Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases
Aspartic Acid
Endopeptidases
Neprilysin
Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.
Aspartic Acid Proteases
Serine Endopeptidases
Amino Acid Sequence
Thiorphan
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Protease Inhibitors
PHEX Phosphate Regulating Neutral Endopeptidase
A membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase that may play a role in the degradation or activation of a variety of PEPTIDE HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Genetic mutations that result in loss of function of this protein are a cause of HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS, X-LINKED DOMINANT.
Cysteine Endopeptidases
Amino Acids
Substrate Specificity
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Asparagine
Binding Sites
Base Sequence
Glycopeptides
Pepstatins
Mutation
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Structure-Activity Relationship
Glutamates
Peptide Fragments
Cloning, Molecular
Models, Molecular
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Isoaspartic Acid
Cathepsin E
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Neurotensin
A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.
Alanine
Lysostaphin
Pepsin A
Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.
Catalysis
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Cathepsin D
Glycine
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Serine
Peptide Hydrolases
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Catalytic Domain
Carboxypeptidases
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Trypsin
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Point Mutation
Glutamic Acid
Chromatography, Gel
Protein Binding
Aspartate-tRNA Ligase
Thermolysin
Proline
Enzyme Stability
Cathepsin B
A lysosomal cysteine proteinase with a specificity similar to that of PAPAIN. The enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. In pathology, cathepsin B has been found to be involved in DEMYELINATION; EMPHYSEMA; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, and NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS.
Protein Structure, Secondary
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Cattle
DNA, Complementary
DNA Primers
Carbohydrates
Conserved Sequence
Cathepsins
Aminopeptidases
Transfection
Plasmids
Substance P
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Threonine
Crystallography, X-Ray
Enkephalin, Leucine
Kidney
Bradykinin
A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.
Botulinum Toxins, Type A
Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase
Cell Membrane
Phosphorylation
Membrane Proteins
Flavobacterium
Bacillus
Stereoisomerism
Molecular Structure
Chemistry
Chemical Phenomena
Forensic Sciences
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
ATP-Dependent Endopeptidases
Castor Bean
Keratin-2
Plant Proteins
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Chromatography, Paper
Zinc
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Circular Dichroism
Mass Spectrometry
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Carboxypeptidases A
Carboxypeptidases that are primarily found the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM that catalyze the release of C-terminal amino acids. Carboxypeptidases A have little or no activity for hydrolysis of C-terminal ASPARTIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; ARGININE; LYSINE; or PROLINE. This enzyme requires ZINC as a cofactor and was formerly listed as EC 3.4.2.1 and EC 3.4.12.2.
Papain
Rabbits
Mutation, Missense
Propionates
Enzyme Activation
Chymotrypsin
2S Albumins, Plant
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Peptide Mapping
Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.
Radiometric Dating
Cyanogen Bromide
Amino Acid Motifs
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Macromolecular Substances
Restriction Mapping
Homoserine Dehydrogenase
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Hydrogen Bonding
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.
Chymosin
Cell Wall
Mutagenesis
Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Ketosteroids
Temperature
Blotting, Western
Phenylalanine
Isoflurophate
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Isoelectric Focusing
Pepsinogens
Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.
Leucyl Aminopeptidase
A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. This occurs in tissue cell cytosol, with high activity in the duodenum, liver, and kidney. The activity of this enzyme is commonly assayed using a leucine arylamide chromogenic substrate such as leucyl beta-naphthylamide.
Cells, Cultured
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Kinins
A generic term used to describe a group of polypeptides with related chemical structures and pharmacological properties that are widely distributed in nature. These peptides are AUTACOIDS that act locally to produce pain, vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and the synthesis of prostaglandins. Thus, they comprise a subset of the large number of mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p588)
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Electrophoresis
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Aminocaproates
Seed Storage Proteins
Isoelectric Point
Cathepsin C
A papain-like cysteine protease that has specificity for amino terminal dipeptides. The enzyme plays a role in the activation of several pro-inflammatory serine proteases by removal of their aminoterminal inhibitory dipeptides. Genetic mutations that cause loss of cathepsin C activity in humans are associated with PAPILLON-LEFEVRE DISEASE.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Muramidase
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
Stabilization from autoproteolysis and kinetic characterization of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 proteinase. (1/2015)
We have developed a system for expression and purification of wild-type human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proteinase to attain sufficient quantities for structural, kinetic, and biophysical investigations. However, similar to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteinase, HTLV-1 proteinase also undergoes autoproteolysis rapidly upon renaturation to produce two products. The site of this autoproteolytic cleavage was mapped, and a resistant HTLV-1 proteinase construct (L40I) as well as another construct, wherein the two cysteine residues were exchanged to alanines, were expressed and purified. Oligopeptide substrates representing the naturally occurring cleavage sites in HTLV-1 were good substrates of the HTLV-1 proteinase. The kinetic parameters kcat and Km were nearly identical for all the three enzymes. Although three of four peptides representing HTLV-1 proteinase cleavage sites were fairly good substrates of HIV-1 proteinase, only two of nine peptides representing HIV-1 proteinase cleavage sites were hydrolyzed by the HTLV-1 proteinase, suggesting substantial differences in the specificity of the two enzymes. The large difference in the specificity of the two enzymes was also demonstrated by inhibition studies. Of the several inhibitors of HIV-1 or other retroviral proteinases that were tested on HTLV-1 proteinase, only two inhibit the enzyme with a Ki lower than 100 nM. (+info)Fus3p and Kss1p control G1 arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a balance of distinct arrest and proliferative functions that operate in parallel with Far1p. (2/2015)
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mating pheromones activate two MAP kinases (MAPKs), Fus3p and Kss1p, to induce G1 arrest prior to mating. Fus3p is known to promote G1 arrest by activating Far1p, which inhibits three Clnp/Cdc28p kinases. To analyze the contribution of Fus3p and Kss1p to G1 arrest that is independent of Far1p, we constructed far1 CLN strains that undergo G1 arrest from increased activation of the mating MAP kinase pathway. We find that Fus3p and Kss1p both control G1 arrest through multiple functions that operate in parallel with Far1p. Fus3p and Kss1p together promote G1 arrest by repressing transcription of G1/S cyclin genes (CLN1, CLN2, CLB5) by a mechanism that blocks their activation by Cln3p/Cdc28p kinase. In addition, Fus3p and Kss1p counteract G1 arrest through overlapping and distinct functions. Fus3p and Kss1p together increase the expression of CLN3 and PCL2 genes that promote budding, and Kss1p inhibits the MAP kinase cascade. Strikingly, Fus3p promotes proliferation by a novel function that is not linked to reduced Ste12p activity or increased levels of Cln2p/Cdc28p kinase. Genetic analysis suggests that Fus3p promotes proliferation through activation of Mcm1p transcription factor that upregulates numerous genes in G1 phase. Thus, Fus3p and Kss1p control G1 arrest through a balance of arrest functions that inhibit the Cdc28p machinery and proliferative functions that bypass this inhibition. (+info)Pregnancy detection and the effects of age, body weight, and previous reproductive performance on pregnancy status and weaning rates of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). (3/2015)
Fallow does (n = 502) of different ages (mature, 2-yr-old, and yearling) were maintained with bucks for a 60-d breeding season to determine whether previous reproductive performance and changes in BW affect doe pregnancy rates and to compare the effectiveness of ultrasonography and serum pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) for the detection of pregnancy in fallow does. Ultrasonography was performed, blood samples collected, and BW recorded at buck removal (d 0) and at 30 and 90 d after buck removal. Lactational status (lactating = WET; nonlactating = DRY) were determined from farm records taken at weaning prior to each breeding season (autumn 1990 through autumn 1994). Ultrasonography and PSPB for determining pregnancy were in agreement 93% of the time. Overall pregnancy rates did not differ (P>.10) relative to age of the doe; the combined pregnancy rate was 92%. We also determined that 82.9% of does conceived early in the breeding season and that the incidence of embryonal-fetal mortality during the first 90 d after buck removal was 2.8%. In general, mature and 2-yr-old DRY does were heavier and had lower pregnancy rates than WET does. The overall weaning rate for all does was 77.9%. Loss in the number of fawns from pregnancy detection to weaning was equivalent to 14.8% for mature does, 24.7% for 2 yr old does, and 42.5% for yearling does. These data indicate that even though pregnancy rates were relatively high, further study is needed to determine the causes associated with subsequent fawn losses, particularly among yearling does. As a production tool, lactational WET/ DRY status testing was found to be an acceptable means for determining the reproductive potential of individual does within the herd. In addition, serum PSPB may be used in place of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis in fallow deer as early as d 30 after buck removal. (+info)Endothelin-1 and its mRNA in the wall layers of human arteries ex vivo. (4/2015)
