Aspartate aminotransferase mitochondrial. Medical search

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

An aspartate aminotransferase found in MITOCHONDRIA.

This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-TYROSINE and 2-oxoglutarate to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE. It is a pyridoxal-phosphate protein. L-PHENYLALANINE is hydroxylated to L-tyrosine. The mitochondrial enzyme may be identical with ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.6.1.1.). Deficiency of this enzyme may cause type II Tyrosinemia (see TYROSINEMIAS). EC 2.6.1.5.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

The 4-aminomethyl form of VITAMIN B 6. During transamination of amino acids, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.

Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.

A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glutamate gamma-semialdehyde and an L-amino acid from L-ornithine and a 2-keto-acid. EC 2.6.1.13.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

An aspartate aminotransferase found in the CYTOPLASM.

The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartic acid to ammonia and fumaric acid in plants and some microorganisms. EC 4.3.1.1.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An examination of chemicals in the blood.

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 6 in the diet, characterized by dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and stomatitis. Marked deficiency causes irritability, weakness, depression, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures. In infants and children typical manifestations are diarrhea, anemia, and seizures. Deficiency can be caused by certain medications, such as isoniazid.

Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.

Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-aspartyl phosphate from aspartic acid and ATP. Threonine serves as an allosteric regulator of this enzyme to control the biosynthetic pathway from aspartic acid to threonine. EC 2.7.2.4.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

The specialty of ANALYTIC CHEMISTRY applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.

Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.

A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain SWAINSONINE.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10.

The dialdehyde of malonic acid.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

Small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of ENZYMES. Many VITAMINS are coenzymes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.

Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.

Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.

A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Derivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms.

A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

Physiologically inactive substances that can be converted to active enzymes.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from L-TRYPTOPHAN to 2-oxoglutarate in order to generate indolepyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE.

The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-oxoglutarate to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyridoxal in the presence of ATP with the formation of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and ADP. Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and various derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.35.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.

A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.

Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

A tissue or organ remaining at physiological temperature during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. During ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION it begins when the organ reaches physiological temperature before the completion of SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS and ends with reestablishment of the BLOOD CIRCULATION through the tissue.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-LYSINE onto 2-oxoglutarate to generate 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde and L-GLUTAMATE.

A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline (CITRULLINE) from CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE and L-ornithine (ORNITHINE). Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).

ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

A genus of aerobic, chemolithotrophic, coccoid ARCHAEA whose organisms are thermoacidophilic. Its cells are highly irregular in shape, often lobed, but occasionally spherical. It has worldwide distribution with organisms isolated from hot acidic soils and water. Sulfur is used as an energy source.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An enzyme that, in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes ring closure by removal of water from N-carbamoylaspartate to yield dihydro-orotic acid. EC 3.5.2.3.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Solutions used to store organs and minimize tissue damage, particularly while awaiting implantation.

The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.

A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

Mushrooms in the order AGARICALES containing B vitamins, cortinelin, and the polysaccharide LENTINAN.

An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.

An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.

Clotting time of PLASMA recalcified in the presence of excess TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN. Factors measured are FIBRINOGEN; PROTHROMBIN; FACTOR V; FACTOR VII; and FACTOR X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with COUMARINS.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. They filter bacteria and small foreign proteins out of the blood, and dispose of worn out red blood cells.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.

Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase catalyses cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase reactions. (1/21)

Rat liver mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (a homodimer) was shown to catalyse a beta-lyase reaction with three nephrotoxic halogenated cysteine S-conjugates [ S -(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S -(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine], and less effectively so with a non-toxic cysteine S-conjugate [benzothiazolyl-L-cysteine]. Transamination competes with the beta-lyase reaction, but is not favourable. The ratio of beta elimination to transamination in the presence of S -(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine and 2-oxoglutarate is >100. Syncatalytic inactivation by the halogenated cysteine S-conjugates is also observed. The enzyme turns over approx. 2700 molecules of halogenated cysteine S-conjugate on average for every monomer inactivated. Kidney mitochondria are known to be especially sensitive to toxic halogenated cysteine S-conjugates. Evidence is presented that 15-20% of the cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase activity towards S -(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine in crude kidney mitochondrial homogenates is due to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. The possible involvement of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in the toxicity of halogenated cysteine S-conjugates is also discussed. (+info)

Effect of betaxolol on aspartate aminotransferase activity in hypoxic rat retina in vitro. (2/21)

