Astrocytes
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Cells, Cultured
Neuroglia
Gliosis
Neurons
Brain
Oligodendroglia
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
Cerebral Cortex
Glutamic Acid
Microglia
Aquaporin 4
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1
Immunohistochemistry
Hippocampus
S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
Coculture Techniques
Cell Communication
Spinal Cord
Calcium Signaling
Mice, Transgenic
Optic Nerve
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Rats, Wistar
Central Nervous System
Astrocytoma
Signal Transduction
RNA, Messenger
Gap Junctions
Connexin 43
Cell Differentiation
S100 Proteins
Calcium
Mice, Knockout
Gene Expression Regulation
Culture Media, Conditioned
Neural Stem Cells
Disease Models, Animal
Blotting, Western
Stem Cells
Blood-Brain Barrier
Glioma
Up-Regulation
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Cerebellum
Vimentin
Cell Death
Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (1/6371)
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine in the caudate putamen. Dopamine replacement with levodopa, a precursor of the neurotransmitter, is presently the most common treatment for this disease. However, in an effort to obtain better therapeutic results, tissue or cells that synthesize catecholamines have been grafted into experimental animals and human patients. In this paper, we present a novel technique to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the host's own astrocytes. This procedure uses a transgene in which the expression of a TH cDNA is under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, which confers astrocyte-specific expression and also increases its activity in response to brain injury. The method was tested in a rat model of Parkinson's disease produced by lesioning the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Following microinjection of the transgene into the denervated striatum as a DNA-liposome complex, expression of the transgene was detected by RT-PCR and TH protein was observed specifically in astrocytes by using double-labeling immunofluorescence for GFAP and TH coupled with laser confocal microscopy. Efficacy was demonstrated by significant behavioral recovery, as assessed by a decrease in the pharmacologically induced turning behavior generated by the unilateral denervation of the rat striatum. These results suggest this is a valuable technique to express molecules of therapeutic interest in the brain. (+info)Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (2/6371)
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site. (+info)Early induction of angiogenetic signals in gliomas of GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. (3/6371)
Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain tumor, is characterized by extensive vascular proliferation. We previously showed that transgenic mice expressing a GFAP-v-src fusion gene in astrocytes develop low-grade astrocytomas that progressively evolve into hypervascularized glioblastomas. Here, we examined whether tumor progression triggers angiogenetic signals. We found abundant transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neoplastic astrocytes at surprisingly early stages of tumorigenesis. VEGF and v-src expression patterns were not identical, suggesting that VEGF activation was not only dependent on v-src. Late-stage gliomas showed perinecrotic VEGF up-regulation similarly to human glioblastoma. Expression patterns of the endothelial angiogenic receptors flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2 were similar to those described in human gliomas, but flt-1 was expressed also in neoplastic astrocytes, suggesting an autocrine role in tumor growth. In crossbreeding experiments, hemizygous ablation of the tumor suppressor genes Rb and p53 had no significant effect on the expression of VEGF, flt-1, flk-1, tie-1, and tie-2. Therefore, expression of angiogenic signals is an early event during progression of GFAP-v-src tumors and precedes hypervascularization. Given the close similarities in the progression pattern between GFAP-v-src and human gliomas, the present results suggest that these mice may provide a useful tool for antiangiogenic therapy research. (+info)Expression of neuropeptide Y receptors mRNA and protein in human brain vessels and cerebromicrovascular cells in culture. (4/6371)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been suggested as an important regulator of CBF. However, except for the presence of Y1 receptors in large cerebral arteries, little is known about its possible sites of action on brain vessels. In this study, we sought to identify the NPY receptors present in the human cerebrovascular bed. Specific Y1 receptor binding sites, localized on the smooth muscle of human pial vessels and potently competed by NPY, polypeptide YY (PYY), and the selective Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226, were identified by quantitative radioautography of the Y1 radioligand [125I]-[Leu31, Pro34]-PYY. In contrast, no specific binding of the Y2-([125I]-PYY3-36) and Y4/Y5-(125I-human pancreatic polypeptide [hPP]) radioligands could be detected. By in situ hybridization, expression of Y1 receptor mRNA was restricted to the smooth muscle layer of pial vessels, whereas no specific signals were detected for either Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors. Similarly, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA for Y1 but not Y2, Y4, or Y5 receptors was consistently detected in isolated human pial vessels, intracortical microvessels, and capillaries. In human brain microvascular cells in culture, PCR products for the Y1 receptors were exclusively found in the smooth muscle cells. In cultures of human brain astrocytes, a cell type that associates intimately with brain microvessels, PCR products for Y1, Y2, and Y4 but not Y5 receptors were identified. Finally, NPY significantly inhibited the forskolin-induced cAMP production in smooth muscle but not in endothelial cell cultures. We conclude that smooth muscle Y1 receptors are the primary if not exclusive NPY receptors associated with human brain extraparenchymal and intraparenchymal blood vessels, where they most likely mediate cerebral vasoconstriction. (+info)Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (5/6371)