BACKGROUND: The participation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the control of vascular tone in humans has been questioned, on the basis of the finding of subthreshold immunoreactive (ir) ET-1 plasma levels. However, because most ET-1 is secreted abluminally, it might attain a higher concentration in the tunica media than in plasma. Furthermore, evidence indicates that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can synthesize ET-1 on stimulation in vitro. We therefore looked for irET-1 in the different layers of the wall of human arteries, including renal, gastric, and internal thoracic artery wall, obtained ex vivo from consenting patients with coronary artery disease and/or high blood pressure undergoing surgery, as well as from young organ donors. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed immunohistochemistry with specific anti-ET-1 and anti-vWF antibodies followed by detection with an avidin-biotin complex ultrasensitive kit. The presence of preproET-1 and human endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (hECE-1) mRNA was also investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in homogenates of vessel wall, including preparations deprived of both endothelium and adventitia, and in isolated VSMCs. We detected irET-1 in the endothelium of all arteries and in the tunica media of internal thoracic artery from most patients with coronary artery disease. PreproET-1 and hECE-1 mRNA was also detected in VSMCs isolated from these vessels. irET-1 and irvWF staining in endothelium and tunica media was measured by use of microscope-coupled computer-assisted technology. Significant correlations between the amount of irET-1 in the tunica media and mean blood pressure (P<0.05), total serum cholesterol (P<0.05), and number of atherosclerotic sites (P<0.001) were found. Thus, in organ donors, irET-1 was detectable almost exclusively in endothelial cells, whereas in patients with coronary artery disease and/or arterial hypertension, sizable amounts of irET-1 were detectable in the tunica media of different types of arteries. In addition, VSMCs isolated from these vessels coexpressed the preproET-1 and hECE-1 genes. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings are consistent with the contention that endothelial damage occurs in most patients with atherosclerosis and/or hypertension and that ET-1 is synthesized in VSMCs of these patients. (+info)Intranephron distribution and regulation of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in cyclosporin A-induced acute renal failure in rats. (5/2015)
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is thought to play a significant role in acute renal failure induced by cyclosporin A (CsA). The cDNA sequence encoding endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), which produces the active form of ET-1 from big ET-1, was recently reported. To elicit the role of ECE-1 in the glomerular and tubular dysfunction induced by CsA, the effects of CsA on mRNA and protein expression of ECE-1 in rat kidney and on mRNA expression of prepro-ET-1 and ET A- and B-type receptors in glomeruli were studied. ECE-1 mRNA was detected in glomeruli and in whole nephron segments. ECE-1 mRNA expression was downregulated in all nephron segments at 24 h after CsA injection. Protein levels were also downregulated in glomeruli and in the outer and inner medulla. CsA rapidly increased prepro-ET-1 mRNA expression in glomeruli at 30 to 60 min after injection; this rapid increase was followed by an increase in plasma ET-1 levels. These increases were followed by decreased expression of ECE-1, ET A-type receptor, and ET B-type receptor mRNA at 6 h after injection, and serum creatinine levels were increased at 24 h after CsA injection. It is suggested that downregulation of glomerular and tubular ECE-1 expression may be caused by increased ET-1 synthesis in CsA-induced acute renal failure. (+info)Renin inhibition by substituted piperidines: a novel paradigm for the inhibition of monomeric aspartic proteinases? (6/2015)
BACKGROUND: The aspartic proteinase renin catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in the conversion of angiotensinogen to the hormone angiotensin II, and therefore plays an important physiological role in the regulation of blood pressure. Numerous potent peptidomimetic inhibitors of this important drug target have been developed, but none of these compounds have progressed past clinical phase II trials. Limited oral bioavailability or excessive production costs have prevented these inhibitors from becoming new antihypertensive drugs. We were interested in developing new nonpeptidomimetic renin inhibitors. RESULTS: High-throughput screening of the Roche compound library identified a simple 3, 4-disubstituted piperidine lead compound. We determined the crystal structures of recombinant human renin complexed with two representatives of this new class. Binding of these substituted piperidine derivatives is accompanied by major induced-fit adaptations around the enzyme's active site. CONCLUSIONS: The efficient optimisation of the piperidine inhibitors was facilitated by structural analysis of the renin active site in two renin-inhibitor complexes (some of the piperidine derivatives have picomolar affinities for renin). These structural changes provide the basis for a novel paradigm for inhibition of monomeric aspartic proteinases. (+info)Mechanism of the cleavage specificity of Alzheimer's disease gamma-secretase identified by phenylalanine-scanning mutagenesis of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein. (7/2015)
Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein by beta-secretase yields A4CT (C99), which is cleaved further by the as yet unknown gamma-secretase, yielding the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide with 40 (Abeta40) or 42 residues (Abeta42). Because the position of gamma-secretase cleavage is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, we individually replaced all membrane-domain residues of A4CT outside the Abeta domain with phenylalanine, stably transfected the constructs in COS7 cells, and determined the effect of these mutations on the cleavage specificity of gamma-secretase (Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio). Compared with wild-type A4CT, mutations at Val-44, Ile-47, and Val-50 led to decreased Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios, whereas mutations at Thr-43, Ile-45, Val-46, Leu-49, and Met-51 led to increased Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios. A massive effect was observed for I45F (34-fold increase) making this construct important for the generation of animal models for Alzheimer's disease. Unlike the other mutations, A4CT-V44F was processed mainly to Abeta38, as determined by mass spectrometry. Our data provide a detailed model for the active site of gamma-secretase: gamma-secretase interacts with A4CT by binding to one side of the alpha-helical transmembrane domain of A4CT. Mutations in the transmembrane domain of A4CT interfere with the interaction between gamma-secretase and A4CT and, thus, alter the cleavage specificity of gamma-secretase. (+info)In vivo expression and localization of Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases during oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. (8/2015)
Isoforms of aspartyl proteinase (Sap), which are encoded by at least nine related SAP genes, have been implicated to be a major virulence factor of the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans in experimental infections. Although it is generally assumed that proteinases are important for infections, detailed information on the pathogenetic role of Saps is still lacking. The same applies to the question whether the genes and corresponding isoforms of the enzyme are expressed during oral infection. For in vivo investigations, parts of the lesional oral epithelium were collected from three HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Immunoelectron microscopy was performed (pre- and post-embedding gold labeling with silver enhancement) using an anti-Sap murine monoclonal antibody directed against the gene products Sap1-3. It was possible to demonstrate expression of Sap antigens in each of the three samples of human oral candidiasis. This suggests that at least one of the genes SAP1-3 was expressed at the time of sample collection. Furthermore, a possible role of the enzymes during the interaction of yeast cells and mucosal cells is suggested: the majority of Sap antigens is secreted by those C. albicans cells that adhere directly to the epithelial surface. Sap immunoreactivity can be detected in particular at the site of close contact between C. albicans and epithelial cells, suggesting a pathogenetic role of the Saps in host-fungal interaction. Thus, inhibition of the enzyme might prove to be an important alternative in the prevention and treatment of candidiasis. (+info)
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ECE open ray on white 2
Help!: post #1
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Beta-Secretase 1 ELISA Kits | Biocompare.com
INT191919 - wiki-pain
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JEM | The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Broad Spectrum - Intramembrane Proteolysis
5??- - Intramembrane Proteolysis
ece302hw8 - 3:32 we g(a Find H in rectangular components at P(2 3 4 if there is a current filament on the z axis carrying 8rnA...
