oparu.uni-ulm.de/xmlui/handle/123456789/2618?locale-attribute=de
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Information 41467 2020 14466 MOESM1 ESM | The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and MeiosisSupplementary MaterialsSupplementary Information 41467 2020 14466 MOESM1 ESM | The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Information 41467_2020_14466_MOESM1_ESM. following faraway cortical brain injury in mice. Fibrinogen inhibited neuronal differentiation in SVZ and hippocampal NSPCs while promoting astrogenesis via activation of the BMP receptor signaling pathway. Pharmacologic and Genetic depletion of fibrinogen reduced astrocyte formation within the SVZ after cortical injury, reducing the contribution of NVP-2 SVZ-derived reactive astrocytes to lesion scar tissue formation. We suggest that fibrinogen can be a regulator of NVP-2 NSPC-derived astrogenesis through the SVZ market via BMP receptor signaling pathway pursuing damage. transgenic reporter mice in conjunction with pharmacologic fibrinogen depletion exposed decreased contribution NVP-2 of SVZ-derived Thbs4?+?reactive astrocytes to lesion scar formation. Appropriately, fibrinogen inhibited neuronal differentiation of NVP-2 major NSPCs through the SVZ or hippocampus and advertised their differentiation into astrocytes ...
http://loveinnewzealand.com/%EF%BB%BFsupplementary-materialssupplementary-information-41467_2020_14466_moesm1_esm/
Action of low doses of Aspirin in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress induced by aβ1-42 on Astrocytes in primary culture ...Action of low doses of Aspirin in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress induced by aβ1-42 on Astrocytes in primary culture ...
Aspirin has been used as anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregate for decades but the precise mechanism(s) of action after the presence of the toxic peptide Aβ1-42 in cultured astrocytes remains poorly resolved. Here we use low-doses of aspirin (10-7 M) in astrocytes in primary culture in presence or absence of Aβ1-42 toxic peptide. We noted an increase of cell viability and proliferation with or without Aβ1-42 peptide presence in aspirin treated cells. In addition, a decrease in apoptosis, determined by Caspase 3 activity and the expression of Cyt c and Smac/Diablo, were detected. Also, aspirin diminished necrosis process (LDH levels), pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-β and TNF-α) and NF-ᴋB protein expression, increasing anti-inflammatory PPAR-γ protein expression, preventing Aβ1-42 toxic effects. Aspirin inhibited COX-2 and iNOS without changes in COX-1 expression, increasing anti-oxidant protein (Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD) expression in presence or absence of Aβ1-42. Taken together, our ...
https://www.medsci.org/v17p0834
Brain Energy Metabolism: Focus on Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic CooperationBrain Energy Metabolism: Focus on Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Cooperation
The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. Astrocytes a type of glial cell have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. Our understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a neurocentric view to a more integrated picture involving an intense cooperativity between astrocytes and neurons. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes.. Keywords: Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance ; Cerebral-Blood-Flow ; Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ; Lactate-Shuttle Hypothesis ; Human Visual-Cortex ; Rat-Brain ; Glucose-Utilization ; Nitric-Oxide ; In-Vivo ; Oxidative-Metabolism. ...
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/178631
Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strengthGlutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strength
The release of transmitters from glia influences synaptic functions. The modalities and physiological functions of glial release are poorly understood. Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic strength at excitatory synap …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310248/?dopt=Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) aggravates ER stress in Parkinsons disease-linked LRRK2 mutant astrocyte by regulating XBP1...Small heterodimer partner (SHP) aggravates ER stress in Parkinsons disease-linked LRRK2 mutant astrocyte by regulating XBP1...
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a common feature of Parkinsons disease (PD), and several PD-related genes are responsible for ER dysfunction. Recent studies suggested LRRK2-G2019S, a pathogenic mutation in the PD-associated gene LRRK2, cause ER dysfunction, and could thereby contribute to the development of PD. It remains unclear, however, how mutant LRRK2 influence ER stress to control cellular outcome. In this study, we identified the mechanism by which LRRK2-G2019S accelerates ER stress and cell death in astrocytes. To investigate changes in ER stress response genes, we treated LRRK2-wild type and LRRK2-G2019S astrocytes with tunicamycin, an ER stress-inducing agent, and performed gene expression profiling with microarrays. The XBP1 SUMOylation and PIAS1 ubiquitination were performed using immunoprecipitation assay. The effect of astrocyte to neuronal survival were assessed by astrocytes-neuron coculture and slice culture systems. To provide in vivo proof-of-concept of our approach, we measured
https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-021-00747-1
Human Insulin pGreenZeo Differentiation Reporter | System BiosciencesHuman Insulin pGreenZeo Differentiation Reporter | System Biosciences
Figure 1. Live imaging of neuronal differentiation. Ravin, et al, used SBIs Human Nestin pGreenFire Differentiation Reporter (Cat.# SR10016VA-1), which drives GFP expression from the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, to watch human neural stem cells differentiate into a network of mature neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes over the course of seven days. The periodic flashes seen in this video correspond to fluorescent photos taken of the growing cells to identify the GFP signals. The final photo taken after the network formation is shown below the video (color added). Among the network of neurons, only the astrocytes are bright green, demonstrating the specificity of SBIs human Nestin pGreenFire Differentiation Reporter.. ...
https://systembio.com/shop/human-ngn3-differentiation-reporter-pgreenzeo-plasmid/
Neurotransmission and the Central Nervous System | Goodman and Gilmans Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2e |...Neurotransmission and the Central Nervous System | Goodman and Gilmans Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2e |...
Support Cells. Neurons in the CNS are outnumbered by support cells, including macroglia, microglia, vascular elements, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-forming cells of the choroid plexus found within the intracerebral ventricular system, and the meninges, which cover the surface of the brain and comprise the CSF-containing envelope. Macroglia are the most abundant support cells; some are categorized as astrocytes (cells interposed between the vasculature and the neurons, often surrounding individual compartments of synaptic complexes). Astrocytes play a variety of metabolic support roles including furnishing energy intermediates and supplementary removal of neurotransmitters following release. The oligodendroglia, a second prominent category of macroglia, are myelin-producing cells. Myelin, made up of multiple layers of compacted membranes, insulate segments of axons bioelectrically and permit nondecremental propagation of action potentials. Microglia are derived from mesoderm and are related to ...
https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1810§ionid=124490820
NeuroblastomaNeuroblastoma
Astrocyte. *Astrocytoma *Pilocytic astrocytoma. *Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. *Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma
Nervous tissueNervous tissue
Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes (astrocyte subtype), satellite ... Astrocytes: Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the ... Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes. Two types of ... NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and serve as the developmental ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_tissue
Jacques GlowinskiJacques Glowinski
Rouach, N.; Glowinski, J.; Giaume, C. (2000). "Astrocytes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (7): 1513-1526. doi:10.1083/jcb. ... properties of astrocytes and astrocyto-neuronal relationships, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Glowinski
AstrocyteAstrocyte
The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... Astrocytes are depicted in red. Cell nuclei are depicted in blue. Astrocytes were obtained from brains of newborn mice ... Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of ... Gömöri-positive astrocytes. These are a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes that contain numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, or ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroglial_cell
Lhermitte-Duclos diseaseLhermitte-Duclos disease
Astrocyte. *Astrocytoma *Pilocytic astrocytoma. *Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. *Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhermitte–Duclos_disease
Primary central nervous system lymphomaPrimary central nervous system lymphoma
Astrocyte. *Astrocytoma *Pilocytic astrocytoma. *Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. *Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNS_lymphoma
BelimumabBelimumab
BAFF is secreted by a variety of cells: monocytes and macrophages; bone marrow stromal cells; astrocytes in certain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belimumab
GliosisGliosis
... in which demyelinated plaques are surrounded by reactive astrocytes. These astrocytes often exhibit extreme hypertrophy and ... Astrocytes themselves also produce cytokines, which may be used for self-regulation or for the regulation of microglia, which ... Exposure of reactive astrocytes to β-amyloid (Αβ) peptide, the main component of amyloid plaques, may also induce astroglial ... Reactive astrocytes are affected by molecular signals released from a variety of CNS cell types including neurons, microglia, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosis
GABRB2GABRB2
July 2018). "Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia ... July 2018). "Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia ... differential regulation by astrocytes". Journal of Neurophysiology. 74 (4): 1473-84. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1473. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRB2
Glial scarGlial scar
Astrocytes form a dense network of gap junctions that generates a physical barrier to axonal regrowth. Further, the astrocytes ... Reactive astrocytes are the main cellular component of the glial scar. After injury, astrocytes undergo morphological changes, ... David S, Ness R. (1993). "Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes." In: Fedoroff S (ed) Biology and pathology of astrocyte-neuron ... thus compounding the response of other astrocytes and contributing to the heterogeneity. Particularly, astrocytes closest to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_scar
George Alexander GibsonGeorge Alexander Gibson
Astrocyte. 1 (4): 305-308. doi:10.4103/2349-0977.161627. S2CID 58017296. Ginghina, C.; Nastase, OA; Ghiorghiu, I; Egher, L (5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Gibson
Glomerulus (cerebellum)Glomerulus (cerebellum)
Velate astrocytes are glia that sheath the glomeruli. They are protoplasmic astrocytes with extremely thin veil-like processes ... "Velate astrocyte". NeuroLex. The Neuroscience Information Framework. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2014. CS1 maint: ... discouraged parameter (link) Chan-Palay, Victoria; Palay, Sanford L. (1972). "The form of velate astrocytes in the cerebellar ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(cerebellum)
Neuropathic painNeuropathic pain
Other glia such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes may also release these extrinsic cues for microglia and microglia themselves ... "Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 20 (11): 667-685. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0218-1. ISSN 1471 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain
Gap junctionGap junction
It appears that astrocytes are coupled by gap junctions, both to other astrocytes and to oligodendrocytes.[88] Moreover, ... with antibodies against external loop domains in astrocytes". Glia. 24 (1): 141-54. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199809)24:1,141 ... "Gap Junctions Couple Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 35 (1): 101-116. doi:10.1007/s12031- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction
S100BS100B
... is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by astrocytes, but not all astrocytes express S100B. It has been shown that ... astrocyte differentiation. • positive regulation of synaptic transmission. • positive regulation of cell proliferation. • ... S100B is secreted by astrocytes or can spill from injured cells and enter the extracellular space or bloodstream. Serum levels ... "beta-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100 beta in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures". Brain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100B
MyelinMyelin
... by the processes of another type of glial cell called the astrocyte.[citation needed][19] ... which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS. ... "The astrocyte odyssey". Progress in Neurobiology. 86 (4): 342-367. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015. PMC 2613184. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelination
GlioblastGlioblast
... s differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Its tumor is called a glioblastoma multiforme, and is the most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblast
Haemodynamic responseHaemodynamic response
Astrocytes are unique in that they are intermediaries that lie between blood vessels and neurons. They are able to communicate ... Constriction has been shown in vitro to occur when NE is placed in the synapse and is taken up by astrocyte receptors. NE ... When these calcium ion waves spread down the length of the astrocyte, phospholipase A (PLA2) is activated which in turn ... It has been shown that NO inhibits 20-HETE synthesis, which may interfere with astrocytes' constriction pathways and lead to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemodynamic_response
NeuronNeuron
besides being universal this classification has the advantage of being able to classify astrocytes as well. A method called ... Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells. They have been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of their stem cell-like ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron
Nicola AllenNicola Allen
"Aged Astrocytes Prime Brain for Neuroinflammation , ALZFORUM". www.alzforum.org. Retrieved 2020-03-07. "Astrocytes Are Trusty ... In 2012 while she was a postdoc in the lab of Ben Barres, she showed that astrocytes secrete glypican 4 and 6, which is needed ... "Brain cells called astrocytes have unexpected role in brain "plasticity"". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved ... Allen also showed that astrocytes excrete a protein called Chrdl1, which helps the maturation of the brain. It also increased ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Allen
MyelinMyelin
Wang, Doris D.; Bordey, Angélique (11 December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Progress in Neurobiology. 86 (4): 342-367. doi: ... which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS. In terms of total ... by the processes of another type of glial cell called the astrocyte.[citation needed] CNS myelin differs slightly in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin
Brain healingBrain healing
Around the edge of necrosis, astrocytes proliferate. These cells extend processes, and form a delicate rim of gliosis around ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_healing
NeurodegenerationNeurodegeneration
... provide in vitro evidence that the primary cellular sites where SOD1 mutations act are located on astrocytes. Astrocytes then ... Julien JP (May 2007). "ALS: astrocytes move in as deadly neighbors". Nature Neuroscience. 10 (5): 535-7. doi:10.1038/nn0507-535 ... "Astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutated SOD1 release factors selectively toxic to motor neurons". Nature Neuroscience. 10 (5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPasePlasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