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the beta-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1alpha and IL-1beta to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5'-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5'-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5'-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD. (+info)Micronucleus test using cultured new born rat astrocytes. (6/6371)
Micronuclei is induced in cytoplasm as a consequence of the formation of chromosomal fragments or remaining chromosomes during cell division by the cause of clastogens or spindle poisons, and is used as an indicator of genotoxicity screening tests. There are few short-term genotoxicity screening tests using brain cells. We attempted to establish a new in vitro micronucleus test (MN test) system by use of central nervous system cells. Primary cultured astrocytes were prepared from newborn male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In growth curve of astrocytes, doubling time was determined to be 31 h. In time study, the highest frequency of micronuclei was observed at 48 h, 72 h and 6 h-exposure-66 h-recovery by vincristine (VCR), mitomycin C (MMC) without metabolic activation system and cyclophosphamide (CPM) with metabolic activation system, respectively. Dose-response relationships between micronucleus frequency and concentrations of MMC, VCR and CPM were observed, respectively. It is suggested that the in vitro MN test using new born rat-astrocytes could be used as a screening test of environmental and occupational genotoxic chemicals in the central nervous system cells. (+info)Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (7/6371)
The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA. (+info)Carbamazepine-induced upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors in astrocyte cultures affects coupling to the phosphoinositol signaling pathway. (8/6371)
The anticonvulsant and antibipolar drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is known to act as a specific antagonist at adenosine A1-receptors. After a 3-week application of CBZ, A1-receptors are upregulated in the rat brain. We have investigated the consequences of this upregulation for the A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in primary astrocyte cultures from different regions of the rat brain. CBZ treatment for 10 days had no effect on adenosine A1-receptor mRNA expression in cultures with high basal A1-receptor mRNA levels, but increased A1-receptor mRNA in cultures exhibiting low basal A1-receptor mRNA levels. This upregulation of A1-receptor mRNA was accompanied by an upregulation or induction of A1-receptor-mediated potentiation of PLC activity, a property that was not found in these cultures before CBZ treatment. Thus, CBZ treatment for 10 days induces a new quality of adenosine A1-receptor-mediated signal transduction in cells that express low basal A1-receptor numbers. (+info)Gliosis is made up of glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons. When neural tissue is damaged, glial cells proliferate and form a scar-like tissue to fill in the gap and repair the damage. This scar tissue can be made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or microglia, depending on the type of injury and the location of the damage.
Gliosis can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the brain. On one hand, it can help to prevent further damage by providing a physical barrier against invading substances and protecting the surrounding neural tissue. It can also promote healing by bringing in immune cells and growth factors that aid in the repair process.
On the other hand, gliosis can also have negative effects on brain function. The scar tissue can disrupt normal communication between neurons, leading to impaired cognitive and motor function. In addition, if the scar tissue is too extensive or severe, it can compress or displaces surrounding neural tissue, leading to long-term neurological deficits or even death.
There are several ways to diagnose gliosis, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and histopathology. Treatment options for gliosis depend on the underlying cause of the condition and can include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.
In summary, gliosis is a type of scar tissue that forms in the brain and spinal cord as a result of damage to neural tissue. It can have both beneficial and harmful effects on brain function, and diagnosis and treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition.
There are several subtypes of astrocytoma, including:
1. Low-grade astrocytoma: These tumors grow slowly and are less aggressive. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
2. High-grade astrocytoma: These tumors grow more quickly and are more aggressive. They are often resistant to treatment and may recur after initial treatment.
3. Anaplastic astrocytoma: These are the most aggressive type of astrocytoma, growing rapidly and spreading to other parts of the brain.
4. Glioblastoma (GBM): This is the most common and deadliest type of primary brain cancer, accounting for 55% of all astrocytomas. It is highly aggressive and resistant to treatment, often recurring after initial surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
The symptoms of astrocytoma depend on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or behavior.
Astrocytomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.
The prognosis for astrocytoma varies based on the subtype and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. In general, low-grade astrocytomas have a better prognosis than high-grade tumors. However, even with treatment, the survival rate for astrocytoma is generally lower compared to other types of cancer.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are several types of gliomas, including:
1. Astrocytoma: This is the most common type of glioma, accounting for about 50% of all cases. It arises from the star-shaped cells called astrocytes that provide support and nutrients to the brain's nerve cells.
2. Oligodendroglioma: This type of glioma originates from the oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for producing the fatty substance called myelin that insulates the nerve fibers.
