Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Cells, Cultured
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Gliosis
Neurons
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Oligodendroglia
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
Cerebral Cortex
Glutamic Acid
Microglia
The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Aquaporin 4
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1
Immunohistochemistry
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
Coculture Techniques
Cell Communication
Spinal Cord
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Mice, Transgenic
Optic Nerve
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Rats, Wistar
Central Nervous System
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Gap Junctions
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
Connexin 43
Cell Differentiation
S100 Proteins
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Gene Expression Regulation
Culture Media, Conditioned
Neural Stem Cells
Disease Models, Animal
Blotting, Western
Stem Cells
Blood-Brain Barrier
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Up-Regulation
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Vimentin
Cell Death
Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (1/6371)
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine in the caudate putamen. Dopamine replacement with levodopa, a precursor of the neurotransmitter, is presently the most common treatment for this disease. However, in an effort to obtain better therapeutic results, tissue or cells that synthesize catecholamines have been grafted into experimental animals and human patients. In this paper, we present a novel technique to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the host's own astrocytes. This procedure uses a transgene in which the expression of a TH cDNA is under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, which confers astrocyte-specific expression and also increases its activity in response to brain injury. The method was tested in a rat model of Parkinson's disease produced by lesioning the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Following microinjection of the transgene into the denervated striatum as a DNA-liposome complex, expression of the transgene was detected by RT-PCR and TH protein was observed specifically in astrocytes by using double-labeling immunofluorescence for GFAP and TH coupled with laser confocal microscopy. Efficacy was demonstrated by significant behavioral recovery, as assessed by a decrease in the pharmacologically induced turning behavior generated by the unilateral denervation of the rat striatum. These results suggest this is a valuable technique to express molecules of therapeutic interest in the brain. (+info)Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (2/6371)
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site. (+info)Early induction of angiogenetic signals in gliomas of GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. (3/6371)
Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain tumor, is characterized by extensive vascular proliferation. We previously showed that transgenic mice expressing a GFAP-v-src fusion gene in astrocytes develop low-grade astrocytomas that progressively evolve into hypervascularized glioblastomas. Here, we examined whether tumor progression triggers angiogenetic signals. We found abundant transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neoplastic astrocytes at surprisingly early stages of tumorigenesis. VEGF and v-src expression patterns were not identical, suggesting that VEGF activation was not only dependent on v-src. Late-stage gliomas showed perinecrotic VEGF up-regulation similarly to human glioblastoma. Expression patterns of the endothelial angiogenic receptors flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2 were similar to those described in human gliomas, but flt-1 was expressed also in neoplastic astrocytes, suggesting an autocrine role in tumor growth. In crossbreeding experiments, hemizygous ablation of the tumor suppressor genes Rb and p53 had no significant effect on the expression of VEGF, flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2. Therefore, expression of angiogenic signals is an early event during progression of GFAP-v-src tumors and precedes hypervascularization. Given the close similarities in the progression pattern between GFAP-v-src and human gliomas, the present results suggest that these mice may provide a useful tool for antiangiogenic therapy research. (+info)Expression of neuropeptide Y receptors mRNA and protein in human brain vessels and cerebromicrovascular cells in culture. (4/6371)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been suggested as an important regulator of CBF. However, except for the presence of Y1 receptors in large cerebral arteries, little is known about its possible sites of action on brain vessels. In this study, we sought to identify the NPY receptors present in the human cerebrovascular bed. Specific Y1 receptor binding sites, localized on the smooth muscle of human pial vessels and potently competed by NPY, polypeptide YY (PYY), and the selective Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226, were identified by quantitative radioautography of the Y1 radioligand [125I]-[Leu31, Pro34]-PYY. In contrast, no specific binding of the Y2-([125I]-PYY3-36) and Y4/Y5-(125I-human pancreatic polypeptide [hPP]) radioligands could be detected. By in situ hybridization, expression of Y1 receptor mRNA was restricted to the smooth muscle layer of pial vessels, whereas no specific signals were detected for either Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors. Similarly, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA for Y1 but not Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors was consistently detected in isolated human pial vessels, intracortical microvessels, and capillaries. In human brain microvascular cells in culture, PCR products for the Y1 receptors were exclusively found in the smooth muscle cells. In cultures of human brain astrocytes, a cell type that associates intimately with brain microvessels, PCR products for Y1, Y2, and Y4 but not Y5 receptors were identified. Finally, NPY significantly inhibited the forskolin-induced cAMP production in smooth muscle but not in endothelial cell cultures. We conclude that smooth muscle Y1 receptors are the primary if not exclusive NPY receptors associated with human brain extraparenchymal and intraparenchymal blood vessels, where they most likely mediate cerebral vasoconstriction. (+info)Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (5/6371)
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the beta-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1alpha and IL-1beta to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5'-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5'-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5'-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD. (+info)Micronucleus test using cultured new born rat astrocytes. (6/6371)
Micronuclei is induced in cytoplasm as a consequence of the formation of chromosomal fragments or remaining chromosomes during cell division by the cause of clastogens or spindle poisons, and is used as an indicator of genotoxicity screening tests. There are few short-term genotoxicity screening tests using brain cells. We attempted to establish a new in vitro micronucleus test (MN test) system by use of central nervous system cells. Primary cultured astrocytes were prepared from newborn male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In growth curve of astrocytes, doubling time was determined to be 31 h. In time study, the highest frequency of micronuclei was observed at 48 h, 72 h and 6 h-exposure-66 h-recovery by vincristine (VCR), mitomycin C (MMC) without metabolic activation system and cyclophosphamide (CPM) with metabolic activation system, respectively. Dose-response relationships between micronucleus frequency and concentrations of MMC, VCR and CPM were observed, respectively. It is suggested that the in vitro MN test using new born rat-astrocytes could be used as a screening test of environmental and occupational genotoxic chemicals in the central nervous system cells. (+info)Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (7/6371)
The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA. (+info)Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (8/6371)
The anticonvulsant and antibipolar drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is known to act as a specific antagonist at adenosine A1-receptors. After a 3-week application of CBZ, A1-receptors are upregulated in the rat brain. We have investigated the consequences of this upregulation for the A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in primary astrocyte cultures from different regions of the rat brain. CBZ treatment for 10 days had no effect on adenosine A1-receptor mRNA expression in cultures with high basal A1-receptor mRNA levels, but increased A1-receptor mRNA in cultures exhibiting low basal A1-receptor mRNA levels. This upregulation of A1-receptor mRNA was accompanied by an upregulation or induction of A1-receptor-mediated potentiation of PLC activity, a property that was not found in these cultures before CBZ treatment. Thus, CBZ treatment for 10 days induces a new quality of adenosine A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in cells that express low basal A1-receptor numbers. (+info)
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Nuclear factor I-A regulates diverse reactive astrocyte responses after CNS injury
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Transplantation of Specific Human Astrocytes Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury
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北京大学医学部机构知识库([email protected]): The association of 14-3-3 gamma and actin plays a role in cell division and apoptosis in astrocytes
A model for glioma cell migration on collagen and astrocytes | Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Rabbit Polyclonal to MRPS32. | Small molecule inhibitors of HCV replication
Plus it
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Specification of astrocytes by bHLH protein SCL in a restricted region of the neural tube | Semantic Scholar
Loss of Astrocyte Polarization in the Tg-ArcSwe Mouse Model of Alzheimers Disease
How might brain astrocytes alter nerve cell connections and contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Morphological evidence for vesicular glutamate release from astrocytes. - Semantic Scholar
Traumatic Injury in vitro Elicits JNK-mediated Human Astrocyte Retract by Claudia Augustine
Differences among astrocytes | Science
Intracellular pH Regulation in Primary Rat Astrocytes and C6 Glioma Ce by Lamara D. Shrode and Robert W. Putnam
Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 localization and expression after focal cerebral ischemia underlies differences in white versus...
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The protective effects of coumestrol against amyloid-beta peptide- and lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity on mice astrocytes<...
Network analysis of human glaucomatous optic nerve head astrocytes | BMC Medical Genomics | Full Text
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Astrocytic Function Assessed from 1-14C-Acetate Metabolism after Temporary Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
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SMART: Secondary literature for Fibrillarin domain
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AOP-Wiki
HIV-1 Nef increases astrocyte sensitivity towards exogenous hydrogen peroxide
The Role of Astrocytes in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia.
D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release<...
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JCI -
Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
JCI -
Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
Jeffrey L. Saver to Chair Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Clinical Advisory Board - Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals
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JCI -
Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis
METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF A-RING AROMATIZED ACETYL MINOCYCLINES - Patent application
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Neuroblastoma
Astrocyte. *Astrocytoma *Pilocytic astrocytoma. *Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. *Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. * ...
Nervous tissue
Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes (astrocyte subtype), satellite ... Astrocytes: Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the ... Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes. Two types of ... NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and serve as the developmental ...
Jacques Glowinski
Rouach, N.; Glowinski, J.; Giaume, C. (2000). "Astrocytes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (7): 1513-1526. doi:10.1083/jcb. ... properties of astrocytes and astrocyto-neuronal relationships, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, ...
Astrocyte
The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... Astrocytes are depicted in red. Cell nuclei are depicted in blue. Astrocytes were obtained from brains of newborn mice ... Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of ... Gömöri-positive astrocytes. These are a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes that contain numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, or ...
Lhermitte-Duclos disease
Astrocyte. *Astrocytoma *Pilocytic astrocytoma. *Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. *Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. * ...
Primary central nervous system lymphoma
Astrocyte. *Astrocytoma *Pilocytic astrocytoma. *Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. *Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. * ...
Belimumab
BAFF is secreted by a variety of cells: monocytes and macrophages; bone marrow stromal cells; astrocytes in certain ...
Gliosis
... in which demyelinated plaques are surrounded by reactive astrocytes. These astrocytes often exhibit extreme hypertrophy and ... Astrocytes themselves also produce cytokines, which may be used for self-regulation or for the regulation of microglia, which ... Exposure of reactive astrocytes to β-amyloid (Αβ) peptide, the main component of amyloid plaques, may also induce astroglial ... Reactive astrocytes are affected by molecular signals released from a variety of CNS cell types including neurons, microglia, ...
GABRB2
July 2018). "Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia ... July 2018). "Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia ... differential regulation by astrocytes". Journal of Neurophysiology. 74 (4): 1473-84. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1473. PMID ...
Glial scar
Astrocytes form a dense network of gap junctions that generates a physical barrier to axonal regrowth. Further, the astrocytes ... Reactive astrocytes are the main cellular component of the glial scar. After injury, astrocytes undergo morphological changes, ... David S, Ness R. (1993). "Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes." In: Fedoroff S (ed) Biology and pathology of astrocyte-neuron ... thus compounding the response of other astrocytes and contributing to the heterogeneity. Particularly, astrocytes closest to ...
George Alexander Gibson
Astrocyte. 1 (4): 305-308. doi:10.4103/2349-0977.161627. S2CID 58017296. Ginghina, C.; Nastase, OA; Ghiorghiu, I; Egher, L (5 ...
Glomerulus (cerebellum)
Velate astrocytes are glia that sheath the glomeruli. They are protoplasmic astrocytes with extremely thin veil-like processes ... "Velate astrocyte". NeuroLex. The Neuroscience Information Framework. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2014. CS1 maint: ... discouraged parameter (link) Chan-Palay, Victoria; Palay, Sanford L. (1972). "The form of velate astrocytes in the cerebellar ...
Neuropathic pain
Other glia such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes may also release these extrinsic cues for microglia and microglia themselves ... "Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 20 (11): 667-685. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0218-1. ISSN 1471 ...
Gap junction
It appears that astrocytes are coupled by gap junctions, both to other astrocytes and to oligodendrocytes.[88] Moreover, ... with antibodies against external loop domains in astrocytes". Glia. 24 (1): 141-54. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199809)24:1,141 ... "Gap Junctions Couple Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 35 (1): 101-116. doi:10.1007/s12031- ...
S100B
... is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by astrocytes, but not all astrocytes express S100B. It has been shown that ... astrocyte differentiation. • positive regulation of synaptic transmission. • positive regulation of cell proliferation. • ... S100B is secreted by astrocytes or can spill from injured cells and enter the extracellular space or bloodstream. Serum levels ... "beta-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100 beta in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures". Brain ...
Myelin
... by the processes of another type of glial cell called the astrocyte.[citation needed][19] ... which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS. ... "The astrocyte odyssey". Progress in Neurobiology. 86 (4): 342-367. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015. PMC 2613184. PMID ...
Glioblast
... s differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Its tumor is called a glioblastoma multiforme, and is the most ...