Astrocytes help to maintain ionic balance in the extracellular space in the brain. Knock-out of PMCA2 causes inner ear problems ... PMCA types 1, 2, and 4 have been found in glial cells called astrocytes in mammals, though it was previously thought that only ... "Plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms in astrocytes". Glia (published 1999-10-22). 28 (2): 150-155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane_Ca2 _ATPase
Biochemical cascadeBiochemical cascade
Vargas, MR; Johnson, JA (3 June 2009). "The Nrf2-ARE cytoprotective pathway in astrocytes". Expert Reviews in Molecular ... This neuroprotective pathway involves control of neuronal activity by perisynaptic astrocytes and neuronal glutamate release, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade
Rage (emotion)Rage (emotion)
... these astrocytes are found in close proximity to the 'end feet' of blood vessels. These astrocytes aid in the tightening and ... The crucial role that astrocytes play in the formation of muscle memory may also shed light on the beneficial impact of ... Lundgaard, I.; Osório, M.J.; Kress, B.T.; Sanggaard, S.; Nedergaard, M. (2014). "White matter astrocytes in health and disease ... Gold, Paul E. (2014). "Regulation of memory - from the adrenal medulla to liver to astrocytes to neurons". Brain Research ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(emotion)
Cagla ErogluCagla Eroglu
Eroglu C (2009). Astrocyte-Secreted Matricellular Proteins in Central Nervous System Development and Function. Journal of Cell ... Her further further highlighted the critical role astrocytes play in the direct regulation of synapse formation in the central ... Their focus on the communication between astrocytes and neurons in the healthy brain is paving the way towards eventually ... Her findings showed both the role that astrocyte secreted factors play in specifically excitatory synapse formation, as well as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagla_Eroglu
Astrocyte - WikipediaAstrocyte - Wikipedia
The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... Astrocytes are depicted in red. Cell nuclei are depicted in blue. Astrocytes were obtained from brains of newborn mice ... Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of ... Gömöri-positive astrocytes. These are a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes that contain numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytes
Direct Reprogramming of RESTing Astrocytes. - PubMed - NCBIDirect Reprogramming of RESTing Astrocytes. - PubMed - NCBI
Direct Reprogramming of RESTing Astrocytes.. Wang C1, Fong H1, Huang Y2. ... Transcriptional Mechanisms of Proneural Factors and REST in Regulating Neuronal Reprogramming of Astrocytes. [Cell Stem Cell. ... 2015) use neuronal conversion of astrocytes to dissect transcriptional mechanisms of fate determination and identify circuits ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26140600
Metabolic Interactions between Neurons and Astrocytes | SpringerLinkMetabolic Interactions between Neurons and Astrocytes | SpringerLink
Hertz, L. and Schousboe, A., Role of astrocytes in compartmentation of amino acid and energy metabolism. In:Astrocytes, ... Walz, W. and Hinks, E., A transmembrane sodium cycle in astrocytes, Brain Res. 368: 226-232 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Code, W.E., White, H.S. and Hertz, L., The effect of midazolam on calcium signaling in astrocytes, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 625: ... Yu, A.C.H., Gregory, G.A. and Chan, P.H., Hypoxia-induced dysfunction and injury of astrocytes in primary cell cultures, J. ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-9486-1_1
PD Astrocytes [IMAGE] | EurekAlert! Science News ReleasesPD Astrocytes [IMAGE] | EurekAlert! Science News Releases
PD patients astrocytes manifest several hallmarks of the disease, these include: (1) increased production of alpha-synuclein ... Life sciences/Cell biology/Cells/Glia/Astrocytes * /Life sciences/Neuroscience/Clinical neuroscience/Neurology/Neurological ... Brain astrocytes show metabolic alterations in Parkinsons disease. University of Eastern Finland ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/649726
Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytesVesicular transmitter release from astrocytes
As evidence of this, astrocytes express protein components of the vesicular secretory a … ... Astrocytes can release a variety of transmitters, including glutamate and ATP, in response to stimuli that induce increases in ... Astrocytes can release a variety of transmitters, including glutamate and ATP, in response to stimuli that induce increases in ... Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytes Glia. 2006 Nov 15;54(7):700-15. doi: 10.1002/glia.20367. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17006898/?dopt=Abstract
Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases | SpringerLinkAstrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases | SpringerLink
Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV (2010) Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 119:7-35PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle ... Seifert G, Steinhauser C (2013) Neuron-astrocyte signaling and epilepsy. Exp Neurol 244:4-10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Pekny M, Nilsson M (2005) Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Glia 50:427-434PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Jo S, Yarishkin O, Hwang YJ, Chun YE, Park M, Woo DH, Bae JY, Kim T, Lee J, Chun H et al (2014) GABA from reactive astrocytes ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00401-015-1513-1
Astrocytes going live: advances and challenges. - PubMed - NCBIAstrocytes going live: advances and challenges. - PubMed - NCBI
A, two-photon fluorescence image of astrocytes (green) and blood vessels (red) in rat neocortex, stained using the astrocyte- ... Astrocytes going live: advances and challenges.. Nimmerjahn A1.. Author information. 1. Department of Biology, James H. Clark ... C and D, spontaneous calcium transients in two astrocytes (C) and one neuron (D) from a single recording measured as relative ... Astrocytes are one of the most numerous cell types in the CNS. They have emerged as sophisticated cells participating in a ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19204050?dopt=Abstract
Stem cell discovery: Astrocytes could repair stroke brain damageStem cell discovery: Astrocytes could repair stroke brain damage
Stem-cell derived astrocytes - previously overlooked neural cells that form the blood-brain barrier - may prove useful against ... "Our novel findings are that highly purified Olig2+ progenitors can give rise to astrocytes and that these astrocytes derived ... Astrocytes - neural cells that form the blood-brain barrier and so control what can and cannot enter the brain from the blood ... Astrocytes may help to limit the spread of damage after an ischemic brain stroke in patients, and may also help to regenerate ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264007
Purinergic signaling induces thrombospondin-1 expression in astrocytes | PNASPurinergic signaling induces thrombospondin-1 expression in astrocytes | PNAS
MAPK in astrocytes. We also demonstrated that extracellular ATP induces phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK in astrocytes. Experiments ... Vehicle-treated astrocytes show very weak TSP-1 immunoreactivity (Fig. 1 C b and e). Addition of extracellular ATP for 6 h led ... Immunocytochemistry of cultured rat astrocytes after apyrase and ATP treatment. Astrocytes were treated with apyrase (90 units ... B) Astrocytes were treated with 100 μM ATP, 100 μM UTP, 10 μM 2MeSADP, or 100 μM adenosine for 6 h, after which time media were ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/103/24/9321
Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strengthGlutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strength
Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic ... Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strength Nat Neurosci. 2007 Mar;10(3):331-9. doi: 10.1038/nn1849. Epub ... Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic ... pathway is endogenously activated by neuronal activity-dependent stimulation of purinergic P2Y1 receptors on the astrocytes. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310248/?dopt=Abstract
Relaxin Protects Astrocytes from Hypoxia In VitroRelaxin Protects Astrocytes from Hypoxia In Vitro
Astrocytes that were treated with relaxin-2 and relaxin-3 showed a marked decrease in ROS production when compared to control ... Next, to test whether relaxin reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) astrocytes were exposed to the same ... Mitochondrial membrane potential was higher in astrocytes that were treated with relaxin-2 and relaxin-3 compared to untreated ... Taken together, these data present novel findings that show relaxin protects astrocytes from ischemic conditions through the ...
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0090864
Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes | Nature BiotechnologyIntravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes | Nature Biotechnology
A single intravascular injection of AAV9 results in widespread transduction of astrocytes in adult mice and of astrocytes and ... In adult mice, tail vein injection of AAV9-GFP leads to robust transduction of astrocytes throughout the entire CNS, with ... through targeting of astrocytes. It may also be useful for rapid postnatal genetic manipulations in basic neuroscience studies. ... Figure 5: Intravenous injection of AAV9 leads to widespread predominant astrocyte transduction in the spinal cord and brain of ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.1515?error=cookies_not_supported&code=f6ca4661-5fa6-495f-897e-661070ed85d4
astrocyte | Definition, Function, & Facts | Britannica.comastrocyte | Definition, Function, & Facts | Britannica.com
Astrocytes can be subdivided into fibrous and protoplasmic types. Learn more about astrocytes, including their structure and ... Astrocyte, star-shaped cell that is a type of neuroglia found in the nervous system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. ... Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system. They have fewer ... Astrocytes divide after injury to the nervous system and occupy the spaces left by injured neurons. Astrocytes also are thought ...
https://www.britannica.com/science/astrocyte
Astrocyte-Synapse Structural PlasticityAstrocyte-Synapse Structural Plasticity
... Yann Bernardinelli, Dominique Muller, and Irina Nikonenko Department of Neuroscience, ... Yann Bernardinelli, Dominique Muller, and Irina Nikonenko, "Astrocyte-Synapse Structural Plasticity," Neural Plasticity, vol. ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2014/232105/cta/
astrocyte | Journal of Neuroscienceastrocyte | Journal of Neuroscience
Age-Dependent Decline in Fate Switch from NG2 Cells to Astrocytes After Olig2 Deletion Hao Zuo, William M. Wood, Amin Sherafat ... FGF Signaling Directs the Cell Fate Switch from Neurons to Astrocytes in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex Tung Anh Dinh ... Conditional Knock-out of mGluR5 from Astrocytes during Epilepsy Development Impairs High-Frequency Glutamate Uptake Anthony D. ... Functional Consequences of Synapse Remodeling Following Astrocyte-Specific Regulation of Ephrin-B1 in the Adult Hippocampus ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/keyword/astrocyte?page=1
astrocyte | Journal of Neuroscienceastrocyte | Journal of Neuroscience
Astrocytes Regulate GLP-1 Receptor-Mediated Effects on Energy Balance David J. Reiner, Elizabeth G. Mietlicki-Baase, Lauren E. ... Dysfunctional Calcium and Glutamate Signaling in Striatal Astrocytes from Huntingtons Disease Model Mice Ruotian Jiang, Blanca ... FGF-1 Triggers Pannexin-1 Hemichannel Opening in Spinal Astrocytes of Rodents and Promotes Inflammatory Responses in Acute ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/keyword/astrocyte?page=2
Astrocytes in Alzheimers | Science SignalingAstrocytes in Alzheimer's | Science Signaling
During investigations of calcium signaling in astrocytes in living mice, Kuchibhotla et al. discovered a role for astrocytes in ... Thus, while plaques may affect neurons locally, they have a more global effect on the network of astrocytes, hinting to ... In a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, astrocytes respond globally to plaque formation. ... In a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, astrocytes respond globally to plaque formation. ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2/60/ec82
Astrocytes Control Appetite | Science SignalingAstrocytes Control Appetite | Science Signaling
Astrocytes respond to a hormone that signals satiety to control synaptic plasticity of neurons that regulate eating. ... Astrocytes respond to a hormone that signals satiety to control synaptic plasticity of neurons that regulate eating. ... Thus, leptin signaling in astrocytes in the region of the brain that controls appetite is necessary for the neuronal response ... created mice with knockout of the leptin receptor in astrocytes of adults and investigated the effects in the hypothalamic ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/7/333/ec186
Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders | PNASMolecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders | PNAS
Identification of Astrocyte Markers. To test our assumption that all astrocytes share a common transcriptional profile, we ... All of the astrocyte samples are together. The short vertical distance between the astrocyte samples in the dendrogram ... Of significance, these astrocyte markers revealed surprising molecular heterogeneity among astrocytes in the normal adult brain ... Although expressed in both neurons and astrocytes in culture, it is up-regulated only in astrocytes after cytotoxic stress (26 ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/101/22/8384?ijkey=d827fc03465f5acf377652285d40a3e28fc07846&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain, 1st Edition (Paperback) - RoutledgeAstrocytes: Wiring the Brain, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge
... and the connections that the astrocyte makes with other cells of the brain are essential for a variety of important neural ... Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, ... Astrocytes in Epilepsy; C. Steinhäuser and G. Seifert. Astrocyte Involvement in the Acquired Demyelinating Diseases; S. E. Lutz ... Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, and the connections that the astrocyte ...
https://www.routledge.com/Astrocytes-Wiring-the-Brain-1st-Edition/Scemes-Spray/p/book/9781138374300
Neurotoxic potential of reactive astrocytes in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis | Scientific ReportsNeurotoxic potential of reactive astrocytes in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis | Scientific Reports
Astrocytes are the main cellular target of CDV and undergo reactive changes already in pre-demyelinating brain lesions. Based ... The aim of the study was to characterize astrocyte plasticity during the course of CDV-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis ... Gene expression analysis revealed 81 differentially expressed astrocyte-related genes with a dominance of genes associated with ... Observed findings indicate an astrocyte polarization towards a neurotoxic phenotype likely contributing to lesion initiation ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48146-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4c20fcf9-b623-4ebf-847a-9b2181ba613d
Astrocytes help separate man from mouseAstrocytes help separate man from mouse
... fibrous astrocytes »human brain »information processing »interlaminar astrocytes »protoplasmic astrocytes »spinal cord injury » ... fibrous astrocytes , human brain , information processing , interlaminar astrocytes , protoplasmic astrocytes , spinal cord ... Alzheimers »Calcium »Epilepsy »Human astrocytes »astrocytes »blood flow »blood vessel »brain cell »brain function and sensory ... Further reports about: , Alzheimers , Calcium , Epilepsy , Human astrocytes , astrocytes , blood flow , blood vessel , brain ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/astrocytes-separate-man-mouse-129901.html
Astrocyte - WikipediaAstrocyte - Wikipedia
The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... After astrocyte specification has occurred in the developing CNS, it is believed that astrocyte precursors migrate to their ... When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane. Astrocytes ... Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte
Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytesHeterogeneity of reactive astrocytes
Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive astrogl … ... Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive ... It is noteworthy that different stimuli of astrocyte reactivity can lead to similar degrees of GFAP upregulation while causing ... Structural and functional changes are regulated in reactive astrocytes by many different potential signaling events that occur ...
