Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
Lung infections with the invasive forms of ASPERGILLUS, usually after surgery, transplantation, prolonged NEUTROPENIA or treatment with high-doses of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis can progress to CHRONIC NECROTIZING PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS or hematogenous spread to other organs.
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS. Infections may result in allergic reaction (ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS), colonization in pulmonary cavities as fungus balls (MYCETOMA), or lead to invasion of the lung parenchyma (INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS).
A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.
Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)
Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Triazoles are a class of antifungal drugs that contain a triazole ring in their chemical structure and work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the membrane.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).
Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and MYCOSES.
Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).
Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.
Cell wall components constituting a polysaccharide core found in fungi. They may act as antigens or structural substrates.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
The architecture, functional design, and construction of hospitals.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tracheitis is an inflammation of the trachea, often caused by viral or bacterial infections, characterized by symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)
Microscopic threadlike filaments in FUNGI that are filled with a layer of protoplasm. Collectively, the hyphae make up the MYCELIUM.
A genus in the family Trichocomaceae, order EUROTIALES. The anamorph is ASPERGILLUS.
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.
Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.
One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
An order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or MUCORMYCOSIS in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, a common saprophyte and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables. It may cause cerebral mycoses in diabetes and cutaneous infection in severely burned patients.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.
Transference of a tissue or organ from either an alive or deceased donor, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
X-ray image-detecting devices that make a focused image of body structures lying in a predetermined plane from which more complex images are computed.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
Air-filled spaces located within the bones around the NASAL CAVITY. They are extensions of the nasal cavity and lined by the ciliated NASAL MUCOSA. Each sinus is named for the cranial bone in which it is located, such as the ETHMOID SINUS; the FRONTAL SINUS; the MAXILLARY SINUS; and the SPHENOID SINUS.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

Early diagnosis of central nervous system aspergillosis with combination use of cerebral diffusion-weighted echo-planar magnetic resonance image and polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid. (1/1559)

We treated a patient diagnosed as central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis with the combined use of cerebral diffusion-weighted echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and polymerase chain reaction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-PCR). DWI, a cutting-edge imaging modality to reveal the earliest changes of cerebral infarction, detected cerebral fungal embolization when the conventional computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging failed to reveal it. CSF-PCR demonstrated the presence of Aspergillus-specific DNA in the specimen, when the conventional examination and culture of CSF were nonspecific or negative. These diagnostic methods could be useful in the early diagnosis of CNS aspergillosis.  (+info)

Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. (2/1559)

To determine prognostic factors for survival in bone marrow transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis (IA), we retrospectively reviewed 27 IA cases observed in our bone marrow transplantation unit between January 1994 and October 1994. On 30 September 1997, six patients were alive and disease-free. The median survival after IA diagnosis was 36 days. Of eight variables found to be related to survival according to the univariate analysis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) status at IA diagnosis (P = .0008) and the cumulative prednisolone dose taken during the week preceding IA diagnosis (CPDlw) (P < .0001) were selected by a backward stepwise Cox regression model. A three-stage classification was established: CPD1w of < or =7 mg/kg (3 of 8 patients died; 60-day survival rate, 88%), CPD1w of >7 mg/kg and no GVHD (9 of 10 patients died; 60-day survival rate, 20%), and CPD1w of >7 mg/kg and active acute grade 2 or more or extensive chronic GVHD (9 of 9 patients died; 30-day survival rate, 0) (P < .0001).  (+info)

Aspergillus meningitis: diagnosis by non-culture-based microbiological methods and management. (3/1559)

The performance of antibody detection, antigen detection, and Aspergillus genus-specific PCR for diagnosing Aspergillus meningitis was investigated with 26 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from a single patient with proven infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against Aspergillus were not detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in CSF or serum. The antigen galactomannan was detected in the CSF 45 days before a culture became positive, and Aspergillus DNA was detected 4 days prior to culture. Decline of the galactomannan antigen titer in the CSF during treatment with intravenous and intraventricular amphotericin B and intravenous voriconazole corresponded with the clinical response to treatment.  (+info)

Production of specific monoclonal antibodies to Aspergillus species and their use in immunohistochemical identification of aspergillosis. (4/1559)

Two anti-Aspergillus murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), designated 164G and 611F, have been produced; both specifically recognize cytoplasmic antigens of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MAbs can identify Aspergillus spp. both in frozen sections by immunofluorescence and in paraffin-embedded clinical specimens by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining.  (+info)

Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. (5/1559)

Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most ubiquitous of the airborne saprophytic fungi. Humans and animals constantly inhale numerous conidia of this fungus. The conidia are normally eliminated in the immunocompetent host by innate immune mechanisms, and aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, uncommon clinical syndromes, are the only infections observed in such hosts. Thus, A. fumigatus was considered for years to be a weak pathogen. With increases in the number of immunosuppressed patients, however, there has been a dramatic increase in severe and usually fatal invasive aspergillosis, now the most common mold infection worldwide. In this review, the focus is on the biology of A. fumigatus and the diseases it causes. Included are discussions of (i) genomic and molecular characterization of the organism, (ii) clinical and laboratory methods available for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, (iii) identification of host and fungal factors that play a role in the establishment of the fungus in vivo, and (iv) problems associated with antifungal therapy.  (+info)

Femur osteomyelitis due to a mixed fungal infection in a previously healthy man. (6/1559)

We describe a previously healthy, 22-year-old man who, after a closed fracture of the femur and subsequent operation, developed chronic osteomyelitis. Within a few days, infected bone fragments, bone, and wound drainage repeatedly yielded three different filamentous fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Chalara ellisii. Histologic examination of the bone revealed septate hyphae. After sequential necrotomies of the femur and irrigation-suction drainage with added antimycotic therapy, the infection ceased and the fracture healed. This case is unique in that it is the only known instance in which a long bone was affected in an immunocompetent individual, with no evidence of any systemic infection, by a mixed population of two different Aspergillus spp. and the rare filamentous fungus C. ellisii. Environmental factors that could potentiate the infection include blood and edema fluid resulting from the surgical procedure and the presence of the osteosynthetic plate.  (+info)

Invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus ustus: case report and review. (7/1559)

A case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient caused by Aspergillus ustus is presented. A. ustus was also recovered from the hospital environment, which may indicate that the infection was nosocomially acquired. A literature review revealed seven cases of invasive infections caused by A. ustus, and three of these were primarily cutaneous infections. In vitro susceptibility testing of 12 A. ustus isolates showed that amphotericin B and terbinafine had fungicidal activity and that itraconazole and voriconazole had fungistatic activity.  (+info)

Pseudoepidemic of Aspergillus niger infections traced to specimen contamination in the microbiology laboratory. (8/1559)

We report a pseudo-outbreak of Aspergillus niger that followed building construction in our clinical microbiology laboratory. Because outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis have been linked to hospital construction, strategies to minimize dust in patient care areas are common practice. We illustrate that the impact of false-positive cultures on patient care should compel laboratories to prevent specimen contamination during construction.  (+info)

Aspergillosis is a medical condition that is caused by the infection of the Aspergillus fungi. This fungus is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter and compost piles, and can also be found in some indoor environments like air conditioning systems and old buildings with water damage.

There are several types of aspergillosis, including:

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This type of aspergillosis occurs when a person's immune system overreacts to the Aspergillus fungi, causing inflammation in the airways and lungs. ABPA is often seen in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis.
2. Invasive aspergillosis: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the Aspergillus fungi invade the bloodstream and spread to other organs, such as the brain, heart, or kidneys. Invasive aspergillosis typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.
3. Aspergilloma: Also known as a "fungus ball," an aspergilloma is a growth of the Aspergillus fungi that forms in a preexisting lung cavity, such as one caused by previous lung disease or injury. While an aspergilloma itself is not typically harmful, it can cause symptoms like coughing up blood or chest pain if it grows too large or becomes infected.

Symptoms of aspergillosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery to remove the fungal growth, or management of underlying conditions that increase the risk of infection.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a severe and often life-threatening fungal infection caused by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus or other Aspergillus species. It primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with hematologic malignancies, solid organ transplant recipients, or those receiving high-dose corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies.

In IPA, the fungal hyphae invade the pulmonary blood vessels and surrounding lung tissue, leading to the formation of nodular lesions, infarcts, and cavities in the lungs. The infection can also spread to other organs, causing disseminated aspergillosis.

Symptoms of IPA include fever, cough, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), and shortness of breath. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of radiologic imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, and microbiological or molecular testing of respiratory specimens, blood, or tissue samples.

Treatment usually includes systemic antifungal therapy with agents such as voriconazole, isavuconazole, or liposomal amphotericin B. The prognosis of IPA is generally poor, with high mortality rates ranging from 30% to 90%, depending on the underlying condition and severity of the infection.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a medical condition characterized by an hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus Aspergillus species, most commonly A. fumigatus. It primarily affects the airways and lung tissue. The immune system overreacts to the presence of the fungus, leading to inflammation and damage in the lungs.

The main symptoms of ABPA include wheezing, coughing, production of thick mucus, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These symptoms are similar to those seen in asthma and other respiratory conditions. Some people with ABPA may also experience fever, weight loss, and fatigue.