Haemodynamic response
Astrocytes are unique in that they are intermediaries that lie between blood vessels and neurons. They are able to communicate ... Constriction has been shown in vitro to occur when NE is placed in the synapse and is taken up by astrocyte receptors. NE ... When these calcium ion waves spread down the length of the astrocyte, phospholipase A (PLA2) is activated which in turn ... It has been shown that NO inhibits 20-HETE synthesis, which may interfere with astrocytes' constriction pathways and lead to ...
Neuron
besides being universal this classification has the advantage of being able to classify astrocytes as well. A method called ... Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells. They have been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of their stem cell-like ...
Nicola Allen
"Aged Astrocytes Prime Brain for Neuroinflammation , ALZFORUM". www.alzforum.org. Retrieved 2020-03-07. "Astrocytes Are Trusty ... In 2012 while she was a postdoc in the lab of Ben Barres, she showed that astrocytes secrete glypican 4 and 6, which is needed ... "Brain cells called astrocytes have unexpected role in brain "plasticity"". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved ... Allen also showed that astrocytes excrete a protein called Chrdl1, which helps the maturation of the brain. It also increased ...
Myelin
Wang, Doris D.; Bordey, Angélique (11 December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Progress in Neurobiology. 86 (4): 342-367. doi: ... which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS. In terms of total ... by the processes of another type of glial cell called the astrocyte.[citation needed] CNS myelin differs slightly in ...
Brain healing
Around the edge of necrosis, astrocytes proliferate. These cells extend processes, and form a delicate rim of gliosis around ...
Neurodegeneration
... provide in vitro evidence that the primary cellular sites where SOD1 mutations act are located on astrocytes. Astrocytes then ... Julien JP (May 2007). "ALS: astrocytes move in as deadly neighbors". Nature Neuroscience. 10 (5): 535-7. doi:10.1038/nn0507-535 ... "Astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutated SOD1 release factors selectively toxic to motor neurons". Nature Neuroscience. 10 (5 ...
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
Astrocytes help to maintain ionic balance in the extracellular space in the brain. Knock-out of PMCA2 causes inner ear problems ... PMCA types 1, 2, and 4 have been found in glial cells called astrocytes in mammals, though it was previously thought that only ... "Plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms in astrocytes". Glia (published 1999-10-22). 28 (2): 150-155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098- ...
Biochemical cascade
Vargas, MR; Johnson, JA (3 June 2009). "The Nrf2-ARE cytoprotective pathway in astrocytes". Expert Reviews in Molecular ... This neuroprotective pathway involves control of neuronal activity by perisynaptic astrocytes and neuronal glutamate release, ...
Rage (emotion)
... these astrocytes are found in close proximity to the 'end feet' of blood vessels. These astrocytes aid in the tightening and ... The crucial role that astrocytes play in the formation of muscle memory may also shed light on the beneficial impact of ... Lundgaard, I.; Osório, M.J.; Kress, B.T.; Sanggaard, S.; Nedergaard, M. (2014). "White matter astrocytes in health and disease ... Gold, Paul E. (2014). "Regulation of memory - from the adrenal medulla to liver to astrocytes to neurons". Brain Research ...
Cagla Eroglu
Eroglu C (2009). Astrocyte-Secreted Matricellular Proteins in Central Nervous System Development and Function. Journal of Cell ... Her further further highlighted the critical role astrocytes play in the direct regulation of synapse formation in the central ... Their focus on the communication between astrocytes and neurons in the healthy brain is paving the way towards eventually ... Her findings showed both the role that astrocyte secreted factors play in specifically excitatory synapse formation, as well as ...
Astrocyte - Wikipedia
The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... Astrocytes are depicted in red. Cell nuclei are depicted in blue. Astrocytes were obtained from brains of newborn mice ... Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of ... Gömöri-positive astrocytes. These are a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes that contain numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, or ...
Direct Reprogramming of RESTing Astrocytes. - PubMed - NCBI
Direct Reprogramming of RESTing Astrocytes.. Wang C1, Fong H1, Huang Y2. ... Transcriptional Mechanisms of Proneural Factors and REST in Regulating Neuronal Reprogramming of Astrocytes. [Cell Stem Cell. ... 2015) use neuronal conversion of astrocytes to dissect transcriptional mechanisms of fate determination and identify circuits ...
Metabolic Interactions between Neurons and Astrocytes | SpringerLink
Hertz, L. and Schousboe, A., Role of astrocytes in compartmentation of amino acid and energy metabolism. In:Astrocytes, ... Walz, W. and Hinks, E., A transmembrane sodium cycle in astrocytes, Brain Res. 368: 226-232 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Code, W.E., White, H.S. and Hertz, L., The effect of midazolam on calcium signaling in astrocytes, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 625: ... Yu, A.C.H., Gregory, G.A. and Chan, P.H., Hypoxia-induced dysfunction and injury of astrocytes in primary cell cultures, J. ...
PD Astrocytes [IMAGE] | EurekAlert! Science News Releases
PD patients astrocytes manifest several hallmarks of the disease, these include: (1) increased production of alpha-synuclein ... Life sciences/Cell biology/Cells/Glia/Astrocytes * /Life sciences/Neuroscience/Clinical neuroscience/Neurology/Neurological ... Brain astrocytes show metabolic alterations in Parkinsons disease. University of Eastern Finland ...
Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytes
As evidence of this, astrocytes express protein components of the vesicular secretory a … ... Astrocytes can release a variety of transmitters, including glutamate and ATP, in response to stimuli that induce increases in ... Astrocytes can release a variety of transmitters, including glutamate and ATP, in response to stimuli that induce increases in ... Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytes Glia. 2006 Nov 15;54(7):700-15. doi: 10.1002/glia.20367. ...
Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases | SpringerLink
Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV (2010) Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 119:7-35PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle ... Seifert G, Steinhauser C (2013) Neuron-astrocyte signaling and epilepsy. Exp Neurol 244:4-10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Pekny M, Nilsson M (2005) Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Glia 50:427-434PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Jo S, Yarishkin O, Hwang YJ, Chun YE, Park M, Woo DH, Bae JY, Kim T, Lee J, Chun H et al (2014) GABA from reactive astrocytes ...
Astrocytes going live: advances and challenges. - PubMed - NCBI
A, two-photon fluorescence image of astrocytes (green) and blood vessels (red) in rat neocortex, stained using the astrocyte- ... Astrocytes going live: advances and challenges.. Nimmerjahn A1.. Author information. 1. Department of Biology, James H. Clark ... C and D, spontaneous calcium transients in two astrocytes (C) and one neuron (D) from a single recording measured as relative ... Astrocytes are one of the most numerous cell types in the CNS. They have emerged as sophisticated cells participating in a ...
Stem cell discovery: Astrocytes could repair stroke brain damage
Stem-cell derived astrocytes - previously overlooked neural cells that form the blood-brain barrier - may prove useful against ... "Our novel findings are that highly purified Olig2+ progenitors can give rise to astrocytes and that these astrocytes derived ... Astrocytes - neural cells that form the blood-brain barrier and so control what can and cannot enter the brain from the blood ... Astrocytes may help to limit the spread of damage after an ischemic brain stroke in patients, and may also help to regenerate ...
Purinergic signaling induces thrombospondin-1 expression in astrocytes | PNAS
MAPK in astrocytes. We also demonstrated that extracellular ATP induces phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK in astrocytes. Experiments ... Vehicle-treated astrocytes show very weak TSP-1 immunoreactivity (Fig. 1 C b and e). Addition of extracellular ATP for 6 h led ... Immunocytochemistry of cultured rat astrocytes after apyrase and ATP treatment. Astrocytes were treated with apyrase (90 units ... B) Astrocytes were treated with 100 μM ATP, 100 μM UTP, 10 μM 2MeSADP, or 100 μM adenosine for 6 h, after which time media were ...
Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strength
Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic ... Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strength Nat Neurosci. 2007 Mar;10(3):331-9. doi: 10.1038/nn1849. Epub ... Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic ... pathway is endogenously activated by neuronal activity-dependent stimulation of purinergic P2Y1 receptors on the astrocytes. ...
Relaxin Protects Astrocytes from Hypoxia In Vitro
Astrocytes that were treated with relaxin-2 and relaxin-3 showed a marked decrease in ROS production when compared to control ... Next, to test whether relaxin reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) astrocytes were exposed to the same ... Mitochondrial membrane potential was higher in astrocytes that were treated with relaxin-2 and relaxin-3 compared to untreated ... Taken together, these data present novel findings that show relaxin protects astrocytes from ischemic conditions through the ...
Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes | Nature Biotechnology
A single intravascular injection of AAV9 results in widespread transduction of astrocytes in adult mice and of astrocytes and ... In adult mice, tail vein injection of AAV9-GFP leads to robust transduction of astrocytes throughout the entire CNS, with ... through targeting of astrocytes. It may also be useful for rapid postnatal genetic manipulations in basic neuroscience studies. ... Figure 5: Intravenous injection of AAV9 leads to widespread predominant astrocyte transduction in the spinal cord and brain of ...
astrocyte | Definition, Function, & Facts | Britannica.com
Astrocytes can be subdivided into fibrous and protoplasmic types. Learn more about astrocytes, including their structure and ... Astrocyte, star-shaped cell that is a type of neuroglia found in the nervous system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. ... Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system. They have fewer ... Astrocytes divide after injury to the nervous system and occupy the spaces left by injured neurons. Astrocytes also are thought ...
Astrocyte-Synapse Structural Plasticity
astrocyte | Journal of Neuroscience
Age-Dependent Decline in Fate Switch from NG2 Cells to Astrocytes After Olig2 Deletion Hao Zuo, William M. Wood, Amin Sherafat ... FGF Signaling Directs the Cell Fate Switch from Neurons to Astrocytes in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex Tung Anh Dinh ... Conditional Knock-out of mGluR5 from Astrocytes during Epilepsy Development Impairs High-Frequency Glutamate Uptake Anthony D. ... Functional Consequences of Synapse Remodeling Following Astrocyte-Specific Regulation of Ephrin-B1 in the Adult Hippocampus ...
astrocyte | Journal of Neuroscience
Astrocytes Regulate GLP-1 Receptor-Mediated Effects on Energy Balance David J. Reiner, Elizabeth G. Mietlicki-Baase, Lauren E. ... Dysfunctional Calcium and Glutamate Signaling in Striatal Astrocytes from Huntingtons Disease Model Mice Ruotian Jiang, Blanca ... FGF-1 Triggers Pannexin-1 Hemichannel Opening in Spinal Astrocytes of Rodents and Promotes Inflammatory Responses in Acute ...
Astrocytes in Alzheimer's | Science Signaling
During investigations of calcium signaling in astrocytes in living mice, Kuchibhotla et al. discovered a role for astrocytes in ... Thus, while plaques may affect neurons locally, they have a more global effect on the network of astrocytes, hinting to ... In a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, astrocytes respond globally to plaque formation. ... In a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, astrocytes respond globally to plaque formation. ...
Astrocytes Control Appetite | Science Signaling
Astrocytes respond to a hormone that signals satiety to control synaptic plasticity of neurons that regulate eating. ... Astrocytes respond to a hormone that signals satiety to control synaptic plasticity of neurons that regulate eating. ... Thus, leptin signaling in astrocytes in the region of the brain that controls appetite is necessary for the neuronal response ... created mice with knockout of the leptin receptor in astrocytes of adults and investigated the effects in the hypothalamic ...
Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders | PNAS
Identification of Astrocyte Markers. To test our assumption that all astrocytes share a common transcriptional profile, we ... All of the astrocyte samples are together. The short vertical distance between the astrocyte samples in the dendrogram ... Of significance, these astrocyte markers revealed surprising molecular heterogeneity among astrocytes in the normal adult brain ... Although expressed in both neurons and astrocytes in culture, it is up-regulated only in astrocytes after cytotoxic stress (26 ...
Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge
... and the connections that the astrocyte makes with other cells of the brain are essential for a variety of important neural ... Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, ... Astrocytes in Epilepsy; C. Steinhäuser and G. Seifert. Astrocyte Involvement in the Acquired Demyelinating Diseases; S. E. Lutz ... Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, and the connections that the astrocyte ...
Neurotoxic potential of reactive astrocytes in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis | Scientific Reports
Astrocytes are the main cellular target of CDV and undergo reactive changes already in pre-demyelinating brain lesions. Based ... The aim of the study was to characterize astrocyte plasticity during the course of CDV-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis ... Gene expression analysis revealed 81 differentially expressed astrocyte-related genes with a dominance of genes associated with ... Observed findings indicate an astrocyte polarization towards a neurotoxic phenotype likely contributing to lesion initiation ...