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ECE - WONDERAMA
Protein metabolism
The main amino acids involved are serine, histidine, and aspartic acid. They all play a role in cleaving the peptide bond. ... Endopeptidases are enzymes that add water to an internal peptide bond in a peptide chain and break that bond. Three common ... These amino acids are known as non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids require intermediates not present in the human ... Essential amino acids must be consumed and are made in other organisms. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds making a ...
Rhizopuspepsin
... (EC 3.4.23.21, Rhizopus aspartic proteinase, neurase, Rhizopus acid protease, Rhizopus acid proteinase) is an ... A similar endopeptidase is found in R. niveus [2]. In peptidase family A1 (pepsin A family). Tsuru D, Hattori A, Tsuji H, ... Substrate specificity of acid protease of Rhizopus chinensis". Agric. Biol. Chem. 33: 1419-1426. doi:10.1080/00021369.1969. ... Suguna K, Padlan EA, Smith CW, Carlson WD, Davies DR (October 1987). "Binding of a reduced peptide inhibitor to the aspartic ...
LGMN
1998). "Autocatalytic activation of human legumain at aspartic acid residues". FEBS Lett. 438 (1-2): 114-8. doi:10.1016/S0014- ... 1999). "An asparaginyl endopeptidase processes a microbial antigen for class II MHC presentation". Nature. 396 (6712): 695-9. ... 1998). "Cloning and expression of mouse legumain, a lysosomal endopeptidase". Biochem. J. 335 (Pt 1): 111-7. doi:10.1042/ ... 2003). "Multistep autoactivation of asparaginyl endopeptidase in vitro and in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (40): 38980-90. doi: ...
Nepenthesin
Alternative names for this enzyme include Nepenthes acid proteinase and Nepenthes aspartic proteinase. Two isozymes have been ... The names cephalotusin, dionaeasin and droserasin have been proposed for similar aspartic endopeptidases originating from the ... 3. Acid proteases in the genus Nepenthes and Drosera peltata". J. Biochem. 72 (1): 73-81. PMID 5069751. Amagase S, Mori M, ... Nepenthesin (also spelled nepenthacin or nepenthasin) is an aspartic protease of plant origin that has so far been identified ...
Candidapepsin
Candida albicans secretory acid proteinase, Candida olea acid proteinase, Candida aspartic proteinase, Candida olea aspartic ... Activates trypsinogen, and degrades keratin This endopeptidase js present in yeast Candida albicans. Remold H, Fasold H, Staib ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Preferential cleavage at the carboxyl of hydrophobic amino acids, but ... Candidapepsin (EC 3.4.23.24, Candida albicans aspartic proteinase, Candida albicans carboxyl proteinase, ...
Nodavirus endopeptidase
"Capsid assembly in a family of animal viruses primes an autoproteolytic maturation that depends on a single aspartic acid ... Nodavirus endopeptidase (EC 3.4.23.44, Black Beetle virus endopeptidase, Flock House virus endopeptidase) is an enzyme. This ... Nodavirus+endopeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Biology portal. ... Johnson JE, Schneemann A (1998). "Nodavirus endopeptidase". In Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND, Woessner JF (eds.). Handbook of ...
Aspartic protease
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ... The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: Aspartic Peptidases. *Aspartic+Endopeptidases at the US ... Aspartic endopeptidases EC 3.4.23. of vertebrate, fungal and retroviral origin have been characterised.[1] More recently, ... Many eukaryotic aspartic endopeptidases (MEROPS peptidase family A1) are synthesised with signal and propeptides. The animal ...
Glutamyl endopeptidase GluV8
... especially glutamic acid, and to some extent aspartic acid.. Glutamyl endopeptidase has been shown to cleave certain target ... Glutamyl endopeptidase is in S. aureus expressed from the gene sspA within the operon ssp. Downstream of sspA, the operon also ... Glutamyl endopeptidase is expressed as a zymogen that, in order to become fully active, has been modified both through ... Glutamyl endopeptidase can inhibit the activation of targets within the complement system. It is indicated to cause inhibition ...
Glutamyl endopeptidase I
Proteases of this group hydrolyzes peptide bonds after the negatively charged glutamic acid or aspartic acid, with a higher ... subtilis glutamyl endopeptidase GluBS Enterococcus E. faecalis glutamyl endopeptidase SprE Glutamyl endopeptidase is in at ... S. epidermidis glutamyl endopeptidase GluSE Also called S. epidermidis serine protease (Esp). S. warneri glutamyl endopeptidase ... Glutamyl endopeptidase I is a family of extracellular bacterial serine proteases. The proteases within this family have been ...
Aspartic protease
Aspartic endopeptidases EC 3.4.23. of vertebrate, fungal and retroviral origin have been characterised. More recently, aspartic ... LaPointe CF, Taylor RK (January 2000). "The type 4 prepilin peptidases comprise a novel family of aspartic acid proteases". The ... The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: Aspartic Peptidases Aspartic+Endopeptidases at the US National ... GPR endopeptidase family) Clan AF (e.g. Omptin family) Many eukaryotic aspartic endopeptidases (MEROPS peptidase family A1) are ...
Proteasome endopeptidase complex
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ... Proteasome endopeptidase complex (EC 3.4.25.1, ingensin, macropain, multicatalytic endopeptidase complex, prosome, ... Proteasome+endopeptidase+complex at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteasome_endopeptidase_complex&oldid=826116286" ...
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ... serine-type endopeptidase activity. Cellular component. • lamellipodium membrane. • extracellular exosome. • lysosomal membrane ... 1x70: HUMAN DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV IN COMPLEX WITH A BETA AMINO ACID INHIBITOR ... 2oph: Human dipeptidyl peptidase IV in complex with an alpha amino acid inhibitor ...
Protease
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ... aspartic acid, metallo- and acid proteases) nucleophilic so that it can attack the peptide carboxyl group. One way to make a ... aspartic, and metallo proteases.[2] The threonine and glutamic-acid proteases were not described until 1995 and 2004 ... depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or completely break down a peptide to amino acids (unlimited proteolysis). ...
Cathepsin A
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ... 1990). "Galactosialidosis: simultaneous deficiency of esterase, carboxy-terminal deamidase and acid carboxypeptidase activities ...
Beta-secretase 1
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ... aspartic-type endopeptidase activity. Cellular component. • multivesicular body. • late endosome. • endoplasmic reticulum lumen ... BACE1 is an aspartic-acid protease important in the formation of myelin sheaths in peripheral nerve cells: in mice the ... BACE1 is distantly related to the pathogenic aspartic-acid protease plasmepsin, which is a potential target for future anti- ...
Carboxypeptidase T
Aspartic acid protease. *Metalloendopeptidase. *Threonine endopeptidase *Proteasome endopeptidase complex. *HslU-HslV peptidase ...
Metalloproteinase
... aspartic; C, cysteine; G, glutamic acid; M, metallo; S, serine; T, threonine; and U, unknown. The serine, threonine and ... These endopeptidases include CAAX prenyl protease 1, which proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of ... The metal ion is held in place by amino acid ligands, usually three in number. The known metal ligands are histidine, glutamate ... In the case of aspartic, glutamic and metallopeptidases, the nucleophile is an activated water molecule. In many instances the ...
Protein metabolism
Aspartic Acid -OOC-CH2- Oxaloacetate → Aspartic Acid (aminotransferase) Glutamic Acid -OOC-(CH2)2- α-ketoglutarate → Glutamic ... EndopeptidasesEdit. Endopeptidases are enzymes that add water to an internal peptide bond in a peptide chain and break that ... Amino Acid SynthesisEdit. Pathways that form each amino acid[4]. Amino Acid R-group‡ Pathway* ... The main amino acids involved are serine, histidine, and aspartic acid. They all play a role in cleaving the peptide bond. ...