Diagnosis of ABPA typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as blood tests or sputum cultures) to detect the presence of Aspergillus species and elevated levels of certain antibodies.

Treatment for ABPA usually involves a combination of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and antifungal medications to eradicate the Aspergillus infection. In some cases, immunomodulatory therapies may also be used to help regulate the immune system's response to the fungus.

It is important to note that ABPA can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including bronchiectasis (permanent enlargement of the airways), pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lung tissue), and respiratory failure. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing this condition.

Pulmonary aspergillosis is a respiratory infection caused by the fungus Aspergillus. It mainly affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. There are several forms of pulmonary aspergillosis, including:

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This form occurs in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis. The immune system overreacts to the presence of Aspergillus, causing inflammation and damage to the airways.
2. Aspergilloma: Also known as a fungus ball, this is a growth of Aspergillus that develops in a preexisting lung cavity, usually caused by old tuberculosis or scarring from previous lung infections.
3. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA): This is the most severe form and occurs when the fungus invades the lung tissue, blood vessels, and other organs. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems due to conditions like cancer, HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or long-term use of corticosteroids.

Symptoms of pulmonary aspergillosis can vary depending on the form and severity of the infection. They may include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and bloody sputum. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like chest X-rays or CT scans, along with laboratory tests to detect Aspergillus antigens or DNA in blood or respiratory samples. Treatment options include antifungal medications, surgery to remove fungal growths, and management of underlying conditions that weaken the immune system.

'Aspergillus fumigatus' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is a ubiquitous mold that is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter, compost, and rotting vegetation. This fungus is also known to be present in indoor environments, including air conditioning systems, dust, and water-damaged buildings.

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems. It can lead to a range of conditions known as aspergillosis, including allergic reactions, lung infections, and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

The fungus produces small, airborne spores that can be inhaled into the lungs, where they can cause infection. In healthy individuals, the immune system is usually able to eliminate the spores before they can cause harm. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation, or those with certain underlying medical conditions like asthma or cystic fibrosis, the fungus can establish an infection.

Infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus can be difficult to treat, and treatment options may include antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination of both. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes in people with aspergillosis.

Fungal lung diseases, also known as fungal pneumonia or mycoses, refer to a group of respiratory disorders caused by the infection of fungi in the lungs. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, such as soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated materials. People can develop lung diseases from fungi after inhaling spores or particles that contain fungi.

There are several types of fungal lung diseases, including:

1. Aspergillosis: This is caused by the Aspergillus fungus and can affect people with weakened immune systems. It can cause allergic reactions, lung infections, or invasive aspergillosis, which can spread to other organs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is caused by the Cryptococcus fungus and is usually found in soil contaminated with bird droppings. It can cause pneumonia, meningitis, or skin lesions.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus and is commonly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated histoplasmosis, which can spread to other organs.
4. Blastomycosis: This is caused by the Blastomyces dermatitidis fungus and is commonly found in the southeastern and south-central United States. It can cause pneumonia, skin lesions, or disseminated blastomycosis, which can spread to other organs.
5. Coccidioidomycosis: This is caused by the Coccidioides immitis fungus and is commonly found in the southwestern United States. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated coccidioidomycosis, which can spread to other organs.

Fungal lung diseases can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of fungus and the person's immune system. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery, or supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding exposure to contaminated soil or dust, wearing protective masks in high-risk areas, and promptly seeking medical attention if symptoms develop.

"Aspergillus" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are widely distributed in the environment. These molds are commonly found in decaying organic matter such as leaf litter, compost piles, and rotting vegetation. They can also be found in indoor environments like air conditioning systems, dust, and building materials.

The medical relevance of Aspergillus comes from the fact that some species can cause a range of diseases in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. The most common disease caused by Aspergillus is called aspergillosis, which can manifest as allergic reactions, lung infections (like pneumonia), and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

Aspergillus species produce small, airborne spores called conidia, which can be inhaled into the lungs and cause infection. The severity of aspergillosis depends on various factors, including the individual's immune status, the specific Aspergillus species involved, and the extent of fungal invasion in the body.

Common Aspergillus species that can cause human disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Preventing exposure to Aspergillus spores and maintaining a healthy immune system are crucial steps in minimizing the risk of aspergillosis.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Neuroaspergillosis is a rare and serious invasive fungal infection caused by the Aspergillus species, which primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. This condition is often seen in individuals with weakened immune systems due to underlying medical conditions such as hematological malignancies, solid organ transplantation, or advanced HIV infection.

The infection can occur through various routes, including direct extension from the paranasal sinuses, hematogenous dissemination, or direct inoculation during neurosurgical procedures. Neuroaspergillosis may present with a wide range of symptoms, such as headache, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and signs of increased intracranial pressure.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (MRI or CT scans), cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and sometimes tissue biopsy to detect the presence of Aspergillus hyphae or DNA. Treatment usually consists of a combination of antifungal medications, such as voriconazole or isavuconazole, and surgical debridement when possible. The prognosis for neuroaspergillosis is generally poor due to the difficulty in treating CNS infections and the underlying immunocompromised state of affected individuals.

Mannans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a heteropolysaccharide, that are found in the cell walls of certain plants, algae, and fungi. They consist of chains of mannose sugars linked together, often with other sugar molecules such as glucose or galactose.

Mannans have various biological functions, including serving as a source of energy for microorganisms that can break them down. In some cases, mannans can also play a role in the immune response and are used as a component of vaccines to stimulate an immune response.

In the context of medicine, mannans may be relevant in certain conditions such as gut dysbiosis or allergic reactions to foods containing mannans. Additionally, some research has explored the potential use of mannans as a delivery vehicle for drugs or other therapeutic agents.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Echinocandins are a class of antifungal medications that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. This results in osmotic instability and ultimately leads to fungal cell death. Echinocandins are commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. The three drugs in this class that are approved for use in humans are caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.

Here's a brief overview of each drug:

1. Caspofungin (Cancidas, Cancidas-W): This is the first echinocandin to be approved for use in humans. It is indicated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. Caspofungin is also approved for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
2. Micafungin (Mycamine): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
3. Anidulafungin (Eraxis): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia, as well as other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Echinocandins have a broad spectrum of activity against many fungal species, including those that are resistant to other classes of antifungal medications. They are generally well-tolerated and have a low incidence of drug interactions. However, they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as their metabolism may be affected by liver dysfunction.

'Aspergillus flavus' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and other organic matter. This fungus is known for its ability to produce aflatoxins, which are highly toxic compounds that can contaminate food crops such as corn, peanuts, and cottonseed.

Aflatoxins produced by A. flavus are among the most potent carcinogens known to humans and can cause liver damage and cancer with prolonged exposure. The fungus can also cause invasive aspergillosis, a serious infection that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.

In addition to its medical importance, A. flavus is also used in biotechnology for the production of industrial enzymes and other products.

Itraconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of these membranes. Itraconazole is available in oral and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Medical Definition:
Itraconazole (i-tra-KON-a-zole): A synthetic triazole antifungal agent used to treat various fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes, leading to disruption of their integrity and function. Itraconazole is available in oral (capsule and solution) and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Fungal antibodies are a type of protein called immunoglobulins that are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of fungi in the body. These antibodies are specifically designed to recognize and bind to antigens on the surface of fungal cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

There are several types of fungal antibodies, including IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE, each with a specific role in the immune response. For example, IgG antibodies are the most common type of antibody found in the blood and provide long-term immunity to fungi, while IgE antibodies are associated with allergic reactions to fungi.

Fungal antibodies can be measured in the blood or other bodily fluids to help diagnose fungal infections, monitor the effectiveness of treatment, or assess immune function in individuals who are at risk for fungal infections, such as those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

Paranasal sinus diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull near the nasal cavity. These sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.

Paranasal sinus diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, allergies, structural abnormalities, or autoimmune disorders. Some common paranasal sinus diseases include:

1. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, thick nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, and reduced sense of smell.
2. Nasal polyps: Soft, benign growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses, which can obstruct airflow and cause difficulty breathing through the nose.
3. Sinonasal tumors: Abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and bleeding from the nose.
4. Sinus cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that form in the sinuses, which can cause symptoms similar to those of sinusitis.
5. Fungal sinusitis: Infection of the sinuses with fungi, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and thick, discolored mucus.

Treatment for paranasal sinus diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medications, such as antibiotics, antihistamines, or corticosteroids, as well as surgical intervention in more severe cases.

Central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections refer to invasive fungal diseases that affect the brain and/or spinal cord. These types of infections are relatively uncommon but can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

There are several types of fungi that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Candida species: These are yeast-like fungi that can cause a range of infections, from superficial to systemic. When they invade the CNS, they can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
2. Aspergillus species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause invasive aspergillosis, which can affect various organs, including the brain.
3. Cryptococcus neoformans: This is a yeast-like fungus that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems. It can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
4. Coccidioides species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. While most infections are limited to the lungs, some people may develop disseminated disease, which can affect the CNS.
5. Histoplasma capsulatum: This is a mold-like fungus that causes histoplasmosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can disseminate and involve the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS fungal infections may include headache, fever, altered mental status, seizures, stiff neck, and focal neurologic deficits. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis or fungal cultures). Treatment usually involves long-term antifungal therapy, often with a combination of drugs, and may also include surgical intervention in some cases.