Astrocytes help separate man from mouse
... fibrous astrocytes »human brain »information processing »interlaminar astrocytes »protoplasmic astrocytes »spinal cord injury » ... fibrous astrocytes , human brain , information processing , interlaminar astrocytes , protoplasmic astrocytes , spinal cord ... Alzheimers »Calcium »Epilepsy »Human astrocytes »astrocytes »blood flow »blood vessel »brain cell »brain function and sensory ... Further reports about: , Alzheimers , Calcium , Epilepsy , Human astrocytes , astrocytes , blood flow , blood vessel , brain ...
Astrocyte - Wikipedia
The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ... After astrocyte specification has occurred in the developing CNS, it is believed that astrocyte precursors migrate to their ... When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane. Astrocytes ... Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty ...
Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes
Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive astrogl … ... Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive ... It is noteworthy that different stimuli of astrocyte reactivity can lead to similar degrees of GFAP upregulation while causing ... Structural and functional changes are regulated in reactive astrocytes by many different potential signaling events that occur ...
Differences among astrocytes | Science
Astrocytes are diverse in morphology and molecular makeup (1, 2), potentially enabling them to provide for the varying needs of ... On page 849 of this issue, Farmer et al. (4) reveal that neuronal signals drive the molecular programs of astrocytes even ... This challenges the idea that astrocyte function is hardwired during development and provides a new mechanism for cellular ... Neurons determine the specificity of local astrocytes [Also see Report by Farmer et al.] ...
Astrocytes and Vasculature - Webvision
Astrocytes and guidance of outgro... preview & related info | Mendeley
In the present investigation the role of astrocytes and their precursors in guidance of outgrowing corticospinal tract axons in ... Astrocytes and guidance of outgrowing corticospinal tract axons in the rat. An immunocytochemical study using anti-vimentin and ... In the present investigation the role of astrocytes and their precursors in guidance of outgrowing corticospinal tract axons in ... labelling experiments it can be concluded that the vimentin-glial fibrillary acidic protein transition occurs within astrocyte ...
Aged Astrocytes Prime Brain for Neuroinflammation | ALZFORUM
Microglia Give Astrocytes License to Kill 20 Jan 2017. * Purification of Adult Human Astrocytes Shows: They Are Unique 15 Jan ... is associated with similar gene expression changes as seen in reactive astrocytes-the type of astrocytes elicited after brain ... The Aging Astrocyte Transcriptome from Multiple Regions of the Mouse Brain. Cell Rep. 2018 Jan 2;22(1):269-285. PubMed. ... Two studies of astrocytes in aging mouse brain report similar results.. *The cells take on a reactive phenotype, ramping up ...
François Jacob Institute of biology - Reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases
We are developing new molecular tools to modulate and monitor astrocyte reactivity in situ, in order to disentangle this ... 2. Molecular and functional changes in reactive astrocytes in vivo. Our earlier in vivo studies of reactive astrocytes induced ... 3. Reactive astrocytes as biomarkers for pathological situations Reactive astrocytes appear under pathological conditions, and ... Reactive astrocytes. We study astrocytes, a type of brain glial cells that play key supporting roles for neurons. Under ...
Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate
The ATP and NADH produced support metabolism in the astrocyte while the lactate is exported to feed the neuron. Thus, rapid ... In this computational model we show that neuromodulatory stimulation by norepinephrine induces astrocytes to recover glucosyl ... a polymerized form of glucose that is localized largely to astrocytes, but its exact role and conditions of use are not clear. ... wherein glia can provide the ergogenic metabolite lactate to the neuron in a process called the astrocyte-to-neuron shuttle ( ...
ReactiveNeuronalSynapsesGFAPNeurons and astrocytesSuggests that astrocytesMicrogliaProtoplasmic astrocytesBrainOligodendrocytesCellsTypes of astrocytesMiceVitroNeuroscienceSynapsePlasticityTaken up by astrocytesRelease from astrocytesProteinMorphologicalMorphologyRole for astrocytesMolecularDisruptionRolesSpinal cordGliaPathwayPrimary astrocytesModulate astrocyteCortical astrocytesDifferentiationSecreteMarkerBlood vesselsNeurodegenerativeAbundantCulturesReactivityMetabolismTranscriptionalTherapeuticHeterogeneityNeurotransmitterAstrocyticRegulateInducesApoptosisInduceMechanismsFibrousCytokinesInteractions with neuronsType of astrocyteStar-shapedProcesses
Reactive49
- We have started to unravel the different signalling mechanisms that trigger specific molecular, morphological and functional changes in reactive astrocytes that are critical for repairing tissue and maintaining function in CNS pathologies, such as neurotrauma, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. (springer.com)
- Astrocytes are the main cellular target of CDV and undergo reactive changes already in pre-demyelinating brain lesions. (nature.com)
- Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of reactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) + astrocytes with increased survivin and reduced aquaporin 4, and glutamine synthetase protein levels, indicating disturbed blood brain barrier function, glutamate homeostasis and astrocyte maladaptation, respectively. (nature.com)
- Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) with a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis. (wingsforlife.com)
- There is now compelling evidence that reactive astrocytes exhibit a substantial potential for heterogeneity at multiple levels, including gene expression, cell morphology, topography (distance from lesions), CNS regions, local (among neighboring cells), cell signaling and cell function. (wingsforlife.com)
- Structural and functional changes are regulated in reactive astrocytes by many different potential signaling events that occur in a context dependent manner. (wingsforlife.com)
- Together, the papers suggest that elderly astrocytes enter a partially reactive state, perhaps helping explain why the aging brain is so susceptible to neurodegenerative disease. (alzforum.org)
- The resulting expression profile overlapped with that of reactive astrocytes, although the magnitude of the changes was smaller in the aged astrocytes. (alzforum.org)
- Astrocytes in the cerebellum became the most reactive, those in cortical regions the least. (alzforum.org)
- It is likely that a diverse spectrum of molecularly defined astrocyte reactive states will emerge," he wrote to Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
- Under pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, astrocytes become reactive. (cea.fr)
- We develop new molecular tools to modulate and monitor reactive astrocytes in situ, in order to better understand the roles of these complex cells . (cea.fr)
- Understand what reactive astrocytes do in the brain, using fluorescent-activated cell sorting of astrocytes, transcriptomics, electrophysiology, biochemical and histological analysis (see part 2). (cea.fr)
- Assess whether reactive astrocytes can be monitored with non-invasive brain imaging techniques to serve as biomarkers for brain diseases (see part 3). (cea.fr)
- Evaluate therapeutic efficacy of targeting reactive astrocytes in brain diseases (see part 4). (cea.fr)
- Reactive astrocytes overexpressing GFAP (red) in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (cea.fr)
- 2018). Through grants from ANR and Fondation Maladies Rares, we are now exploring the molecular and functional heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes, and implement multi-omics analysis of reactive glial cells in ND models. (cea.fr)
- Reactive astrocytes appear under pathological conditions, and thus could be used as biomarkers for brain diseases. (cea.fr)
- Finally, through grants from ANR, LECMA/Vaincre Alzheimer, FRC and Neuratris, we assess whether reactive astrocytes impact molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral disease outcomes, in mouse models of Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases (HD and AD), and more recently of demyelinating disorders. (cea.fr)
- GFAP antibodies are widely used to detect reactive astrocytes which form part of this response, since reactive astrocytes stain much more strongly with GFAP antibodies than normal astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
- Astrocytes in ALS lesions demonstrate altered morphology and gene expression patterns that correlate with a reactive state. (biolegend.com)
- In addition to phenotypic changes, astrocytes in SOD1-ALS models show other features, such as ubiquitinated SOD1 species reflecting defective proteostasis, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretion of TGF-β1 , which prevents neuroprotective functions of microglia and T cells. (biolegend.com)
- Recent data show that when astrocyte intermediate filaments are genetically ablated in mice, reactive gliosis is attenuated and the course of several CNS pathologies is altered, while the signs of CNS regeneration become more prominent. (gu.se)
- Particularly, GFAP expression, often used as a reliable astrocyte marker, is not always expressed by astrocytes and is more common to reactive and white matter astrocytes. (novusbio.com)
- Nevertheless, ECM molecules expressed by reactive astrocytes are also known to act mostly in an inhibitory fashion under pathophysiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- Because astrocytes also respond to all forms of CNS injury or disease, there is growing interest in how reactive astrogliosis might alter astrocyte functions and thereby affect neural functions. (wingsforlife.com)
- Reactive astrocytes are associated with every form of neurological injury. (jci.org)
- Because many features of astrocyte development are recapitulated in reactive astrocytes, we investigated the role of nuclear factor I-A (NFIA), a key transcriptional regulator of astrocyte development whose contributions to reactive astrocytes remain undefined. (jci.org)
- Here, we show that NFIA is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes in human neurological injury and identify unique roles across distinct injury states and regions of the CNS. (jci.org)
- In the cortex, after ischemic stroke, NFIA is required for the production of reactive astrocytes from the subventricular zone (SVZ). (jci.org)
- Together, these studies uncover critical roles for NFIA in reactive astrocytes and illustrate how region- and injury-specific factors dictate the spectrum of reactive astrocyte responses. (jci.org)
- Normally the astrocytes remain "quiescent," but following insult through injury or disease, they become reactive and can either reduce or exacerbate the damage to the neural tissue ( 9 ). (mcponline.org)
- Astrocytes respond to injury by becoming "reactive" or "gliotic", a complex cellular response whose functional significance is still poorly understood. (labome.org)
- For instance, reactive astrocytes release neurotrophins essential for neuronal survival and repair, and are also responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory molecules (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, NO etc) growth-inhibitory molecules detrimental to functional recovery. (labome.org)
- Many of the processes occurring in reactive astrocytes are regulated by NF-kB, a key modulator of inflammation and secondary injury. (labome.org)
- This leads us to hypothesize that reactive astrocytes significantly contribute to disease progression and development of chronic neurological deficits in EAE and MS. This hypothesis will be tested in the four specific aims outlined below. (labome.org)
- After contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), astrocytes become reactive and form a glial scar. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Interestingly, IL-6 also promotes axon regeneration, and therefore its induction in reactive astrocytes may improve regeneration after SCI. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications of mitochondria-targeted reactive oxygen species generation in astrocytes. (biomedsearch.com)
- This review summarizes briefly our previous observations using fluorescent probes coupled with laser scanning digital imaging microscopy to visualize spatio-temporal alteration of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) generation in intact astrocytes. (biomedsearch.com)
- In HD, astrocytes change and become reactive. (bmj.com)
- To understand the roles of reactive astrocytes in HD, we have developed viral vectors that infect selectively astrocytes in vivo and either block or induce reactivity, through manipulation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. (bmj.com)
- In these two models, we found that reactive astrocytes decrease the number and size of mHtt aggregates. (bmj.com)
- How can reactive astrocytes reduce the aggregation of mHtt within neurons? (bmj.com)
- We performed whole-genome transcriptomic analysis of acutely sorted reactive astrocytes to identify genes regulated by the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in astrocytes. (bmj.com)
- We found an enrichment in genes linked to autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome systems, suggesting that reactive astrocytes have an enhanced capacity for protein degradation and could siphon mHtt away from neurons. (bmj.com)
- Moreover, we identified several chaperones upregulated in reactive astrocytes. (bmj.com)
- Reactive astrocytes are not only defective cells as usually reported, but also acquire enhanced capacities to promote mHtt clearance, which has strong therapeutic relevance for HD. (bmj.com)
- Treatment of astrocytes with ACT, IL-1beta, or S100beta resulted in glial activation, as assessed by reactive morphology, upregulation of IL-1beta, and production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide. (prohealth.com)
Neuronal38
- 2015) use neuronal conversion of astrocytes to dissect transcriptional mechanisms of fate determination and identify circuits that mediate cellular identity. (nih.gov)
- Transcriptional Mechanisms of Proneural Factors and REST in Regulating Neuronal Reprogramming of Astrocytes. (nih.gov)
- This glial regulatory pathway is endogenously activated by neuronal activity-dependent stimulation of purinergic P2Y1 receptors on the astrocytes. (nih.gov)
- In adult mice, tail vein injection of AAV9-GFP leads to robust transduction of astrocytes throughout the entire CNS, with limited neuronal transduction. (nature.com)
- Thus, leptin signaling in astrocytes in the region of the brain that controls appetite is necessary for the neuronal response to hormones that signal satiety or hunger. (sciencemag.org)
- Studies in rodents show that non-neuronal cells are part of information processing, and our study suggests that astrocytes are part of the higher cognitive functioning that defines who we are as humans. (innovations-report.com)
- Astrocytes are diverse in morphology and molecular makeup ( 1 , 2 ), potentially enabling them to provide for the varying needs of their diverse neuronal counterparts ( 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
- 4 ) reveal that neuronal signals drive the molecular programs of astrocytes even during adult stages of life. (sciencemag.org)
- The group has now shown that so-called non-neuronal astrocytes in the respiratory center of the brainstem secrete this molecule. (news-medical.net)
- Astrocytic gap junctions allow glutamate, for instance, to be absorbed in an area of high neuronal activity, and then to be diffused to other astrocytes to prevent a potentially toxic build-up. (lww.com)
- In culture, this oligonucleotide induced the differentiation of mouse or human astrocytes into cells that expressed typical neuronal markers, and that differentiated into different kinds of neurons. (alzforum.org)