Subtilase
The defining features of these enzymes are a unique catalytic triad, Ser/Glu/Asp, as well as the presence of an aspartic acid ... The proprotein-processing endopeptidases kexin, furin and related enzymes form a distinct subfamily known as the kexin ... Members of the kexin family, along with endopeptidases R, T and K from the yeast Tritirachium and cuticle-degrading peptidase ... Over 200 subtilases are presently known, more than 170 of which with their complete amino acid sequence. Subtilase is ...
Osteopontin
The protein is rich in acidic residues: 30-36% are either aspartic or glutamic acid. OPN is a highly negatively charged, ... PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) is one such enzyme, which extensively ... Contiguous stretches of high negative charge in OPN have been identified and named the polyAsp motif (poly-aspartic acid) and ... Kiefer MC, Bauer DM, Barr PJ (April 1989). "The cDNA and derived amino acid sequence for human osteopontin". Nucleic Acids Res ...
Protease
... aspartic acid, metallo- and acid proteases) nucleophilic so that it can attack the peptide carboxyl group. One way to make a ... endopeptidases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, papain, elastase). Catalysis is achieved by one of two mechanisms: ... aspartic, and metallo proteases. The threonine and glutamic-acid proteases were not described until 1995 and 2004 respectively ... using a threonine secondary alcohol Aspartic proteases - using an aspartate carboxylic acid Glutamic proteases - using a ...
Signal peptide peptidase
Another family of signal aspartic endopeptidases was found in bacteria. Bacteria produce a number of protein precursors that ... A nine amino acid-long cleavage fragment is then presented on HLA-E receptors and modulates the activity of natural killer ... Martoglio B, Golde TE (October 2003). "Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic proteases and disease: presenilins, signal peptide ... which differ from mature pilin by virtue of containing a 6-8 residue leader peptide consisting of charged amino acids. Mature ...
List of EC numbers (EC 3)
Ste24 endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.85: S2P endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.86: ADAM 17 endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.87: ADAMTS13 endopeptidase EC ... Lotus aspartic proteinase EC 3.4.23.14: Deleted entry: sorghum aspartic proteinase EC 3.4.23.15: renin EC 3.4.23.16: HIV-1 ... Rhizopus acid proteinase. Now EC 3.4.23.21, rhizopuspepsin EC 3.4.23.10: Endothia acid proteinase. Now EC 3.4.23.22, ... ADAM10 endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.82: ADAMTS-4 endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.83: anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.84: ...
Pepsin
"Acid and non-acid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy: a multicentre study using ... Pepsin is an aspartic protease, using a catalytic aspartate in its active site. It is one of three principal proteases in the ... Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is produced in the gastric chief cells of the ... Weak or non-acid reflux is correlated with reflux symptoms and mucosal injury. Under non-acid conditions (neutral pH), pepsin ...
Scytalidopepsin B
This endopeptidase is isolated from Scytalidium lignicolum. It is an acid protease, and is most active at pH 2.0 when casein is ... Scytalidium lignicolum aspartic proteinase B, SLB) is a proteolytic enzyme. It was previously thought to be an aspartic ... Eqolosins prefer bulky amino acid residues at the P1 site and small amino acid residues at the P1′ site. The substrate ... "Complete amino acid sequence of Scytalidium lignicolum acid protease B". J. Biochem. 95 (2): 465-473. doi:10.1093/ ...
Protease
... aspartic acid, metallo- and acid proteases) nucleophilic so that it can attack the peptide carboxyl group. One way to make a ... endopeptidases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, papain, elastase). ... aspartic, and metallo proteases.[5] The threonine and glutamic-acid proteases were not described until 1995 and 2004 ... depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or completely break down a peptide to amino acids (unlimited proteolysis). ...
Protease inhibitor (biology)
Green TB, Ganesh O, Perry K, Smith L, Phylip LH, Logan TM, Hagen SJ, Dunn BM, Edison AS (April 2004). "IA3, an aspartic ... This family includes PinA, which inhibits the endopeptidase La. It binds to the La homotetramer but does not interfere with the ... Murai H, Hara S, Ikenaka T, Oda K, Murao S (January 1985). "Amino acid sequence of Streptomyces metallo-proteinase inhibitor ... The saccharopepsin inhibitor I34 is highly specific for the aspartic peptidase saccharopepsin. In the absence of saccharopepsin ...
Ecadotril
"Substitution of potential metal-coordinating amino acid residues in the zinc-binding site of endopeptidase-24.11". FEBS Lett. ... in the case of the metallopeptidases and aspartic, the nucleophiles clan or family for example MA, is an activated water ... Ecadotril is a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor ((NEP) EC 3.4.24.11) and determined by the presence of peptidase family M13 as a ... Malfroy B, Schofield PR, Kuang WJ, Seeburg PH, Mason AJ, Henzel WJ (April 1987). "Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of ...
Asparagine peptide lyase
Family N2: Includes tetraviruses endopeptidases. The known autolytic cleavage is from the C-terminus of the coat protein. The ... ISBN 9780123822208 Guoyao Wu (2013) Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition. ISBN 9781439861899 Klaudia Brix, Walter Stöcker ( ... Asparagine Lyase Protein precursor Proteolysis Nucleophilic substitution Protease cysteine- serine- threonine- aspartic- ... Reddy, A., Schneemann, A. & Johnson, J.E. Nodavirus endopeptidase. In Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, 2 edn (Barrett, A.J., ...
Oxytocin
Amino acid-derived. *Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine. *Aspartic acid (aspartate) ... role of aminopeptidases and endopeptidases". Peptides. 12 (5): 1119-25. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(91)90068-z. PMID 1800950.. ... response to retinoic acid. • positive regulation of renal sodium excretion. • regulation of receptor activity. • G-protein ... Hornig D (September 1975). "Distribution of ascorbic acid, metabolites and analogues in man and animals". Annals of the New ...
Cathepsin D
serine-type endopeptidase activity. • cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. • aspartic-type endopeptidase activity. ... The catalytic sites of cathepsin D include two critical aspartic residues (amino acid 33 and 231) located on the 14 kDa and ... Similar to other aspartic protainases, cathepsin D accommodates up to 8 amino acid residues in the binding cleft of the active ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (9): 3773-86. doi:10.1093/nar/15.9.3773. PMC 340781 . PMID 3588310.. ...
Caspase 8
The CASP8 gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases ... cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis. Cellular component. • cell body. • cytosol. • ... cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. • hydrolase activity. • ubiquitin protein ligase binding. • peptidase activity. • ... cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. • protein complex binding. • scaffold protein ...
Cysteine protease
Redirected from Cysteine endopeptidase) Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are enzymes that degrade proteins. ... The thioester bond is subsequently hydrolyzed to generate a carboxylic acid moiety on the remaining substrate fragment, while ... and the aspartic protease precursor pepsinogen. The protease is activated by removal of an inhibitory segment or protein. ... Cysteine proteases are used as feed additives for livestock to improve the digestibility of proteins and nucleic acids.[9] ...
Active site
Acid/base catalysisEdit. In some reactions, protons and hydroxide may directly act as acid and base in term of specific acid ... Chymotrypsin is a serine endopeptidase that is present in pancreatic juice and helps the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide.[1] ... HIV protease belongs to aspartic protease family and has a similar mechanism. Firstly the aspartate residue activates a water ... The active site usually contains non-polar amino acids, although sometimes polar amino acids may also occur.[2] The binding of ...
Vasopressin
Amino acid-derived. *Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine. *Aspartic acid (aspartate) ... cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process. • neurohypophyseal hormone activity. • receptor ... the value in the table above of 164 amino acids is that obtained before the hormone is activated by cleavage.) The amino acid ... negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process. • regulation of blood vessel size. • ...
Lactoferrin
... one histidine residue and one aspartic acid residue) and two from carbonate or bicarbonate ions. ... serine-type endopeptidase activity. • hydrolase activity. • lipopolysaccharide binding. • cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor ... Interaction with nucleic acidsEdit. One of the important properties of lactoferrin is its ability to bind with nucleic acids. ... There are differences in amino acid sequences: 8 in Homo sapiens, 6 in Mus musculus, 6 in Capra hircus, 10 in Bos taurus and 20 ...