Lipopeptides are a type of molecule that consists of a lipid (fatty acid) tail attached to a small peptide (short chain of amino acids). They are produced naturally by various organisms, including bacteria, and play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, signaling, and as components of bacterial membranes. Some lipopeptides have also been found to have antimicrobial properties and are being studied for their potential use as therapeutic agents.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate known as polysaccharides, which are found in the cell walls of certain cereals, bacteria, and fungi, including baker's yeast, mushrooms, and algae. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-glycosidic bonds.

Beta-glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving gut health. They are believed to work by interacting with immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

Beta-glucans are available in supplement form and are also found in various functional foods and beverages, such as baked goods, cereals, and sports drinks. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of beta-glucans for these health benefits may vary depending on the source, dose, and individual's health status. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements or making significant changes to your diet.

Pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. They are one of the two types of nucleobases found in nucleic acids, the other being purines. The pyrimidine bases include cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in DNA, and uracil (U) in RNA, which pair with guanine (G) and adenine (A), respectively, through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of nucleic acids. Pyrimidines are also found in many other biomolecules and have various roles in cellular metabolism and genetic regulation.

Dermatomycoses are a group of fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of dermatomycoses and can affect different areas of the body, such as the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot), hands (tinea manuum), and nails (tinea unguium or onychomycosis). Yeast infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, can lead to conditions like candidal intertrigo, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis. Mold infections are less common but can cause skin disorders like scalded skin syndrome and phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatomycoses are typically treated with topical or oral antifungal medications.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and classification, their role in diseases and decomposition processes, and their potential uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. It involves the examination and identification of various types of fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, and the investigation of their ecological relationships with other organisms and their environments. Mycologists may also study the medical and veterinary importance of fungi, including the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as well as the development of antifungal drugs and vaccines.

Cyclic peptides are a type of peptides in which the N-terminus and C-terminus of the peptide chain are linked to form a circular structure. This is in contrast to linear peptides, which have a straight peptide backbone with a free N-terminus and C-terminus. The cyclization of peptides can occur through various mechanisms, including the formation of an amide bond between the N-terminal amino group and the C-terminal carboxylic acid group (head-to-tail cyclization), or through the formation of a bond between side chain functional groups.

Cyclic peptides have unique structural and chemical properties that make them valuable in medical and therapeutic applications. For example, they are more resistant to degradation by enzymes compared to linear peptides, which can increase their stability and half-life in the body. Additionally, the cyclic structure allows for greater conformational rigidity, which can enhance their binding affinity and specificity to target molecules.

Cyclic peptides have been explored as potential therapeutics for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. They have also been used as tools in basic research to study protein-protein interactions and cell signaling pathways.

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

Gliotoxin is not typically defined in the context of medical terminology, but it is a specific type of toxin that is produced by certain types of fungi. It's a mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound that is naturally produced by some types of molds (fungi).

Gliotoxin has been studied in the field of medical research due to its potential implications in various disease processes, particularly in relation to immune system function and inflammation. It has been found to have immunosuppressive effects and can inhibit the growth and activity of certain types of immune cells. This has led to interest in its potential role in conditions such as allergies, asthma, and various infectious diseases.

However, it's important to note that gliotoxin is not a term commonly used in medical diagnoses or treatments. Instead, it's a topic of research into possible mechanisms of disease and potential therapeutic targets.

Fungal polysaccharides refer to complex carbohydrates that are produced and found in fungi, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. These polysaccharides are made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are linked together by glycosidic bonds.

Fungal polysaccharides have various structures and functions depending on the specific fungal species they come from. Some fungal polysaccharides, such as beta-glucans, have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects and are used in some medical treatments. Beta-glucans, for example, can stimulate the immune system's response to infections and cancer.

Other fungal polysaccharides, such as chitin, are structural components of fungal cell walls. Chitin is a polysaccharide made up of N-acetylglucosamine units and is also found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.

Fungal polysaccharides have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses, including as antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory agents. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential benefits and risks.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Hematologic neoplasms, also known as hematological malignancies, are a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal blood cells or bone marrow cells. These disorders can originate from the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines, which give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hematologic neoplasms can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Leukemias: These are cancers that primarily affect the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. They result in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the blood and immune system. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Lymphomas can affect lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
3. Myelomas: These are cancers that arise from the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of myeloma, characterized by an excessive proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins) and bone destruction.

Hematologic neoplasms can have various symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

There isn't a specific medical definition for "Hospital Design and Construction," but I can provide you with a general definition that is relevant to the medical field:

Hospital Design and Construction refers to the process of planning, designing, and building healthcare facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, medical offices, and other specialized treatment centers. This multidisciplinary process involves architects, interior designers, engineers, construction professionals, infection control specialists, facility managers, and healthcare administrators working together to create safe, functional, efficient, and healing environments for patients, staff, and visitors.

The design and construction of hospitals and other healthcare facilities require adherence to specific guidelines, regulations, and standards to ensure the safety, accessibility, and well-being of all users. These guidelines may include infection control measures, building codes, life safety requirements, patient privacy regulations (such as HIPAA), and evidence-based design principles that promote healing and reduce stress for patients and their families.

Some key aspects of hospital design and construction include:

1. Functional layout: Designing spaces to optimize workflow, patient care, and operational efficiency.
2. Infection control: Implementing measures to prevent and control the spread of infections within the facility.
3. Safety: Ensuring that the building is designed and constructed to minimize risks and hazards for patients, staff, and visitors.
4. Accessibility: Complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other accessibility standards to accommodate patients and staff with disabilities.
5. Sustainability: Incorporating environmentally friendly design and construction practices to reduce the facility's environmental impact and promote well-being.
6. Technology integration: Designing spaces that can accommodate current and future technological advancements in healthcare.
7. Evidence-based design: Utilizing research findings on the impact of the physical environment on patient outcomes, staff satisfaction, and overall healthcare quality to inform design decisions.

Fungal drug resistance is a condition where fungi are no longer susceptible to the antifungal drugs that were previously used to treat infections they caused. This can occur due to genetic changes in the fungi that make them less sensitive to the drug's effects, or due to environmental factors that allow the fungi to survive and multiply despite the presence of the drug.

There are several mechanisms by which fungi can develop drug resistance, including:

1. Mutations in genes that encode drug targets: Fungi can acquire mutations in the genes that encode for the proteins or enzymes that the antifungal drugs target. These mutations can alter the structure or function of these targets, making them less susceptible to the drug's effects.
2. Overexpression of efflux pumps: Fungi can increase the expression of genes that encode for efflux pumps, which are proteins that help fungi expel drugs from their cells. This can reduce the intracellular concentration of the drug and make it less effective.
3. Changes in membrane composition: Fungi can alter the composition of their cell membranes to make them less permeable to antifungal drugs, making it more difficult for the drugs to enter the fungal cells and exert their effects.
4. Biofilm formation: Fungi can form biofilms, which are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are protected by a matrix of extracellular material. Biofilms can make fungi more resistant to antifungal drugs by limiting drug penetration and creating an environment that promotes the development of resistance.

Fungal drug resistance is a significant clinical problem, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. It can lead to treatment failures, increased morbidity and mortality, and higher healthcare costs. To address this issue, there is a need for new antifungal drugs, as well as strategies to prevent and manage drug resistance.

Mucormycosis is a serious and often life-threatening invasive fungal infection caused by the Mucorales family of fungi. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, organ transplant recipients, or those who have been treated with high doses of corticosteroids.

The infection typically begins in the respiratory tract after inhaling spores from the environment, but it can also occur through skin wounds or gastrointestinal exposure to the fungi. The infection can quickly spread to other parts of the body, including the sinuses, brain, and lungs, causing tissue damage and necrosis.

Symptoms of mucormycosis depend on the site of infection but may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, sinus congestion, facial swelling, and blackened areas of skin or tissue. Treatment typically involves a combination of antifungal medications, surgical debridement of infected tissue, and management of underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of infection.

'Aspergillus niger' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is a ubiquitous microorganism that can be found in various environments, including soil, decaying vegetation, and indoor air. 'Aspergillus niger' is a black-colored mold that produces spores that are easily dispersed in the air.

This fungus is well known for its ability to produce a variety of enzymes and metabolites, some of which have industrial applications. For example, it is used in the production of citric acid, which is widely used as a food additive and preservative.

However, 'Aspergillus niger' can also cause health problems in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. It can cause allergic reactions, respiratory symptoms, and invasive aspergillosis, a serious infection that can spread to other organs in the body.

In addition, 'Aspergillus niger' can produce mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds that can contaminate food and feed and cause various health effects in humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to prevent the growth and proliferation of this fungus in indoor environments and food production facilities.