3. Glioblastoma (GBM): This is the most aggressive and malignant type of glioma, accounting for about 70% of all cases. It is fast-growing and often spreads to other parts of the brain.
4. Brain stem glioma: This type of glioma arises in the brain stem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
The symptoms of glioma depend on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality, memory, or speech.
Gliomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for glioma depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.
The prognosis for glioma patients varies depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with slow-growing, low-grade tumors, while those with fast-growing, high-grade tumors have a poorer prognosis. Overall, the 5-year survival rate for glioma patients is around 30-40%.
Astrocyte
Alzheimer type II astrocyte
Jacques Glowinski
Belimumab
David Holcman
Gliosis
GABRB2
Glial scar
Nervous tissue
George Alexander Gibson
Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis
Susan Margulies
Glomerulus (cerebellum)
Glioblast
Haemodynamic response
Neuropathic pain
Neuron
Gap junction
Nicola Allen
S100B
Myelin
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
Biochemical cascade
Ben Barres
Rage (emotion)
Cagla Eroglu
Brain healing
Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
Oncolytic adenovirus
Urotensin-II
Category:Astrocytes - Wikimedia Commons
Neuromodulators signal through astrocytes to alter neural circuit activity and behaviour | Nature
Astrocytes
Angiotensinogen and ACE2 Expression in Astrocytes of mRen2(27) Transgenic Rats
Do Astrocytes Play a Role in ADHD?
Adolescent Alcohol Activates Hippocampal Astrocytes in Adulthood | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
NIH VideoCast - Regulation of CNS inflammation by astrocytes
PA-16-144: Role of Astrocytes and Astrocytic Networks in Drug Abuse (R01)
Properties of regulated exocytosis and vesicle trafficking in astrocytes - VideoLectures.NET
How Astrocyte Cells Maintain Blain Plasticity With Age - ProHealth.com
Selective Dysfunction of Hippocampal CA1 Astrocytes Contributes to Delayed Neuronal Damage after Transient Forebrain Ischemia |...
NEURON-ASTROCYTE INTERACTIONS IN DEVELOPMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE
astrocyte Archives - Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences
Release: Astrocytes regulate signal speeds of neurons | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and...
Annexin-1 Mimetic Peptide Ac2-26 Suppresses Inflammatory Mediators in LPS-Induced Astrocytes and Ameliorates Pain...
Astrocytes May Play an Important Role in How the Brain Processes Information | CIT
CIL:40202, Mus musculus, astrocyte of the hippocampus. CIL. Dataset
μ Opioid Transactivation and Down-Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Astrocytes: Implications for Mitogen...
Morphometric analysis of astrocytes in brainstem respiratory regions | NIH Research Festival
ModelDB: Circadian rhythmicity shapes astrocyte morphology and neuronal function in CA1 (McCauley et al 2020)
astrocytes
astrocytes | NIH Intramural Research Program
Opposing retrograde and astrocyte-dependent endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms regulate lateral habenula synaptic...
Glaucoma: Activation of astrocytes
Hypoxic regulation of Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes and endothelial cells. - Oxford Vaccine Group
"Cortical astrocytes regulate the differentiation of cortical neural pr" by James R. Munoz
Astrocytes illuminate the night - TTK
Neurotechnology Landscape - astrocyte*
Gut microbiota metabolites differentially release gliotransmitters from the cultured human astrocytes: a preliminary report -...
A Functionally Defined In Vivo Astrocyte Population Identified by c-Fos Activation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis...