https://www.wingsforlife.com/de/aktuelles/heterogeneity-of-reactive-astrocytes-1072/
Differences among astrocytes | ScienceDifferences among astrocytes | Science
Astrocytes are diverse in morphology and molecular makeup (1, 2), potentially enabling them to provide for the varying needs of ... On page 849 of this issue, Farmer et al. (4) reveal that neuronal signals drive the molecular programs of astrocytes even ... This challenges the idea that astrocyte function is hardwired during development and provides a new mechanism for cellular ... Neurons determine the specificity of local astrocytes [Also see Report by Farmer et al.] ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6275/813
Astrocytes and Vasculature - WebvisionAstrocytes and Vasculature - Webvision
Astrocytes and Vasculature. This laser confocal image shows a GFP transgenic mouse retina under the control of the GFAP ... These labels not only show the spatial relationship of individual astrocytes to one another, but also the vasculature. Image ...
https://webvision.med.utah.edu/2012/07/astrocytes-and-vasculature/
Astrocytes and guidance of outgro... preview & related info | MendeleyAstrocytes and guidance of outgro... preview & related info | Mendeley
In the present investigation the role of astrocytes and their precursors in guidance of outgrowing corticospinal tract axons in ... Astrocytes and guidance of outgrowing corticospinal tract axons in the rat. An immunocytochemical study using anti-vimentin and ... In the present investigation the role of astrocytes and their precursors in guidance of outgrowing corticospinal tract axons in ... labelling experiments it can be concluded that the vimentin-glial fibrillary acidic protein transition occurs within astrocyte ...
https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/astrocytes-guidance-outgrowing-corticospinal-tract-axons-rat-immunocytochemical-study-using-antivime/
Aged Astrocytes Prime Brain for Neuroinflammation | ALZFORUMAged Astrocytes Prime Brain for Neuroinflammation | ALZFORUM
Microglia Give Astrocytes License to Kill 20 Jan 2017. * Purification of Adult Human Astrocytes Shows: They Are Unique 15 Jan ... is associated with similar gene expression changes as seen in reactive astrocytes-the type of astrocytes elicited after brain ... The Aging Astrocyte Transcriptome from Multiple Regions of the Mouse Brain. Cell Rep. 2018 Jan 2;22(1):269-285. PubMed. ... Two studies of astrocytes in aging mouse brain report similar results.. *The cells take on a reactive phenotype, ramping up ...
https://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/aged-astrocytes-prime-brain-neuroinflammation
François Jacob Institute of biology - Reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseasesFrançois Jacob Institute of biology - Reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases
We are developing new molecular tools to modulate and monitor astrocyte reactivity in situ, in order to disentangle this ... 2. Molecular and functional changes in reactive astrocytes in vivo. Our earlier in vivo studies of reactive astrocytes induced ... 3. Reactive astrocytes as biomarkers for pathological situations Reactive astrocytes appear under pathological conditions, and ... Reactive astrocytes. We study astrocytes, a type of brain glial cells that play key supporting roles for neurons. Under ...
http://www.cea.fr/drf/ifrancoisjacob/english/Pages/Departments/MIRCen/ResearchThemes/Reactive-astrocytes.aspx
Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactateNorepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate
The ATP and NADH produced support metabolism in the astrocyte while the lactate is exported to feed the neuron. Thus, rapid ... In this computational model we show that neuromodulatory stimulation by norepinephrine induces astrocytes to recover glucosyl ... a polymerized form of glucose that is localized largely to astrocytes, but its exact role and conditions of use are not clear. ... wherein glia can provide the ergogenic metabolite lactate to the neuron in a process called the astrocyte-to-neuron shuttle ( ...
https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006392
ReactiveNeuronalSynapsesGFAPNeurons and astrocytesSuggests that astrocytesMicrogliaProtoplasmic astrocytesBrainOligodendrocytesCellsTypes of astrocytesMiceVitroNeuroscienceSynapsePlasticityTaken up by astrocytesRelease from astrocytesProteinMorphologicalMorphologyRole for astrocytesMolecularDisruptionRolesSpinal cordGliaPathwayPrimary astrocytesModulate astrocyteCortical astrocytesDifferentiationSecreteMarkerBlood vesselsNeurodegenerativeAbundantCulturesReactivityMetabolismTranscriptionalTherapeuticHeterogeneityNeurotransmitterAstrocyticRegulateInducesApoptosisInduceMechanismsFibrousCytokinesInteractions with neuronsType of astrocyteStar-shapedProcesses
Reactive49
  • We have started to unravel the different signalling mechanisms that trigger specific molecular, morphological and functional changes in reactive astrocytes that are critical for repairing tissue and maintaining function in CNS pathologies, such as neurotrauma, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. (springer.com)
  • Astrocytes are the main cellular target of CDV and undergo reactive changes already in pre-demyelinating brain lesions. (nature.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of reactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) + astrocytes with increased survivin and reduced aquaporin 4, and glutamine synthetase protein levels, indicating disturbed blood brain barrier function, glutamate homeostasis and astrocyte maladaptation, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis. (wingsforlife.com)
  • There is now compelling evidence that reactive astrocytes exhibit a substantial potential for heterogeneity at multiple levels, including gene expression, cell morphology, topography (distance from lesions), CNS regions, local (among neighboring cells), cell signaling and cell function. (wingsforlife.com)
  • Structural and functional changes are regulated in reactive astrocytes by many different potential signaling events that occur in a context dependent manner. (wingsforlife.com)
  • Together, the papers suggest that elderly astrocytes enter a partially reactive state, perhaps helping explain why the aging brain is so susceptible to neurodegenerative disease. (alzforum.org)
  • The resulting expression profile overlapped with that of reactive astrocytes, although the magnitude of the changes was smaller in the aged astrocytes. (alzforum.org)
  • Astrocytes in the cerebellum became the most reactive, those in cortical regions the least. (alzforum.org)
  • It is likely that a diverse spectrum of molecularly defined astrocyte reactive states will emerge," he wrote to Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
  • Under pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, astrocytes become reactive. (cea.fr)
  • We develop new molecular tools to modulate and monitor reactive astrocytes in situ, in order to better understand the roles of these complex cells . (cea.fr)
  • Understand what reactive astrocytes do in the brain, using fluorescent-activated cell sorting of astrocytes, transcriptomics, electrophysiology, biochemical and histological analysis (see part 2). (cea.fr)
  • Assess whether reactive astrocytes can be monitored with non-invasive brain imaging techniques to serve as biomarkers for brain diseases (see part 3). (cea.fr)
  • Evaluate therapeutic efficacy of targeting reactive astrocytes in brain diseases (see part 4). (cea.fr)
  • Reactive astrocytes overexpressing GFAP (red) in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (cea.fr)
  • 2018). Through grants from ANR and Fondation Maladies Rares, we are now exploring the molecular and functional heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes, and implement multi-omics analysis of reactive glial cells in ND models. (cea.fr)
  • Reactive astrocytes appear under pathological conditions, and thus could be used as biomarkers for brain diseases. (cea.fr)
  • Finally, through grants from ANR, LECMA/Vaincre Alzheimer, FRC and Neuratris, we assess whether reactive astrocytes impact molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral disease outcomes, in mouse models of Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases (HD and AD), and more recently of demyelinating disorders. (cea.fr)
  • GFAP antibodies are widely used to detect reactive astrocytes which form part of this response, since reactive astrocytes stain much more strongly with GFAP antibodies than normal astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • Astrocytes in ALS lesions demonstrate altered morphology and gene expression patterns that correlate with a reactive state. (biolegend.com)
  • In addition to phenotypic changes, astrocytes in SOD1-ALS models show other features, such as ubiquitinated SOD1 species reflecting defective proteostasis, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretion of TGF-β1 , which prevents neuroprotective functions of microglia and T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Recent data show that when astrocyte intermediate filaments are genetically ablated in mice, reactive gliosis is attenuated and the course of several CNS pathologies is altered, while the signs of CNS regeneration become more prominent. (gu.se)
  • Particularly, GFAP expression, often used as a reliable astrocyte marker, is not always expressed by astrocytes and is more common to reactive and white matter astrocytes. (novusbio.com)
  • Nevertheless, ECM molecules expressed by reactive astrocytes are also known to act mostly in an inhibitory fashion under pathophysiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because astrocytes also respond to all forms of CNS injury or disease, there is growing interest in how reactive astrogliosis might alter astrocyte functions and thereby affect neural functions. (wingsforlife.com)
  • Reactive astrocytes are associated with every form of neurological injury. (jci.org)
  • Because many features of astrocyte development are recapitulated in reactive astrocytes, we investigated the role of nuclear factor I-A (NFIA), a key transcriptional regulator of astrocyte development whose contributions to reactive astrocytes remain undefined. (jci.org)
  • Here, we show that NFIA is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes in human neurological injury and identify unique roles across distinct injury states and regions of the CNS. (jci.org)
  • In the cortex, after ischemic stroke, NFIA is required for the production of reactive astrocytes from the subventricular zone (SVZ). (jci.org)
  • Together, these studies uncover critical roles for NFIA in reactive astrocytes and illustrate how region- and injury-specific factors dictate the spectrum of reactive astrocyte responses. (jci.org)
  • Normally the astrocytes remain "quiescent," but following insult through injury or disease, they become reactive and can either reduce or exacerbate the damage to the neural tissue ( 9 ). (mcponline.org)
  • Astrocytes respond to injury by becoming "reactive" or "gliotic", a complex cellular response whose functional significance is still poorly understood. (labome.org)
  • For instance, reactive astrocytes release neurotrophins essential for neuronal survival and repair, and are also responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory molecules (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, NO etc) growth-inhibitory molecules detrimental to functional recovery. (labome.org)
  • Many of the processes occurring in reactive astrocytes are regulated by NF-kB, a key modulator of inflammation and secondary injury. (labome.org)
  • This leads us to hypothesize that reactive astrocytes significantly contribute to disease progression and development of chronic neurological deficits in EAE and MS. This hypothesis will be tested in the four specific aims outlined below. (labome.org)
  • After contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), astrocytes become reactive and form a glial scar. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Interestingly, IL-6 also promotes axon regeneration, and therefore its induction in reactive astrocytes may improve regeneration after SCI. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications of mitochondria-targeted reactive oxygen species generation in astrocytes. (biomedsearch.com)
  • This review summarizes briefly our previous observations using fluorescent probes coupled with laser scanning digital imaging microscopy to visualize spatio-temporal alteration of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) generation in intact astrocytes. (biomedsearch.com)
  • In HD, astrocytes change and become reactive. (bmj.com)
  • To understand the roles of reactive astrocytes in HD, we have developed viral vectors that infect selectively astrocytes in vivo and either block or induce reactivity, through manipulation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. (bmj.com)
  • In these two models, we found that reactive astrocytes decrease the number and size of mHtt aggregates. (bmj.com)
  • How can reactive astrocytes reduce the aggregation of mHtt within neurons? (bmj.com)
  • We performed whole-genome transcriptomic analysis of acutely sorted reactive astrocytes to identify genes regulated by the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in astrocytes. (bmj.com)
  • We found an enrichment in genes linked to autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome systems, suggesting that reactive astrocytes have an enhanced capacity for protein degradation and could siphon mHtt away from neurons. (bmj.com)
  • Moreover, we identified several chaperones upregulated in reactive astrocytes. (bmj.com)
  • Reactive astrocytes are not only defective cells as usually reported, but also acquire enhanced capacities to promote mHtt clearance, which has strong therapeutic relevance for HD. (bmj.com)
  • Treatment of astrocytes with ACT, IL-1beta, or S100beta resulted in glial activation, as assessed by reactive morphology, upregulation of IL-1beta, and production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide. (prohealth.com)
Neuronal38
  • 2015) use neuronal conversion of astrocytes to dissect transcriptional mechanisms of fate determination and identify circuits that mediate cellular identity. (nih.gov)
  • Transcriptional Mechanisms of Proneural Factors and REST in Regulating Neuronal Reprogramming of Astrocytes. (nih.gov)
  • This glial regulatory pathway is endogenously activated by neuronal activity-dependent stimulation of purinergic P2Y1 receptors on the astrocytes. (nih.gov)
  • In adult mice, tail vein injection of AAV9-GFP leads to robust transduction of astrocytes throughout the entire CNS, with limited neuronal transduction. (nature.com)
  • Thus, leptin signaling in astrocytes in the region of the brain that controls appetite is necessary for the neuronal response to hormones that signal satiety or hunger. (sciencemag.org)
  • Studies in rodents show that non-neuronal cells are part of information processing, and our study suggests that astrocytes are part of the higher cognitive functioning that defines who we are as humans. (innovations-report.com)
  • Astrocytes are diverse in morphology and molecular makeup ( 1 , 2 ), potentially enabling them to provide for the varying needs of their diverse neuronal counterparts ( 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • 4 ) reveal that neuronal signals drive the molecular programs of astrocytes even during adult stages of life. (sciencemag.org)
  • The group has now shown that so-called non-neuronal astrocytes in the respiratory center of the brainstem secrete this molecule. (news-medical.net)
  • Astrocytic gap junctions allow glutamate, for instance, to be absorbed in an area of high neuronal activity, and then to be diffused to other astrocytes to prevent a potentially toxic build-up. (lww.com)
  • In culture, this oligonucleotide induced the differentiation of mouse or human astrocytes into cells that expressed typical neuronal markers, and that differentiated into different kinds of neurons. (alzforum.org)
  • Cleveland reported at Keystone that one month after injection, 80 percent of red cells expressed neuronal, not astrocyte, markers. (alzforum.org)
  • A team of Chinese researchers has found evidence that a type of brain cell called astrocyte does take part in normal physiological activities and development and also helps maintain stability of the neuronal environment. (medindia.net)
  • There is evidence that under the normal circumstances, astrocytes participate in normal physiological activities and development, maintain neuronal environment, and exhibit therapeutic and repairing effects on brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. (eurekalert.org)
  • Functionally, astrocytes play a role in neurotransmitter clearance, ion homeostasis and in the regulation of synapse number, thereby modulating neuronal activity through different mechanisms. (novusbio.com)