"Azoles" is a class of antifungal medications that have a similar chemical structure, specifically a five-membered ring containing nitrogen and two carbon atoms (a "azole ring"). The most common azoles used in medicine include:

1. Imidazoles: These include drugs such as clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. They are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including vaginal yeast infections, thrush, and skin infections.
2. Triazoles: These include drugs such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. They are also used to treat fungal infections, but have a broader spectrum of activity than imidazoles and are often used for more serious or systemic infections.

Azoles work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately results in fungal cell death.

While azoles are generally well-tolerated, they can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In addition, some azoles can interact with other medications and affect liver function, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an azole regimen.

Fungal spores are defined as the reproductive units of fungi that are produced by specialized structures called hyphae. These spores are typically single-celled and can exist in various shapes such as round, oval, or ellipsoidal. They are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions like heat, cold, and dryness, which allows them to survive for long periods until they find a suitable environment to germinate and grow into a new fungal organism. Fungal spores can be found in the air, water, soil, and on various surfaces, making them easily dispersible and capable of causing infections in humans, animals, and plants.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Tracheitis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe. It can cause symptoms such as cough, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Tracheitis can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, and it may also occur as a complication of other respiratory conditions. In some cases, tracheitis may require medical treatment, including antibiotics for bacterial infections or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of tracheitis, especially if they are severe or persistent.

A brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain that is caused by an infection. It can develop as a result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection that spreads to the brain from another part of the body or from an infection that starts in the brain itself (such as from a head injury or surgery).

The symptoms of a brain abscess may include headache, fever, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, and changes in vision, speech, or behavior. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical drainage of the abscess to relieve pressure on the brain.

It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potentially life-threatening complications such as brain herniation or permanent neurological damage.

Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, often characterized by tumefaction, sinus formation, and grains. It's typically caused by certain species of fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). The infection usually enters the body through traumatic inoculation of the organism into the skin or underlying tissue, often in the foot or hand. The disease is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

Cortisone is a type of corticosteroid hormone that is produced naturally in the body by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and helps to regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and suppress the immune system. Cortisone can also be synthetically produced and is often used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders. It works by mimicking the effects of the natural hormone in the body and reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system. Cortisone can be administered through various routes, including oral, injectable, topical, and inhalational.

Hyphae (singular: hypha) are the long, branching filamentous structures of fungi that make up the mycelium. They are composed of an inner layer of cell wall materials and an outer layer of proteinaceous fibrils. Hyphae can be divided into several types based on their structure and function, including septate (with cross-walls) and coenocytic (without cross-walls) hyphae, as well as vegetative and reproductive hyphae. The ability of fungi to grow as hyphal networks allows them to explore and exploit their environment for resources, making hyphae critical to the ecology and survival of these organisms.

'Emericella' is a genus of filamentous fungi that belongs to the family Trichocomaceae. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and air. Some species of Emericella are capable of producing various secondary metabolites with potential medicinal or industrial applications.

One notable species of Emericella is Emericella nidulans, which has been widely studied as a model organism for molecular genetics and cell biology research. This fungus undergoes a sexual reproductive cycle that produces characteristic fruiting bodies called cleistothecia, which contain asci (sac-like structures) filled with ascospores (sexual spores).

It is worth noting that in 2008, the genus Emericella was merged with the genus Aspergillus based on molecular evidence and phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, many species of Emericella are now classified under the genus Aspergillus, including E. nidulans, which is now known as Aspergillus nidulans.

Zygomycosis is a rare, but serious fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi of the class Zygomycetes. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Zygomycosis can manifest in various forms depending on the site of infection. The two main types are rhinocerebral zygomycosis (affecting the sinuses and brain) and pulmonary zygomycosis (affecting the lungs). Other forms include cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal, and disseminated zygomycosis. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, sinus pain or congestion, skin lesions, and neurological symptoms like headache, altered mental status, or vision changes.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with antifungal medications and surgical debridement are crucial for managing zygomycosis. The prognosis depends on the patient's underlying health condition and the extent of infection at the time of diagnosis.

Deoxycholic acid is a bile acid, which is a natural molecule produced in the liver and released into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fats. It is also a secondary bile acid, meaning that it is formed from the metabolism of primary bile acids by bacteria in the gut.

Deoxycholic acid has a chemical formula of C~24~H~39~NO~4~ and a molecular weight of 391.57 g/mol. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. In the body, deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to help break down dietary fats into smaller droplets, which can then be absorbed by the intestines.

In addition to its role in digestion, deoxycholic acid has been investigated for its potential therapeutic uses. For example, it is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an injectable treatment for reducing fat in the submental area (the region below the chin), under the brand name Kybella. When injected into this area, deoxycholic acid causes the destruction of fat cells, which are then naturally eliminated from the body over time.

It's important to note that while deoxycholic acid is a natural component of the human body, its therapeutic use can have potential side effects and risks, so it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.

Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a type of clinical specimen obtained through a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage. This procedure involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lungs and instilling a small amount of saline solution into a specific area of the lung, then gently aspirating the fluid back out. The fluid that is recovered is called bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

BAL fluid contains cells and other substances that are present in the lower respiratory tract, including the alveoli (the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs). By analyzing BAL fluid, doctors can diagnose various lung conditions, such as pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer. They can also monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions by comparing the composition of BAL fluid before and after treatment.

BAL fluid is typically analyzed for its cellular content, including the number and type of white blood cells present, as well as for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The fluid may also be tested for various proteins, enzymes, and other biomarkers that can provide additional information about lung health and disease.

The sphenoid sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the sphenoid bone, which is one of the bones that make up the skull base. These sinuses are located deep inside the skull, behind the eyes and nasal cavity. They are paired and separated by a thin bony septum, and each one opens into the corresponding nasal cavity through a small opening called the sphenoethmoidal recess. The sphenoid sinuses vary greatly in size and shape between individuals. They develop during childhood and continue to grow until early adulthood. The function of the sphenoid sinuses, like other paranasal sinuses, is not entirely clear, but they may contribute to reducing the weight of the skull, resonating voice during speech, and insulating the brain from trauma.

Immunosuppression is a state in which the immune system's ability to mount an immune response is reduced, compromised or inhibited. This can be caused by certain medications (such as those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs), diseases (like HIV/AIDS), or genetic disorders. As a result, the body becomes more susceptible to infections and cancer development. It's important to note that immunosuppression should not be confused with immunity, which refers to the body's ability to resist and fight off infections and diseases.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Fungal meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is specifically caused by the invasion of the meninges by fungi. The most common causative agents are Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Fungal meningitis typically occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. It begins gradually, often with symptoms including headache, fever, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Other possible symptoms can include confusion, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis of fungal meningitis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment usually requires long-term antifungal therapy, often administered intravenously in a hospital setting. The prognosis for fungal meningitis depends on several factors, including the underlying immune status of the patient, the specific causative agent, and the timeliness and adequacy of treatment.

Mucorales is a order of fungi that includes several genera of mold-like fungi, such as Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidia. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and animal manure. Some species can cause mucormycosis, a serious and often life-threatening invasive fungal infection that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, or organ transplants. The infection typically begins in the respiratory tract, but it can spread to other parts of the body, including the sinuses, brain, and lungs. Mucormycosis is difficult to diagnose and treat, and it has a high mortality rate.

Fungemia is the presence of fungi (fungal organisms) in the blood. It's a type of bloodstream infection, which can be serious and life-threatening, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. The fungi that cause fungemia often enter the bloodstream through medical devices like catheters or from a fungal infection somewhere else in the body.

Fungemia is often associated with conditions like candidemia (caused by Candida species) and aspergillemia (caused by Aspergillus species). Symptoms can vary widely but often include fever, chills, and other signs of infection. It's important to diagnose and treat fungemia promptly to prevent serious complications like sepsis.

Chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia is a medical condition that can occur as a complication of chemotherapy treatment for cancer. The term "febrile" refers to fever, which is a body temperature greater than 100.4°F (38°C). "Neutropenia" is a low level of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections.

Chemotherapy drugs work by targeting and killing rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells. However, these drugs can also damage other rapidly dividing cells in the body, such as those found in the bone marrow where blood cells are produced. This can lead to a decrease in the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood.

Febrile neutropenia occurs when the number of neutrophils in the blood is very low (less than 500 cells per microliter), and a fever is present. This combination of factors puts the patient at increased risk for developing severe and potentially life-threatening infections.

Symptoms of febrile neutropenia may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, and signs of infection such as redness, swelling, or pus at the site of a wound or catheter. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics to treat any potential infections, as well as supportive care such as fluids and blood transfusions to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, the chemotherapy treatment may need to be modified or delayed until the neutropenia resolves.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Bronchiectasis is a medical condition characterized by permanent, abnormal widening and thickening of the walls of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). This can lead to recurrent respiratory infections, coughing, and the production of large amounts of sputum. The damage to the airways is usually irreversible and can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections, genetic disorders, immune deficiencies, or exposure to environmental pollutants. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Treatment typically includes chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery.

A chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a group of rare inherited disorders that affect the body's ability to fight off certain types of bacterial and fungal infections. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are abnormal masses or nodules composed of immune cells called macrophages that cluster together in an attempt to wall off and destroy the infectious agents.