Neurons and astrocytes5
- Part of what has been learned in studying astrocytes is the importance of gliotransmitters such as glutamic acids (also an important neurotransmitter) and ATP in the communication between neurons and astrocytes. (newideas.net)
- 2020 [1], we identify cell-type specific structural and functional changes that occur with circadian rhythmicity in neurons and astrocytes in hippocampal area CA1. (yale.edu)
- These findings highlight important mechanisms through which neurons and astrocytes modify the molecular composition and structure of the synaptic environment, contribute to the local storage of information in the hippocampus and alter the temporal dynamics of cognitive processing. (yale.edu)
- Nervous system cells called radial glial cells (RGC) develop into neurons and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
- After 10 hours postmortem, neurons and astrocytes normally undergo cellular disintegration unless salvaged by the BrainEx system. (nih.gov)
Hippocampal5
- The researchers conclude that this aberrant hyperactivity by hippocampal astrocytes in adulthood may contribute to the enduring structural and functional abnormalities that are seen in the hippocampus following high-dose alcohol exposure during adolescence. (nih.gov)
- this study finds that in the adult brain's hippocampal CA1 region, astrocytes are the primary clean-up cell that controls synapse number and plasticity. (prohealth.com)
- Through this process, we show that, at least in the adult hippocampal CA1 region, astrocytes are the major player in eliminating synapses, and this astrocytic function is essential for controlling synapse number and plasticity," Chung said. (prohealth.com)
- We demonstrate, for the first time, differential responses of astrocytes from different hippocampal subregions to ischemia: generation of reactive oxygen species, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and uptake of glutamate. (jneurosci.org)
- Astrocytes change their proximity clustered excitatory synaptic inputs, ultimately shaping hippocampal-dependent learning in vivo. (yale.edu)
Neuronal10
- This new research has also found that by the astrocytes controlling potassium levels around them, the control neuronal activity levels and reduce the "noise" or "static" among the neurons so that they are more efficient. (newideas.net)
- Underappreciated and conceptualized as the passive supporting cells in their immediate vicinity in the CNS, astrocytes are emerging as the rising stars as studies begin to recognize that astrocytes function not only as neuronal guardians, but may play substantial roles in signaling within the CNS. (nih.gov)
- Using novel tools, we show that, for the first time, it is astrocytes and not microglia that constantly eliminate excessive and unnecessary adult excitatory synaptic connections in response to neuronal activity," Professor Chung said. (prohealth.com)
- Whether differential astrocyte vulnerability in ischemic injury contributes to CA1 neuronal death is uncertain. (jneurosci.org)
- We postulate that differences in astrocyte vulnerability or sensitivity to functional change are central to this regional neuronal loss. (jneurosci.org)
- We provide evidence that early loss of glutamate transport contributes to neuronal loss because induction of higher GLT-1 levels in astrocytes before ischemia reduces neuronal death in slice and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
- Astrocytes, the most plentiful and structurally complex glial cells of the central nervous system, are thought to play an important role in controlling the activities of neuronal networks, including respiratory rhythm-generating circuits of the preBotzinger complex (preBotC) located in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. (nih.gov)
- We hypothesize that morphological complexity of preBotC astrocytes reflects their functional role in providing structural/metabolic support and control of the neuronal network essential for breathing, as well as constraints imposed by arrangements of associated neurons and/or other local structural features of the brainstem parenchyma. (nih.gov)
- Taken together, the results indicate that adenosine plays a role of anti-excitatory toxicity effect in protection against neuronal death and the functional recovery of ischemic stroke mainly by targeting astrocytes , which are closely related to A2aR. (bvsalud.org)
- However, a major unresolved issue in neuroscience is how astrocytes integrate diverse neuronal signals under healthy conditions, modulate neural circuit structure and function at multiple temporal and spatial scales, and how aberrant excitation and molecular output influences sensorimotor behavior and contributes to disease. (nih.gov)
GFAP7
- Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and can be identified with markers such as EAAT1/Glast, EAAT2/GLT-1, ALDH1L1 , glutamine synthetase , S100β , and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ( GFAP ). (biolegend.com)
- GFAP is a member of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, and is specifically expressed in astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
- GFAP antibodies are widely used to detect reactive astrocytes which form part of this response, since reactive astrocytes stain much more strongly with GFAP antibodies than normal astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
- GFAP is also a major component of the "glial scar", an astrocyte rich structure that can inhibit nerve fiber regeneration following damage in the central nervous system. (biolegend.com)
- In rats subjected to transient forebrain ischemia, CA1 astrocytes lose glutamate transport activity and immunoreactivity for GFAP, S100β, and glutamate transporter GLT-1 within a few hours of reperfusion, but without astrocyte cell death. (jneurosci.org)