  • One week later, the changes in morphology of astrocytes were detectable, which showed typical neuronal characteristics. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Astrocytes, a prominent glial cell in the brain, play a significant role in maintaining the structure and integrity of neural tissue and in facilitating excitatory neurotransmission, therefore, any breakdown in the structure or function of astrocytes could disrupt neuronal signaling and disturb brain function. (umich.edu)
  • Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the brain, play critical roles in supporting neuronal development and brain function. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Our study seeks to understand how misfolded protein switches astrocytes at a molecular level, and then in turn, how the altered astrocyte behavior affects neuronal function and survival. (michaeljfox.org)
  • In the next stage, such targets would need to be modified genetically or chemically to see if that prevents the change in the astrocyte, and the resulting effect on neuronal survival. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop from a multipotent stem cell that prior to this has produced primarily neuronal precursor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Underappreciated and conceptualized as the passive supporting cells in their immediate vicinity in the CNS, astrocytes are emerging as the rising stars as studies begin to recognize that astrocytes function not only as neuronal guardians, but may play substantial roles in signaling within the CNS. (nih.gov)
  • Astrocytes, previously thought to be unimportant in neuronal transmission, have recently been implicated in long-term modulation of neuronal synapses. (rupress.org)
  • With emerging technologies, we have entered a new era of understanding how astrocytes participate in and modulate neuronal activity from the subcellular to mesoscale levels. (frontiersin.org)
  • In particular, we have yet to fully understand: 1) how physiologically and molecularly heterogeneous are astrocytes, 2) how uniform or variable the astrocyte effects are on neurons at various synapses and circuits throughout the CNS, and 3) under what conditions and by what mechanisms do astrocytes modulate neuronal activity? (frontiersin.org)
  • We call for papers (primary research articles, reviews, commentaries, technique reports) on the topic, with an emphasis on the role of astrocytes in neuronal plasticity and in population neuronal activity over time. (frontiersin.org)
  • A team at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) discovered a new cellular mechanism involved in the long-term stabilization of neuron connections, in which non-neuronal cells, called astrocytes, play a role unidentified until now. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They are surrounded by non-neuronal cells, or glial cells, which include the distinctively star-shaped astrocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • By increasing neuronal activity through whiskers stimulation of adult mice, the scientists were able to observe, in both the somatosensory cortex and the hippocampus, that this increased neuronal activity provokes an increase in astrocytes movements around synapses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Thus, the bioenergetics and redox programs of astrocytes are adapted to sustain neuronal activity and survival. (ovid.com)
  • The astrocyte-neuronal lactate shuttle (ANLS) explains the energy needs of neurotransmission. (ovid.com)
  • By coupling glutamatergic activity with transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes, astrocytes provide neurons with neuroprotective glutathione through an astrocyte-neuronal glutathione shuttle (ANGS). (ovid.com)
  • Astrocytes, a class of non-neuronal cells, have previously been implicated in depression and suicide. (healthcanal.com)
  • Astrocytes surround neurons, and their star-shaped "processes" closely associate with synapses enabling astrocytes to effectively regulate neuronal synaptic function. (dana.org)
  • First they will compare the astrocytes' physical processes and interactions with neuronal synapses, using "3-D serial block face scanning electron microscopy. (dana.org)
  • Next, they will examine where astrocyte transporters are located in relation to neuronal synapses, using "high resolution array tomography immunostaining. (dana.org)
  • They anticipate that alterations in the proximity of astrocyte processes to synapses, or the number of crucial proteins on astrocyte processes at synapses, will negatively impact neuronal communication and network function in the mouse models. (dana.org)
  • Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and have important roles in brain development by regulating neuronal synapse formation, function and plasticity. (dana.org)
Synapses24
  • Allen NJ, Bennett ML, Foo LC, Wang GX, Chakraborty C, Smith SJ, Barres BA (2012) Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors. (springer.com)
  • Researchers from the Institute Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy (in collaboration with colleagues in INSERM U 862 at the University of Bordeaux) have found that individual star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes release a specific signalling molecule, called D-serine, which is essential for triggering the memory trace machinery in active synapses nearby. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty times larger than in rodent brains, and make contact with more than ten times more the number of synapses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6 ) showed that application of purified TSP-1, TSP-2, or astrocyte-conditioned medium was sufficient to increase the number of synapses in retinal ganglion cells and that these synapses were presynaptically active. (pnas.org)
  • Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic strength at excitatory synapses between perforant path afferents and granule cells. (nih.gov)
  • For instance, astrocytes may express voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors that are coactivated at synapses and then participate in removing potentially toxic excitatory amino acids from synapses by high-affinity transporters ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
  • Researchers believe that part of the reason why synapses disappear in neurodegenerative disease is that astrocytes and microglia reactivate synaptic pruning programs that had been dormant since development. (alzforum.org)
  • Schematic representation of a 'tripartite synapse', which refers to the localization of astrocytes in the proximity of synapses. (biolegend.com)
  • The researchers compared the ability of the different subpopulations of astrocytes to support the formation and function of synapses between neurons. (medindia.net)
  • While oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells mainly function as myelin producing cells ensheathing the axon in the central and PNS, the astrocytes have long been thought to have a structural function, providing energy, detoxifying the synapses, and building up the blood-brain barrier, rather than an active role in neurotransmission ( Kettenmann and Verkhratsky, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Dans le cerveau, les astrocytes sont les cellules gliales les plus abondantes et elles jouent divers rôles, y compris le maintien des synapses tripartites et la régulation du débit sanguin cérébral (DSC). (umontreal.ca)
  • In the brain, astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells and play various roles including maintenance of tripartite synapses and regulation of CBF. (umontreal.ca)
  • A new study shows that cocaine use in mice leads to the formation of synapses by an unexpected architect: a type of cell called astrocytes. (brightsurf.com)
  • In this study, Yan Dong, professor of Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, and the study's senior author, said: "We demonstrate that astrocytes respond to cocaine experience by promoting the formation of new synapses. (brightsurf.com)
  • So astrocytes help to maintain and regulate synapses , and thus, the way our brain cells communicate with one another. (study.com)
  • The synapses, surrounded by astrocytes, re-organise their architecture, which protects them and increases their longevity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In summary, the more the astrocytes surround the synapses, the longer the synapses last, thus allowing learning to leave a mark on memory," explained Yann Bernardinelli, the lead author on this study. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This study identifies a new, two-way interaction between neurons and astrocytes, in which the learning process regulates the structural plasticity of astrocytes, who in turn determine the fate of the synapses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They contact most other cell types in the CNS, and the processes of a single astrocyte can envelop as many as 140,000 synapses. (europa.eu)
  • The investigators hypothesize that both in Rett's syndrome and Fragile X syndrome, as well as in other forms of ASD, there are common alterations in the astrocytes' functioning that adversely affect their regulatory interactions with nerve cells that are forming synapses (communication junctions) with one another in the developing brain. (dana.org)
  • Additionally, astrocyte "transporters" prevent unintended activation of neighboring synapses by taking up excess neurotransmitter. (dana.org)
  • In the mature brain astrocyte processes are closely associated with synapses. (dana.org)
  • This association is important for synaptic function, for example astrocytes take up excess neurotransmitter via uptake transporters, and provide a physical barrier to limit activation of neighboring synapses by neurotransmitter spillover. (dana.org)
GFAP15
  • Accordingly, acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family member 5 + /GFAP + , and serglycin + /GFAP + cells, characteristic of A1-astrocytes, were found in demyelinating lesions by immunofluorescence. (nature.com)
  • It is noteworthy that different stimuli of astrocyte reactivity can lead to similar degrees of GFAP upregulation while causing substantially different changes in transcriptome profiles and cell function. (wingsforlife.com)
  • Thus, it is not possible to equate simple and uniform measures such as cell hypertrophy and upregulation of GFAP expression with a single, uniform concept of astrocyte reactivity. (wingsforlife.com)
  • Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and can be identified with markers such as EAAT1/Glast, EAAT2/GLT-1, ALDH1L1 , glutamine synthetase , S100β , and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ( GFAP ). (biolegend.com)
  • GFAP is a member of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, and is specifically expressed in astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • GFAP is also a major component of the "glial scar", an astrocyte rich structure that can inhibit nerve fiber regeneration following damage in the central nervous system. (biolegend.com)
  • GFAP is the principal astrocyte intermediate filament protein and dominant mutations in the GFAP gene have been shown to lead to Alexander disease, a fatal neurodegenerative condition in humans. (gu.se)
  • I found that the intermediate-filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a component of the astrocyte cytoskeleton, was significantly altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia. (umich.edu)
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been shown to be up-regulated with astrocyte activation ( 23 ), and is associated with an increase in cell surface molecules important to cell-cell interactions, as well as cell adhesion substrates, cytokines, and growth factors ( 8 , 17 , 24 ). (mcponline.org)
  • Based on the analysis of postmortem brain samples from the Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank, it demonstrates that the expression of the astrocyte-specific marker GFAP, which is significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides compared to that of healthy controls, is normal in other cortical areas that are not traditionally associated with depression, such as the visual cortex. (healthcanal.com)
  • Further differentiation of the APCs yields an enriched population of astrocytes with more than 90% GFAP expression (hES-AS). (rutgers.edu)
  • The studies outlined in this proposal are designed to investigate the role of astroglial NF-kB in the pathophysiology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), taking advantage of a transgenic mouse model generated in our laboratory (GFAP-IkBa-dn mice) where NF-kB is functionally inactivated in cells expressing GFAP, such as astrocytes and non-myelinating Schwann cells. (labome.org)
  • While the results generated in our transgenic mice are very promising, the studies in Aim 1 will compare our GFAP-IkBa-dn mice to two additional mouse lines (described below) to confirm that the results obtained so far in our experimental model are uniquely associated with the astrocyte-specific inhibition of the NF-kB pathway. (labome.org)
  • Fittingly, the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the intermediate filament protein that has been the standard marker for astrocytes in both basic and clinical studies, has. (springer.com)
  • Astrocytes were filled with Lucifer Yellow (green) and Alexa 568 (red), and sections were immunostained with antibodies to the astroglial-specific cytoskeletal protein, GFAP (blue). (cellimagelibrary.org)
Neurons and astrocytes5
  • This reciprocal signaling between neurons and astrocytes (gliotransmission) is still a novel concept, and its physiological relevance remains debated in the field. (europa.eu)
  • and (3) networks of coupled neurons and astrocytes whereby synaptic connections between neurons are spatially and temporally modulated by astrocytes. (europa.eu)
  • Murine brain tumors do not necessarily originate from neural stem cells but can arise from mature neurons and astrocytes. (sciencemag.org)
  • The first part of my talk will focus on glutamate homeostasis, shuttling the metabolites between neurons and astrocytes, and glutamate metabolism in astrocytes. (hstalks.com)
  • The second part of my talk will be on how astrocytes are involved in energy metabolism, as lactate transferred between neurons and astrocytes, and glycogen. (hstalks.com)
Suggests that astrocytes5
  • A collaborative study published in Nature Communications suggests that astrocytes can do far more than simply support nerve cells (neurons). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • But the new study suggests that astrocytes may play a more important role than their numbers indicate. (lww.com)
  • But in people with ALS , growing evidence suggests that astrocytes turn against these motor neurons by triggering inflammation , injury and ultimately death. (als.net)
  • However, increasing evidence suggests that astrocytes may also actively participate in brain function through functional interactions with neurons. (jove.com)
  • Research suggests that astrocytes can produce both advantageous and deleterious effects. (dana.org)
Microglia12
  • Similar to microglia, astrocytes are highly sensitive to alterations in their microenvironment, and undergo morphological changes and alter their gene expression profile to upregulate expression and secretion of a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, in response to CNS injury. (biolegend.com)
  • Both TF and PARs are widely expressed within the CNS, with TF expressed predominantly by astrocytes and PARs expressed in multiple cell types including astrocytes, neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes [1-4]. (rti.org)
  • A variety of CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases can activate microglia and cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines and complement proteins that support A1 astrocyte differentiation. (biolegend.com)
  • BioLegend provides several neuroscience-focused reagents for the reliable detection of complement proteins and astrocyte and microglia markers. (biolegend.com)
  • However, in a group of neurodegenerative diseases named tauopathies-characterized by an increase in aggregated and/or hyperphosphorylated Tau-the protein accumulates inside other cells, such as astrocytes and microglia. (csic.es)
  • Here we studied whether monomeric Tau, which has been observed to be internalized by glial cells such as microglia, was also taken up by astrocytes. (csic.es)
  • In recent years, however, a significant body of evidence has been compiled indicating the contribution of various cell populations within the central nervous system (CNS), such as microglia and astrocytes, to the development and progression of the disease. (labome.org)
  • A prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is an abundance of activated glia (astrocytes and microglia) in close proximity to the amyloid plaques. (prohealth.com)