- Cleveland reported at Keystone that one month after injection, 80 percent of red cells expressed neuronal, not astrocyte, markers. (alzforum.org)
- A team of Chinese researchers has found evidence that a type of brain cell called astrocyte does take part in normal physiological activities and development and also helps maintain stability of the neuronal environment. (medindia.net)
- There is evidence that under the normal circumstances, astrocytes participate in normal physiological activities and development, maintain neuronal environment, and exhibit therapeutic and repairing effects on brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. (eurekalert.org)
- Functionally, astrocytes play a role in neurotransmitter clearance, ion homeostasis and in the regulation of synapse number, thereby modulating neuronal activity through different mechanisms. (novusbio.com)
- One week later, the changes in morphology of astrocytes were detectable, which showed typical neuronal characteristics. (bio-medicine.org)
- Astrocytes, a prominent glial cell in the brain, play a significant role in maintaining the structure and integrity of neural tissue and in facilitating excitatory neurotransmission, therefore, any breakdown in the structure or function of astrocytes could disrupt neuronal signaling and disturb brain function. (umich.edu)
- Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the brain, play critical roles in supporting neuronal development and brain function. (aacrjournals.org)
- Our study seeks to understand how misfolded protein switches astrocytes at a molecular level, and then in turn, how the altered astrocyte behavior affects neuronal function and survival. (michaeljfox.org)
- In the next stage, such targets would need to be modified genetically or chemically to see if that prevents the change in the astrocyte, and the resulting effect on neuronal survival. (michaeljfox.org)
- Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop from a multipotent stem cell that prior to this has produced primarily neuronal precursor cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Underappreciated and conceptualized as the passive supporting cells in their immediate vicinity in the CNS, astrocytes are emerging as the rising stars as studies begin to recognize that astrocytes function not only as neuronal guardians, but may play substantial roles in signaling within the CNS. (nih.gov)
- Astrocytes, previously thought to be unimportant in neuronal transmission, have recently been implicated in long-term modulation of neuronal synapses. (rupress.org)
- With emerging technologies, we have entered a new era of understanding how astrocytes participate in and modulate neuronal activity from the subcellular to mesoscale levels. (frontiersin.org)
- In particular, we have yet to fully understand: 1) how physiologically and molecularly heterogeneous are astrocytes, 2) how uniform or variable the astrocyte effects are on neurons at various synapses and circuits throughout the CNS, and 3) under what conditions and by what mechanisms do astrocytes modulate neuronal activity? (frontiersin.org)
- We call for papers (primary research articles, reviews, commentaries, technique reports) on the topic, with an emphasis on the role of astrocytes in neuronal plasticity and in population neuronal activity over time. (frontiersin.org)
- A team at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) discovered a new cellular mechanism involved in the long-term stabilization of neuron connections, in which non-neuronal cells, called astrocytes, play a role unidentified until now. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- They are surrounded by non-neuronal cells, or glial cells, which include the distinctively star-shaped astrocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- By increasing neuronal activity through whiskers stimulation of adult mice, the scientists were able to observe, in both the somatosensory cortex and the hippocampus, that this increased neuronal activity provokes an increase in astrocytes movements around synapses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Thus, the bioenergetics and redox programs of astrocytes are adapted to sustain neuronal activity and survival. (ovid.com)
- The astrocyte-neuronal lactate shuttle (ANLS) explains the energy needs of neurotransmission. (ovid.com)
- By coupling glutamatergic activity with transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes, astrocytes provide neurons with neuroprotective glutathione through an astrocyte-neuronal glutathione shuttle (ANGS). (ovid.com)
- Astrocytes, a class of non-neuronal cells, have previously been implicated in depression and suicide. (healthcanal.com)
- Astrocytes surround neurons, and their star-shaped "processes" closely associate with synapses enabling astrocytes to effectively regulate neuronal synaptic function. (dana.org)
- First they will compare the astrocytes' physical processes and interactions with neuronal synapses, using "3-D serial block face scanning electron microscopy. (dana.org)
- Next, they will examine where astrocyte transporters are located in relation to neuronal synapses, using "high resolution array tomography immunostaining. (dana.org)
- They anticipate that alterations in the proximity of astrocyte processes to synapses, or the number of crucial proteins on astrocyte processes at synapses, will negatively impact neuronal communication and network function in the mouse models. (dana.org)
- Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and have important roles in brain development by regulating neuronal synapse formation, function and plasticity. (dana.org)
Synapses24
- Allen NJ, Bennett ML, Foo LC, Wang GX, Chakraborty C, Smith SJ, Barres BA (2012) Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors. (springer.com)
- Researchers from the Institute Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy (in collaboration with colleagues in INSERM U 862 at the University of Bordeaux) have found that individual star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes release a specific signalling molecule, called D-serine, which is essential for triggering the memory trace machinery in active synapses nearby. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty times larger than in rodent brains, and make contact with more than ten times more the number of synapses. (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (wikipedia.org)
- 6 ) showed that application of purified TSP-1, TSP-2, or astrocyte-conditioned medium was sufficient to increase the number of synapses in retinal ganglion cells and that these synapses were presynaptically active. (pnas.org)
- Here we show that glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes of the rat hippocampal dentate molecular layer enhances synaptic strength at excitatory synapses between perforant path afferents and granule cells. (nih.gov)
- For instance, astrocytes may express voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors that are coactivated at synapses and then participate in removing potentially toxic excitatory amino acids from synapses by high-affinity transporters ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
- Researchers believe that part of the reason why synapses disappear in neurodegenerative disease is that astrocytes and microglia reactivate synaptic pruning programs that had been dormant since development. (alzforum.org)
- Schematic representation of a 'tripartite synapse', which refers to the localization of astrocytes in the proximity of synapses. (biolegend.com)
- The researchers compared the ability of the different subpopulations of astrocytes to support the formation and function of synapses between neurons. (medindia.net)
- While oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells mainly function as myelin producing cells ensheathing the axon in the central and PNS, the astrocytes have long been thought to have a structural function, providing energy, detoxifying the synapses, and building up the blood-brain barrier, rather than an active role in neurotransmission ( Kettenmann and Verkhratsky, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Dans le cerveau, les astrocytes sont les cellules gliales les plus abondantes et elles jouent divers rôles, y compris le maintien des synapses tripartites et la régulation du débit sanguin cérébral (DSC). (umontreal.ca)
- In the brain, astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells and play various roles including maintenance of tripartite synapses and regulation of CBF. (umontreal.ca)
- A new study shows that cocaine use in mice leads to the formation of synapses by an unexpected architect: a type of cell called astrocytes. (brightsurf.com)
- In this study, Yan Dong, professor of Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, and the study's senior author, said: "We demonstrate that astrocytes respond to cocaine experience by promoting the formation of new synapses. (brightsurf.com)
- So astrocytes help to maintain and regulate synapses , and thus, the way our brain cells communicate with one another. (study.com)
- The synapses, surrounded by astrocytes, re-organise their architecture, which protects them and increases their longevity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In summary, the more the astrocytes surround the synapses, the longer the synapses last, thus allowing learning to leave a mark on memory," explained Yann Bernardinelli, the lead author on this study. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This study identifies a new, two-way interaction between neurons and astrocytes, in which the learning process regulates the structural plasticity of astrocytes, who in turn determine the fate of the synapses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- They contact most other cell types in the CNS, and the processes of a single astrocyte can envelop as many as 140,000 synapses. (europa.eu)
- The investigators hypothesize that both in Rett's syndrome and Fragile X syndrome, as well as in other forms of ASD, there are common alterations in the astrocytes' functioning that adversely affect their regulatory interactions with nerve cells that are forming synapses (communication junctions) with one another in the developing brain. (dana.org)
- Additionally, astrocyte "transporters" prevent unintended activation of neighboring synapses by taking up excess neurotransmitter. (dana.org)
- In the mature brain astrocyte processes are closely associated with synapses. (dana.org)
- This association is important for synaptic function, for example astrocytes take up excess neurotransmitter via uptake transporters, and provide a physical barrier to limit activation of neighboring synapses by neurotransmitter spillover. (dana.org)
GFAP15
- Accordingly, acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family member 5 + /GFAP + , and serglycin + /GFAP + cells, characteristic of A1-astrocytes, were found in demyelinating lesions by immunofluorescence. (nature.com)
- It is noteworthy that different stimuli of astrocyte reactivity can lead to similar degrees of GFAP upregulation while causing substantially different changes in transcriptome profiles and cell function. (wingsforlife.com)
- Thus, it is not possible to equate simple and uniform measures such as cell hypertrophy and upregulation of GFAP expression with a single, uniform concept of astrocyte reactivity. (wingsforlife.com)
- Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and can be identified with markers such as EAAT1/Glast, EAAT2/GLT-1, ALDH1L1 , glutamine synthetase , S100β , and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ( GFAP ). (biolegend.com)
- GFAP is a member of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, and is specifically expressed in astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
- GFAP is also a major component of the "glial scar", an astrocyte rich structure that can inhibit nerve fiber regeneration following damage in the central nervous system. (biolegend.com)
- GFAP is the principal astrocyte intermediate filament protein and dominant mutations in the GFAP gene have been shown to lead to Alexander disease, a fatal neurodegenerative condition in humans. (gu.se)
- I found that the intermediate-filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a component of the astrocyte cytoskeleton, was significantly altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia. (umich.edu)
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been shown to be up-regulated with astrocyte activation ( 23 ), and is associated with an increase in cell surface molecules important to cell-cell interactions, as well as cell adhesion substrates, cytokines, and growth factors ( 8 , 17 , 24 ). (mcponline.org)
- Based on the analysis of postmortem brain samples from the Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank, it demonstrates that the expression of the astrocyte-specific marker GFAP, which is significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides compared to that of healthy controls, is normal in other cortical areas that are not traditionally associated with depression, such as the visual cortex. (healthcanal.com)
- Further differentiation of the APCs yields an enriched population of astrocytes with more than 90% GFAP expression (hES-AS). (rutgers.edu)
- The studies outlined in this proposal are designed to investigate the role of astroglial NF-kB in the pathophysiology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), taking advantage of a transgenic mouse model generated in our laboratory (GFAP-IkBa-dn mice) where NF-kB is functionally inactivated in cells expressing GFAP, such as astrocytes and non-myelinating Schwann cells. (labome.org)
- While the results generated in our transgenic mice are very promising, the studies in Aim 1 will compare our GFAP-IkBa-dn mice to two additional mouse lines (described below) to confirm that the results obtained so far in our experimental model are uniquely associated with the astrocyte-specific inhibition of the NF-kB pathway. (labome.org)
- Fittingly, the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the intermediate filament protein that has been the standard marker for astrocytes in both basic and clinical studies, has. (springer.com)
- Astrocytes were filled with Lucifer Yellow (green) and Alexa 568 (red), and sections were immunostained with antibodies to the astroglial-specific cytoskeletal protein, GFAP (blue). (cellimagelibrary.org)
Neurons and astrocytes5
- This reciprocal signaling between neurons and astrocytes (gliotransmission) is still a novel concept, and its physiological relevance remains debated in the field. (europa.eu)
- and (3) networks of coupled neurons and astrocytes whereby synaptic connections between neurons are spatially and temporally modulated by astrocytes. (europa.eu)
- Murine brain tumors do not necessarily originate from neural stem cells but can arise from mature neurons and astrocytes. (sciencemag.org)
- The first part of my talk will focus on glutamate homeostasis, shuttling the metabolites between neurons and astrocytes, and glutamate metabolism in astrocytes. (hstalks.com)
- The second part of my talk will be on how astrocytes are involved in energy metabolism, as lactate transferred between neurons and astrocytes, and glycogen. (hstalks.com)
Suggests that astrocytes5
- A collaborative study published in Nature Communications suggests that astrocytes can do far more than simply support nerve cells (neurons). (medicalnewstoday.com)
- But the new study suggests that astrocytes may play a more important role than their numbers indicate. (lww.com)
- But in people with ALS , growing evidence suggests that astrocytes turn against these motor neurons by triggering inflammation , injury and ultimately death. (als.net)
- However, increasing evidence suggests that astrocytes may also actively participate in brain function through functional interactions with neurons. (jove.com)