We investigated the effect of betaxolol on the decrease of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAAT) activity in rat retinas induced by hypoxia in vitro. It is reported that mAAT decreases in ischemic or hypoxic retina and that the decrease is caused by Ca(2+)-dependent proteases such as calpain. Betaxolol is a compound that has beta(1)-adrenergic receptor blocking and voltage-dependent calcium channel blocking properties. The rat eye cups were maintained with Locke's solution saturated with 95% air - 5% CO(2). The eye cups were immersed in glucose-free Locke's solution saturated with 95% N(2) / 5% CO(2) (hypoxic solution). Ninety minutes of hypoxia caused a 20% decrease in mAAT activity. The eye cups incubated with the hypoxic solution containing 1 mM EGTA, 10 micro M MK-801 or 100 micro M betaxolol were protected from the decrease in mAAT activity, so that the residual mAAT activity was 50%, 45% or 40%, respectively, compared to the eye cups incubated in hypoxic solution alone, which had a 100% decrease in mAAT activity. In addition, co-incubation with EGTA and betaxolol had a greater protective effect against the mAAT decrease than a single application. This additive effect of betaxolol was dose-dependent. These results suggested that betaxolol had a protective effect against the decrease of mAAT caused by hypoxia and indicated that betaxolol might inhibit the Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores. (+info)

Release of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate upon unfolding of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. (3/21)

Dimeric mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAAT) contains a molecule of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) tightly attached to each of its two identical active sites. The presence of this natural reporter allows us to study separately local perturbations in the architecture of this critical region of the molecule during unfolding. Upon unfolding of the enzyme with guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), the coenzyme is completely released from the active site. The transition midpoint for the dissociation of PLP is 1.4+/-0.02 M when determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 1.6+/-0.02 M when the protein-bound PLP is estimated by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In both cases the transition midpoint is higher than that of inactivation (1.3+/-0.01 M). On the other hand, the midpoint of the unfolding transition obtained by monitoring changes in ellipticity at 356 nm, which reflects the asymmetric environment of the PLP cofactor at the active site, is 1.19+/-0.011 M guanidine. These results indicate that the unfolding of mAAT is a multi-step process which includes an intermediate containing bound PLP but lacking catalytic activity. (+info)

iMolTalk: an interactive, internet-based protein structure analysis server. (4/21)

iMolTalk (http://i.moltalk.org) is a new and interactive web server for protein structure analysis. It addresses the need to identify and highlight biochemically important regions in protein structures. As input, the server requires only the four-digit Protein Data Bank (PDB) identifier, of an experimentally determined structure or a structure file in PDB format stemming e.g. from comparative modelling. iMolTalk offers a wide range of implemented tools (i) to extract general information from PDB files, such as generic header information or the sequence derived from three-dimensional co-ordinates; (ii) to map corresponding residues from sequence to structure; (iii) to search for contacts of residues (amino or nucleic acids) or heterogeneous groups to the protein, present cofactors and substrates; and (iv) to identify protein-protein interfaces between chains in a structure. The server provides results as user-friendly two-dimensional graphical representations and in textual format, ideal for further processing. At any time during the analysis, the user can choose, for the following step, from the set of implemented tools or submit his/her own script to the server to extend the functionality of iMolTalk. (+info)

Production and characterization of alien chromosome additions in shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) carrying extra chromosome(s) of Japanese bunching onion (A. fistulosum L.). (5/21)

First and second backcrosses of amphidiploid hybrids (2n = 4x = 32, genomes AAFF) between shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group) and A. fistulosum were conducted to produce A. cepa - A. fistulosum alien addition lines. When shallot (A. cepa Aggregatum group) was used as a pollinator, the amphidiploids and allotriploids set germinable BC(1) and BC(2) seeds, respectively. The 237 BC(1) plants mainly consisted of 170 allotriploids (2n = 3x = 24, AAF) and 42 hypo-allotriploids possessing 23 chromosomes, i.e., single-alien deletions (2n = 3x-1 = 23, AAF-nF). The single-alien deletions in the BC(1) progeny showed dwarfing characteristics and were discriminated from the allotriploids (2n = 24) and hyper-allotriploids (2n = 25) by means of flow cytometric analysis. The chromosome numbers of 46 BC(2) seedlings varied from 16 to 24. Eight monosomic additions (2n = 2x+1 = 17, AA+nF) and 20 single-alien deletions were found in these BC(2) seedlings. Consequently, six kinds of A. cepa - A. fistulosum alien chromosome additions possessing different chromosome numbers (2n = 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23) were recognized in the BC(1) and BC(2) populations. A total of 79 aneuploids, including 62 single-alien deletions, were analyzed by a chromosome 6F-specific isozyme marker (Got-2) in order to recognize its existence in their chromosome complements. This analysis revealed that two out of 62 single-alien deletions did not possess 6F. One (AAF-6F) out of the possible eight single-alien deletions could be identified at first. The present study is a first step toward the development of a useful tool, such as a complete set of eight different single-alien deletions, for the rapid chromosomal assignment of genes and genetic markers in A. fistulosum. (+info)