  • At the cellular level, neurons, microglia, astrocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells are the first affected by the ischemic conditions and their responses to massive cell death in neighboring tissue initiates the precisely timed arrival of successive subsets of leukocytes - first neutrophils, followed by monocytes, macrophages and finally T cels. (mdbiosciences.com)
  • We will break down the involvement of the various cells in this post-stroke neuroinflammatory environment, starting with microglia and astrocytes. (mdbiosciences.com)
  • Like microglia, astrocytes also proliferate and differentiate in response to stroke and begin to produce pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators as well as contribute to the loss of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. (mdbiosciences.com)
  • Like microglia, astrocyte activity appears to be initially damaging and later protective. (mdbiosciences.com)
Protoplasmic astrocytes6
  • Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system. (britannica.com)
  • The team also found that the most abundant type of astrocyte, protoplasmic astrocytes, are approximately 2.6 times larger than their rodent counterparts, and that the human cells have about 10 times as many "processes," or structures designed to connect to other cells. (innovations-report.com)
  • They are divided into protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes based on their morphologies and anatomical locations. (nih.gov)
  • Protoplasmic astrocytes are mainly found in the gray matter of the nervous system. (study.com)
  • The two main types of astrocytes are the ones found in the white matter, called fibrous astrocytes , and the ones found in the gray matter, the protoplasmic astrocytes . (study.com)
  • Intracellular dye injections of protoplasmic astrocytes from the CA1 region of hippocampus of a 1-week old rat reveals highly ramified spongiform processes that span territories with minimal overlap. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Brain99
  • Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron = star and cyte from Greek "kytos" = cavity but also means cell ), also known collectively as astroglia , are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord . (wikipedia.org)
  • The proportion of astrocytes in the brain is not well defined. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bowman, C.L. and Kimelberg, H.K., Pharmacological properties of the norepinephrine-induced depolarization of astrocytes in primary culture: Evidence for the involvement of an a1-adrenergic receptor, Brain Res . (springer.com)
  • Chen, Y., McNeill, J.R., Hajek, I. and Hertz, L., Effect of vasopressin on brain swelling at the cellular level-do astrocytes exhibit a furosemide-vasopressin-sensitive mechanism for volume regulation? (springer.com)
  • As this concept is changing, so is also the perceived role of astrocytes in the healthy and diseased brain and spinal cord. (springer.com)
  • Recent in vivo studies have provided exciting new insight into astrocyte physiology in the intact healthy brain. (nih.gov)
  • Astrocytes, once thought little more than passive, structurally supportive brain cells, are increasingly recognized as having a range of important properties and functions, such as the ability to release chemical messengers and signal to other cells. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes help form the physical structure of the brain, and are thought to play a number of active roles, including the secretion or absorption of neural transmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stem cell researchers have discovered that astrocytes may prove useful against stroke and other brain disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Astrocytes - neural cells that form the blood-brain barrier and so control what can and cannot enter the brain from the blood supply - have previously been overlooked in this area of stroke research. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This exciting research uncovers the brain-protective powers of stem cell-derived astrocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Astrocytes may help to limit the spread of damage after an ischemic brain stroke in patients, and may also help to regenerate and repair damaged brain cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The UC Davis team faced an immediate challenge, however - there was little existing understanding on which specific types of astrocyte might have therapeutic potential in brain disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Researchers used three groups of rats with ischemic brain injuries to compare the effects of Olig2PC-Astros, another type of astrocyte called NPC-Astros, and no treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cell cultures were also used to measure what protection the astrocytes could provide to neurons against the oxidative stress that contributes to brain injury following stroke. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Figure 5: Intravenous injection of AAV9 leads to widespread predominant astrocyte transduction in the spinal cord and brain of adult mice. (nature.com)
  • What this cocktail does when injected into the brain is it hijacks the astrocytes into behaving like new neurons. (lifeboat.com)
  • Another important detail is that there are 10 times more astrocytes in the brain than neurons. (lifeboat.com)
  • This global perspective in the normal brain also provides a framework for how astrocytes may participate in the pathogenesis of common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, and primary brain tumors. (pnas.org)
  • These important efforts have focused on specialized aspects of early glial differentiation and as such have yielded limited information on the diverse roles of astrocytes in normal brain. (pnas.org)
  • Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, and the connections that the astrocyte makes with other cells of the brain are essential for a variety of important neural tasks. (routledge.com)
  • Bringing together contributions from international experts at the top of their field, Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain emphasizes cellular connections and surveys the most current findings on astrocyte activity. (routledge.com)
  • Scientists at the University of Rochester Medical Center found that human astrocytes, cells that were long thought simply to support flashier brain cells known as neurons that send electrical signals, are bigger, faster, and much more complex than those in mice and rats. (innovations-report.com)
  • There aren't many differences known between the rodent brain and the human brain, but we are finding striking differences in the astrocytes. (innovations-report.com)
  • Oberheim and co-authors discovered a previously unknown form of the cell, a varicose projection astrocyte, in the human brain but not in the rodent brain. (innovations-report.com)
  • It may be that humans have a much higher brain capacity in large part because our astrocytes are more sophisticated and have more complex processing power," added Nedergaard, who spoke last week at a Gordon Research Conference on glial biology. (innovations-report.com)
  • Astrocytes had long been considered passive support cells, a means to hold the rest of the brain cells together, like glue. (innovations-report.com)
  • It turns out that astrocytes, which are 10 times as plentiful as neurons, had been pushed to the boundaries of neuroscience because of a gap in the tools used to study the brain. (innovations-report.com)
  • Astrocytes are now acknowledged as active participants in brain function and sensory processing. (innovations-report.com)
  • This challenges the idea that astrocyte function is hardwired during development and provides a new mechanism for cellular plasticity in the adult brain. (sciencemag.org)
  • However, few studies have looked at how astrocytes change in the healthy aging brain. (alzforum.org)
  • In the February 7 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers led by Laura Clarke and the late Ben Barres at Stanford University School of Medicine reported that astrocytes in the aged mouse brain resembled the neuroinflammatory, lethal "A1" variety previously identified by the same lab ( Jan 2017 news ). (alzforum.org)
  • Two studies of astrocytes in aging mouse brain report similar results. (alzforum.org)
  • Glial cells in the brain, including astrocytes, are the first responders to most types of stress, and thus it is important to characterize how they may change their properties with age," she wrote (see full comment below). (alzforum.org)
  • In the brain, astrocytes supply most of the cholesterol, which is known to fall during aging, Allen noted. (alzforum.org)
  • We study astrocytes, a type of brain glial cells that play key supporting roles for neurons. (cea.fr)
  • Given the importance of astrocytes for brain homeostasis, any change in their functions may have major effects on neuron survival. (cea.fr)
  • Star-shaped cells called astrocytes are much more than simple support cells in the brain. (news-medical.net)
  • Astrocytes were once viewed just as a kind of glue that holds everything in place in the brain. (news-medical.net)
  • Astrocytes also play a key role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier. (lww.com)
  • In cell culture, Dr. Eugenin showed, infection of only a small percentage of astrocytes caused a disruption of the blood-brain barrier, increasing its permeability to molecules normally excluded, including large proteins, and leading to apoptosis of endothelial cells. (lww.com)
  • Astrocytes are devoted nurturers of neurons-facilitating synaptic transmission, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, and repairing injuries are but a few of their ministrations. (alzforum.org)
  • At the joint symposia Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities, and Neural Environment in Disease: Glial Responses and Neuroinflammation, held June 16-21 in Keystone, Colorado, Don Cleveland of the University of California, San Diego, reported on an experimental protocol whereby dialing down expression of a single gene transformed astrocytes into dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the mouse brain. (alzforum.org)
  • Perhaps only by converting to neurons could astrocytes-forever the wallflowers of brain research-spark this much excitement at a neurodegeneration meeting. (alzforum.org)
  • At Keystone, Cleveland presented the results of his collaboration with Fu, which took the logical, if ambitious, next step of sparking the conversion of astrocytes into neurons within the brain. (alzforum.org)
  • Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type residing in the brain, accounting for 20- 40% of all glial cells. (biolegend.com)
  • In addition, astrocytes help maintain brain blood barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability by projecting astrocytic endfeet to encircle and cover endothelial cells of the blood vessels. (biolegend.com)
  • The emergence of astrocytes during brain tumor progression in a mouse model marked the onset of seizures and brain tumor invasion. (medindia.net)
  • Astrocytes play diverse roles in the brain, from supporting the functions of neurons, participating in synapse formation and function and in the release of neurotransmitters, to making the blood-brain barrier and other functions. (medindia.net)
  • Taken together, these results revealed that astrocytes in the normal mouse brain comprise at least five distinct subpopulations that differentially support synapse formation and function. (medindia.net)
  • One of the interests of the Deneen lab is identifying mechanisms that regulate astrocyte development and how these cells contribute to neurological diseases, in particular human glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive and deadly type of brain tumor. (medindia.net)
  • In these type of cancer, about 80 percent of the tumor comprises transformed astrocyte-like cells, and, just as in the case of normal brain tissue, the diversity of these tumor cell subpopulations and functions in brain tumors had not been studied in detail. (medindia.net)
  • I studied structural and functional molecules in astrocytes to determine 1) whether astrocytes are themselves globally compromised in schizophrenia, and 2) whether abnormal expression of glutamatergic molecules in astrocytes could be a contributing factor to brain dysfunction in this illness. (umich.edu)
  • Although astrocytes have been frequently detected in brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MB), their functions in tumorigenesis are not clear. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Astrocytes are specialized glial cells, distributed ubiquitously throughout the brain, that play essential roles in microcirculation, provision of energy metabolites to neurons, and homeostasis maintenance of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters ( 1, 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • In addition, astrocytes release numerous growth factors and cytokines that potentially provide a supportive microenvironment for brain tumor growth and metastasis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • However far more abundant than neurons in the human brain are a type of cell called astrocytes, which are supportive cells to neurons but also play a key role in orchestrating the brain's response to environmental stimuli such as infections or injury. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of neurotransmitters and ions. (frontiersin.org)
  • 1994). Although there are few known differences between cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, it has been reported that astrocytes from different regions of the brain show a differential sensitivity to ischemic injury (Xu et al. (thermofisher.com)
  • Glia, a diverse class of brain support cells that includes astrocytes, were once thought of as the "glue" that holds neurons together, without a significant role in cognition or memory. (brightsurf.com)
  • Glia, in particular astrocytes, are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the brain. (nih.gov)
  • We are keen to receive submissions on astrocyte functions pertaining to circuits in specific physiological systems towards the overall goal of highlighting shared principles and heterogeneity of astrocyte-neuron interactions across different brain regions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Astrocytes (red) supply life's essentials to neighboring neurons (green) in the rat brain. (als.net)
  • One other major function astrocytes are involved in is playing a role in the blood brain barrier , or BBB. (study.com)
  • Exactly what role astrocytes play in this barrier isn't entirely clear but they seem to help form and maintain the blood brain barrier. (study.com)
  • In the spinal cord, after white matter injury (WMI), NFIA-deficient astrocytes exhibit defects in blood-brain barrier remodeling, which are correlated with the suppression of timely remyelination. (jci.org)
  • Abbott NJ (2002) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions and blood-brain barrier permeability. (springer.com)
  • In a series of experiments, Andersen and her colleagues show that the chemical can also trigger cellular senescence in human astrocytes in culture, an abundant type of glial cell in the brain. (the-scientist.com)
  • Astrocytes (red) show increased levels of senescence in postmortem brain samples from Parkinson's disease patients. (the-scientist.com)
  • depression -like behavior, an increased number of activated astrocytes and decreased levels of mature brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and astrocytic p75NTR in the hippocampus. (bioportfolio.com)
  • This research provides evidence that networks of astrocytes are altered specifically in areas of the brain associated with mood regulation. (healthcanal.com)
  • In addition, in describing the existence of new subtypes of astrocyte, this study reveals features specific to the human brain. (healthcanal.com)
  • The diversity and functional and morphological complexity of cortical astrocytes in humans, as well as their involvement in normal and pathological brain function, have only recently begun to be recognized. (healthcanal.com)
  • On the surface of our numerous star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes, they have found the molecule LRP4 is important in ensuring healthy levels of a brain chemical that enables learning and memory, said Dr. Lin Mei, chairman of the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Neuroscience. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • It was known that astrocytes could regulate or modulate brain cell communication by adjusting levels of glutamate. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Astrocytes are the most common of a type of brain cell called glial cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In fact, astrocytes account for about half of all the cells in the brain, Mei said. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Furthermore, the main energy reserve of the brain is glycogen, which is almost exclusively localized in astrocytes of the adult brain. (europa.eu)