- Research suggests that astrocytes can produce both advantageous and deleterious effects. (dana.org)
Microglia12
- Similar to microglia, astrocytes are highly sensitive to alterations in their microenvironment, and undergo morphological changes and alter their gene expression profile to upregulate expression and secretion of a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, in response to CNS injury. (biolegend.com)
- Both TF and PARs are widely expressed within the CNS, with TF expressed predominantly by astrocytes and PARs expressed in multiple cell types including astrocytes, neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes [1-4]. (rti.org)
- A variety of CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases can activate microglia and cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines and complement proteins that support A1 astrocyte differentiation. (biolegend.com)
- BioLegend provides several neuroscience-focused reagents for the reliable detection of complement proteins and astrocyte and microglia markers. (biolegend.com)
- However, in a group of neurodegenerative diseases named tauopathies-characterized by an increase in aggregated and/or hyperphosphorylated Tau-the protein accumulates inside other cells, such as astrocytes and microglia. (csic.es)
- Here we studied whether monomeric Tau, which has been observed to be internalized by glial cells such as microglia, was also taken up by astrocytes. (csic.es)
- In recent years, however, a significant body of evidence has been compiled indicating the contribution of various cell populations within the central nervous system (CNS), such as microglia and astrocytes, to the development and progression of the disease. (labome.org)
- A prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is an abundance of activated glia (astrocytes and microglia) in close proximity to the amyloid plaques. (prohealth.com)
- At the cellular level, neurons, microglia, astrocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells are the first affected by the ischemic conditions and their responses to massive cell death in neighboring tissue initiates the precisely timed arrival of successive subsets of leukocytes - first neutrophils, followed by monocytes, macrophages and finally T cels. (mdbiosciences.com)
- We will break down the involvement of the various cells in this post-stroke neuroinflammatory environment, starting with microglia and astrocytes. (mdbiosciences.com)
- Like microglia, astrocytes also proliferate and differentiate in response to stroke and begin to produce pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators as well as contribute to the loss of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. (mdbiosciences.com)
- Like microglia, astrocyte activity appears to be initially damaging and later protective. (mdbiosciences.com)
Protoplasmic astrocytes6
- Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system. (britannica.com)
- The team also found that the most abundant type of astrocyte, protoplasmic astrocytes, are approximately 2.6 times larger than their rodent counterparts, and that the human cells have about 10 times as many "processes," or structures designed to connect to other cells. (innovations-report.com)
- They are divided into protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes based on their morphologies and anatomical locations. (nih.gov)
- Protoplasmic astrocytes are mainly found in the gray matter of the nervous system. (study.com)
- The two main types of astrocytes are the ones found in the white matter, called fibrous astrocytes , and the ones found in the gray matter, the protoplasmic astrocytes . (study.com)
- Intracellular dye injections of protoplasmic astrocytes from the CA1 region of hippocampus of a 1-week old rat reveals highly ramified spongiform processes that span territories with minimal overlap. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Brain99
- Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron = star and cyte from Greek "kytos" = cavity but also means cell ), also known collectively as astroglia , are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord . (wikipedia.org)
- The proportion of astrocytes in the brain is not well defined. (wikipedia.org)
- Bowman, C.L. and Kimelberg, H.K., Pharmacological properties of the norepinephrine-induced depolarization of astrocytes in primary culture: Evidence for the involvement of an a1-adrenergic receptor, Brain Res . (springer.com)
- Chen, Y., McNeill, J.R., Hajek, I. and Hertz, L., Effect of vasopressin on brain swelling at the cellular level-do astrocytes exhibit a furosemide-vasopressin-sensitive mechanism for volume regulation? (springer.com)
- As this concept is changing, so is also the perceived role of astrocytes in the healthy and diseased brain and spinal cord. (springer.com)
- Recent in vivo studies have provided exciting new insight into astrocyte physiology in the intact healthy brain. (nih.gov)
- Astrocytes, once thought little more than passive, structurally supportive brain cells, are increasingly recognized as having a range of important properties and functions, such as the ability to release chemical messengers and signal to other cells. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- Astrocytes help form the physical structure of the brain, and are thought to play a number of active roles, including the secretion or absorption of neural transmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. (wikipedia.org)
- Stem cell researchers have discovered that astrocytes may prove useful against stroke and other brain disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Astrocytes - neural cells that form the blood-brain barrier and so control what can and cannot enter the brain from the blood supply - have previously been overlooked in this area of stroke research. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This exciting research uncovers the brain-protective powers of stem cell-derived astrocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Astrocytes may help to limit the spread of damage after an ischemic brain stroke in patients, and may also help to regenerate and repair damaged brain cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The UC Davis team faced an immediate challenge, however - there was little existing understanding on which specific types of astrocyte might have therapeutic potential in brain disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Researchers used three groups of rats with ischemic brain injuries to compare the effects of Olig2PC-Astros, another type of astrocyte called NPC-Astros, and no treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Cell cultures were also used to measure what protection the astrocytes could provide to neurons against the oxidative stress that contributes to brain injury following stroke. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Figure 5: Intravenous injection of AAV9 leads to widespread predominant astrocyte transduction in the spinal cord and brain of adult mice. (nature.com)
- What this cocktail does when injected into the brain is it hijacks the astrocytes into behaving like new neurons. (lifeboat.com)
- Another important detail is that there are 10 times more astrocytes in the brain than neurons. (lifeboat.com)
- This global perspective in the normal brain also provides a framework for how astrocytes may participate in the pathogenesis of common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, and primary brain tumors. (pnas.org)
- These important efforts have focused on specialized aspects of early glial differentiation and as such have yielded limited information on the diverse roles of astrocytes in normal brain. (pnas.org)
- Astrocytes play diverse roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction, and the connections that the astrocyte makes with other cells of the brain are essential for a variety of important neural tasks. (routledge.com)
- Bringing together contributions from international experts at the top of their field, Astrocytes: Wiring the Brain emphasizes cellular connections and surveys the most current findings on astrocyte activity. (routledge.com)
- Scientists at the University of Rochester Medical Center found that human astrocytes, cells that were long thought simply to support flashier brain cells known as neurons that send electrical signals, are bigger, faster, and much more complex than those in mice and rats. (innovations-report.com)
- There aren't many differences known between the rodent brain and the human brain, but we are finding striking differences in the astrocytes. (innovations-report.com)
- Oberheim and co-authors discovered a previously unknown form of the cell, a varicose projection astrocyte, in the human brain but not in the rodent brain. (innovations-report.com)
- It may be that humans have a much higher brain capacity in large part because our astrocytes are more sophisticated and have more complex processing power," added Nedergaard, who spoke last week at a Gordon Research Conference on glial biology. (innovations-report.com)
- Astrocytes had long been considered passive support cells, a means to hold the rest of the brain cells together, like glue. (innovations-report.com)
- It turns out that astrocytes, which are 10 times as plentiful as neurons, had been pushed to the boundaries of neuroscience because of a gap in the tools used to study the brain. (innovations-report.com)
- Astrocytes are now acknowledged as active participants in brain function and sensory processing. (innovations-report.com)
- This challenges the idea that astrocyte function is hardwired during development and provides a new mechanism for cellular plasticity in the adult brain. (sciencemag.org)
- However, few studies have looked at how astrocytes change in the healthy aging brain. (alzforum.org)
- In the February 7 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers led by Laura Clarke and the late Ben Barres at Stanford University School of Medicine reported that astrocytes in the aged mouse brain resembled the neuroinflammatory, lethal "A1" variety previously identified by the same lab ( Jan 2017 news ). (alzforum.org)
- Two studies of astrocytes in aging mouse brain report similar results. (alzforum.org)
- Glial cells in the brain, including astrocytes, are the first responders to most types of stress, and thus it is important to characterize how they may change their properties with age," she wrote (see full comment below). (alzforum.org)
- In the brain, astrocytes supply most of the cholesterol, which is known to fall during aging, Allen noted. (alzforum.org)
- We study astrocytes, a type of brain glial cells that play key supporting roles for neurons. (cea.fr)
- Given the importance of astrocytes for brain homeostasis, any change in their functions may have major effects on neuron survival. (cea.fr)
- Star-shaped cells called astrocytes are much more than simple support cells in the brain. (news-medical.net)
- Astrocytes were once viewed just as a kind of glue that holds everything in place in the brain. (news-medical.net)
- Astrocytes also play a key role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier. (lww.com)
- In cell culture, Dr. Eugenin showed, infection of only a small percentage of astrocytes caused a disruption of the blood-brain barrier, increasing its permeability to molecules normally excluded, including large proteins, and leading to apoptosis of endothelial cells. (lww.com)
- Astrocytes are devoted nurturers of neurons-facilitating synaptic transmission, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, and repairing injuries are but a few of their ministrations. (alzforum.org)
- At the joint symposia Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities, and Neural Environment in Disease: Glial Responses and Neuroinflammation, held June 16-21 in Keystone, Colorado, Don Cleveland of the University of California, San Diego, reported on an experimental protocol whereby dialing down expression of a single gene transformed astrocytes into dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the mouse brain. (alzforum.org)
- Perhaps only by converting to neurons could astrocytes-forever the wallflowers of brain research-spark this much excitement at a neurodegeneration meeting. (alzforum.org)
- At Keystone, Cleveland presented the results of his collaboration with Fu, which took the logical, if ambitious, next step of sparking the conversion of astrocytes into neurons within the brain. (alzforum.org)
- Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type residing in the brain, accounting for 20- 40% of all glial cells. (biolegend.com)
- In addition, astrocytes help maintain brain blood barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability by projecting astrocytic endfeet to encircle and cover endothelial cells of the blood vessels. (biolegend.com)
- The emergence of astrocytes during brain tumor progression in a mouse model marked the onset of seizures and brain tumor invasion. (medindia.net)
- Astrocytes play diverse roles in the brain, from supporting the functions of neurons, participating in synapse formation and function and in the release of neurotransmitters, to making the blood-brain barrier and other functions. (medindia.net)
- Taken together, these results revealed that astrocytes in the normal mouse brain comprise at least five distinct subpopulations that differentially support synapse formation and function. (medindia.net)
- One of the interests of the Deneen lab is identifying mechanisms that regulate astrocyte development and how these cells contribute to neurological diseases, in particular human glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive and deadly type of brain tumor. (medindia.net)
- In these type of cancer, about 80 percent of the tumor comprises transformed astrocyte-like cells, and, just as in the case of normal brain tissue, the diversity of these tumor cell subpopulations and functions in brain tumors had not been studied in detail. (medindia.net)
- I studied structural and functional molecules in astrocytes to determine 1) whether astrocytes are themselves globally compromised in schizophrenia, and 2) whether abnormal expression of glutamatergic molecules in astrocytes could be a contributing factor to brain dysfunction in this illness. (umich.edu)
- Although astrocytes have been frequently detected in brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MB), their functions in tumorigenesis are not clear. (aacrjournals.org)
- Astrocytes are specialized glial cells, distributed ubiquitously throughout the brain, that play essential roles in microcirculation, provision of energy metabolites to neurons, and homeostasis maintenance of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters ( 1, 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- In addition, astrocytes release numerous growth factors and cytokines that potentially provide a supportive microenvironment for brain tumor growth and metastasis. (aacrjournals.org)
- However far more abundant than neurons in the human brain are a type of cell called astrocytes, which are supportive cells to neurons but also play a key role in orchestrating the brain's response to environmental stimuli such as infections or injury. (michaeljfox.org)
- Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of neurotransmitters and ions. (frontiersin.org)
- 1994). Although there are few known differences between cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, it has been reported that astrocytes from different regions of the brain show a differential sensitivity to ischemic injury (Xu et al. (thermofisher.com)
- Glia, a diverse class of brain support cells that includes astrocytes, were once thought of as the "glue" that holds neurons together, without a significant role in cognition or memory. (brightsurf.com)
- Glia, in particular astrocytes, are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the brain. (nih.gov)
- We are keen to receive submissions on astrocyte functions pertaining to circuits in specific physiological systems towards the overall goal of highlighting shared principles and heterogeneity of astrocyte-neuron interactions across different brain regions. (frontiersin.org)