- Furthermore, we show that dramatic loss of GFAP immunoreactivity is not associated with astrocyte death. (jneurosci.org)
- These cells displayed astrocyte morphologies and expressed typical astrocyte markers such as GFAP, NF-IA, and S100-B. (nih.gov)
Hippocampus3
- CIL:40202, Mus musculus, astrocyte of the hippocampus. (cellimagelibrary.org)
- Single computed slice through a tomographic reconstruction of the cell body of a protoplasmic astrocyte in a 0.5 um thick section from the hippocampus of a 1 month old male mouse, imaged with intermediate voltage electron microscopy. (cellimagelibrary.org)
- Taken together, these data indicate that ventral midbrain astrocytes are physiologically distinct from astrocytes in cortex and hippocampus. (nih.gov)
Activation of astrocytes2
- Finally, Ac2-26 treatment reduced CFA-induced activation of astrocytes and production of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord. (iasp-pain.org)
- Additionally, 4-O-methylhonokiol prevented PS2 mutation-induced activation of astrocytes as well as production of TNF-α, IL-1β, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) in neurons. (nih.gov)
Properties of astrocytes2
- However, the structural properties of astrocytes in various brainstem regions are not known. (nih.gov)
- The summer project will focus on measuring stiffness of astrocytes in a cell culture model of the glial scar using AFM, and test the hypothesis that altering the mechanical properties of astrocytes will alter glial scar formation. (nih.gov)
Human astrocytes1
- The protocol included in this invention will permit increased in vitro use of human astrocytes for basic research, drug discovery, disease modeling, and cell therapy. (nih.gov)
Healthy astrocytes2
- They also determined that those mitochondria often came from healthy astrocytes, a process that had been seen before in the recovery from a stroke. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, we profiled the secretome of AxD-astrocytes under basal and "reactive" conditions and found that specific cytokines involved in innate immunity were not produced as compared to healthy astrocytes. (nih.gov)
Astrocytic6
- Astrocytic Ca 2+ signalling has been proposed to modulate neural circuit activity 4 , but the pathways that regulate these events are poorly defined and in vivo evidence linking changes in astrocyte Ca 2+ levels to alterations in neurotransmission or behaviour is limited. (nature.com)
- Selective disruption of Oct-TyrR or Wtrw expression in astrocytes blocked astrocytic Ca 2+ signalling and profoundly altered olfactory-driven chemotaxis and touch-induced startle responses. (nature.com)
- Our work identifies Oct-TyrR and Wtrw as key components of the astrocytic Ca 2+ signalling machinery, provides direct evidence that octopamine- and tyramine-based neuromodulation can be mediated by astrocytes, and demonstrates that astrocytes are essential for multiple sensory-driven behaviours in Drosophila . (nature.com)
- This webpage covers a background summary of astrocytes, highlights an important astrocytic marker, and the contribution of astrocytes to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (biolegend.com)
- In addition, astrocytes help maintain brain blood barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability by projecting astrocytic endfeet to encircle and cover endothelial cells of the blood vessels. (biolegend.com)
- Despite continuing advances in understanding astrocyte function within the CNS, little is known as to the impact of drugs of abuse on the structural organization and functional information encoded within astrocytic networks. (nih.gov)
Regulate5
- In experiments using mice and rats, the researchers found that these astrocytes regulate adhesion molecules that connect myelin to axons. (nih.gov)
- The researchers blocked the ability of perinodal astrocytes to regulate thrombin and observed thinner myelin sheaths and wider nodes of Ranvier. (nih.gov)
- The results, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) on Oct. 29, showed that blocking the ability of astrocytes to regulate the enzyme thrombin resulted in thinner sheaths of myelin and wider gaps between segments of myelin. (nih.gov)
- In the experiment, researchers blocked the ability of astrocytes to regulate thrombin in mice and rats. (nih.gov)
- Here, we report that eCBs differentially regulate glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission in the LHb, exhibiting canonical and circuit-specific inhibition of both systems and an opposing potentiation of synaptic glutamate release mediated via activation of CB 1 receptors on astrocytes. (northwestern.edu)
Modulate3
- Tyramine and octopamine released from neurons expressing tyrosine decarboxylase 2 (Tdc2) signal directly to astrocytes to stimulate Ca 2+ increases through the octopamine/tyramine receptor (Oct-TyrR) and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Water witch (Wtrw), and astrocytes in turn modulate downstream dopaminergic neurons. (nature.com)
- They suspect a variety of internal and external factors are influencing how astrocytes modulate each regional circuit, and plan to elucidate these variables. (prohealth.com)
- 2) How do astrocytes convert this information into functional outputs that modulate neural circuit structure and function at different spatial and temporal scales. (nih.gov)
Synapses3
- Schematic representation of a 'tripartite synapse', which refers to the localization of astrocytes in the proximity of synapses. (biolegend.com)
- Gray matter in the brain contains microglia and astrocytes, two complementary cells that, among other things, support neurons and synapses. (prohealth.com)
- They also deployed it in a mouse model without MEGF10, the gene that allows astrocytes to eliminate synapses. (prohealth.com)
Vitro3