Osteoclast
Energy-dependent acid transport was verified and the postulated proton pump purified.[13][14] With the successful culture of ... The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) comprise a family of more than 20 zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The role of matrix ... The function of these cysteine and aspartic proteases is generally unknown within bone, and they are expressed at much lower ... Attachment to the bone matrix is facilitated by integrin receptors, such as αvβ3, via the specific amino acid motif Arg-Gly-Asp ...
Chymosin
It is an aspartic endopeptidase belonging to MEROPS A1 family. It is produced by newborn ruminant animals in the lining of the ... Bovine chymosins A and B differ by one amino acid residue. This is probably an alleic variant, according to Uniprot:P00794. The ... The native substrate of chymosin is K-casein which is specifically cleaved at the peptide bond between amino acid residues 105 ... October 1991). "X-ray analyses of aspartic proteinases. IV. Structure and refinement at 2.2 A resolution of bovine chymosin". ...
Picornain 3C
Both 2A(pro) and 3C(pro) induce caspase-8-mediated by activation of caspase-3. Caspase stands for cysteine-aspartic acid ... Picornain 3C's endopeptidase activity is primarily responsible for the catalytic process of selectively cleaving Gln-Gly bonds ... Picornain 3C are cysteine proteases related by amino acid sequence to trypsin-like serine proteases. Picornain 3C is encoded by ...
Proteases in angiogenesis
... arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) motif. Most disintegrins contain this conserved RGD motif, but ADAM15 is the only member of the ... MMPs are a large multigene family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The collective MMP family is capable of degrading all known ... They include serine, aspartic, and cysteine-type proteases. A highly characterized example of the serine protease family is the ... Aminopeptidases function as exopeptidases which remove amino acids from the amino-terminus of proteins. Aminopeptidase N (CD13/ ...
Active site
But more often groups in substrate and active site act as Brønsted-Lowry acid and base. This is called general acid and general ... Chymotrypsin is a serine endopeptidase that is present in pancreatic juice and helps the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide. It ... HIV protease belongs to aspartic protease family and has a similar mechanism. Firstly the aspartate residue activates a water ... In some reactions, protons and hydroxide may directly act as acid and base in term of specific acid and specific base catalysis ...
Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Aspartic-Type Endopeptidase Activity to Polyclonal Antibody Fatty Acid Catabolic Process...
Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Amino Acid Transport, Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Adherens Junction Dynamics ... Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Aspartic-Type Endopeptidase Activity, Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Apoptosis, ... Category listing: Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Aspartic-Type Endopeptidase Activity to Polyclonal Antibody Fatty Acid ... Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Aspartic-Type Endopeptidase Activity Polyclonal Antibody Flow Cytometry Aspartic-Type ...
Aspartic endopeptidases | Article about Aspartic endopeptidases by The Free Dictionary
Find out information about Aspartic endopeptidases. organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids amino acid , any one of a class ... of simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and... Explanation of Aspartic endopeptidases ... aspartic acid. (redirected from Aspartic endopeptidases). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical. aspartic acid. (əspär` ... Aspartic acid is not essential to the human diet. It was discovered in protein in 1868.. aspartic acid. [ə′spärd·ik ′as·əd] ( ...
The role of Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteinase in the development of candidoses. - PubMed - NCBI
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/genetics. *Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism. *Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/physiology* ... The secreted aspartic proteinase of C. albicans was first described in 1965 and has proved to be a major factor in virulence. ... The role of Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteinase in the development of candidoses.. Hoegl L1, Ollert M, Korting HC. ... This enzyme belongs to the class of aspartic proteinases which includes pepsin and renin in humans. Although found in some ...
A presenilin-1-dependent gamma-secretase-like protease mediates release of Notch intracellular domain
A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model
... polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with reduced risk of Alzheimers disease (AD). DHA ... Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases * Blotting, Western / methods * Central Nervous System / drug effects * Central Nervous System / ... A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model J ... Image analysis of brain sections with an antibody against Abeta (amino acids 1-13) revealed that overall plaque burden was ...
Natural products inhibiting Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases from Tovomita krukovii.
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / drug effects, metabolism, secretion. Candida albicans / drug effects*. Clusiaceae*. Magnetic ... Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; EC 3.4.23.1/Pepsin A ... 15247137 - Effect of folic acid supplementation on the folate ... 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (14). Compounds 2, 3, 12 and 13 showed inhibitory effects against Candida albicans secreted aspartic ... 17830317 - Abscisic acid induces formation of floating leaves in the heterophyllous aquatic angios.... 20183257 - Two new ...
MEDLINE - Resultado p gina 1
Cathepsin D | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Serine protease
... serine proteases or serine endopeptidases (newer name) are a class of peptidases (enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in ... Endopeptidase 3.4.21-24. Serine proteases - Cysteine protease - Aspartic acid protease - Metalloendopeptidases. ... and aspartic acid (Asp 102). Located very near one another near the heart of the enzyme, these three key amino acids each play ... Instead of having the hydrophobic pocket of the chymotrypsin, there exists an aspartic acid residue at the base of the pocket. ...
Paracaspase
Patent US7101697 - Restriction endonucleases, method of synthesis and use thereof - Google Patents
In particular, serine endopeptidases, cysteine endopeptidases, aspartic acid endopeptidases and/or metalloendopeptidases may be ... The amino acid sequence and/or the amino acid sequence that is at least 80% homologous with it, preferably at least 90%, refers ... This amino acid sequence may also include other amino acids of the hinge-loop region, as explained above. ... In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid sequences ID No. 1 or ID No. 2 or amino acid sequences that are at least 80% ...
a) Immunoblot analysis of β-catenin, cyclin D1, cycli | Open-i
cyprosin | Semantic Scholar
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases. Papers overview. Semantic Scholar uses AI to extract papers important to this topic. ... The cDNA encoding the precursor of an aspartic proteinase from the flowers of the cardoon, Cynara cardunculus, was expressed in ... Isolation and characterization of a cDNA from flowers of Cynara cardunculus encoding cyprosin (an aspartic proteinase) and its ... Substrate specificity and molecular modelling of aspartic proteinases (cyprosins) from flowers of Cynara cardunculus subsp. ...
RCSB PDB - 1A86: MMP8 WITH MALONIC AND ASPARTIC ACID BASED INHIBITOR
MMP8 WITH MALONIC AND ASPARTIC ACID BASED INHIBITOR ... are a family of zinc endopeptidases, which have been implicated ... MMP8 WITH MALONIC AND ASPARTIC ACID BASED INHIBITOR. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1A86/pdb ... Among the hydroxamic acids, malonic acid derivatives have been used as MMP inhibitors, although optimization of their ... Various classes of MMP inhibitors, including hydroxamic acids, phosphinic acids, and thiols, have been previously described ... ...
EMDB-1710: Cryo-EM 3D model of the icosahedral particle composed of Rous sar... - Yorodumi
Aspartic endopeptidases / viral capsid / nucleic acid binding / aspartic-type endopeptidase activity / zinc ion binding ... Aspartic peptidase, active site / Retroviral nucleocapsid protein Gag, p24 fragment / Retrovirus capsid, N-terminal / ... Aspartic peptidase, active site / Retroviral nucleocapsid protein Gag, p24 fragment / Retrovirus capsid, N-terminal / ... Buffer solution: 0.1M citric acid, 5mM MOPS/KOH, 725mM NaCl, 0.25mM Na azide, 0.125mM TCEP-HCl. pH: 5 Support film. Holey ...
nepenthesin(EC 3.4.23.12) - Creative Enzymes
secretions) and Drosera peltata (ground-up leaves). Aspartic endopeptidases are probably present in many other plants, inclu ... Nepenthes aspartic proteinase; Nepenthes acid proteinase; nepenthacin; nepenthasin; aspartyl endopeptidase. Reaction. Similar ... secretions) and Drosera peltata (ground-up leaves). Aspartic endopeptidases are probably present in many other plants, ...