- Astrocytes (red) supply life's essentials to neighboring neurons (green) in the rat brain. (als.net)
- One other major function astrocytes are involved in is playing a role in the blood brain barrier , or BBB. (study.com)
- Exactly what role astrocytes play in this barrier isn't entirely clear but they seem to help form and maintain the blood brain barrier. (study.com)
- In the spinal cord, after white matter injury (WMI), NFIA-deficient astrocytes exhibit defects in blood-brain barrier remodeling, which are correlated with the suppression of timely remyelination. (jci.org)
- Abbott NJ (2002) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions and blood-brain barrier permeability. (springer.com)
- In a series of experiments, Andersen and her colleagues show that the chemical can also trigger cellular senescence in human astrocytes in culture, an abundant type of glial cell in the brain. (the-scientist.com)
- Astrocytes (red) show increased levels of senescence in postmortem brain samples from Parkinson's disease patients. (the-scientist.com)
- depression -like behavior, an increased number of activated astrocytes and decreased levels of mature brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and astrocytic p75NTR in the hippocampus. (bioportfolio.com)
- This research provides evidence that networks of astrocytes are altered specifically in areas of the brain associated with mood regulation. (healthcanal.com)
- In addition, in describing the existence of new subtypes of astrocyte, this study reveals features specific to the human brain. (healthcanal.com)
- The diversity and functional and morphological complexity of cortical astrocytes in humans, as well as their involvement in normal and pathological brain function, have only recently begun to be recognized. (healthcanal.com)
- On the surface of our numerous star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes, they have found the molecule LRP4 is important in ensuring healthy levels of a brain chemical that enables learning and memory, said Dr. Lin Mei, chairman of the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Neuroscience. (neurosciencenews.com)
- It was known that astrocytes could regulate or modulate brain cell communication by adjusting levels of glutamate. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Astrocytes are the most common of a type of brain cell called glial cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
- In fact, astrocytes account for about half of all the cells in the brain, Mei said. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Furthermore, the main energy reserve of the brain is glycogen, which is almost exclusively localized in astrocytes of the adult brain. (europa.eu)
- The main aim of the project PIOF-GA-2012-331486 "Neuron-Astro-Nets" was to seek theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that control and regulate the activity of mixed neuron-glial networks with emphasis on the regulation of synaptic transmission by astrocytes - the most numerous glial cells in the brain. (europa.eu)
- In adult brain, ADK is primarily present in astrocytes. (uva.nl)
- The production of certain brain cells, called astrocytes, thought to be an impediment to healing may actually be needed to staunch bleeding and foster repair after a stroke or head trauma, according to researchers at Duke Medicine. (tbilaw.com)
- Astrocytes, which can be produced from stem cells in the brain after injury, migrate to the site of the damage, where they are much more effective in promoting recovery than previously thought, Duke said. (tbilaw.com)
- The brain somehow knows this, so we believe that's why it produces these unique astrocytes in response to injury. (tbilaw.com)
- Although glial cells are important for maintaining the normal function of neurons in the brain, the increased production of astrocytes from neural stem cell has been considered an unwanted byproduct, causing more harm than good. (tbilaw.com)
- Proliferating astrocytes secrete proteins that can induce tissue inflammation and undergo gene mutations that can lead to aggressive brain tumors. (tbilaw.com)
- Significantly, the Duke team found they are different from astrocytes produced in most other regions of the brain. (tbilaw.com)
- When the production of these astrocytes in the subventricular niche was experimentally blocked after a brain injury, hemorrhaging occurred around the injured areas and the region did not heal. (tbilaw.com)
- Brain edema, due largely to astrocyte swelling, and the subsequent increase in intracranial pressure and brain herniation, are major complications of acute liver failure (ALF). (mdpi.com)
- Elevated level of brain ammonia has been strongly implicated in the development of astrocyte swelling associated with ALF. (mdpi.com)
- Selective HO-1 overexpression in astrocytes reduces mortality, blood-brain barrier disruption, perihematomal cell injury, and neurological deficits in an autologous blood injection intracerebral hemorrhage model. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- How might brain "astrocytes" alter nerve cell connections and contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder? (dana.org)
- This cellular imaging study in animal models will explore whether two genetically determined forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have similar deleterious alterations in star-shaped cells, called "astrocytes," that adversely affect brain development. (dana.org)
- More recent research indicates that defects occur as well in other types of cells in the brain, including astrocytes. (dana.org)
- While there are billions of nerve cells in the brain, there are even more astrocytes. (dana.org)
- In the developing brain, astrocytes have a key role in regulating nerve cells' functions. (dana.org)
- If astrocytes are altered, however, they may adversely affect brain development. (dana.org)
- Phil Haydon's group at Tufts University School of Medicine have focused on astrocytes, a lesser known type of brain cell, as an alternative path to understanding and treating diseases affecting brain cells. (healthcanal.com)
- Astrocytes are central in the maintenance of particularly glutamate homeostasis in the brain, but they are also essential players in brain energy metabolism. (hstalks.com)
Oligodendrocytes6
- The vertebrate CNS is comprised of three predominant cell types (neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes) that are thought to arise from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). (pnas.org)
- Glial cells include primarily oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the PNS. (frontiersin.org)
- A1 astrocytes have also been shown to induce the death of both neurons and oligodendrocytes. (biolegend.com)
- Astrocytes (green) and oligodendrocytes (red) derived from rat neural stem cells in culture. (wellcomecollection.org)
- This strategy has proved difficult, because in addition to making neurons, neural stem cells also produce astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, known as glial cells," according to the release. (tbilaw.com)
- A nagging question has been that if these roles are as critical as assumed, why have genetic diseases of astrocyte dysfunction not been identified to take their place next to those due to defects in neurons and oligodendrocytes? (springer.com)
Cells50
- The blue material shows DNA visualized with DAPI stain, and reveals the nuclei of the astrocyte and other cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Astrocytes are a sub-type of glial cells in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
- Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium of the developing central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- A , two-photon fluorescence images of cells in layer 2 of rat neocortex, stained using the cell-permeant green fluorescent calcium indicator Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 acetoxymethyl ester (OGB-1-AM) (left) and the red fluorescent astrocyte marker Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) (center). (nih.gov)
- Dr. Wenbin Deng said astrocytes had often been considered just "housekeeping" cells that merely support nerve cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The UC Davis team decided to use a transcription factor protein called Olig2 to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into astrocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Jan Nolta, director of the UC Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures, commented: "Dr. Deng's team has shown that this new method for deriving astrocytes from embryonic stem cells creates a cell population that is more pure and functionally superior to the standard method for astrocyte derivation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- 7 ) reported that after ischemia, increased levels of TSP-1 were localized in astrocytes and endothelial cells near blood vessels. (pnas.org)
- One important detail about astrocyte cells is that they can survive after a stroke while regular neurons die. (lifeboat.com)
- While it remains speculative as to how closely the cells resemble normal neurons, around 80 to 90 per cent of the astrocytes started to resemble neurons and even mimicked their behavior by electrical signals the same way regular neurons do. (lifeboat.com)
- Historically, astrocytes have been viewed as a homogenous population of cells functioning to provide passive support by supply of essential substrates and removal of toxic metabolites. (pnas.org)
- So Nedergaard devised a new way to "listen" for astrocyte activity, developing a sophisticated laser system to look at their activity by measuring the amount of calcium inside the cells. (innovations-report.com)
- Dogma is slow to change, and one of the dogmas of neuroscience is that astrocytes are support cells that don't do much themselves," said Oberheim. (innovations-report.com)
- First author Matthew Boisvert in Allen's group instead used a ribosomal tag expressed only in astrocytes to selectively isolate these cells' RNA from the brains of 4-month-old and 2-year-old mice. (alzforum.org)
- While most of the astrocytes seemed not to participate in rhythm generation, some of them formed their own functional network in the respiratory center, displaying rhythmic activity similar to the nerve cells. (news-medical.net)
- These astrocytes integrated with the nerve cells, influencing their activity and consequently respiration. (news-medical.net)
- The finding spotlights a group of cells that, until recently, were thought to be "uninteresting" for understanding neuroAIDS, since so few astrocytes are infected with the virus. (lww.com)
- Fu lab postdoc Hao Qian and colleagues' expression system glowed red in infected astrocytes, and remained red even if the cells converted into neurons. (alzforum.org)
- In animals injected with a control virus expressing a nonspecific shRNA along with the red fluorescent protein, the marked cells remained astrocytes. (alzforum.org)
- Furthermore, the function of astrocytes in the maintenance of the BBB has significant implications during inflammation as dysfunction of astrocytes may lead to BBB disruption and favor the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and molecules into the CNS. (biolegend.com)
- Therefore, the authors considered that caspase-dependent apoptosis is an obstacle to the differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells into astrocytes and inhibiting apoptosis may be an important strategy for increasing the efficiency of induction. (medindia.net)
- Although astrocytes are often broadly categorized as one cell type, a lot of diversity exists in the functions carried out by these cells," said co-senior author Dr. Chad Creighton, associate professor of medicine and member of the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics at Baylor. (medindia.net)
- The researchers took populations of mouse astrocytes, which until now have been considered to be a cell type with little diversity, and used molecular markers expressed on the cells' surface to divide the cells into subpopulations according to the cell surface markers expressed. (medindia.net)
- Astrocytes are the most ubiquitous and diverse of the glial cells, being both functionally and molecularly diverse. (novusbio.com)
- Moreover, β-tubulin expression levels were significantly higher in astrocytes expressing Mash1 than in control cells. (bio-medicine.org)
- I examined the expression of molecular markers of astrocytes as a measure of the integrity of these cells in schizophrenia. (umich.edu)
- Mechanical stimulation of astrocyte somata evoked Ca 2+ waves that propagated through both astrocytes and Müller cells. (jneurosci.org)
- Octanol (0.5 m m ), which blocks coupling between astrocytes and Müller cells, did not reduce propagation into Müller cells. (jneurosci.org)
- Waves are propagated through astrocytes principally by diffusion of an internal messenger, whereas waves are propagated from astrocytes to Müller cells and from Müller cells to other Müller cells primarily by the release of ATP. (jneurosci.org)
- In the retina, Ca 2+ waves propagated through astrocytes and Müller cells, the principal retinal glial cell ( Newman, 2001 ), can either excite or inhibit the light-evoked spike activity of nearby neurons ( Newman and Zahs, 1998 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Astrocytes were the cells most affected by sEH deletion, and hyperoxia increased astrocyte apoptosis. (jci.org)
- Methods Human primary astrocytes as well as human astrocytoma cells were stimulated with FTY-P or S1P. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Our preliminary work has suggested that astrocytes, once activated by alpha-synuclein become toxic to nerve cells. (michaeljfox.org)
- The FGF signaling pathway is an important extracellular regulator in the fate of neural stem cells switching from neurons to astrocytes in the cerebral cortex. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Glial cells and radial astrocytes might control the decision to give up swimming against the current in Zebrafish. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Yet, here we see that supporting cells called astrocytes play a critical role in a lasting effect of repeated cocaine exposure. (brightsurf.com)
- To investigate the synapse formation, the researchers bred transgenic mice in which they could visualize calcium signals, which astrocytes use to communicate with other cells. (brightsurf.com)
- Astrocytes account for the majority of the cells in the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
- Astrocytes are largest class of glial cells, and are morphologically and physiologically adapted to play an integral part of central nervous system (CNS) activity. (frontiersin.org)
- Then, when the nerve cells need it, astrocytes can release various nutrients that can be used by the nerve cells for the production of energy. (study.com)
- Astrocytes are literally star-shaped cells of the nervous system. (study.com)
- H ) NFIA-deficient astrocytes exhibited decreased TEER electrical resistance when cocultured with endothelial cells. (jci.org)
- Aronica E, Gorter JA, Ijlst-Keizers H, Rozemuller AJ, Yankaya B, Leenstra S, Troost D (2003b) Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins. (springer.com)
- The senescence caused by paraquat led the astrocytes to secrete certain proteins-including pro-inflammatory factors-capable of damaging dopaminergic cells, the main neurons that die in Parkinson's disease. (the-scientist.com)
- We know that astrocytes, and other cells, are sensitive to mechanical stretch, and that the viability of retinal ganglion cells depend on normal astrocyte function ( 24 , 45 - 48 ). (mcponline.org)
- We developed a good manufacturing practice-grade protocol for generation of astrocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (rutgers.edu)
- The first stage of our protocol is derivation of astrocyte progenitor cells (APCs) from hESCs. (rutgers.edu)