In CGD, the macrophages have a genetic defect that prevents them from producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are molecules that help kill bacteria and fungi. As a result, the immune system is unable to effectively eliminate these pathogens, leading to chronic inflammation and the formation of granulomas.

CGD is typically diagnosed in childhood and can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and lymph nodes. Symptoms may include recurrent infections, fever, fatigue, weight loss, cough, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to manage infections, as well as immunosuppressive therapy to control inflammation and prevent the formation of granulomas. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a curative treatment option.

Rhizopus is a genus of saprophytic fungi that belong to the family Mucoraceae. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and fruits. They are characterized by the presence of rhizoids, which are multicellular filaments that anchor the fungus to its substrate.

Rhizopus species are known to produce spores in large numbers, which can be dispersed through the air and cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. One of the most common diseases caused by Rhizopus is mucormycosis, a serious and often life-threatening fungal infection that can affect various organs, including the sinuses, lungs, brain, and skin.

It's worth noting that while Rhizopus species are important pathogens in certain populations, they also have beneficial uses. For example, some species of Rhizopus are used in the production of tempeh, a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybeans.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Spondylitis is a term used to describe inflammation in the spinal vertebrae, often leading to stiffness and pain. The most common form is Ankylosing Spondylitis, which is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints in the spine. This can cause the bones in the spine to grow together, resulting in a rigid and inflexible spine. Other forms of spondylitis include reactive spondylitis, infectious spondylitis, and seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Symptoms may also include pain and stiffness in the neck, lower back, hips, and small joints of the body.

Transplantation is a medical procedure where an organ or tissue is removed from one person (the donor) and placed into another person (the recipient) for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ or tissue with a functioning one. The goal of transplantation is to restore normal function, improve quality of life, and extend lifespan in individuals with organ failure or severe tissue damage. Common types of transplants include kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, small intestine, and bone marrow transplantations. The success of a transplant depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the health of both individuals, and the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a key role in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. It is produced by B cells in response to stimulation by antigens, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. Once produced, IgE binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, which are immune cells found in tissues and blood respectively. When an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, the cross-linking of IgE molecules bound to the FcεRI receptor triggers the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and various cytokines from these cells. These mediators cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and redness. IgE also plays a role in protecting against certain parasitic infections by activating eosinophils, which can kill the parasites.

In summary, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune response to allergens and parasitic infections, it binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, when an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, it triggers the release of mediators from these cells causing the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner is a medical imaging device that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sections can then be manipulated, through either additional computer processing or interactive viewing, to show various bodily structures and functions in 2D or 3D.

In contrast to conventional X-ray imaging, CT scanning provides detailed images of many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT is often used when rapid, detailed images are needed such as in trauma situations or for the detection and diagnosis of stroke, cancer, appendicitis, pulmonary embolism, and musculoskeletal disorders.

CT scanning is associated with some risks, particularly from exposure to ionizing radiation, which can lead to cancer and other diseases. However, the benefits of CT scanning, in particular its ability to detect life-threatening conditions early and accurately, generally outweigh the risks. As a result, it has become an important tool in modern medicine.

Mycological typing techniques are methods used to identify and classify fungi at the species or strain level, based on their unique biological characteristics. These techniques are often used in clinical laboratories to help diagnose fungal infections and determine the most effective treatment approaches.

There are several different mycological typing techniques that may be used, depending on the specific type of fungus being identified and the resources available in the laboratory. Some common methods include:

1. Phenotypic methods: These methods involve observing and measuring the physical characteristics of fungi, such as their growth patterns, colonial morphology, and microscopic features. Examples include macroscopic and microscopic examination, as well as biochemical tests to identify specific metabolic properties.

2. Genotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the DNA or RNA of fungi to identify unique genetic sequences that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include PCR-based methods, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, as well as sequencing-based methods, such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

3. Proteotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the proteins expressed by fungi to identify unique protein profiles that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Mycological typing techniques are important tools for understanding the epidemiology of fungal infections, tracking outbreaks, and developing effective treatment strategies. By accurately identifying the specific fungi causing an infection, healthcare providers can tailor their treatments to target the most vulnerable aspects of the pathogen, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, including the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. These sinuses help to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. They also contribute to our voice resonance and provide a slight cushioning effect for the skull. The openings of the paranasal sinuses lead directly into the nasal cavity, allowing mucus produced in the sinuses to drain into the nose. Infections or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses can result in conditions such as sinusitis.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

A drug combination refers to the use of two or more drugs in combination for the treatment of a single medical condition or disease. The rationale behind using drug combinations is to achieve a therapeutic effect that is superior to that obtained with any single agent alone, through various mechanisms such as:

* Complementary modes of action: When different drugs target different aspects of the disease process, their combined effects may be greater than either drug used alone.
* Synergistic interactions: In some cases, the combination of two or more drugs can result in a greater-than-additive effect, where the total response is greater than the sum of the individual responses to each drug.
* Antagonism of adverse effects: Sometimes, the use of one drug can mitigate the side effects of another, allowing for higher doses or longer durations of therapy.

Examples of drug combinations include:

* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection, which typically involves a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
* Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where combinations of cytotoxic agents are used to target different stages of the cell cycle and increase the likelihood of tumor cell death.
* Fixed-dose combination products, such as those used in the treatment of hypertension or type 2 diabetes, which combine two or more active ingredients into a single formulation for ease of administration and improved adherence to therapy.

However, it's important to note that drug combinations can also increase the risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate drugs, dosing regimens, and monitoring parameters when using drug combinations in clinical practice.