Nodavirus endopeptidase - Wikipedia
"Capsid assembly in a family of animal viruses primes an autoproteolytic maturation that depends on a single aspartic acid ... Nodavirus endopeptidase (EC 3.4.23.44, Black Beetle virus endopeptidase, Flock House virus endopeptidase) is an enzyme. This ... Nodavirus+endopeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Biology portal. ... Johnson JE, Schneemann A (1998). "Nodavirus endopeptidase". In Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND, Woessner JF (eds.). Handbook of ...
Protein metabolism - Wikipedia
The main amino acids involved are serine, histidine, and aspartic acid. They all play a role in cleaving the peptide bond. ... Endopeptidases are enzymes that add water to an internal peptide bond in a peptide chain and break that bond. Three common ... These amino acids are known as non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids require intermediates not present in the human ... Essential amino acids must be consumed and are made in other organisms. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds making a ...
Differential localization of ALP and other vacuolar pr | Open-i
A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases
Aspartic acid proteases, commonly known as acidic proteases, are the endopeptidases that depend on aspartic acid residues for ... Acid protease. Wheat bran. (Merheb-Dini et al., 2010). Thermomyces lanuginosus. SmF. 6.0. 50 °C. 0.71. -. Glucose, citric acid ... Acid protease. Czapek-Dox, peptone. (Larsen et al., 1998). Phanerochaete chrysosporium. SSF. 4.5. 25 °C. 35. Acid and ... based on the nature of the amino acid residues at the active site of the enzymes. Endopeptidases are characterized by their ...
Endopeptidase, NLPC/P60 domain (IPR000064) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
... usually asparagine or aspartic acid, to orientate and activate the imidazolium ring. In only one family of cysteine peptidases ... Structural basis of murein peptide specificity of a gamma-D-glutamyl-l-diamino acid endopeptidase.. Structure 17 303-13 2009 ... Endopeptidases from cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis and Nostoc punctiforme contains two major domains: a bacterial SH3-like ... They are inhibited by thiol chelators such as iodoacetate, iodoacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate. ...
EC 3.4.23.21
Other names: Rhizopus aspartic proteinase; neurase; Rhizopus acid protease; Rhizopus acid proteinase. Comments: From the ... A similar endopeptidase is found in R. niveus [2]. In peptidase family A1 (pepsin A family). Formerly EC 3.4.23.9, and included ... Substrate specificity of acid protease of Rhizopus chinensis. Agric. Biol. Chem. 33 (1969) 1419-1426. 2. Kurono, Y., Chidimatsu ... 4. Suguna, K., Padlan, E.A., Smith, C.W., Carlson, W.D. and Davies, D.R. Binding of a reduced peptide inhibitor to the aspartic ...
Motion report
DNA binding, RNA binding, RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, aspartic-type endopeptidase activity, nucleic acid binding, ... crystallization of nucleic acid complexes. Protein Sci, 7:1575-82 [Medline info for 9684890] ... structures of an N-terminal fragment from Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase complexed with nucleic acid: ...
Reduced cerebrospinal flu… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic; Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic; Cerebral Hematoma, Traumatic; Intracerebral Hemorrhage,...
"Proenkephalin-processing enzymes in chromaffin granules: model for neu" by Vivian Y. Hook, Martin R. Schiller et al.
Our finding that only PTP (not PC1/3, PC2, or the aspartic proteinase) possesses the ability to convert pro-NPY to NPY suggests ... Adrenal medulla; Adrenal Medulla/enzymology; Amino acid sequence; Animals; Aspartic acid; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/ ... Our finding that only PTP (not PC1/3, PC2, or the aspartic proteinase) possesses the ability to convert pro-NPY to NPY suggests ... Endopeptidases; Enkephalins; Enkephalins/metabolism; Enzymology; Furin; Humans; Men; Models; Biological; Molecular Sequence ...
adenocarcinoma bile duct type liver 2005:2010[pubdate] *count=100 - BioMedLib™ search engine
Endopeptidases; EC 3.4.23.- / Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; EC 3.4.23.46 / BACE1 protein, human; EC 3.4.23.46 / Bace1 protein, ... Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases. Bile Ducts / cytology. Cell Line, Transformed. Cholangitis, Sclerosing / metabolism. Cholangitis ... Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide. A1.4.1.2.1.6. Organophosphorus Compound. A1.4.1.2.1.7. Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein ... A2.1.5.3.2. Amino Acid Sequence. A2.1.5.3.3. Carbohydrate Sequence. A2.1.5.4. Geographic Area. A2.2. Finding. A2.2.1. ...
Article abstract | Medical Science Monitor
Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) and Proteome Quantitation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to a...
... allowing for cleavage N-terminal to proline and between aspartic acid and proline (18). Carbamidomethylcysteine was set as a ... Achromobacter lyticus lysyl endopeptidase, and human keratins; a total of 52,355 forward entries) and concatenated with ... For the SILAC technology, cells are grown in the presence of light or heavy forms of amino acids, such as arginine and lysine. ... Rogers, M. B., Hosler, B. A., and Gudas, L. J. (1991) Specific expression of a retinoic acid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1 ...
Protease Digestion for Mass Spectrometry | Protein Digest Protocols
Primarily on the N-terminal side of aspartic acid residues. Cleavage on the N-terminal side of glutamic acid residues can occur ... Arg-C, Sequencing Grade (Cat.# V1881), also known as clostripain, is an endopeptidase that cleaves at the C-terminus of ... In phosphate buffers, cleavage also occurs at aspartic acid residues. Glu-C activity is optimal at pH 4.0-9.0. ... is an endoproteinase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the N-terminal side of aspartic acid residues. Asp-N activity is optimal ...