  • The main aim of the project PIOF-GA-2012-331486 "Neuron-Astro-Nets" was to seek theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that control and regulate the activity of mixed neuron-glial networks with emphasis on the regulation of synaptic transmission by astrocytes - the most numerous glial cells in the brain. (europa.eu)
  • In adult brain, ADK is primarily present in astrocytes. (uva.nl)
  • The production of certain brain cells, called astrocytes, thought to be an impediment to healing may actually be needed to staunch bleeding and foster repair after a stroke or head trauma, according to researchers at Duke Medicine. (tbilaw.com)
  • Astrocytes, which can be produced from stem cells in the brain after injury, migrate to the site of the damage, where they are much more effective in promoting recovery than previously thought, Duke said. (tbilaw.com)
  • The brain somehow knows this, so we believe that's why it produces these unique astrocytes in response to injury. (tbilaw.com)
  • Although glial cells are important for maintaining the normal function of neurons in the brain, the increased production of astrocytes from neural stem cell has been considered an unwanted byproduct, causing more harm than good. (tbilaw.com)
  • Proliferating astrocytes secrete proteins that can induce tissue inflammation and undergo gene mutations that can lead to aggressive brain tumors. (tbilaw.com)
  • Significantly, the Duke team found they are different from astrocytes produced in most other regions of the brain. (tbilaw.com)
  • When the production of these astrocytes in the subventricular niche was experimentally blocked after a brain injury, hemorrhaging occurred around the injured areas and the region did not heal. (tbilaw.com)
  • Brain edema, due largely to astrocyte swelling, and the subsequent increase in intracranial pressure and brain herniation, are major complications of acute liver failure (ALF). (mdpi.com)
  • Elevated level of brain ammonia has been strongly implicated in the development of astrocyte swelling associated with ALF. (mdpi.com)
  • Selective HO-1 overexpression in astrocytes reduces mortality, blood-brain barrier disruption, perihematomal cell injury, and neurological deficits in an autologous blood injection intracerebral hemorrhage model. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • How might brain "astrocytes" alter nerve cell connections and contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder? (dana.org)
  • This cellular imaging study in animal models will explore whether two genetically determined forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have similar deleterious alterations in star-shaped cells, called "astrocytes," that adversely affect brain development. (dana.org)
  • More recent research indicates that defects occur as well in other types of cells in the brain, including astrocytes. (dana.org)
  • While there are billions of nerve cells in the brain, there are even more astrocytes. (dana.org)
  • In the developing brain, astrocytes have a key role in regulating nerve cells' functions. (dana.org)
  • If astrocytes are altered, however, they may adversely affect brain development. (dana.org)
  • Phil Haydon's group at Tufts University School of Medicine have focused on astrocytes, a lesser known type of brain cell, as an alternative path to understanding and treating diseases affecting brain cells. (healthcanal.com)
  • Astrocytes are central in the maintenance of particularly glutamate homeostasis in the brain, but they are also essential players in brain energy metabolism. (hstalks.com)
Oligodendrocytes6
  • The vertebrate CNS is comprised of three predominant cell types (neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes) that are thought to arise from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). (pnas.org)
  • Glial cells include primarily oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the PNS. (frontiersin.org)
  • A1 astrocytes have also been shown to induce the death of both neurons and oligodendrocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • Astrocytes (green) and oligodendrocytes (red) derived from rat neural stem cells in culture. (wellcomecollection.org)
  • This strategy has proved difficult, because in addition to making neurons, neural stem cells also produce astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, known as glial cells," according to the release. (tbilaw.com)
  • A nagging question has been that if these roles are as critical as assumed, why have genetic diseases of astrocyte dysfunction not been identified to take their place next to those due to defects in neurons and oligodendrocytes? (springer.com)
Cells50
  • The blue material shows DNA visualized with DAPI stain, and reveals the nuclei of the astrocyte and other cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes are a sub-type of glial cells in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium of the developing central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • A , two-photon fluorescence images of cells in layer 2 of rat neocortex, stained using the cell-permeant green fluorescent calcium indicator Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 acetoxymethyl ester (OGB-1-AM) (left) and the red fluorescent astrocyte marker Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) (center). (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Wenbin Deng said astrocytes had often been considered just "housekeeping" cells that merely support nerve cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The UC Davis team decided to use a transcription factor protein called Olig2 to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into astrocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Jan Nolta, director of the UC Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures, commented: "Dr. Deng's team has shown that this new method for deriving astrocytes from embryonic stem cells creates a cell population that is more pure and functionally superior to the standard method for astrocyte derivation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 7 ) reported that after ischemia, increased levels of TSP-1 were localized in astrocytes and endothelial cells near blood vessels. (pnas.org)
  • One important detail about astrocyte cells is that they can survive after a stroke while regular neurons die. (lifeboat.com)
  • While it remains speculative as to how closely the cells resemble normal neurons, around 80 to 90 per cent of the astrocytes started to resemble neurons and even mimicked their behavior by electrical signals the same way regular neurons do. (lifeboat.com)
  • Historically, astrocytes have been viewed as a homogenous population of cells functioning to provide passive support by supply of essential substrates and removal of toxic metabolites. (pnas.org)
  • So Nedergaard devised a new way to "listen" for astrocyte activity, developing a sophisticated laser system to look at their activity by measuring the amount of calcium inside the cells. (innovations-report.com)
  • Dogma is slow to change, and one of the dogmas of neuroscience is that astrocytes are support cells that don't do much themselves," said Oberheim. (innovations-report.com)
  • First author Matthew Boisvert in Allen's group instead used a ribosomal tag expressed only in astrocytes to selectively isolate these cells' RNA from the brains of 4-month-old and 2-year-old mice. (alzforum.org)
  • While most of the astrocytes seemed not to participate in rhythm generation, some of them formed their own functional network in the respiratory center, displaying rhythmic activity similar to the nerve cells. (news-medical.net)
  • These astrocytes integrated with the nerve cells, influencing their activity and consequently respiration. (news-medical.net)
  • The finding spotlights a group of cells that, until recently, were thought to be "uninteresting" for understanding neuroAIDS, since so few astrocytes are infected with the virus. (lww.com)
  • Fu lab postdoc Hao Qian and colleagues' expression system glowed red in infected astrocytes, and remained red even if the cells converted into neurons. (alzforum.org)
  • In animals injected with a control virus expressing a nonspecific shRNA along with the red fluorescent protein, the marked cells remained astrocytes. (alzforum.org)
  • Furthermore, the function of astrocytes in the maintenance of the BBB has significant implications during inflammation as dysfunction of astrocytes may lead to BBB disruption and favor the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and molecules into the CNS. (biolegend.com)
  • Therefore, the authors considered that caspase-dependent apoptosis is an obstacle to the differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells into astrocytes and inhibiting apoptosis may be an important strategy for increasing the efficiency of induction. (medindia.net)
  • Although astrocytes are often broadly categorized as one cell type, a lot of diversity exists in the functions carried out by these cells," said co-senior author Dr. Chad Creighton, associate professor of medicine and member of the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics at Baylor. (medindia.net)
  • The researchers took populations of mouse astrocytes, which until now have been considered to be a cell type with little diversity, and used molecular markers expressed on the cells' surface to divide the cells into subpopulations according to the cell surface markers expressed. (medindia.net)
  • Astrocytes are the most ubiquitous and diverse of the glial cells, being both functionally and molecularly diverse. (novusbio.com)
  • Moreover, β-tubulin expression levels were significantly higher in astrocytes expressing Mash1 than in control cells. (bio-medicine.org)
  • I examined the expression of molecular markers of astrocytes as a measure of the integrity of these cells in schizophrenia. (umich.edu)
  • Mechanical stimulation of astrocyte somata evoked Ca 2+ waves that propagated through both astrocytes and Müller cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Octanol (0.5 m m ), which blocks coupling between astrocytes and Müller cells, did not reduce propagation into Müller cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Waves are propagated through astrocytes principally by diffusion of an internal messenger, whereas waves are propagated from astrocytes to Müller cells and from Müller cells to other Müller cells primarily by the release of ATP. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the retina, Ca 2+ waves propagated through astrocytes and Müller cells, the principal retinal glial cell ( Newman, 2001 ), can either excite or inhibit the light-evoked spike activity of nearby neurons ( Newman and Zahs, 1998 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Astrocytes were the cells most affected by sEH deletion, and hyperoxia increased astrocyte apoptosis. (jci.org)
  • Methods Human primary astrocytes as well as human astrocytoma cells were stimulated with FTY-P or S1P. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Our preliminary work has suggested that astrocytes, once activated by alpha-synuclein become toxic to nerve cells. (michaeljfox.org)
  • The FGF signaling pathway is an important extracellular regulator in the fate of neural stem cells switching from neurons to astrocytes in the cerebral cortex. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Glial cells and radial astrocytes might control the decision to give up swimming against the current in Zebrafish. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Yet, here we see that supporting cells called astrocytes play a critical role in a lasting effect of repeated cocaine exposure. (brightsurf.com)
  • To investigate the synapse formation, the researchers bred transgenic mice in which they could visualize calcium signals, which astrocytes use to communicate with other cells. (brightsurf.com)
  • Astrocytes account for the majority of the cells in the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
  • Astrocytes are largest class of glial cells, and are morphologically and physiologically adapted to play an integral part of central nervous system (CNS) activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Then, when the nerve cells need it, astrocytes can release various nutrients that can be used by the nerve cells for the production of energy. (study.com)
  • Astrocytes are literally star-shaped cells of the nervous system. (study.com)
  • H ) NFIA-deficient astrocytes exhibited decreased TEER electrical resistance when cocultured with endothelial cells. (jci.org)
  • Aronica E, Gorter JA, Ijlst-Keizers H, Rozemuller AJ, Yankaya B, Leenstra S, Troost D (2003b) Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins. (springer.com)
  • The senescence caused by paraquat led the astrocytes to secrete certain proteins-including pro-inflammatory factors-capable of damaging dopaminergic cells, the main neurons that die in Parkinson's disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • We know that astrocytes, and other cells, are sensitive to mechanical stretch, and that the viability of retinal ganglion cells depend on normal astrocyte function ( 24 , 45 - 48 ). (mcponline.org)
  • We developed a good manufacturing practice-grade protocol for generation of astrocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (rutgers.edu)
  • The first stage of our protocol is derivation of astrocyte progenitor cells (APCs) from hESCs. (rutgers.edu)
  • In its study of mice, the Duke team made a discovery about the astrocytes produced from stem cells after injury. (tbilaw.com)
  • Agonist stimulation of [ 3 H]arginine to [ 3 H]citrulline conversion is enhanced by dexamethasone in astrocytes but not in cerebellar granule cells. (wiley.com)
Types of astrocytes6
  • When exposed to hydrogen peroxide, both types of astrocytes provided some protection but the Olig2PC-Astros showed greater antioxidant effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This suggests the presence of different types of astrocytes and a diverse distribution of them in the brainstem. (news-medical.net)
  • Two types of astrocytes are currently recognized, although morphological studies suggest a greater diversity. (novusbio.com)
  • You'll learn what the two main types of astrocytes are and the many functions of astrocytes in general. (study.com)
  • Let's find out more about the different types of astrocytes and what they do. (study.com)
  • There are two main types of astrocytes. (study.com)
Mice17
  • During investigations of calcium signaling in astrocytes in living mice, Kuchibhotla et al . (sciencemag.org)
  • In AD model mice that developed cortical plaques, calcium waves were observed to propagate throughout the network of structurally interconnected astrocytes. (sciencemag.org)
  • K. V. Kuchibhotla, C. R. Lattarulo, B. T. Hyman, B. J. Bacskai, Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice. (sciencemag.org)
  • The hope is that the cocktail will cause the astrocytes to behave as neurons and help the mice recover. (lifeboat.com)
  • created mice with knockout of the leptin receptor in astrocytes of adults and investigated the effects in the hypothalamic circuits involved in the regulation of eating and compared them with control mice. (sciencemag.org)
  • Coverage and direct contacts between the astrocytes and neurons in the hypothalamus of the knockout mice, including the POMC and AgRP neurons involved in the regulation of feeding, were reduced. (sciencemag.org)
  • The mice astrocytes were labeled with a fluorescent molecule, and contained a receptor that the researchers could stimulate in order to activate them. (news-medical.net)
  • Furthermore, astrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1 mice and sporadic ALS patients, have elevated levels of the gap junction protein, connexin 43 , leading to increased intracellular calcium levels and toxicity in motor neurons. (biolegend.com)
  • Therapeutic intravitreal administration of 19,20-DHDP not only suppressed astrocyte loss, but also reduced pathological vascular tuft formation in sEH-/- mice. (jci.org)
  • In mice genetically engineered to carry human stuttering mutations, vocalization defects are derived from abnormalities in astrocytes in the corpus callosum. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Both hippocampal injection of BDNF and overexpression of p75NTR in astrocytes alleviated Pg-induced depression-like behavior in mice. (bioportfolio.com)
  • 3- Third, combining these tools with in vivo electrophysiology, we found that activating Gq GPCR calcium (Ca2+) signaling in astrocytes of the visual cortex in awake mice does not statistically modify cortical synaptic transmission. (europa.eu)
  • We used these vectors to modulate astrocyte reactivity in two complementary mouse models of HD [knock-in Hdh140 mice and lentivirus-mediated expression of a fragment of mutated Huntingtin (mHtt) in striatal neurons]. (bmj.com)