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Types of aspergillosis include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), allergic aspergillus sinusitis, azole-resistant ... Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by spores of indoor and outdoor Aspergillus mold species. Due to the ubiquitous ... Aspergillosis is particularly frequent among horticultural workers who often inhale peat dust, which can be rich in Aspergillus ... Aspergillosis information, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services A. niger ATCC ...
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If the invasive aspergillosis is kept untreated, the disease can spread from the lungs to any of the organs in the body. ... Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is difficult due to the non-specific clinical measures and symptoms. Some symptoms include ... Invasive aspergillosis may be caused by A. candidus in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, with high ... It is an uncommon agent of onychomycosis and aspergillosis. The species epithet candidus (L.) refers to the white pigmentation ...
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In 2009 he became the director of the UK's National Aspergillosis Centre in Manchester, which treats people with CPA. He is the ... He became the director of the UK's National Aspergillosis Centre in Manchester, which treats people with chronic pulmonary ... Denning, David W. (1998). "Invasive Aspergillosis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 26 (4): 781-803. doi:10.1086/513943. ISSN ... "Voriconazole versus Amphotericin B for Primary Therapy of Invasive Aspergillosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (6): ...
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Aspergillus acidus is a heterothallic species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which can cause aspergillosis in humans, dogs ... nov., an Emerging Agent of Invasive Aspergillosis in Humans, Cats, and Dogs". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e64871. Bibcode:2013PLoSO... ... "A new fungal species causing invasive aspergillosis in cats and humans , Australian Veterinary Association". www.ava.com.au. ... "Aspergillus felis: new fungus found in Australia, causes infections in humans, cats , Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website". www ...
"A. brunneoviolaceus , Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website". www.aspergillus.org.uk. "Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus". www.uniprot ...
"A. biplanus , Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website". www.aspergillus.org.uk. "Aspergillus biplanus". www.uniprot.org. Varga, J ...
"A. dybowskii , Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website". www.aspergillus.org.uk. Contributions Toward a Mycobiota of Indonesia: ...
"Aspergillus bronchitis , Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website". www.aspergillus.org.uk. Kosmidis, Chris; Denning, David W. (1 ... Aspergillus bronchitis is one of the Aspergillosis spectrum of diseases, in which the bronchi are specifically subject to a ... This differs from the other pulmonary aspergillosis conditions, in that it need not affect just the immunocompromised. " ... March 2015). "The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis". Thorax. 70 (3): 270-277. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206291. ...
Infection caused by Aspergillus fungus is called aspergillosis. There are many types of aspergillosis, but infections typically ... This species of fungi is the most common cause of aspergillosis in humans. Gliotoxin is also the only toxin that has been ... The Aspergillosis Website . (n.d.). Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website. Retrieved May 08, 2017, from http://www.aspergillus. ... org.uk/content/aspergillosis-2 Dagenais, T. R. T.; Keller, N. P. (2009). "Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in Invasive ...
"A. oerlinghausenensis , Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website". www.aspergillus.org.uk. Samson, R.A.; Hong, S.; Peterson, S.W.; ...
Aspergillosis Seifert, Keith A.; Samson, Robert A.; Chapela, Ignacio H. (1995). "Escovopsis aspergilloides, a Rediscovered ...
Davis, W. A.; McClung, L. S. (1940). "Aspergillosis in Wild Herring Gulls". Journal of Bacteriology. 40 (2): 321-323. doi: ...
Aspergillosis, MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine Aspergillus & Aspergillosis Website National Aspergillosis Centre, ... Aspergillosis occurs in chronic or acute forms which are clinically very distinct. Most cases of acute aspergillosis occur in ... Aspergillosis is thought to affect more than 14 million people worldwide, with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA, > ... Most commonly, aspergillosis occurs in the form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), aspergilloma, or allergic ...
Is aspergillosis contagious?. No. Aspergillosis cant spread between people or between people and animals from the lungs. ... Who gets aspergillosis?. The different types of aspergillosis affect different groups of people.1 ... How does someone get aspergillosis?. People can get aspergillosis by breathing in microscopic Aspergillus spores from the ... Invasive aspergillosis affects people who have weakened immune systems, such as people who have had a stem cell transplant or ...
The species Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for more than 80% of human cases of aspergillosis. ... Aspergillosis is a term that refers to any infection caused by fungus (mold) belonging to the genus Aspergillus, whose spores ... HomeMedical CenterDisease sheetsAspergillosis. Aspergillosis. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in scanning electron ... Invasive aspergillosis. This is the third leading cause of invasive fungal infection in France. Mainly caused by the species ...
encoded search term (Aspergillosis) and Aspergillosis What to Read Next on Medscape ... The Management of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: The UK National Aspergillosis Centre Approach. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2017 ... Navigating the uncertainties of COVID-19 associated aspergillosis (CAPA): A comparison with influenza associated aspergillosis ... Guidelines on the management of aspergillosis by the Infectious Diseases Society of America are as follows [56, 57] :. * Submit ...
Noninvasive aspergillosis is usually seen in immunocompetent individuals, whereas invasive aspergillosis is seen in ... encoded search term (Pediatric Aspergillosis) and Pediatric Aspergillosis What to Read Next on Medscape ... In contrast, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), aspergilloma, and invasive aspergillosis syndrome involve mycelial ... Aspergillosis in children with cancer: A 34-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Nov. 29(5):1210-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Spontaneous fatal aspergillosis occurred in several species of parrots imported from Latin America, Australia, Malaya and Ghana ... Aspergillosis concurrent with secondary bacterial infection in broiler chicks: a case report Article 13 April 2021 ... Spontaneous fatal aspergillosis occurred in several species of parrots imported from Latin America, Australia, Malaya and Ghana ... In this series, three sets of circumstances appear to have been associated with the development of fatal aspergillosis. Their ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
An overview of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & management written by experts in ... Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic or hypersensitive reaction to a fungus known as Aspergillus ...
Patients with cerebral aspergillosis and patients with invasive aspergillosis (IA) who are severely immunocompromised require ... encoded search term (Pediatric Aspergillosis) and Pediatric Aspergillosis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Pediatric Aspergillosis Follow-up. Updated: Jan 24, 2019 * Author: Vandana Batra, MD; Chief Editor: Russell W Steele, MD more ... Aspergillosis in children with cancer: A 34-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Nov. 29(5):1210-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Among these infections is invasive aspergillosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the severely ... Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Apr 1;173(7):707-17. ... Invasive aspergillosis most commonly involves the sinopulmonary tract reflecting inhalation as the principal portal of entry. ... Among these infections is invasive aspergillosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the severely ...
... Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 29;8 ... Keywords: Aspergillus lentulus; DNA sequencing; MALDI-TOF MS; cryptic species; multidrug resistance; pulmonary aspergillosis. ...
Aspergillosis chest x ray. Revision as of 16:44, 18 September 2017 by WikiBot. (talk , contribs) (Changes made per Mahshids ... Chest X-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Chest X-ray may be remarkable for recurrent pulmonary infiltrates ... Multiple cavities with evidence of fibrosis are suggestive of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, whereas focal nodules and ... "Air crescent sign of invasive aspergillosis". Radiology. 133 (1): 17-21. PMID 472287.. Unknown parameter ,month=. ignored ( ...
Please use this twibbon to help raise awareness of aspergillosis. Additional resources can be found on the aspergillosis ... Support World Aspergillosis Day 2020 Campaign on Twibbon - February 27th 2020 is World Aspergillosis Day. ... patient website https://aspergillosis.org/world-aspergillosis-day-2020/ ... World Aspergillosis Day 2020 Campaign Description. February 27th 2020 is World Aspergillosis Day. Please use this twibbon to ...
University of Liverpool researchers, working with F2G Limited (Eccles, Manchester), have developed a new antifungal drug to help in the treatment of life threatening invasive fungal infectio... Read more ...
Vinh DC, Shea YR, Sugui JA, Parrilla-Castellar ER, Freeman AF, Campbell JW, Invasive aspergillosis due to Neosartorya udagawae. ... Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice ... Changes in causes of death over time after treatment for invasive aspergillosis. Cancer. 2008;112:2309-12. DOIPubMedGoogle ... Chronic Invasive Aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus viridinutans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(8):1292-1294. doi: ...
Brought to you by Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the US and Canada)-dedicated to using leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. Learn more about the MSD Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.. ...
The global aspergillosis treatment market size was estimated at USD 4.25 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of ... Aspergillosis Treatment Market Size & Share Report, 2030. Aspergillosis Treatment Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report ...
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to bronchial colonization by mold, typically affecting ... Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis. *Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis clinical care ... Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to bronchial colonization by Aspergillus fumigatus mold ... Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction to mold that occurs when bronchi become colonized ...
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is at the mild end of the spectrum of disease caused by pulmonary aspergillosis ... chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) *chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA). *chronic necrotizing pulmonary ... Aspergillosis, From Diagnosis to Prevention. Springer Verlag. (2009) ISBN:9048124077. Read it at Google Books - Find it at ... Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is the result of hypersensitivity towards Aspergillus spp (esp fumigatus) . which grows ...
The ERS-education website provides centralised access to all educational material produced by the European Respiratory Society. It is the worlds largest CME collection for lung diseases and treatment offering high quality e-learning and teaching resources for respiratory specialists. This distance learning portal contains up-to-date study material for the state-of-the-art in Pulmonology.
A rapid and accurate point-of-care test for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is presented. It takes advantage of lateral-flow ... Journal / Immunology and Infection / Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by ... A rapid and accurate point-of-care test for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is presented. It takes advantage of lateral-flow ... Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology. ...
Ecology of aspergillosis: insights into the pathogenic potency of Aspergillus fumigatus and some other Aspergillus species. ... Invasive aspergillosis occurs primarily in patients with severe immunodeficiency, and has dramatically increased in recent ... There are several factors at play that contribute to aspergillosis, including both fungus and host-related factors such as ...
This report provides a detailed analysis of the current aspergillosis marketed drugs and late-stage pipeline drugs. ... The 7 major aspergillosis markets are expected to exhibit a CAGR of 3.84% during 2023-2033. ... Aspergillosis Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2023-2033 ...
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection in canines resulting in weigh loss, lethargy, fever, and back pain and usually requires ... Aspergillosis can spread throughout the body and can be fatal; if this happens, it is called systemic aspergillosis, which is ... Aspergillosis is the medical term for a fungal infection that most commonly affects a dogs nasal cavity and respiratory system ... The treatment for aspergillosis involves use of either oral or topical antifungal drugs, depending on whether your dogs case ...
Aspergillosis Pipeline Report is a comprehensive report on the pre-clinical and clinical stage pipeline candidates under ... 2.1 Aspergillosis Drugs by Phase of Development. 2.2 Aspergillosis Drugs by Mechanism of Action. 2.3 Aspergillosis Drugs by ... 2.1 Aspergillosis Drugs by Phase of Development. 2.2 Aspergillosis Drugs by Mechanism of Action. 2.3 Aspergillosis Drugs by ... 7. Aspergillosis Market News and Developments. 7.1 Recent Aspergillosis Developments. 7.2 Aspergillosis Pipeline News 8. ...