Proteases18
- Natural products inhibiting Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases from Tovomita krukovii. (biomedsearch.com)
- Compounds 2, 3, 12 and 13 showed inhibitory effects against Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases (SAP) with IC50 values of 15 microg/ml, 25 microg/ml, 40 microg/ml, and 6.5 microg/ml, respectively, while the other compounds were inactive. (biomedsearch.com)
- In biochemistry , serine proteases or serine endopeptidases (newer name) are a class of peptidases ( enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins ) that are characterised by the presence of a serine residue in the active site of the enzyme . (bionity.com)
- Located very near one another near the heart of the enzyme, these three key amino acids each play an essential role in the cleaving ability of the proteases. (bionity.com)
- Proteases hydrolyze the peptide bonds of proteins into peptides and amino acids, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. (scielo.br)
- Proteases are classified as peptide hydrolases or peptidases (EC 3.4) and constitute a large family of enzymes, divided into endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21-99) and exopeptidases (EC 3.4.11-19), classified according to the position of the peptide bond to be cleaved. (scielo.br)
- Aspartic proteases are a catalytic type of protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their peptide substrates. (wikipedia.org)
- Eukaryotic aspartic proteases include pepsins , cathepsins , and renins . (wikipedia.org)
- While a number of different mechanisms for aspartyl proteases have been proposed, the most widely accepted is a general acid-base mechanism involving coordination of a water molecule between the two highly conserved aspartate residues. (wikipedia.org)
- Five superfamilies (clans) of aspartic proteases are known, each representing an independent evolution of the same active site and mechanisms . (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, PepA-P can be used in studying the role of intracellular aspartic proteases in the MHC class II antigen processing pathway. (edu.kz)
- Positive and negative contributions have been described for other enzymes, including the aspartyl proteases cathepsins D and E and asparagine endopeptidase (AEP). (jimmunol.org)
- Evolutionarily conserved functional mechanics across pepsin-like and retroviral aspartic proteases. (ebi.ac.uk)
- The threonine and glutamic acid proteases were not described until 1995 and 2004 , respectively. (wikidoc.org)
- Proteases are involved in digesting long protein chains into short fragments, splitting the peptide bonds that link amino acid residues. (wikidoc.org)
- Proteases are divided into four major groups according to the character of their catalytic active site and conditions of action: serine proteinases, cysteine (thiol) proteinases, aspartic proteinases, and metalloproteinases . (wikidoc.org)
- One of the strategies used by pathogens to succeed in causing infection is the production of proteases, which are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds between the amino acids in a protein. (bvsalud.org)
- The two main groups of proteases are exopeptidases and endopeptidases. (pediaa.com)
Protease18
- histidine (His 57), serine (Ser 195) (hence the name "serine protease") and aspartic acid (Asp 102). (bionity.com)
- Structure of the dimeric aspartic protease HIV protease in white and grey, with peptide substrate in black and active site aspartate side chains in red. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the aspartic protease inhibitors, including the highly potent pepstatin A (PepA), are inefficiently transported across the cell membrane and thus have limited access to antigen processing compartments. (edu.kz)
- The aim of the present study was to synthesize new cell-permeable aspartic protease inhibitors by conjugating pepstatin A with well-known cell penetrating peptides (CPPs). (edu.kz)
- We found that the bioconjugate PepA-penetratin (PepA-P) was the most efficient cell-permeable aspartic protease inhibitor tested, and was more efficient than unconjugated PepA. (edu.kz)
- Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'A novel cell penetrating aspartic protease inhibitor blocks processing and presentation of tetanus toxoid more efficiently than pepstatin A'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (edu.kz)
- An Arabidopsis aspartic protease functions as an anti-cell-death component in reproduction and embryogenesis. (ebi.ac.uk)
- N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the fragment indicated that the protease cleaves LAPP at the Abeta-N-terminus. (arctichealth.org)
- A protease is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis , that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain. (wikidoc.org)
- Attachment of a protease to a certain group depends on the structure of catalytic site and the amino acid (as one of the constituents) essential for its activity. (wikidoc.org)
- The protease functions in the lysosome to cleave N-terminal tripeptides from substrates and has weaker endopeptidase activity. (wikidoc.org)
- This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. (genecards.org)
- HLA-E presents closely related nonameric peptide epitopes derived from the highly conserved signal sequences of classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules as well as HLA-G. Their generation requires cleavage of the signal sequence by signal peptidase followed by the intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease, signal peptide peptidase. (ox.ac.uk)
- A protease is an enzyme which breaks down proteins into small peptides and eventually into amino acids. (pediaa.com)
- Furthermore, pepsin is an endopeptidase while a protease can be either endopeptidase or exopeptidase. (pediaa.com)
- Also, pepsin is an acid protease while a protease can either act in the acidic, neutral or basic medium. (pediaa.com)
- In pepsin, it is aspartic acid while the active site residue of a protease can be either serine, cysteine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine or a metal group. (pediaa.com)
- Another difference between pepsin and protease is that pepsin breaks down proteins into small peptides while a protease may break down a protein either into small peptides or amino acids. (pediaa.com)
Proteinases8
- This enzyme belongs to the class of aspartic proteinases which includes pepsin and renin in humans. (nih.gov)
- Substrate specificity and molecular modelling of aspartic proteinases (cyprosins) from flowers of Cynara cardunculus subsp. (semanticscholar.org)
- Aspartic proteinases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) were found to interfere with microtubule assembly. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, inhibition of tetanus toxoid C-fragment processing by PepA-P clearly implicates the role of aspartic proteinases in antigen processing. (edu.kz)
- The structure and function of the aspartic proteinases. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Rao JK, Erickson JW, Wlodawer A. Structural and evolutionary relationships between retroviral and eucaryotic aspartic proteinases. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Revuelta MV, van Kan JA, Kay J, Ten Have A. Extensive expansion of A1 family aspartic proteinases in fungi revealed by evolutionary analyses of 107 complete eukaryotic proteomes. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases that function optimally at an acidic pH to catalyze the hydrolysis of peptidic bonds. (semanticscholar.org)
Metabolism1
- Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Proteinase9
- The role of Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteinase in the development of candidoses. (nih.gov)
- The secreted aspartic proteinase of C. albicans was first described in 1965 and has proved to be a major factor in virulence. (nih.gov)
- Although found in some fungi, secreted aspartic proteinase is rare in these organisms. (nih.gov)
- While the existence of several isoenzymes may not be fully established, it is now obvious that at least seven different genes encode for secreted aspartic proteinase. (nih.gov)
- In future secreted aspartic proteinase may prove a prime target for new types of antimycotics. (nih.gov)
- Processing, activity, and inhibition of recombinant cyprosin, an aspartic proteinase from cardoon (Cynara cardunculus). (semanticscholar.org)
- Our finding that only PTP (not PC1/3, PC2, or the aspartic proteinase) possesses the ability to convert pro-NPY to NPY suggests that investigation of inhibitors of peripheral PTP in blood pressure regulation should be initiated. (unlv.edu)
- Characterization of recombinant CDR1, an Arabidopsis aspartic proteinase involved in disease resistance. (ebi.ac.uk)
- This proteinase was shown to possess a strong preference for cleavage after glutamic acid residues, but not after aspartic acid. (blogspot.in)
Peptidases7
- In only one family of cysteine peptidases, is the role of the general base assigned to a residue other than a histidine: in peptidases from family C89 (acid ceramidase) an arginine is the general base. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Peptidases are proteolytic enzymes that can be subdivided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Serine peptidases are a class of endopeptidases that are characterized by the presence of three invariant residues at the active site: serine, aspartic acid and histidine [ 19 , 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The presence and position of disulfide bridges are other conserved features of aspartic peptidases. (wikipedia.org)
- The mechanism used to cleave a peptide bond involves making an amino acid residue that has the cysteine and threonine (peptidases) or a water molecule (aspartic acid, metallo- and glutamic acid peptidases) nucleophilic so that it can attack the peptide carbonyl group. (wikidoc.org)
- Peptidases can either break specific peptide bonds ( limited proteolysis ), depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or break down a complete peptide to amino acids ( unlimited proteolysis ). (wikidoc.org)
- Sedolisins are acid-acting endopeptidases or tripeptidyl peptidases. (expasy.org)
Proteins8
- Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastrointestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
- Absorbed amino acids are typically used to create functional proteins, but may also be used to create energy. (wikipedia.org)
- Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins are made from amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins containing this domain belong to the aspartic peptidase A1 family (peptidase family A1, subfamily A1B). (ebi.ac.uk)