- In its study of mice, the Duke team made a discovery about the astrocytes produced from stem cells after injury. (tbilaw.com)
- Agonist stimulation of [ 3 H]arginine to [ 3 H]citrulline conversion is enhanced by dexamethasone in astrocytes but not in cerebellar granule cells. (wiley.com)
Types of astrocytes6
- When exposed to hydrogen peroxide, both types of astrocytes provided some protection but the Olig2PC-Astros showed greater antioxidant effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This suggests the presence of different types of astrocytes and a diverse distribution of them in the brainstem. (news-medical.net)
- Two types of astrocytes are currently recognized, although morphological studies suggest a greater diversity. (novusbio.com)
- You'll learn what the two main types of astrocytes are and the many functions of astrocytes in general. (study.com)
- Let's find out more about the different types of astrocytes and what they do. (study.com)
- There are two main types of astrocytes. (study.com)
Mice17
- During investigations of calcium signaling in astrocytes in living mice, Kuchibhotla et al . (sciencemag.org)
- In AD model mice that developed cortical plaques, calcium waves were observed to propagate throughout the network of structurally interconnected astrocytes. (sciencemag.org)
- K. V. Kuchibhotla, C. R. Lattarulo, B. T. Hyman, B. J. Bacskai, Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice. (sciencemag.org)
- The hope is that the cocktail will cause the astrocytes to behave as neurons and help the mice recover. (lifeboat.com)
- created mice with knockout of the leptin receptor in astrocytes of adults and investigated the effects in the hypothalamic circuits involved in the regulation of eating and compared them with control mice. (sciencemag.org)
- Coverage and direct contacts between the astrocytes and neurons in the hypothalamus of the knockout mice, including the POMC and AgRP neurons involved in the regulation of feeding, were reduced. (sciencemag.org)
- The mice astrocytes were labeled with a fluorescent molecule, and contained a receptor that the researchers could stimulate in order to activate them. (news-medical.net)
- Furthermore, astrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1 mice and sporadic ALS patients, have elevated levels of the gap junction protein, connexin 43 , leading to increased intracellular calcium levels and toxicity in motor neurons. (biolegend.com)
- Therapeutic intravitreal administration of 19,20-DHDP not only suppressed astrocyte loss, but also reduced pathological vascular tuft formation in sEH-/- mice. (jci.org)
- In mice genetically engineered to carry human stuttering mutations, vocalization defects are derived from abnormalities in astrocytes in the corpus callosum. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Both hippocampal injection of BDNF and overexpression of p75NTR in astrocytes alleviated Pg-induced depression-like behavior in mice. (bioportfolio.com)
- 3- Third, combining these tools with in vivo electrophysiology, we found that activating Gq GPCR calcium (Ca2+) signaling in astrocytes of the visual cortex in awake mice does not statistically modify cortical synaptic transmission. (europa.eu)
- We used these vectors to modulate astrocyte reactivity in two complementary mouse models of HD [knock-in Hdh140 mice and lentivirus-mediated expression of a fragment of mutated Huntingtin (mHtt) in striatal neurons]. (bmj.com)
- To identify the extent of astrocytes' alterations and of their physical interactions with neurons in Rett's syndrome and Fragile X syndrome, the investigators will use two types of cellular imaging in mouse models of these disorders and compare them to findings in healthy mice. (dana.org)
- The study in mice, by neuroscientists at Tufts University School of Medicine, determined that astrocytes play a critical role in the spread of damage following stroke. (healthcanal.com)
- The research team compared two sets of mice: a control group with normal astrocyte signaling levels and a group whose signaling was weakened enough to be made protective rather than destructive. (healthcanal.com)
- Mice with altered astrocyte signaling had limited damage after the stroke," said first author Dustin Hines, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow in the department of neuroscience at Tufts University School of Medicine. (healthcanal.com)
Vitro10
- Here, we use a stringent experimental strategy to molecularly define the astrocyte lineage by integrating microarray datasets across several in vitro model systems of astrocyte differentiation, primary astrocyte cultures, and various astrocyterich CNS structures. (pnas.org)
- To date, precise genetic analyses of the astrocyte in normal physiology and disease processes have been limited to in vitro studies by using specific glial differentiation model systems ( 10 - 12 ). (pnas.org)
- Characterization of glycosaminoglycans produced by primary astrocytes in vitro. (biomedsearch.com)
- De plus, des agonistes cholinergiques ou glutamatergiques qui ont la capacité d'augmenter la concentration de Ca2+ intracellulaire peuvent induire une production du NO in vitro et ex vivo dans les astrocytes, qui est supprimée en présence de l'inhibiteur de NOS non sélectif, L-NG -Nitro-arginine. (umontreal.ca)
- G ) Schematic overview of in vitro endothelial/astrocyte barrier assay. (jci.org)
- Additionally, we aimed to evaluate possible functional modulations of inflammatory pathways using in vitro astrocyte cultures. (uva.nl)
- In vitro, hES-AS possess the activities of functional healthy astrocytes, including glutamate uptake, promotion of axon outgrowth and protection of MNs from oxidative stress. (rutgers.edu)
- In addition, in vitro experiments in human astrocyte cultures showed that ADK expression was increased by several proinflammatory molecules (interleukin-1β and lipopolysaccharide). (uva.nl)
- Moreover, in vitro data suggest the existence of an additional layer of modulatory crosstalk between the astrocyte-based adenosine cycle and inflammation. (uva.nl)
- In previous studies, HO-1 overexpression protected astrocytes from heme-mediated injury in vitro. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Neuroscience3
- [3] Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research within the field of neuroscience . (wikipedia.org)
- Only 5 percent of astrocytes become infected with HIV, according to Eliseo Eugenin, PhD, assistant professor of pathology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York, who was the lead researcher on the study published June 29 in The Journal of Neuroscience . (lww.com)
- Astrocytes in Health and Neurodegenerative Disease: A joint Biochemical Society/British Neuroscience Association Focused Meeting held at Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, U.K., 28-29 April 2014. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Synapse9
- These studies indicate the importance of TSPs in synapse formation during development and in remodeling after CNS injury, but little is known about factors that induce expression and secretion of TSPs from astrocytes. (pnas.org)
- In this figure, glutamate released by neurons is cleared from the synapse and recycled in astrocytes to generate glutamine, which is the essential component of glutamate production at the nerve terminals. (biolegend.com)
- This relation allows the astrocyte to listen to and feed back to the synapse and to regulate synaptic transmission. (aps.org)
- We hypothesize that the feedback regulation of the astrocyte onto the presynaptic terminal {\it optimizes} the fidelity of the synapse in terms of information transmission. (aps.org)
- In the laboratory, we combined individual subpopulation of astrocytes with neurons and measured synapse formation and function," said Deneen. (medindia.net)
- Within the tripartite synapse, the astrocytes owe more and more importance. (frontiersin.org)
- The data showed that astrocyte signaling was required for the cocaine-induced synapse formation. (brightsurf.com)
- For instance, astrocyte processes serve as a physical barrier to limit the amount of neurotransmission at the synapse. (dana.org)
- Substantial evidence now demonstrates that astrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses also influence pathology development, synapse health and neurodegeneration in AD. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Plasticity6
- Astrocytes respond to a hormone that signals satiety to control synaptic plasticity of neurons that regulate eating. (sciencemag.org)
- The aim of the study was to characterize astrocyte plasticity during the course of CDV-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis by the aid of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and gene expression analysis. (nature.com)
- However, the functional relevance of astrocyte plasticity in canine distemper remains to be determined. (nature.com)
- Virus-mediated expression of a SOCS3 in astrocytes in an AD mouse model (3xTg) blunts astrocyte reaction and restores synaptic long term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity. (cea.fr)
- However, while it's likely that most pro-BDNF gets degraded inside astrocytes, say the authors, some gets recycled and re-released, suggesting that astrocytes in fact fine-tune synaptic plasticity. (rupress.org)
- Additionally, using conventional pharmacological approaches, it has been suggested that activation of astrocyte Gq GPCRs can lead astrocytes to send signals to neurons by release of various transmitters (glutamate, adenosine, D-serine) to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. (europa.eu)
Taken up by astrocytes2
- By fluorescent immunohistochemistry they showed that that neurons indeed secrete both mature and pro-BDNF, but that a large amount of the pro-BDNF is immediately taken up by astrocytes. (rupress.org)
- During neurotransmission, synaptic cleft glutamate activates its receptors in neurons and in astrocytes, before being taken up by astrocytes through energy costly transporters. (ovid.com)
Release from astrocytes1
- Neurotransmission-associated messengers, such as nitric oxide or ammonium, stimulate lactate release from astrocytes. (ovid.com)
Protein18
- As evidence of this, astrocytes express protein components of the vesicular secretory apparatus, including synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin, and SNAP-23. (nih.gov)
- Astrocytes express both P2Y and P2X receptors ( 13 - 18 ), and these receptors are coupled to protein kinase cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B/Akt ( 14 , 15 , 19 , 20 ), that mediate gene expression ( 21 , 22 ). (pnas.org)
- In this study, we show that extracellular ATP, through the activation of P2Y 4 receptors, stimulates TSP-1 expression and release in astrocytes and that this nucleotide-induced increase is mediated by protein kinase signaling pathways. (pnas.org)
- Silencing the RNA-binding protein PTB converted astrocytes into neurons within the mouse striatum. (alzforum.org)
- Markers for mature astrocytes include aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (Aldh1L1) , aldolase C (AldoC) , glutamate transporter-1 (Glt1) , S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100b) and Aquaporin 4 . (novusbio.com)
- In rescue experiments, 19,20-DHDP prevented astrocyte loss by targeting the mitochondrial membrane to prevent the hyperoxia-induced dissociation of presenilin-1 and presenilin-1-associated protein to attenuate poly ADP-ribose polymerase activation and mitochondrial DNA damage. (jci.org)
- In Parkinson's disease, astrocytes and neurons are exposed to a highly specific stimulus, that is, clumps of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein. (michaeljfox.org)
- We will apply the misfolded protein to the pure astrocytes and pure neurons separately, and then additionally test the effect of misfolded protein when the astrocytes and neurons are cultured together. (michaeljfox.org)
- In this regard, especially the matrix protein Tenascin C (Tnc) proved to be an important regulator of astrocyte precursor cell proliferation and migration during spinal cord development. (frontiersin.org)
- A - D ) Deletion of NFIA from astrocytes resulted in an increase in the presence of albumin ( A versus C ) and a decrease in the expression of the astrocyte endfeet protein Aqp4 ( B versus D .) Graphs in E and F are derived from 4 animals per genotype, and quantification involved 8 sections per animal. (jci.org)
- Additional factors contributing to the glycolytic frame of astrocytes may include 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), pyruvate kinase muscle isoform-2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4), lactate dehydrogenase-B, or monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4). (ovid.com)
- The pathways included transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor, caspase 3, and tumor protein p53, which have all been implicated in the activation of astrocytes and are believed to play a role in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. (mcponline.org)
- To have these stem cell-made astrocytes express a unique protein that Cagla understands more than anyone else, it's just a wonderful example of scientific serendipity and collaboration. (tbilaw.com)
- Recently, oxidative/nitrosative stress and associated signaling events, including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), have been implicated in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. (mdpi.com)
- Since these signaling events are known to be regulated by the transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), we examined the state of STAT3 activation in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes, and determined whether altered STAT3 activation and/or protein expression contribute to the ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. (mdpi.com)
- Total STAT3 protein level was also reduced in ammonia-treated astrocytes. (mdpi.com)
- We also found a significant increase in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type-1 (PTPRT-1) protein expression in ammonia-treated cultured astrocytes, and that inhibition of PTPRT-1 enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3 after ammonia treatment. (mdpi.com)
- Additionally, exposure of cultured astrocytes to inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases diminished the ammonia-induced cell swelling, while cultured astrocytes over-expressing STAT3 showed a reduction in the astrocyte swelling induced by ammonia. (mdpi.com)
Morphological3
- Additionally, astrocytes possess vesicular organelles, the essential morphological elements required for regulated Ca(2+)-dependent transmitter release. (nih.gov)
- Adding EGF at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL can increase proliferation, but may result in morphological and phenotypic changes in human astrocytes. (thermofisher.com)
- Astrocyte reactivity is characterized by morphological changes but its functional impact is still unclear. (bmj.com)
Morphology1
- Maturation of astrocyte morphology and the establishment of astrocyte domains during postnatal hippocampal development. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Role for astrocytes3
- A role for astrocytes in learning and memory? (ucl.ac.uk)
- discovered a role for astrocytes in AD. (sciencemag.org)
- These findings demonstrate an indispensable role for astrocytes in MB tumorigenesis and reveal a novel Ptch1-independent Shh pathway involved in MB progression. (aacrjournals.org)
Molecular6
- Annotation of these astrocyte-specific genes provides direct molecular documentation of the diverse physiological roles of the astrocyte lineage. (pnas.org)
- In contrast, there is a more limited molecular understanding of the development and diversity of the astrocyte lineage. (pnas.org)
- Thus, the challenge remains to develop a comprehensive molecular profile of the astrocyte lineage that reflects its apparent developmental complexity, its full range of physiological capacities, and its lineage heterogeneity. (pnas.org)