Modulation of mitochondrial calcium management attenuates hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury. (6/21)

Hepatic warm ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury occurs in many clinical situations and has an important link to subsequent hepatic failure. The pathogenesis of this injury involves numerous pathways, including mitochondrial-associated apoptosis. We studied the effect of mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibition on hepatic IR injury using the specific mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, ruthenium red (RR). Rats were subjected to 1 hour of 70% warm hepatic ischemia following RR pretreatment or vehicle injection. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Analysis was performed at 15 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, or 6 hours after reperfusion. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were determined. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to assess apoptosis, and hepatocellular necrosis was semiquantitated from hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. RR pretreatment significantly decreased both AST and ALT serum levels after 6 hours of reperfusion (AST: 1,556 +/- 181 U/L vs. 597 +/- 121 U/L, P = 0.005; ALT: 1,118 +/- 187 U/L vs. 294 +/- 39 U/L, P = 0.005). Apoptosis was observed within 15 minutes of reperfusion in vehicle-pretreated animals and peaked after 3 hours of reperfusion (98 +/- 21 cells/high-power field [hpf]). Apoptosis was inhibited at all time points by RR pretreatment. Histologic evidence of necrosis was not observed prior to 3 hours of reperfusion (23% +/- 4%), and maximal necrosis was observed after 6 hours of reperfusion (26% +/- 1% percent area). RR pretreatment significantly decreased the necrotic percent area at both the 3-hour and the 6-hour time points (4.2% +/- 2%; 3.7% +/- 1%, respectively). Hepatic IR injury resulted in both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, which were attenuated by RR pretreatment. In conclusion, these observations implicate mitochondrial calcium uptake in the pathogenesis of hepatic IR injury. (+info)

Effects of L-malate on physical stamina and activities of enzymes related to the malate-aspartate shuttle in liver of mice. (7/21)

L-malate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediate, plays an important role in transporting NADH from cytosol to mitochondria for energy production and may be involved in the beneficial effects of improving physical stamina. In the present study, we investigated the effects of L-malate on the performance of forced swimming time and blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue - blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (Glc), creatine kinase (CK),total protein (TP) and lactic acid (LA). To investigate the effects of L-malate on the malate-aspartate shuttle and energy metabolism in mice, the activities of enzymes related to the malate-aspartate shuttle were measured. L-malate was orally administered to mice continuously for 30 days using a feeding atraumatic needle. The swimming time was increased by 26.1 % and 28.5 %, respectively, in the 0.210 g/kg and 0.630 g/kg L-malate-treated group compared with the control group. There were no differences in the concentrations of Glc, BUN and TP between the L-malate-treated groups and the control groups. However, the levels of CK were significantly decreased in the L-malate-treated groups. The results predict a potential benefit of L-malate for improving physical stamina and minimizing muscle damage during swimming exercise. The activities of cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated in the L-malate-treated group compared with the control group. These enzymatic activities may be useful indicators for evaluating changes affecting the malate-aspartate shuttle and energy metabolism in the liver of mice. (+info)

Cisplatin-induced toxicity is associated with platinum deposition in mouse kidney mitochondria in vivo and with selective inactivation of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in LLC-PK1 cells. (8/21)