  • To identify the extent of astrocytes' alterations and of their physical interactions with neurons in Rett's syndrome and Fragile X syndrome, the investigators will use two types of cellular imaging in mouse models of these disorders and compare them to findings in healthy mice. (dana.org)
  • The study in mice, by neuroscientists at Tufts University School of Medicine, determined that astrocytes play a critical role in the spread of damage following stroke. (healthcanal.com)
  • The research team compared two sets of mice: a control group with normal astrocyte signaling levels and a group whose signaling was weakened enough to be made protective rather than destructive. (healthcanal.com)
  • Mice with altered astrocyte signaling had limited damage after the stroke," said first author Dustin Hines, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the department of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine. (healthcanal.com)
Vitro10
  • Here, we use a stringent experimental strategy to molecularly define the astrocyte lineage by integrating microarray datasets across several in vitro model systems of astrocyte differentiation, primary astrocyte cultures, and various astrocyterich CNS structures. (pnas.org)
  • To date, precise genetic analyses of the astrocyte in normal physiology and disease processes have been limited to in vitro studies by using specific glial differentiation model systems ( 10 - 12 ). (pnas.org)
  • Characterization of glycosaminoglycans produced by primary astrocytes in vitro. (biomedsearch.com)
  • De plus, des agonistes cholinergiques ou glutamatergiques qui ont la capacité d'augmenter la concentration de Ca2+ intracellulaire peuvent induire une production du NO in vitro et ex vivo dans les astrocytes, qui est supprimée en présence de l'inhibiteur de NOS non sélectif, L-NG -Nitro-arginine. (umontreal.ca)
  • G ) Schematic overview of in vitro endothelial/astrocyte barrier assay. (jci.org)
  • Additionally, we aimed to evaluate possible functional modulations of inflammatory pathways using in vitro astrocyte cultures. (uva.nl)
  • In vitro, hES-AS possess the activities of functional healthy astrocytes, including glutamate uptake, promotion of axon outgrowth and protection of MNs from oxidative stress. (rutgers.edu)
  • In addition, in vitro experiments in human astrocyte cultures showed that ADK expression was increased by several proinflammatory molecules (interleukin-1β and lipopolysaccharide). (uva.nl)
  • Moreover, in vitro data suggest the existence of an additional layer of modulatory crosstalk between the astrocyte-based adenosine cycle and inflammation. (uva.nl)
  • In previous studies, HO-1 overexpression protected astrocytes from heme-mediated injury in vitro. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Neuroscience3
  • [3] Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research within the field of neuroscience . (wikipedia.org)
  • Only 5 percent of astrocytes become infected with HIV, according to Eliseo Eugenin, PhD, assistant professor of pathology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York, who was the lead researcher on the study published June 29 in The Journal of Neuroscience . (lww.com)
  • Astrocytes in Health and Neurodegenerative Disease: A joint Biochemical Society/British Neuroscience Association Focused Meeting held at Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, U.K., 28-29 April 2014. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Synapse9
  • These studies indicate the importance of TSPs in synapse formation during development and in remodeling after CNS injury, but little is known about factors that induce expression and secretion of TSPs from astrocytes. (pnas.org)
  • In this figure, glutamate released by neurons is cleared from the synapse and recycled in astrocytes to generate glutamine, which is the essential component of glutamate production at the nerve terminals. (biolegend.com)
  • This relation allows the astrocyte to listen to and feed back to the synapse and to regulate synaptic transmission. (aps.org)
  • We hypothesize that the feedback regulation of the astrocyte onto the presynaptic terminal {\it optimizes} the fidelity of the synapse in terms of information transmission. (aps.org)
  • In the laboratory, we combined individual subpopulation of astrocytes with neurons and measured synapse formation and function," said Deneen. (medindia.net)
  • Within the tripartite synapse, the astrocytes owe more and more importance. (frontiersin.org)
  • The data showed that astrocyte signaling was required for the cocaine-induced synapse formation. (brightsurf.com)
  • For instance, astrocyte processes serve as a physical barrier to limit the amount of neurotransmission at the synapse. (dana.org)
  • Substantial evidence now demonstrates that astrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses also influence pathology development, synapse health and neurodegeneration in AD. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Plasticity6
  • Astrocytes respond to a hormone that signals satiety to control synaptic plasticity of neurons that regulate eating. (sciencemag.org)
  • The aim of the study was to characterize astrocyte plasticity during the course of CDV-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis by the aid of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and gene expression analysis. (nature.com)
  • However, the functional relevance of astrocyte plasticity in canine distemper remains to be determined. (nature.com)
  • Virus-mediated expression of a SOCS3 in astrocytes in an AD mouse model (3xTg) blunts astrocyte reaction and restores synaptic long term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity. (cea.fr)
  • However, while it's likely that most pro-BDNF gets degraded inside astrocytes, say the authors, some gets recycled and re-released, suggesting that astrocytes in fact fine-tune synaptic plasticity. (rupress.org)
  • Additionally, using conventional pharmacological approaches, it has been suggested that activation of astrocyte Gq GPCRs can lead astrocytes to send signals to neurons by release of various transmitters (glutamate, adenosine, D-serine) to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. (europa.eu)
Taken up by astrocytes2
  • By fluorescent immunohistochemistry they showed that that neurons indeed secrete both mature and pro-BDNF, but that a large amount of the pro-BDNF is immediately taken up by astrocytes. (rupress.org)
  • During neurotransmission, synaptic cleft glutamate activates its receptors in neurons and in astrocytes, before being taken up by astrocytes through energy costly transporters. (ovid.com)
Release from astrocytes1
  • Neurotransmission-associated messengers, such as nitric oxide or ammonium, stimulate lactate release from astrocytes. (ovid.com)
Protein18
  • As evidence of this, astrocytes express protein components of the vesicular secretory apparatus, including synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin, and SNAP-23. (nih.gov)
  • Astrocytes express both P2Y and P2X receptors ( 13 - 18 ), and these receptors are coupled to protein kinase cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B/Akt ( 14 , 15 , 19 , 20 ), that mediate gene expression ( 21 , 22 ). (pnas.org)
  • In this study, we show that extracellular ATP, through the activation of P2Y 4 receptors, stimulates TSP-1 expression and release in astrocytes and that this nucleotide-induced increase is mediated by protein kinase signaling pathways. (pnas.org)
  • Silencing the RNA-binding protein PTB converted astrocytes into neurons within the mouse striatum. (alzforum.org)
  • Markers for mature astrocytes include aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (Aldh1L1) , aldolase C (AldoC) , glutamate transporter-1 (Glt1) , S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100b) and Aquaporin 4 . (novusbio.com)
  • In rescue experiments, 19,20-DHDP prevented astrocyte loss by targeting the mitochondrial membrane to prevent the hyperoxia-induced dissociation of presenilin-1 and presenilin-1-associated protein to attenuate poly ADP-ribose polymerase activation and mitochondrial DNA damage. (jci.org)
  • In Parkinson's disease, astrocytes and neurons are exposed to a highly specific stimulus, that is, clumps of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein. (michaeljfox.org)
  • We will apply the misfolded protein to the pure astrocytes and pure neurons separately, and then additionally test the effect of misfolded protein when the astrocytes and neurons are cultured together. (michaeljfox.org)
  • In this regard, especially the matrix protein Tenascin C (Tnc) proved to be an important regulator of astrocyte precursor cell proliferation and migration during spinal cord development. (frontiersin.org)
  • A - D ) Deletion of NFIA from astrocytes resulted in an increase in the presence of albumin ( A versus C ) and a decrease in the expression of the astrocyte endfeet protein Aqp4 ( B versus D .) Graphs in E and F are derived from 4 animals per genotype, and quantification involved 8 sections per animal. (jci.org)
  • Additional factors contributing to the glycolytic frame of astrocytes may include 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), pyruvate kinase muscle isoform-2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4), lactate dehydrogenase-B, or monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4). (ovid.com)
  • The pathways included transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor, caspase 3, and tumor protein p53, which have all been implicated in the activation of astrocytes and are believed to play a role in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. (mcponline.org)
  • To have these stem cell-made astrocytes express a unique protein that Cagla understands more than anyone else, it's just a wonderful example of scientific serendipity and collaboration. (tbilaw.com)
  • Recently, oxidative/nitrosative stress and associated signaling events, including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), have been implicated in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. (mdpi.com)
  • Since these signaling events are known to be regulated by the transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), we examined the state of STAT3 activation in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes, and determined whether altered STAT3 activation and/or protein expression contribute to the ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. (mdpi.com)
  • Total STAT3 protein level was also reduced in ammonia-treated astrocytes. (mdpi.com)
  • We also found a significant increase in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type-1 (PTPRT-1) protein expression in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes, and that inhibition of PTPRT-1 enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3 after ammonia treatment. (mdpi.com)
  • Additionally, exposure of cultured astrocytes to inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases diminished the ammonia-induced cell swelling, while cultured astrocytes over-expressing STAT3 showed a reduction in the astrocyte swelling induced by ammonia. (mdpi.com)
Morphological3
  • Additionally, astrocytes possess vesicular organelles, the essential morphological elements required for regulated Ca(2+)-dependent transmitter release. (nih.gov)
  • Adding EGF at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL can increase proliferation, but may result in morphological and phenotypic changes in human astrocytes. (thermofisher.com)
  • Astrocyte reactivity is characterized by morphological changes but its functional impact is still unclear. (bmj.com)
Morphology1
  • Maturation of astrocyte morphology and the establishment of astrocyte domains during postnatal hippocampal development. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Role for astrocytes3
  • A role for astrocytes in learning and memory? (ucl.ac.uk)
  • discovered a role for astrocytes in AD. (sciencemag.org)
  • These findings demonstrate an indispensable role for astrocytes in MB tumorigenesis and reveal a novel Ptch1-independent Shh pathway involved in MB progression. (aacrjournals.org)
Molecular6
  • Annotation of these astrocyte-specific genes provides direct molecular documentation of the diverse physiological roles of the astrocyte lineage. (pnas.org)
  • In contrast, there is a more limited molecular understanding of the development and diversity of the astrocyte lineage. (pnas.org)
  • Thus, the challenge remains to develop a comprehensive molecular profile of the astrocyte lineage that reflects its apparent developmental complexity, its full range of physiological capacities, and its lineage heterogeneity. (pnas.org)
  • In this study, we have defined the mature astrocyte on the molecular level through an exhaustive and integrated transcriptional analysis of many distinct astrocyte-rich cultures and CNS tissues by using standard and nonstandard bioinformatic approaches. (pnas.org)
  • A detailed molecular and functional map of astrocytes and astrocyte-neuron interactions will generate potential targets for therapy. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Using primary cultures of rat astrocytes we delineated the molecular mechanisms that regulate IL-6 expression and secretion. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Disruption2
  • There is a growing support for the concept of astrocytopathies in which the disruption of normal astrocyte functions, astrodegeneration or dysfunctional/maladaptive astrogliosis are the primary cause or the main factor in neurological dysfunction and disease. (springer.com)
  • A new study published by the team of Naguib Mechawar, Ph.D., a researcher with the McGill Group for Suicide Studies (MGSS) of the Douglas Institute (CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Île de Montréal) and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, sheds new light on the disruption of astrocytes in depression. (healthcanal.com)
Roles3
  • This review describes the multiple roles of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, discusses the diversity of astroglial responses in neurological disorders and argues that targeting astrocytes may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for Alexander disease, neurotrauma, stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. (springer.com)
  • Astrocytes are by far the most numerous cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) and have critical roles in adult CNS homeostasis. (thermofisher.com)
  • This volume documents the multiple roles astrocytes perform in the normal development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). (springer.com)
Spinal cord1
  • and astrocytes are central to conditions like stroke, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, and spinal cord injury. (innovations-report.com)
Glia3
  • Depending on the counting technique used, studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region and ranges from 20% to 40% of all glia . (wikipedia.org)
  • To unravel the complexity of neuron-astrocyte interactions, the project pursued a bottom-up approach to characterize the dynamics of neuron-glia networks on different scales of investigation. (europa.eu)
  • These results suggest that certain proteins produced by activated glia may contribute to the chronic glial activation seen in AD through their ability to stimulate astrocytes directly or through their ability to modulate Abeta-induced activation. (prohealth.com)
Pathway4
  • To enable this, astrocytes are constitutively glycolytic, robustly expressing 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is negligibly present in neurons by continuous degradation because of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway via anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC)-Cdh1. (ovid.com)
  • Activation of these pathways in astrocytes occurs when the PI3K-mTOR-AKT pathway is inhibited. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • To induce IL-6 secretion in astrocytes, we used torin2 and rapamycin to block the PI3K-mTOR pathway and increase cytosolic calcium, respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Inhibition of a SNARE-Sensitive Pathway in Astrocytes Attenuates Damage following Stroke. (healthcanal.com)
Primary astrocytes1
  • cAMP analogues such as dibutyryl cAMP (dBcAMP) have been shown to induce the formation of processes in cultured primary astrocytes. (rupress.org)
Modulate astrocyte1
  • Consistent with this notion is the increasing evidence that cytokines and inflammatory mediators modulate astrocyte signaling not only to influence immune and inflammatory activities in the CNS, but also to influence synaptic and neural functions in ways that may affect complex behaviors such as sickness behavior, pain, appetite, sleep, and mood. (wingsforlife.com)
Cortical astrocytes1
  • Treatment of primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes with extracellular ATP caused an increase in TSP-1 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and was inhibited by antagonists of P2 and P1 purinergic receptors. (pnas.org)
Differentiation3