- In this study, we have defined the mature astrocyte on the molecular level through an exhaustive and integrated transcriptional analysis of many distinct astrocyte-rich cultures and CNS tissues by using standard and nonstandard bioinformatic approaches. (pnas.org)
- A detailed molecular and functional map of astrocytes and astrocyte-neuron interactions will generate potential targets for therapy. (michaeljfox.org)
- Using primary cultures of rat astrocytes we delineated the molecular mechanisms that regulate IL-6 expression and secretion. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Disruption2
- There is a growing support for the concept of astrocytopathies in which the disruption of normal astrocyte functions, astrodegeneration or dysfunctional/maladaptive astrogliosis are the primary cause or the main factor in neurological dysfunction and disease. (springer.com)
- A new study published by the team of Naguib Mechawar, Ph.D., a researcher with the McGill Group for Suicide Studies (MGSS) of the Douglas Institute (CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Île de Montréal) and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, sheds new light on the disruption of astrocytes in depression. (healthcanal.com)
Roles3
- This review describes the multiple roles of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, discusses the diversity of astroglial responses in neurological disorders and argues that targeting astrocytes may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for Alexander disease, neurotrauma, stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. (springer.com)
- Astrocytes are by far the most numerous cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) and have critical roles in adult CNS homeostasis. (thermofisher.com)
- This volume documents the multiple roles astrocytes perform in the normal development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). (springer.com)
Spinal cord1
- and astrocytes are central to conditions like stroke, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, and spinal cord injury. (innovations-report.com)
Glia3
- Depending on the counting technique used, studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region and ranges from 20% to 40% of all glia . (wikipedia.org)
- To unravel the complexity of neuron-astrocyte interactions, the project pursued a bottom-up approach to characterize the dynamics of neuron-glia networks on different scales of investigation. (europa.eu)
- These results suggest that certain proteins produced by activated glia may contribute to the chronic glial activation seen in AD through their ability to stimulate astrocytes directly or through their ability to modulate Abeta-induced activation. (prohealth.com)
Pathway4
- To enable this, astrocytes are constitutively glycolytic, robustly expressing 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is negligibly present in neurons by continuous degradation because of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway via anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC)-Cdh1. (ovid.com)
- Activation of these pathways in astrocytes occurs when the PI3K-mTOR-AKT pathway is inhibited. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- To induce IL-6 secretion in astrocytes, we used torin2 and rapamycin to block the PI3K-mTOR pathway and increase cytosolic calcium, respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Inhibition of a SNARE-Sensitive Pathway in Astrocytes Attenuates Damage following Stroke. (healthcanal.com)
Primary astrocytes1
- cAMP analogues such as dibutyryl cAMP (dBcAMP) have been shown to induce the formation of processes in cultured primary astrocytes. (rupress.org)
Modulate astrocyte1
- Consistent with this notion is the increasing evidence that cytokines and inflammatory mediators modulate astrocyte signaling not only to influence immune and inflammatory activities in the CNS, but also to influence synaptic and neural functions in ways that may affect complex behaviors such as sickness behavior, pain, appetite, sleep, and mood. (wingsforlife.com)
Cortical astrocytes1
- Treatment of primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes with extracellular ATP caused an increase in TSP-1 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and was inhibited by antagonists of P2 and P1 purinergic receptors. (pnas.org)
Differentiation3
- After astrocyte specification has occurred in the developing CNS, it is believed that astrocyte precursors migrate to their final positions within the nervous system before the process of terminal differentiation occurs. (wikipedia.org)
- Besides the functional aspects the differentiation of astrocytes has gained a more intensive focus. (frontiersin.org)
- Deeper knowledge of the differentiation processes during development of the central nervous system might help explaining and even help treating neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, and psychiatric disorders in which astrocytes have been shown to play a role. (frontiersin.org)
Secrete2
- Astrocytes lose their homeostatic function in ALS and secrete cytotoxic factors detrimental to motor neurons' health. (biolegend.com)
- Tumor-associated astrocytes (TAA) secrete the ligand sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is required for maintaining MB cell proliferation despite the absence of its primary receptor Patched-1 (Ptch1). (aacrjournals.org)
Marker2
- A , two-photon fluorescence image of astrocytes (green) and blood vessels (red) in rat neocortex, stained using the astrocyte-specific marker SR101 and tail-vein injection of FITC-labelled dextran, respectively. (nih.gov)
- This webpage covers a background summary of astrocytes, highlights an important astrocytic marker, and the contribution of astrocytes to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (biolegend.com)
Blood vessels2
- Well, the central nervous system has pipes of its own, blood vessels, and the astrocytes help regulate the flow of blood through these vessels. (study.com)
- Astrocytes are the cell type of interest in this study as they are the major glial cell within the optic nerve head (ONH), providing a supportive role to the surrounding axons, while communicating with connective tissues and surrounding blood vessels ( 8 ). (mcponline.org)
Neurodegenerative5
- This approach may enable the development of gene therapies for a range of neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy, through targeting of motor neurons, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, through targeting of astrocytes. (nature.com)
- Dysregulation of these and other putative astrocyte functions have been variously implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous developmental, genetic, idiopathic, and acquired neurodegenerative diseases ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
- This mechanism indicates that astrocytes apparently play an important role in the processes of learning and memory, which present abnormally in various neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases, among which Alzheimer's, autism , or Fragile X syndrome. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In all these processes, in MS as well as in many other neurodegenerative diseases, astrocytes have been demonstrated to play an active role. (labome.org)
- An increased understanding of interactions between astrocytes and neurons under different conditions is required for the development of safe and effective astrocyte-based therapies for AD and related neurodegenerative diseases. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Abundant2
- The astrocyte represents the most abundant yet least understood cell type of the CNS. (pnas.org)
- Within the CNS astrocytes are the most abundant cell type. (nature.com)
Cultures2
- Using astrocyte cell cultures, we determined functional characteristics of several targets that are deregulated in cortical tubers and our data suggest that miRNAs might be of therapeutic value in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in TSC. (uva.nl)
- We examined the ability of these proteins to activate rat cortical astrocyte cultures and to influence the ability of Abeta to activate astrocytes. (prohealth.com)
Reactivity3
- PD patients' astrocytes manifest several hallmarks of the disease, these include: (1) increased production of alpha-synuclein, (2) increased reactivity upon inflammatory stimulation, (3) increased astrocytic Ca2+ levels, (4) mtDNA maintenance defects and (5) metabolomic changes. (eurekalert.org)
- Instead, it is necessary to recognize the considerable potential for heterogeneity and determine the functional implications of astrocyte reactivity in a context specific manner as regulated by specific signaling events. (wingsforlife.com)
- Understanding the way, or mechanism, by which astrocytes become toxic would provide a new strategy for treatment of Parkinson's disease based on preventing the reactivity of the astrocytes and thereby protecting neurons. (michaeljfox.org)
Metabolism2
- Hertz, L. and Schousboe, A., Role of astrocytes in compartmentation of amino acid and energy metabolism. (springer.com)
- The title of my talk is 'Energy and Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Astrocytes. (hstalks.com)
Transcriptional1
- Furthermore, neural activity is coupled with erythroid-derived erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) mediated transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes in astrocytes, which boost the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in neighbor neurons. (ovid.com)
Therapeutic3
- In short, the team's quest for a sufficiently pure astrocyte had, by serendipity, also led them to isolate a previously unknown astrocyte with particularly therapeutic properties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Thus, while plaques may affect neurons locally, they have a more global effect on the network of astrocytes, hinting to possibilities for therapeutic interventions. (sciencemag.org)
- These mROS-targeted strategies for either enhancement or prevention of mitochondrial oxidative stress in astrocytes may provide new insights for future development of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of cancer such as astrocytomas and gliomas and astrocyte-associated neurodegeneration, mitochondrial diseases and aging. (biomedsearch.com)
Heterogeneity1
- What accounts for and maintains astrocyte heterogeneity are only beginning to be explored. (sciencemag.org)
Neurotransmitter4
- Astrocytes have many important functions, some of which include neurotransmitter uptake and release, modulation of synaptic transmission, and nervous system repair. (biolegend.com)
- We combine a tested mathematical model for the Ca$^{2+}$ response of the synaptic astrocyte and presynaptic feedback with a detailed model for vesicle release of neurotransmitter at active zones. (aps.org)
- Astrocytes normally provide energy, neurotrophic and neurogenic factors, neurotransmitter precursors and anti-oxidant defense to neurons. (mdbiosciences.com)
- The current study determines that decreasing astrocyte signals limits damage caused by stroke by regulating the neurotransmitter pathways after an ischemic stroke. (healthcanal.com)
Astrocytic2
- These findings suggest that astrocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and that astrocytic molecules involved in cytoskeletal integrity and glutamatergic function are compromised in this illness. (umich.edu)
- Despite continuing advances in understanding astrocyte function within the CNS, little is known as to the impact of drugs of abuse on the structural organization and functional information encoded within astrocytic networks. (nih.gov)
Regulate2
- Summary: The molecule LRP4 on the surface of astrocytes helps to regulate glutamate levels, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
- In fact, regulating ATP levels is one way astrocytes help regulate the level of neurotransmitters, Mei said. (neurosciencenews.com)
Induces4
- Fingolimod induces neuroprotective factors in human astrocytes. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Porphyromonas gingivalis induces depression via downregulating p75NTR-mediated BDNF maturation in astrocytes. (bioportfolio.com)
- We found that activation of both tools induces mobilization of corresponding downstream signaling messengers, indicating that our pharmacogenetic tools are functional in astrocytes. (europa.eu)
- These data, taken together, suggest that treatment with torin2 and rapamycin induces IL-6 secretion by astrocytes and may contribute to the reduction of mechanical hypersensitivity after SCI. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Apoptosis1
- The application of such inflammatory media on only primary cultured cerebellar granule neurones resulted in significant apoptosis, but the presence of astrocytes largely prevented the effect. (wiley.com)
Induce4
- Astrocytes can release a variety of transmitters, including glutamate and ATP, in response to stimuli that induce increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. (nih.gov)
- The ability of Abeta to induce astrocyte activation was also enhanced in the presence of each of these three proteins. (prohealth.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate whether H1-antihistamines induce vacuolation in astrocytes and the mechanism involved. (ovid.com)
- These results indicated that H1-antihistamines induce V-ATPase-dependent acidic vacuole formation in astrocytes, and this is partly mediated by macroautophagy. (ovid.com)
Mechanisms4
- Prominent among astrocyte signaling mechanisms is the ability to respond to, as well as to produce, many different cytokines and inflammatory mediators. (wingsforlife.com)
- These signaling mechanisms enable astrocytes to interact with diverse cell types in ways that may contribute to crosstalk between immune/inflammatory and neural systems. (wingsforlife.com)
- 2019) Distinct Mechanisms for Visual and Motor-Related Astrocyte Responses in Mouse Visual Cortex. (news-medical.net)
- Our experiments will not only give insights into NF-kB signaling mechanisms, but also elucidate astrocyte responses under pathological conditions. (labome.org)
Fibrous5
- [4] Several forms of astrocytes exist in the central nervous system including fibrous (in white matter), protoplasmic (in grey matter), and radial . (wikipedia.org)
- Astrocytes can be subdivided into fibrous and protoplasmic types. (britannica.com)
- Fibrous astrocytes are prevalent among myelinated nerve fibres in the white matter of the central nervous system. (britannica.com)
- The first of them is known as the fibrous astrocyte. (study.com)
- Fibrous astrocytes are astrocytes that are mainly found in the white matter of the nervous system. (study.com)
Cytokines1
- Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis," FASEB Journal , vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 592-600, 1993. (hindawi.com)
Interactions with neurons2
- Recent evidence has shifted the focus on astrocytes from primarily a passive role involved in homeostasis to a more active role in a number of key physiological and pathological interactions with neurons ( 1 - 4 ). (pnas.org)
- Kuo said the finding was made possible by insights about astrocytes from Cagla Eroglu, whose laboratory next door to Kuo's conducts research on astrocyte interactions with neurons. (tbilaw.com)
Type of astrocyte1
- This approach generated a previously undiscovered type of astrocyte called Olig2PC-Astros - it was almost 100% pure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Star-shaped3
- Astrocyte , star-shaped cell that is a type of neuroglia found in the nervous system in both invertebrates and vertebrates . (britannica.com)
- The main processes exit the cell in a radial direction (hence the name astrocyte , meaning "star-shaped cell"), forming expansions and end feet at the surfaces of vascular capillaries . (britannica.com)
- Astrocyte means a star-shaped cell. (study.com)
Processes2
- When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The astrocytes were filled using a 0.5 Hz pulses of current until all of the processes were brightly fluorescent. (cellimagelibrary.org)