Invasive Aspergillosis as an Under-recognized Superinfection in COVID-19. Open Forum Infect. Dis., 7 (7). CARY: OXFORD UNIV ...
... Joachim Klein, Jordi Rello, ... "Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Solid‐organ Transplant Patients in the Intensive Care Unit." TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASE ... "Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Solid‐organ Transplant Patients in the Intensive Care Unit." TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASE ... "Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Solid‐organ Transplant Patients in the Intensive Care Unit." TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASE ...
  • Most commonly, aspergillosis occurs in the form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), aspergilloma, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to decreased neutrophil degranulation, the antiviral response against Flu and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, mediated by type I and type II interferon, is diminished jointly with the local antifungal immune response measured in the lungs of patients with IAPA (Influenza-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis) and CAPA (COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • On chest X-ray and CT, pulmonary aspergillosis classically manifests as a halo sign, and later, an air crescent sign. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis typically occurs in people who have other lung diseases, including tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , or sarcoidosis. (cdc.gov)
  • If invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is suspected, the guidelines recommend performing CT scanning of the chest, regardless of chest radiography findings. (medscape.com)
  • If invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is suspected, antifungal therapy should be initiated while diagnostic evaluation is ongoing. (medscape.com)
  • Voriconazole is recommended for primary treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, although combination therapy with voriconazole and echinocandin may be warranted for some high-risk patients. (medscape.com)
  • Antifungal therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis should continue for at least 6-12 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • 1959. The Effect of cortisone and Antibiotic Agents in Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis. (springer.com)
  • 1965. Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis. (springer.com)
  • Transfer to an ICU for close monitoring for patients with acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis who develop complications such as hemoptysis. (medscape.com)
  • pulmonary aspergillosis. (nih.gov)
  • Chest X-ray may be remarkable for recurrent pulmonary infiltrates in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • [1] [2] Multiple cavities with evidence of fibrosis are suggestive of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, whereas focal nodules and infiltration are suggestive of invasive aspergillosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is at the mild end of the spectrum of disease caused by pulmonary aspergillosis and can be classified as an eosinophilic lung disease 2-4 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • A rapid and accurate point-of-care test for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is presented. (jove.com)
  • There are several factors at play that contribute to aspergillosis, including both fungus and host-related factors such as strain virulence and host pulmonary structure/immune status, respectively. (jcvi.org)
  • Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in s. (ugent.be)
  • Introduction Solid-organ transplantation (SOT) is a well-known risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). (ugent.be)
  • Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in solid‐organ transplant patients in the intensive care unit," TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASE , vol. 24, no. 1, 2022. (ugent.be)
  • Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in COVID-19 critically ill patients: Results of a French monocentric cohort. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Similarly to influenza, several authors have described a higher risk of fungal infection after COVID-19, in particular for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The main objective here is to define the prevalence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in a cohort of COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS). (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Can the efficacy be demonstrated in an animal model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis? (eur.nl)
  • The primary aim of the work presented in this thesis was to evaluate the merits of inhalational AMB formulations in the prophylaxis and treatment of i.1vasive pulmonary aspergillosis. (eur.nl)
  • Response to vaccination has not been studied in chronic lung conditions characterised by ongoing infection or inflammation like chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Response to vaccination has not been studied in chronic lung conditions characterised by ongoing infection or inflammation like chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA).METHODS: In a prospective observational study, consecutive patients with CPA, allergic aspergillosis and bronchiectasis attending a national referral centre received pneumococcal 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) and had pre- and post-vaccination antibody concentrations quantified as part of routine clinical care. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Coexisting primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma (PPL) with pulmonary Aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients is a rare occurrence. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Bronchoscopy revealed pulmonary aspergillosis. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Results of surgery for chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis, optimal antifungal therapy and proposed high risk factors for recurrence--a National Centre's experience. (bvsalud.org)
  • Surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis is infrequent and often challenging. (bvsalud.org)
  • Retrospective study of patients who underwent surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis between September 1996 and September 2011. (bvsalud.org)
  • Twelve (40%) patients had simple aspergilloma (including 2 with Aspergillus nodules) while the remaining 18 (60%) had chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) (complex aspergilloma). (bvsalud.org)
  • Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) predominantly occurs in severely neutropenic immunocompromised subjects. (who.int)
  • Occasional cases of sinus aspergillosis arise as a result of metastasis from pulmonary aspergillosis or iatrogenic factors following dental procedures such as extractions, endodontics, or implants in the maxilla. (medscape.com)
  • Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of usually the lungs, caused by the genus Aspergillus, a common mould that is breathed in frequently from the air around, but does not usually affect most people. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillus, a common mold, which tends to affect people who already have a lung disease such as cystic fibrosis or asthma, or who cannot fight infection themselves. (wikipedia.org)
  • People can get aspergillosis by breathing in microscopic Aspergillus spores from the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspergillosis is a term that refers to any infection caused by fungus (mold) belonging to the genus Aspergillus , whose spores are present in the air and breathed in by people every day. (pasteur.fr)
  • The species Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for more than 80% of human cases of aspergillosis. (pasteur.fr)
  • Detection of galactomannan (a component of the Aspergillus cell wall) in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is recommended as an accurate marker for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adults and children, when used in certain patient subpopulations, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients or patients with hematologic malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • Probable cases of invasive aspergillosis have been defined to include those with a clinically documented site of infection, and a culture from this site positive for Aspergillus species. (medscape.com)
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic or hypersensitive reaction to a fungus known as Aspergillus fumigatus. (aaaai.org)
  • Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis afflicting various immunocompromised patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to bronchial colonization by Aspergillus fumigatus mold, typically affecting patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. (bmj.com)
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction to mold that occurs when bronchi become colonized by Aspergillus fumigatus in an otherwise immunocompetent person. (bmj.com)
  • Ecology of aspergillosis: insights into the pathogenic potency of Aspergillus fumigatus and some other Aspergillus species. (jcvi.org)
  • A rat inhalation model of invasive aspergillosis was used to optimise the methodology of diagnostic aspergillus PCR. (bmj.com)
  • Aspergillosis is an infection in cats caused by Aspergillus organisms , which are a type of fungus found throughout the world. (vin.com)
  • Most cats who develop disseminated aspergillosis have a poorer immune system than those with the nasal form, which prevents the body from fighting Aspergillus and allows it to spread unchecked. (vin.com)
  • Aspergillosis is the name given to a variety of diseases caused by the fungus of Aspergillus. (greyforums.org)
  • Aspergillosis in birds is a respiratory disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus. (greyforums.org)
  • Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a respiratory tract and lung, provoked by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. (doclandmed.com)
  • Aspergillosis is an infection, usually of the lungs, caused by the fungus Aspergillus . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usually, aspergillosis is caused by inhaling Aspergillus spores. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Orofacial lesions caused by Aspergillus species include antral aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis of the antrum, indolent chronic sinusitis, allergic sinusitis, and oral lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Interestingly, subclinical defects in cell-mediated immune responses to Aspergillus species have been observed in patients with sinus aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) most often occurs in people who have cystic fibrosis or asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), aspergilloma, and invasive aspergillosis syndrome involve mycelial growth in the body of the host. (medscape.com)
  • Aspergillosis can cause bronchitic, airway infections, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), which can manifest with symptoms similar to asthma. (jwhomecare.com)
  • If you are at high risk for developing invasive aspergillosis (for example, if you've had an organ transplant or a stem cell transplant ), your healthcare provider may prescribe medication to prevent aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
  • In hematologic patients with invasive aspergillosis, the galactomannan test can make the diagnosis in a noninvasive way. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chest computed tomography scans and new non-culture-based assays such as antigen detection and polymerase chain reaction may facilitate the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, but have limitations. (nih.gov)
  • Chest X-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of aspergillosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains challenging and frequently is not made until after death. (bmj.com)
  • In recent decades, important advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA) and mucormycosis. (duke.edu)
  • We present a case of Aspergillosis coexisting with PPL with multiple metastases in 54-year-old women and discuss the current knowledge on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • The mucocutaneous lesions of aspergillosis are nonspecific, forcing several differential diagnoses, and as in this case, the biopsy for histopathological and mycological study is required for diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the sinuses and lungs, aspergillosis typically develops as a ball (aspergilloma) composed of a tangled mass of fungus fibers, blood clots, and white blood cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Taken together, the major chronic, invasive, and allergic forms of aspergillosis account for around 600,000 deaths annually worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • There can be two forms of aspergillosis, chronic & acute. (greyforums.org)
  • Other forms of aspergillosis can cause symptoms with varying severity. (jwhomecare.com)
  • Management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a review and update. (bmj.com)
  • Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a common pathology requiring urgent start correct treatment. (doclandmed.com)
  • These symptoms can indicate bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. (doclandmed.com)
  • The novel findings in this paper will pave the way for a better understanding of the antiinflammatory driving mechanisms following TLR/MyD88 signaling in DCs to potentially lead to the development of targeted therapies to reduce fungal-driven allergic diseases such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and allergic airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • Noninvasive aspergillosis is usually seen in immunocompetent individuals, whereas invasive aspergillosis is seen in immunocompromised patients. (medscape.com)