- Enzyme that cleaves amino acid residues from a protein chain commencing at the N-terminal Antibodies: Proteins involved in recognising bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc. as part of the immune defence system. (docplayer.net)
- Background Folding nucleus of globular proteins formation starts by the mutual interaction of a group of hydrophobic amino acids whose close contacts allow subsequent formation and stability of the 3D structure. (capecodmushroom.org)
- They hydrolyze peptide bonds between amino acids in both proteins and peptides. (pediaa.com)
Protein11
- Cleavage of peptide bonds lead to degradation of protein substrates into their constituent amino acids, or it can be specific, leading to selective protein cleavage for post-translational modification and processing. (scielo.br)
- The Yps3 protein of strain G217B is 137 amino acids in length and is characterized principally by an N-terminal secretion signal sequence and a C-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domain ( 3 ). (asm.org)
- Five point mutations within the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) sequence of the APP gene are associated with hereditary diseases which are similar or identical to Alzheimer's disease and encode: the A21G (Flemish), E22G (Arctic), E22K (Italian), E22Q (Dutch) and the D23N (Iowa) amino acid substitutions. (arctichealth.org)
- Amino acid: Monomer containing an amino group and a carboxyl group that is polymerised to form peptide and protein chains. (docplayer.net)
- Typically, peptide/protein-forming amino acids have the amino and carboxyl groups attached to the same carbon atom (the alpha carbon) and are designated alpha amino acids. (docplayer.net)
- Automated machine that determines amino acid composition of a protein. (docplayer.net)
- Amino acid sequencer: Automated machine that determines linear order of amino acids in protein chain (i.e. the protein s primary structure). (docplayer.net)
- Carboxypeptidase: Enzyme that cleaves amino acids from a protein chain commencing at the C-terminal Chromatography: General term for related techniques to purify the components of peptide/protein mixtures according to molecular size, polarity, charge, recognition properties, etc. (docplayer.net)
- GO annotations related to this gene include cysteine-type endopeptidase activity and scaffold protein binding . (genecards.org)
- If the actual local density of hydrophobicity TAK-715 around a given amino acid is as high as the ideal one, then this amino acid is assigned to the core of the globular protein, and it is assumed to follow the FOD model. (capecodmushroom.org)
- Under conditions of induction for this protein and cefoxitin treatment, the reduction in M5 is not fully efficient, implying that LMM-PBP4 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents better behaviour as a D,D-endopeptidase. (biomedcentral.com)
Residues4
- These amino acid residues form much of the connective tissues in meat). (bionity.com)
- The pocket that is in "trypsin" and "chymotrypsin" is now partially filled with valine and threonine , rendering it a mere depression, which can accommodate these smaller amino acid residues. (bionity.com)
- The animal pepsin-like endopeptidase propeptides form a distinct family of propeptides, which contain a conserved motif approximately 30 residues long. (wikipedia.org)
- Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. (genecards.org)
Asparagine3
- Hydrolysis involves usually a catalytic triad consisting of the thiol group of the cysteine, the imidazolium ring of a histidine, and a third residue, usually asparagine or aspartic acid, to orientate and activate the imidazolium ring. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) or legumain is a potentially important Ag-processing enzyme that introduces limited cleavages that trigger unfolding and class II MHC binding of different Ag substrates. (jimmunol.org)
- Amino acid CV, % Alanine 5.0 Arginine 6.8 Asparagine 8.6 Aspartic acid 7.4 Citrulline 8.8 Cystine 8.1 Glutamic acid 8.8 Glutamine 4.1 Glycine 5.2 Histidine 6.6 Isoleucine 9.0 Leucine 5.0 Lysine 4.0 Methionine 5.5 Ornithine 4.0 Phenylalanine 9.2 Proline 12.1 Serine 4.8 Taurine 7.3 Threonine 4.5 Tryptophan 9.8 Tyrosine 5.9 Valine 8.8 Table 3. (thefreedictionary.com)
Residue10
- Chymotrypsin is responsible for cleaving peptide bonds following a bulky hydrophobic amino acid residue. (bionity.com)
- Trypsin is responsible for cleaving peptide bonds following a positively-charged amino acid residue. (bionity.com)
- Instead of having the hydrophobic pocket of the chymotrypsin , there exists an aspartic acid residue at the base of the pocket. (bionity.com)
- Elastase is responsible for cleaving peptide bonds following a small neutral amino acid residue, such as Alanine , glycine and valine. (bionity.com)
- Aminopeptidases (EC 3.4.14) act at a free N terminus of the polypeptide chain and liberate a single amino acid residue, a dipeptide, or a tripeptide. (scielo.br)
- Amino acid residue: the portion of the amino acid that remains after incorporation into a polypeptide chain. (docplayer.net)
- Insulin human is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. (drugbank.ca)
- Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. (umassmed.edu)
- The defining features of these enzymes are a unique catalytic triad, Ser-Glu-Asp (SED in single-letter notation), as well as the presence of an aspartic acid residue in the oxyanion hole. (expasy.org)
- Moreover, the active site residue of pepsin is aspartic acid . (pediaa.com)
Peptides and amino acids1
- Exopeptidases breakdown terminal peptide bonds, resulting in peptides and amino acids. (pediaa.com)
Enzymes4
- The proteolytic enzymes are subdivided into two major groups, exopeptidases and endopeptidases, depending on their site of action. (scielo.br)
- In modern-day enzymes, although the three-dimensional structures are very similar, the amino acid sequences are more divergent, except for the catalytic site motif, which is very conserved. (wikipedia.org)
- Lombard V. et al "The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013" Nucleic Acids Res. (wellnessadvocate.com)
- 4 . The process according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more proteolytic enzymes comprise both endopeptidase and exopeptidase activity. (google.ch)
Glutamic3
- Daechon Kamakmen Bay Aspartic acid 16.5 (2.5) 18.5 (2.1) Glutamic acid 28.3 (7.7) 34.2 (6.8) Serine 13.2 (1.5) 10.1 (1.7) Glycine 69.0 (20.6) 42.8 (8.7) [beta]-Alanine 15.9 (3.3) 5.2 (0.1) Taurine 200.7 (48.3) 324.4 (45.1) L-Alanine 37.3 (11.0) 29.7 (7.2) T/G ratio 2.9 7.6 TOTAL 380.8 (91.9) 464.8 (60.6) TABLE 2. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Equal amount of aspartic acid and glutamic acid by weight were substituted for the graded amounts of methionine in the basal diet to maintain the isonitrogenous of the seven experimental diets. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Typically aspartic acid, glutamic acid. (docplayer.net)
Cysteine1
- Endopeptidases from cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis and Nostoc punctiforme contains two major domains: a bacterial SH3-like domain (SH3b) and a ubiquitous cell-wall-associated NlpC/P60 (or CHAP) cysteine peptidase domain. (ebi.ac.uk)
Internal peptide bonds3
- endopeptidases, when they cleave the internal peptide bonds, which differ from the exopeptidases that cleave the terminal bonds. (bvsalud.org)
- Especially, pepsin is an endopeptidase that hydrolyzes internal peptide bonds. (pediaa.com)
- On the other hand, endopeptidases breakdown internal peptide bonds, resulting in small peptides. (pediaa.com)
Catalytic2
- Cloning, expression, and purification of a catalytic fragment of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase: crystallization of nucleic acid complexes. (molmovdb.org)
- however they are considerably larger, with the mature catalytic domains containing approximately 375 amino acids. (expasy.org)
Cleaves2
- The second reaction cleaves the aminoacyl-AMP producing the energy to join the amino acid to the tRNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids. (wikidoc.org)
Aspartate1
- [5] [6] One aspartate activates the water by abstracting a proton, enabling the water to perform a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate scissile bond , generating a tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate stabilized by hydrogen-bonding with the second aspartic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Peptidase family1
- Many eukaryotic aspartic endopeptidases (MEROPS peptidase family A1) are synthesised with signal and propeptides . (wikipedia.org)
Pepsin2
- Pepsin has a three-dimensional structure, of which one or more polypeptide chains twist and fold, bringing together a small number of amino acids to form the active site, or the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place. (wikidoc.org)
- Furthermore, pepsin is responsible for the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between large hydrophobic amino acids. (pediaa.com)
MEROPS1
- Cathepsin D (CatD, EC 3.4.23.5) is a member belonging to the subfamily of aspartic endopeptidases, which are classified into the MEROPS clan AA, family A1. (bvsalud.org)
Humans2
- In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, some amino acids can be synthesized using already existing intermediates. (wikipedia.org)
Carboxypeptidase1
- The results showed a decrease in the relative quantity of dimeric, trimeric and anhydrous units, and a smaller reduction in monomer disaccharide pentapeptide (M5) levels, validating the occurrence of D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-endopeptidase activities. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme2
- Nodavirus endopeptidase (EC 3.4.23.44, Black Beetle virus endopeptidase, Flock House virus endopeptidase) is an enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- In enzyme science, Acid Anhydride Hydrolases are a class of hydrolase enzyme reactions that catalyze the hydrolysis of a acid anhydride bond. (wellnessadvocate.com)
Zinc1
- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc endopeptidases, which have been implicated in various disease processes. (rcsb.org)
Thiol1
- They are inhibited by thiol chelators such as iodoacetate, iodoacetic acid, N -ethylmaleimide or p -chloromercuribenzoate. (ebi.ac.uk)
INHIBITOR1
- Here we report the design of malonic acid-based inhibitors using the X-ray structure of a collagenase/inhibitor complex, which revealed a nonsubstrate-like binding mode. (rcsb.org)
Polypeptide chain1
- The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds making a polypeptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
Acidic1
- Acidic amino acids: Those whose side chains can carry a negative charge at certain ph values. (docplayer.net)