  • After astrocyte specification has occurred in the developing CNS, it is believed that astrocyte precursors migrate to their final positions within the nervous system before the process of terminal differentiation occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides the functional aspects the differentiation of astrocytes has gained a more intensive focus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Deeper knowledge of the differentiation processes during development of the central nervous system might help explaining and even help treating neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, and psychiatric disorders in which astrocytes have been shown to play a role. (frontiersin.org)
Secrete2
  • Astrocytes lose their homeostatic function in ALS and secrete cytotoxic factors detrimental to motor neurons' health. (biolegend.com)
  • Tumor-associated astrocytes (TAA) secrete the ligand sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is required for maintaining MB cell proliferation despite the absence of its primary receptor Patched-1 (Ptch1). (aacrjournals.org)
Marker2
  • A , two-photon fluorescence image of astrocytes (green) and blood vessels (red) in rat neocortex, stained using the astrocyte-specific marker SR101 and tail-vein injection of FITC-labelled dextran, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • This webpage covers a background summary of astrocytes, highlights an important astrocytic marker, and the contribution of astrocytes to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (biolegend.com)
Blood vessels2
  • Well, the central nervous system has pipes of its own, blood vessels, and the astrocytes help regulate the flow of blood through these vessels. (study.com)
  • Astrocytes are the cell type of interest in this study as they are the major glial cell within the optic nerve head (ONH), providing a supportive role to the surrounding axons, while communicating with connective tissues and surrounding blood vessels ( 8 ). (mcponline.org)
Neurodegenerative5
  • This approach may enable the development of gene therapies for a range of neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy, through targeting of motor neurons, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, through targeting of astrocytes. (nature.com)
  • Dysregulation of these and other putative astrocyte functions have been variously implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous developmental, genetic, idiopathic, and acquired neurodegenerative diseases ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
  • This mechanism indicates that astrocytes apparently play an important role in the processes of learning and memory, which present abnormally in various neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases, among which Alzheimer's, autism , or Fragile X syndrome. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In all these processes, in MS as well as in many other neurodegenerative diseases, astrocytes have been demonstrated to play an active role. (labome.org)
  • An increased understanding of interactions between astrocytes and neurons under different conditions is required for the development of safe and effective astrocyte-based therapies for AD and related neurodegenerative diseases. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Abundant2
  • The astrocyte represents the most abundant yet least understood cell type of the CNS. (pnas.org)
  • Within the CNS astrocytes are the most abundant cell type. (nature.com)
Cultures2
  • Using astrocyte cell cultures, we determined functional characteristics of several targets that are deregulated in cortical tubers and our data suggest that miRNAs might be of therapeutic value in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in TSC. (uva.nl)
  • We examined the ability of these proteins to activate rat cortical astrocyte cultures and to influence the ability of Abeta to activate astrocytes. (prohealth.com)
Reactivity3
  • PD patients' astrocytes manifest several hallmarks of the disease, these include: (1) increased production of alpha-synuclein, (2) increased reactivity upon inflammatory stimulation, (3) increased astrocytic Ca2+ levels, (4) mtDNA maintenance defects and (5) metabolomic changes. (eurekalert.org)
  • Instead, it is necessary to recognize the considerable potential for heterogeneity and determine the functional implications of astrocyte reactivity in a context specific manner as regulated by specific signaling events. (wingsforlife.com)
  • Understanding the way, or mechanism, by which astrocytes become toxic would provide a new strategy for treatment of Parkinson's disease based on preventing the reactivity of the astrocytes and thereby protecting neurons. (michaeljfox.org)
Metabolism2
  • Hertz, L. and Schousboe, A., Role of astrocytes in compartmentation of amino acid and energy metabolism. (springer.com)
  • The title of my talk is 'Energy and Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Astrocytes. (hstalks.com)
Transcriptional1
  • Furthermore, neural activity is coupled with erythroid-derived erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) mediated transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes in astrocytes, which boost the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in neighbor neurons. (ovid.com)
Therapeutic3
  • In short, the team's quest for a sufficiently pure astrocyte had, by serendipity, also led them to isolate a previously unknown astrocyte with particularly therapeutic properties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Thus, while plaques may affect neurons locally, they have a more global effect on the network of astrocytes, hinting to possibilities for therapeutic interventions. (sciencemag.org)
  • These mROS-targeted strategies for either enhancement or prevention of mitochondrial oxidative stress in astrocytes may provide new insights for future development of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of cancer such as astrocytomas and gliomas and astrocyte-associated neurodegeneration, mitochondrial diseases and aging. (biomedsearch.com)
Heterogeneity1
  • What accounts for and maintains astrocyte heterogeneity are only beginning to be explored. (sciencemag.org)
Neurotransmitter4
  • Astrocytes have many important functions, some of which include neurotransmitter uptake and release, modulation of synaptic transmission, and nervous system repair. (biolegend.com)
  • We combine a tested mathematical model for the Ca$^{2+}$ response of the synaptic astrocyte and presynaptic feedback with a detailed model for vesicle release of neurotransmitter at active zones. (aps.org)
  • Astrocytes normally provide energy, neurotrophic and neurogenic factors, neurotransmitter precursors and anti-oxidant defense to neurons. (mdbiosciences.com)
  • The current study determines that decreasing astrocyte signals limits damage caused by stroke by regulating the neurotransmitter pathways after an ischemic stroke. (healthcanal.com)
Astrocytic2
  • These findings suggest that astrocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and that astrocytic molecules involved in cytoskeletal integrity and glutamatergic function are compromised in this illness. (umich.edu)
  • Despite continuing advances in understanding astrocyte function within the CNS, little is known as to the impact of drugs of abuse on the structural organization and functional information encoded within astrocytic networks. (nih.gov)
Regulate2
  • Summary: The molecule LRP4 on the surface of astrocytes helps to regulate glutamate levels, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In fact, regulating ATP levels is one way astrocytes help regulate the level of neurotransmitters, Mei said. (neurosciencenews.com)
Induces4
  • Fingolimod induces neuroprotective factors in human astrocytes. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis induces depression via downregulating p75NTR-mediated BDNF maturation in astrocytes. (bioportfolio.com)
  • We found that activation of both tools induces mobilization of corresponding downstream signaling messengers, indicating that our pharmacogenetic tools are functional in astrocytes. (europa.eu)
  • These data, taken together, suggest that treatment with torin2 and rapamycin induces IL-6 secretion by astrocytes and may contribute to the reduction of mechanical hypersensitivity after SCI. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Apoptosis1
  • The application of such inflammatory media on only primary cultured cerebellar granule neurones resulted in significant apoptosis, but the presence of astrocytes largely prevented the effect. (wiley.com)
Induce4
  • Astrocytes can release a variety of transmitters, including glutamate and ATP, in response to stimuli that induce increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. (nih.gov)
  • The ability of Abeta to induce astrocyte activation was also enhanced in the presence of each of these three proteins. (prohealth.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate whether H1-antihistamines induce vacuolation in astrocytes and the mechanism involved. (ovid.com)
  • These results indicated that H1-antihistamines induce V-ATPase-dependent acidic vacuole formation in astrocytes, and this is partly mediated by macroautophagy. (ovid.com)
Mechanisms4
  • Prominent among astrocyte signaling mechanisms is the ability to respond to, as well as to produce, many different cytokines and inflammatory mediators. (wingsforlife.com)
  • These signaling mechanisms enable astrocytes to interact with diverse cell types in ways that may contribute to crosstalk between immune/inflammatory and neural systems. (wingsforlife.com)
  • 2019) Distinct Mechanisms for Visual and Motor-Related Astrocyte Responses in Mouse Visual Cortex. (news-medical.net)
  • Our experiments will not only give insights into NF-kB signaling mechanisms, but also elucidate astrocyte responses under pathological conditions. (labome.org)
Fibrous5
  • [4] Several forms of astrocytes exist in the central nervous system including fibrous (in white matter), protoplasmic (in grey matter), and radial . (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes can be subdivided into fibrous and protoplasmic types. (britannica.com)
  • Fibrous astrocytes are prevalent among myelinated nerve fibres in the white matter of the central nervous system. (britannica.com)
  • The first of them is known as the fibrous astrocyte. (study.com)
  • Fibrous astrocytes are astrocytes that are mainly found in the white matter of the nervous system. (study.com)
Cytokines1
  • Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis," FASEB Journal , vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 592-600, 1993. (hindawi.com)
Interactions with neurons2
  • Recent evidence has shifted the focus on astrocytes from primarily a passive role involved in homeostasis to a more active role in a number of key physiological and pathological interactions with neurons ( 1 - 4 ). (pnas.org)
  • Kuo said the finding was made possible by insights about astrocytes from Cagla Eroglu, whose laboratory next door to Kuo's conducts research on astrocyte interactions with neurons. (tbilaw.com)
Type of astrocyte1
  • This approach generated a previously undiscovered type of astrocyte called Olig2PC-Astros - it was almost 100% pure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Star-shaped3
  • Astrocyte , star-shaped cell that is a type of neuroglia found in the nervous system in both invertebrates and vertebrates . (britannica.com)
  • The main processes exit the cell in a radial direction (hence the name astrocyte , meaning "star-shaped cell"), forming expansions and end feet at the surfaces of vascular capillaries . (britannica.com)
  • Astrocyte means a star-shaped cell. (study.com)
Processes2
  • When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The astrocytes were filled using a 0.5 Hz pulses of current until all of the processes were brightly fluorescent. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate
Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate (journals.plos.org)
PLOS Biology: Exocytosis of ATP From Astrocytes Modulates Phasic and Tonic Inhibition in the Neocortex
PLOS Biology: Exocytosis of ATP From Astrocytes Modulates Phasic and Tonic Inhibition in the Neocortex (journals.plos.org)
Altered Glycogen Metabolism in Cultured Astrocytes from Mice with Chronic Glutathione Deficit; Relevance for Neuroenergetics in...
Altered Glycogen Metabolism in Cultured Astrocytes from Mice with Chronic Glutathione Deficit; Relevance for Neuroenergetics in... (journals.plos.org)
Archives | Dougherty Lab: From Autism to Astrocytes
Archives | Dougherty Lab: From Autism to Astrocytes (genetics.wustl.edu)
April 1989 - Scientific American
April 1989 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Einstein's Brain Unlocks Some Mysteries Of The Mind : NPR
Einstein's Brain Unlocks Some Mysteries Of The Mind : NPR (npr.org)
Common pitfalls of stem cell differentiation: a guide to improving protocols for neurodegenerative disease models and research ...
Common pitfalls of stem cell differentiation: a guide to improving protocols for neurodegenerative disease models and research ... (link.springer.com)
Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data | Nature Communications
Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Astrocyte - Wikipedia
Astrocyte - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Gut bacteria offer clues to multiple sclerosis
Gut bacteria offer clues to multiple sclerosis (medicalnewstoday.com)
PD Astrocytes [IMAGE] | EurekAlert! Science News Releases
PD Astrocytes [IMAGE] | EurekAlert! Science News Releases (eurekalert.org)
Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge
Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge (routledge.com)
The E-NTPDase family of ectonucleotidases: Structure function relationships and pathophysiological significance | SpringerLink
The E-NTPDase family of ectonucleotidases: Structure function relationships and pathophysiological significance | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Simple drug formula regenerates brain cells
Simple drug formula regenerates brain cells (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists generate, track development of myelin-producing brain cells | News Center | Stanford Medicine
Scientists generate, track development of myelin-producing brain cells | News Center | Stanford Medicine (med.stanford.edu)
Astrocyte | Definition, Function, & Facts | Britannica.com
Astrocyte | Definition, Function, & Facts | Britannica.com (britannica.com)
Periodic Reporting for period 1 - RECENT-TO-REMOTE (Remote Memory Consolidation Based on Activity, Connectivity and Stability;...
Periodic Reporting for period 1 - RECENT-TO-REMOTE (Remote Memory Consolidation Based on Activity, Connectivity and Stability;... (cordis.europa.eu)
UWM Engineer Builds Device to Show How Blood Flows When We Think | College of Engineering & Applied Science
UWM Engineer Builds Device to Show How Blood Flows When We Think | College of Engineering & Applied Science (uwm.edu)
Intravenous administration of anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cell spheroids reduces chronic alcohol intake and abolishes...
Intravenous administration of anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cell spheroids reduces chronic alcohol intake and abolishes... (nature.com)
Frontiers | Friend, Foe or Both? Immune Activity in Alzheimer's Disease | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
Frontiers | Friend, Foe or Both? Immune Activity in Alzheimer's Disease | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (frontiersin.org)
Frontiers | Tissue Transglutaminase Promotes Early Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells | Cellular Neuroscience
Frontiers | Tissue Transglutaminase Promotes Early Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells | Cellular Neuroscience (frontiersin.org)
The Protein Kinase IKKε Is a Potential Target for the Treatment of Inflammatory Hyperalgesia | The Journal of Immunology
The Protein Kinase IKKε Is a Potential Target for the Treatment of Inflammatory Hyperalgesia | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
Frontiers | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Therapeutic...
Frontiers | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Therapeutic... (frontiersin.org)
The Aging Brain: When Friends Turn into Foes | Psychology Today UK
The Aging Brain: When Friends Turn into Foes | Psychology Today UK (psychologytoday.com)
Neuroplasticity, Neuroregeneration, and Brain Repair | The New York Academy of Sciences
Neuroplasticity, Neuroregeneration, and Brain Repair | The New York Academy of Sciences (nyas.org)
Developmental Neurobiology | NHLBI, NIH
Developmental Neurobiology | NHLBI, NIH (nhlbi.nih.gov)
Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases | SpringerLink
Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes | Nature Biotechnology
Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes | Nature Biotechnology (nature.com)
Astrocytes in Alzheimer's | Science Signaling
Astrocytes in Alzheimer's | Science Signaling (stke.sciencemag.org)