  • Aspergillosis is primarily seen in immunocompromised patients or those with underlying chronic lung diseases. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • People who are immunocompromised - such as patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy for leukaemia, or AIDS - are at an increased risk for invasive aspergillosis infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3 Invasive aspergillosis has been described among hospitalized patients with severe influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Some high-risk patients may benefit from blood tests to detect invasive aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Antifungal prophylaxis should also be instituted for patients with prolonged neutropenia who are at high risk for invasive aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • Triazoles are preferred agents for the treatment and prevention of invasive aspergillosis in most patients. (medscape.com)
  • A. fumigatus is patients with invasive aspergillosis were admitted directly the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis, a condition from home. (cdc.gov)
  • in humans they appear to occur 60-year-old man who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia predominantly in patients who have chronic granulomatous and in whom cerebral aspergillosis later developed and disease (CGD), a rare disorder of phagocytes in which the was confi rmed by biopsy. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with aspergillosis who have concomitant underlying illness may need additional medical care. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with cerebral aspergillosis and patients with invasive aspergillosis (IA) who are severely immunocompromised require frequent monitoring and assessment. (medscape.com)
  • Episodic outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis have been documented in hospitalized immunosuppressed patients during construction in hospitals. (medscape.com)
  • The use of itraconazole and voriconazole as prophylactic agents have shown to be beneficial in some studies to protect granulocytopenic patients from invasive aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with AIDS usually have a poor prognosis if invasive aspergillosis develops. (medscape.com)
  • Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a leading cause of invasive fungal infection-related mortality and morbidity in patients with hematological malignancies and bone marrow transplants. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Invasive aspergillosis occurs primarily in patients with severe immunodeficiency, and has dramatically increased in recent years. (jcvi.org)
  • METHODS: In a prospective observational study, consecutive patients with CPA, allergic aspergillosis and bronchiectasis attending a national referral centre received pneumococcal 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) and had pre- and post-vaccination antibody concentrations quantified as part of routine clinical care. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic and allergic aspergillosis exhibited a poor response to PPV-23 vaccination compared to healthy adults. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • I'm also a professor at the University of Manchester and do quite a lot of research on different aspects of fungal disease, particularly aspergillosis, including resistance and new diagnostic tests, and I'm also the leader and president of the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, which has as its main objective to improve the quality of care and therefore the outcome of patients with fungal diseases across the world. (cdc.gov)
  • big problem because the azoles are the only class of drugs that we've got that we can give orally to patients with aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
  • We also miss aspergillosis in intensive care and other critical care settings, and also in patients with emphysema or COPD. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with leukemia, lymphoma, HIV disease, or iatrogenic immunosuppression (eg, those undergoing bone marrow or renal transplantation) are at particular risk from such invasive sinus aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic sinus aspergillosis is uncommon, and patients present with a diffusely opaque antrum radiographically, sometimes with dense punctate radiopacities. (medscape.com)
  • Oral lesions of aspergillosis are seen predominantly in some immunocompromised patients with invasive aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that primarily affects immunocompromised patients with neutropenia, in whom invasive disease often results in fulminant course. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aspergillosis is the medical term for a fungal infection that most commonly affects a dog's nasal cavity and respiratory system. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Two types of aspergillosis can occur in cats: nasal aspergillosis (also called sino-orbital or sinonasal aspergillosis or upper respiratory tract aspergillosis) and disseminated (widely dispersed) aspergillosis, also sometimes called systemic aspergillosis. (vin.com)
  • People with respiratory illnesses such as asthma, allergy and aspergillosis are advised to stay away from disturbing/working with soil, compost, mulches, bark chippings and any other dying, decomposing plant material, as these can contain large amounts of moulds. (aspergillosis.org)
  • In the section on aspergillosis, the revised recommendations include the use of a room with high-efficiency particulate air filters rather than laminar airflow as the protective environment for allogeneic HSCT recipients and the use of high-efficiency respiratory-protection devices (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Among these infections is invasive aspergillosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the severely immunocompromised. (nih.gov)
  • We don't understand why some cats develop nasal aspergillosis while others have disseminated infections. (vin.com)
  • The most common signs of aspergillosis confined to the nasal cavity are open sores around your dog's nostrils. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • What are the signs of aspergillosis? (greyforums.org)
  • The different types of aspergillosis affect different groups of people. (cdc.gov)
  • There are different types of aspergillosis that can cause a range of symptoms. (jwhomecare.com)
  • Recommend prophylaxis with posaconazole, voriconazole, and/or micafungin during prolonged neutropenia for those who are at high risk for invasive aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • Possible invasive aspergillosis is defined as a clinically documented infection with undetermined microbiological etiology that did not respond to antibacterial therapy during persistent neutropenia. (medscape.com)
  • Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis include prolonged and severe neutropenia, hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation, advanced AIDS, and chronic granulomatous disease. (nih.gov)
  • La Aspergilosis es una infección micótica oportunista que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunodeprimidos con neutropenia, en quienes produce a menudo enfermedad invasiva de curso fulminante. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comunicamos un caso de Aspergilosis en una mujer adulta con neutropenia severa por enfermedad hematológica, con afectación pulmonar y sinusal, que presenta múltiples lesiones ulceronecróticas en piel y mucosas, con evolución fatal. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report a case of aspergillosis in an adult woman with severe neutropenia for hematologic disease, lung and sinus disease, having multiple ulceronecróticas skin lesions and mucous membranes, with fatal outcome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Disseminated aspergillosis also commonly occurs from breathing in spores, but instead of just growing in the nose, the fungus travels further into the body. (vin.com)
  • How can I prevent aspergillosis? (cdc.gov)
  • 5 , 6 , 7 It's important to note that although these actions are recommended, they haven't been proven to prevent aspergillosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspergillosis occurs in chronic or acute forms which are clinically very distinct. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most cases of acute aspergillosis occur in people with severely compromised immune systems, e.g. those undergoing bone marrow transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Birds with acute aspergillosis may have difficulty in breathing loss of appetite, frequent drinking and urination, and sometimes sudden death mat occur. (greyforums.org)
  • Aspergillosis occurs in humans, birds and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you are a healthcare provider or healthcare infection control practitioner, click here for aspergillosis prevention guidelines and other resources . (cdc.gov)
  • The second-generation triazole, voriconazole, was superior to conventional amphotericin B as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis, and is the new standard of care for this infection. (nih.gov)
  • if this happens, it is called systemic aspergillosis , which is more dangerous than the localized, and more common, nasal version of the disease. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • The treatment for aspergillosis involves use of either oral or topical antifungal drugs, depending on whether your dog's case is systemic or confined to the nasal cavity. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • All birds that died during these investigations were necropsied, and the internal organs of 45 were found to have macroscopic lesions suggestive of aspergillosis. (springer.com)
  • Aspergillosis of the sinuses causes a feeling of congestion and sometimes pain or discharge. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is significant interest in combination antifungal therapy pairing an echinocandin with either an azole or amphotericin B formulation as therapy for invasive aspergillosis. (nih.gov)
  • Aspergillosis Centre in Manchester, UK. (cdc.gov)
  • I manage the UK's National Aspergillosis Centre and we receive about five hundred new patient referrals per year. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspergillosis is a fungal disease that in parrots has a very high mortality rate. (avianavenue.com)
  • Surgery for aspergillosis should be considered for localized disease that is easily accessible to debridement (eg, invasive fungal sinusitis, localized cutaneous disease). (medscape.com)
  • Disease was distinct from typical aspergillosis, being chronic and spreading in a contiguous manner across anatomical planes. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspergillosis can be difficult to diagnose as the signs of disease copy those of many other illnesses. (greyforums.org)
  • Cutaneous manifestations of aspergillosis are rare, occurring in 5-10% of cases scattered. (bvsalud.org)
  • Invasive aspergillosis affects people who have weakened immune systems, such as people who have had a stem cell transplant or organ transplant, are getting chemotherapy for cancer, or are taking high doses of corticosteroids. (cdc.gov)
  • People living with cystic fibrosis and others with weakened immune systems are more likely to be affected by aspergillosis. (jwhomecare.com)
  • Diverse clinical presentations of aspergillosis have been reported and they vary depending on the immune status of the host. (bvsalud.org)
  • Echinocandins are effective in salvage therapy (either alone or in combination) against invasive aspergillosis, but they are not recommended for routine use as monotherapy for the primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis. (medscape.com)
  • The guideline recommends using the same antifungal agents for the treatment of aspergillosis in children as are used in adults. (medscape.com)
  • The authors also note that although voriconazole is only approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for children aged 12 years and older, it is the cornerstone of aspergillosis treatment in children of all ages. (medscape.com)
  • Spotlight on isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: design, development, and place in therapy. (duke.edu)
  • Cats with nasal aspergillosis have a little bit better success with treatment, but the potential for treatment failure is still high. (vin.com)
  • Without treatment, this form of invasive aspergillosis is fatal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One undesirable sequela of root canal treatment is the overextension of endodontic material into the maxillary sinus, which may represent a risk factor for maxillary sinus aspergillosis (MSA). (bvsalud.org)
  • Aspergillosis Pipeline Report is a comprehensive report on the pre-clinical and clinical stage pipeline candidates under development as of H1- 2023. (bharatbook.com)
  • The report estimates a promising pipeline for Aspergillosis between 2023 and 2030. (bharatbook.com)
  • Aspergillosis usually develops in open spaces in the body, such as cavities in the lungs caused by preexisting lung disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Aspergillosis that spreads to other organs makes people very ill. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If you suspect your cat has developed aspergillosis, get to the veterinarian as soon as you can. (vin.com)
  • My veterinarian says that Aspergillosis in parrots can present in a hundred different ways. (avianavenue.com)
  • The report provides in-depth information on the Aspergillosis clinical trials of each pipeline product. (bharatbook.com)
  • The histopathologic/cytopathologic view of invasive aspergillosis from a needle aspiration or biopsy demonstrates septate acutely branching hyphae or spherule formation (filamentous fungi without yeast forms), with evidence of associated tissue damage (either microscopically or unequivocally by imaging). (medscape.com)
  • Invasive aspergillosis most commonly involves the sinopulmonary tract reflecting inhalation as the principal portal of entry. (nih.gov)
  • Invasive sinus aspergillosis is rare and affects mainly immunocompromised hosts, although it is also seen in some apparently healthy individuals, predominantly in subtropical countries with a warm climate (eg, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, India). (medscape.com)
  • February 27th 2020 is World Aspergillosis Day. (twibbon.com)
  • Although A fumigatus is the usual cause of invasive sinus aspergillosis, A flavus appears to predominate in immunocompromised individuals. (medscape.com)