- Our results demonstrated that Ac2-26 inhibited LPS-induced astrocytes migration, reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1α)] and upregulated GSH reductase mRNA and GSH levels in LPS-induced astrocytes in vitro. (iasp-pain.org)
- Much of what we have learned about astrocytes is from in vitro studies and astrocyte culture is a useful tool for exploring the diverse properties of this cell type. (ixcellsbiotech.com)
- 2] Van der Laan, L. J. W., De Groot, C. J. A., Elices, M. J. and Dijkstran, C. D. (1997) Extracellular matrix proteins expressed by human adult astrocytes in vivo and in vitro: an astrocyte surface protein containing the CS1 domain contributes to binding of lymphoblasts. (ixcellsbiotech.com)
Glutamate3
- This communication is facilitated through the release of gliotransmitters ( e.g . glutamate and ATP) from astrocytes. (biolegend.com)
- In this figure, glutamate released by neurons is cleared from the synapse and recycled in astrocytes to generate glutamine, which is the essential component of glutamate production at the nerve terminals. (biolegend.com)
- In this study, astrocytes were pretreated with adenosine , and the effects of an A2a receptor (A2aR) inhibitor (SCH58261) and A2b receptor (A2bR) inhibitor (PSB1115) on excitatory glutamate were investigated. (bvsalud.org)
Functionally5
- Morphological analysis revealed that preBotC astrocytes are structurally more complex than those within the functionally distinct neighboring IRF region, or the NTS, which is located in the dorsal region of the medulla oblongata. (nih.gov)
- ieAstrocyte formation was reduced by either astrocyte-specific genetic removal of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P 1 ) or pharmacological inhibition by fingolimod (FTY720), an FDA-approved MS medicine that can functionally antagonize S1P 1 . (eneuro.org)
- ieAstrocyte s thus represent a functionally defined subset of disease-linked astrocytes that are the first and predominant CNS cell population activated during EAE, and that track with disease severity in vivo . (eneuro.org)
- A new, functionally defined in vivo subpopulation of astrocytes termed immediate-early astrocytes ( ieAstrocyte s) was identified as the first and predominant CNS cell type showing c-Fos activation, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). ieAstrocyte s track with disease severity. (eneuro.org)
- Numerous studies have demonstrated that astrocytes are among the most functionally diverse group of cells in the CNS [4] . (ixcellsbiotech.com)
Microglia2
- Similar to microglia, astrocytes are highly sensitive to alterations in their microenvironment, and undergo morphological changes and alter their gene expression profile to upregulate expression and secretion of a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, in response to CNS injury. (biolegend.com)
- In addition to phenotypic changes, astrocytes in SOD1-ALS models show other features, such as ubiquitinated SOD1 species reflecting defective proteostasis, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretion of TGF-β1 , which prevents neuroprotective functions of microglia and T cells. (biolegend.com)
Spinal2
- Furthermore, astrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1 mice and sporadic ALS patients, have elevated levels of the gap junction protein, connexin 43 , leading to increased intracellular calcium levels and toxicity in motor neurons. (biolegend.com)
- But glioblastoma arises from abnormal astrocytes , a particular type of the glial cell , a common cell in the brain and spinal cord. (nih.gov)
Functional5
- Here, we identify an in vivo astrocyte subpopulation termed immediate-early astrocytes ( ieAstrocytes ) that is defined by functional c-Fos activation during CNS disease development. (eneuro.org)
- Yet, despite the essential functional roles they fill, very little is known about the physiology of astrocytes in the ventral midbrain, a region that houses dopamine-releasing neurons and is critical for reward learning and motivated behaviors. (nih.gov)
- performed the first functional and molecular profiling of ventral midbrain astrocytes and observed numerous differences between these cells and their telencephalic counterparts, both in their gene expression profile and in their physiological properties. (nih.gov)
- This work provides new insights into the extent of functional astrocyte heterogeneity within the adult brain and establishes the foundation for examining the impact of regional astrocyte differences on dopamine neuron function and susceptibility to degeneration. (nih.gov)
- Here, using a combination of whole-transcriptome sequencing, histology, slice electrophysiology, and calcium imaging, we performed the first functional and molecular profiling of ventral midbrain astrocytes and observed numerous differences between these cells and their telencephalic counterparts, both in their gene expression profile and in their physiological properties. (nih.gov)
Receptors1
- Increasing astrocyte Ca 2+ signalling was sufficient to silence dopaminergic neuron activity, which was mediated by astrocyte endocytic function and adenosine receptors. (nature.com)
Pluripotent stem2
- In this video interview, Vukasin Jovanovic, Ph.D., explains how the team developed RGCs from human pluripotent stem cells and then bypassed neurogenesis to create astrocytes directly from RGCs. (nih.gov)
- The protocol included in this technology is the most efficient and reproducible astrocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells. (nih.gov)
Synaptic plasticity1
- Long-term recovery after brain injury, through neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, or neuron regeneration, is also influenced by astrocyte surface molecule expression and trophic factor release [3] . (ixcellsbiotech.com)
Brain19
- Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type residing in the brain, accounting for 20- 40% of all glial cells. (biolegend.com)
- This overactive brain RAS, with augmented responses to Ang II, may arise from dysregulation of one of its many components, including the Ang II inactive precursor molecule "angiotensinogen", which is primarily synthesized in astrocytes. (nova.edu)
- Do Astrocytes Play a Role in Brain Performance? (newideas.net)
- These Astrocyte cells have usually been described as simply being the "glue" that holds the brain together, and they provide nutritional support to parts of the nervous system. (newideas.net)
- astrocytes play important roles in helping neurons establish connections with each other during brain development and repair. (nih.gov)
- They found that astrocytes that had been intermittently exposed to high levels of alcohol during adolescence, became highly active in adulthood, and continued the signaling and synapse-forming functions that they typically perform during brain development. (nih.gov)
- Glia, in particular astrocytes, are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the brain. (nih.gov)
- Microglial are a frontline immunity defense, responsible for eating pathogens and dead cells, and astrocytes are star-shaped cells that help structure the brain and maintain homeostasis by helping to control signaling between neurons. (prohealth.com)
- In his group's preliminary data in other brain regions, it appears that each region has different rates of synaptic elimination by astrocytes. (prohealth.com)
- Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain, dynamically involved in synaptic transmission, metabolic and ionic homeostasis, inflammatory response, antioxidant defense, trophic support of neurons, as well as in the establishment and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2005 ). (jneurosci.org)
- The results, appearing in PNAS , suggest that brain cells called astrocytes alter the transmission speed of neurons by changing the thickness of myelin, an insulation material, and the width of gaps in myelin called nodes of Ranvier, which amplify signals. (nih.gov)
- The researchers focused their attention on perinodal astrocytes, which frequently touch nodes of Ranvier throughout the brain. (nih.gov)
- The findings suggest that astrocytes, by regulating signal speeds, play an important role in how the brain processes information. (nih.gov)
- According to a study conducted by the National Institutes of Health, astrocytes, a type of brain cell, play an important role in regulating the flow of information required for day-to-day activities. (nih.gov)
- New IRP research has revealed that star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes may play a role in the pleasurable effects of marijuana and contribute to the drug's addictive properties. (nih.gov)
- Astrocytes are the major cell type in the mammalian brain. (ixcellsbiotech.com)
- Astrocytes, one of the most abundant cell types in the brain, have long been thought of as primarily passive support cells. (nih.gov)
- The overall goal of this U19 Team-Research BRAIN Circuit Program project is to address this fundamental issue by developing a deeper mechanistic understanding of astrocytes' roles in neural circuit operation, complex behaviors, and brain computation theories. (nih.gov)
- By integrating experimental and theoretical approaches, molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms will be determined through which astrocytes influence neural circuits and contribute to complex behaviors and brain computation theories. (nih.gov)
Vivo1
- Here we show that Drosophila astrocytes exhibit activity-regulated Ca 2+ signalling in vivo . (nature.com)
Rats1
- In this study astrocytes in the preBotC, an intermediate reticular formation (IRF) region with respiratory-related function, and a region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in adult rats were reconstructed, after which their morphological features were compared. (nih.gov)
Reactive1
- Astrocytes in ALS lesions demonstrate altered morphology and gene expression patterns that correlate with a reactive state. (biolegend.com)
Lipopolysaccharide2
- Specifically, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Ac2-26 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced astrocyte migration and on pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines expressions, as well as one glutathione (GSH) reductase mRNA and total intracellular GSH levels in LPS-induced astrocytes. (iasp-pain.org)
- Generation of TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and NO and ERK activation in cultured astrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/ml) were also prevented by 4-O-methylhonokiol in a dose-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
IPSC1
- Here, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of membrane bound fraction of proteins isolated from healthy and diseased iPSC- astrocytes under basal conditions and after 24 h treatment with inflammatory cytokines. (nih.gov)
Morphologies2
- They are divided into protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes based on their morphologies and anatomical locations. (nih.gov)
- Astrocytes have prominent roles in central nervous system (CNS) function and disease, with subpopulations defined primarily by morphologies and molecular markers often determined in cell culture. (eneuro.org)
Infiltration of peripheral immune cells1
- Furthermore, the function of astrocytes in the maintenance of the BBB has significant implications during inflammation as dysfunction of astrocytes may lead to BBB disruption and favor the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and molecules into the CNS. (biolegend.com)
Ischemic1
- Here, we investigated the early astrocyte response to ischemic injury comparing the selectively vulnerable CA1 region with the more resistant DG. (jneurosci.org)
20211
- Peter Zhegin/astrocyte* 2021. (astrocyte.me)
Neural2
- Smith, S. J. Do astrocytes process neural information? (nature.com)
- Khakh, B. S. & Sofroniew, M. V. Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits. (nature.com)
Expression6
- Furthermore, astrocytes derived from ALS patients and a SOD1 transgenic mouse model show increased inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression ( e.g . (biolegend.com)
- In cultured rat cerebellar and brainstem astrocytes isolated from normotensive controls and mRen2(27) transgenic rat pups, the production of angiotensinogen and the expression of ACE2 will be measured. (nova.edu)
- Upregulation of GLT-1 expression in astrocytes with ceftriaxone protected CA1 neurons from forebrain ischemia. (jneurosci.org)
- The results showed that (1) adenosine could improve the function of Na+-K+- ATPase , upregulate the expression of glt-1, and enhance the synthesis of glutamine in astrocytes . (bvsalud.org)
- Exposure to inflammatory cytokines had a particularly strong effect on glycolytic enzymes and decreased the expression of GAPDH and ENOA in AxD- astrocytes. (nih.gov)
- The scar is comprised of astrocytes which increase their expression of extracellular matrix molecules, especially chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. (nih.gov)
Progression2
- Astrocytes have been implicated as a contributing factor in ALS pathology and disease progression. (biolegend.com)
- Our long-term goal is understanding how astrocyte-mediated synapse turnover affects the initiation and progression of various neurological disorders," Professor Chung said. (prohealth.com)
Signaling3
- Khakh, B. S. & McCarthy, K. D. Astrocyte calcium signaling: from observations to functions and the challenges therein. (nature.com)
- A study recently published in Science Signaling from a research team at University of Rochester Medical Center reports that these astrocytes are much more important that we had previously thought. (newideas.net)
- Ventral midbrain astrocytes display unique physiological features and sensitivity to dopamine D2 receptor signaling. (nih.gov)
Oxidative3
- Oxidative stress may contribute to the observed selective CA1 changes, because CA1 astrocytes show early increases in mitochondrial free radicals and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. (jneurosci.org)
- We suggest that greater oxidative stress and loss of GLT-1 function selectively in CA1 astrocytes is central to the well known delayed death of CA1 neurons. (jneurosci.org)
- These results suggest that the improving effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory function may be associated with a suppression of the activation of ERK and astrocytes as well as a reduction in oxidative damage. (nih.gov)
Adenosine1
- Exogenous Adenosine Antagonizes Excitatory Amino Acid Toxicity in Primary Astrocytes. (bvsalud.org)
Modulation1
- Astrocytes have many important functions, some of which include neurotransmitter uptake and release, modulation of synaptic transmission, and nervous system repair. (biolegend.com)
Alzheimer's1
- Faulty astrocytes are linked to such disorders as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease). (nih.gov)
Endothelial1
- Hypoxic regulation of Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes and endothelial cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Roles1
- Over the past two decades, studies indicate that astrocytes play pivotal roles in nervous system development, function, and diseases. (nih.gov)
Alterations1
- The " gliosis-like retinal alterations " described above have a distribution pattern like astrocytes. (glaucomaresearch.ch)
Stem Cells1
- But a team of scientists at NCATS and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has used stem cells and a novel shortcut to quickly create large supplies of astrocytes that could accelerate new therapies. (nih.gov)
Differences1
- Structural analyses of the astrocyte-associated microvasculature indicated no significant regional differences in vascular properties. (nih.gov)
Pharmacology1
- 1] Astrocytes, pharmacology and function. (ixcellsbiotech.com)
Regulation1
- Astrocytes are ubiquitous CNS cells that support tissue homeostasis through ion buffering, neurotransmitter recycling, and regulation of CNS vasculature. (nih.gov)
Researchers1
- Paired with an automated production process, the faster pathway to astrogliogenesis could supply researchers with far more astrocytes than traditional methods. (nih.gov)
Molecular1
- Two overarching questions will be addressed: 1) How do astrocytes temporally and spatially integrate molecular signals from the diverse types of local and projection neurons activated during sensorimotor behaviors. (nih.gov)
Role2
- Do Astrocytes Play a Role in ADHD? (newideas.net)
- Ac2-26, a mimetic peptide of Annexin-A1, plays a vital role in the anti-inflammatory response mediated by astrocytes. (iasp-pain.org)
Function1
- Astrocytes lose their homeostatic function in ALS and secrete cytotoxic factors detrimental to motor neurons' health. (biolegend.com)
Cell2
Inhibition1
- Figure 3: Astrocytes mediate Tyr-induced inhibition of dopaminergic neurons through Oct-TyrR. (nature.com)
Potassium2
- There has to be an optimal balance of sodium and potassium, and a proper balance of calcium and magnesium, for the cells to work well, and these astrocytes are active in maintaining this balance by getting rid of any excesses of these minerals. (newideas.net)
- Ventral midbrain astrocytes had very low membrane resistance and inward-rectifying potassium channel-mediated current and were extensively coupled to surrounding oligodendrocytes through gap junctions. (nih.gov)
Nervous system1
- Astrocytes account for the majority of the cells in the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)