The anticancer drug cisplatin is nephrotoxic and neurotoxic. Previous data support the hypothesis that cisplatin is bioactivated to a nephrotoxicant. The final step in the proposed bioactivation is the formation of a platinum-cysteine S-conjugate followed by a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase reaction. This reaction would generate pyruvate, ammonium, and a highly reactive platinum (Pt)-thiol compound in vivo that would bind to proteins. In this work, the cellular location and identity of the PLP-dependent cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase were investigated. Pt was shown to bind to proteins in kidneys of cisplatin-treated mice. The concentration of Pt-bound proteins was higher in the mitochondrial fraction than in the cytosolic fraction. Treatment of the mice with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, a PLP enzyme inhibitor), which had previously been shown to block the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, decreased the binding of Pt to mitochondrial proteins but had no effect on the amount of Pt bound to proteins in the cytosolic fraction. These data indicate that a mitochondrial enzyme catalyzes the PLP-dependent cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase reaction. PLP-dependent mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mitAspAT) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes beta-elimination reactions with cysteine S-conjugates of halogenated alkenes. We reasoned that the enzyme might also catalyze a beta-lyase reaction with the cisplatin-cysteine S-conjugate. In this study, mitAspAT was stably overexpressed in LLC-PK(1) cells. Cisplatin was significantly more toxic in confluent monolayers of LLC-PK(1) cells that overexpressed mitAspAT than in control cells containing vector alone. AOAA completely blocked the cisplatin toxicity in confluent mitAspAT-transfected cells. The Pt-thiol compound could rapidly bind proteins and inactivate enzymes in close proximity of the PLP-dependent cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase. Treatment with 50 or 100 microM cisplatin for 3 h, followed by removal of cisplatin from the medium for 24 h, resulted in a pronounced loss of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) activity in both mitAspAT-transfected cells and control cells. Exposure to 100 microM cisplatin resulted in a significantly greater loss of KGDHC activity in the cells overexpressing mitAspAT than in control cells. Aconitase activity was diminished in both cell types, but only at the higher level of exposure to cisplatin. AspAT activity was also significantly decreased by cisplatin treatment. By contrast, several other enzymes (both cytosolic and mitochondrial) involved in energy/amino acid metabolism were not significantly affected by cisplatin treatment in the LLC-PK(1) cells, whether or not mitAspAT was overexpressed. The susceptibility of KGDHC and aconitase to inactivation in kidney cells exposed to cisplatin metabolites may be due to the proximity of mitAspAT to KGDHC and aconitase in mitochondria. These findings support the hypothesis that a mitochondrial cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase converts the cisplatin-cysteine S-conjugate to a toxicant, and the data are consistent with the hypothesis that mitAspAT plays a role in the bioactivation of cisplatin. (+info)

"X-ray structure refinement and comparison of three forms of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase". Journal of Molecular ... Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or (serum) glutamic oxaloacetic ... Aminotransferase is cleared by sinusoidal cells in the liver. Aspartate transaminase catalyzes the interconversion of aspartate ... "Domain closure in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 227 (1): 197-213. doi:10.1016/0022- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase

... by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Since aspartate is an amino acid, an amino radical needs to be added to the ... aspartate is converted by cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase to oxaloacetate. The net effect of the malate-aspartate shuttle ... aspartate aminotransferase in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. malate-alpha-ketoglutarate antiporter in the ... Since the malate-aspartate shuttle regenerates NADH inside the mitochondrial matrix, it is capable of maximizing the number of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate-aspartate_shuttle

Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GOT2 gene. Glutamic-oxaloacetic ... Guidetti P, Amori L, Sapko MT, Okuno E, Schwarcz R (Jul 2007). "Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase: a third kynurenate- ... Furuya E, Yoshida Y, Tagawa K (May 1979). "Interaction of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase with negatively charged ... "Entrez Gene: GOT2 glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial (aspartate aminotransferase 2)". Ford GC, Eichele G, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOT2

Guidetti P, Amori L, Sapko MT, Okuno E, Schwarcz R (July 2007). "Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase: a third kynurenate- ... kynurenine aminotransferase, and L-kynurenine aminotransferase. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs ... "Substrate specificity and structure of human aminoadipate aminotransferase/kynurenine aminotransferase II". Bioscience Reports ... "Substrate specificity and structure of human aminoadipate aminotransferase/kynurenine aminotransferase II". Bioscience Reports ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynurenine—oxoglutarate_transaminase

1989). "Nucleotide sequence and tissue distribution of the human mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase mRNA". Biochem. ... aspartate aminotransferase 1)". Panteghini M (1990). "Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes". Clin. Biochem. 23 (4): 311-9. doi ... Totan A, Greabu M, Totan C, Spinu T (2006). "Salivary aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline ... Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GOT1 gene. Glutamic-oxaloacetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOT1

"Structural features of the precursor to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase responsible for binding to hsp70". The Journal ... The ultrastructural appearance of necrosis is quite different, the main features being mitochondrial swelling, plasma membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8

"Mechanism of action of aspartate aminotransferase proposed on the basis of its spatial structure". Journal of Molecular Biology ... The mitochondrial DNA only codes for about thirteen proteins that are used in processing mitochondrial transcripts, ribosomal ... One to many double stranded mainly circular DNA is present in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial DNA is 1% of total DNA of a ... The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix

... homology between pig mitochondrial and cytosolic aspartate aminotransferases. In the liver, ethanol is converted into harmless ... ALDH2, which has a lower KM for acetaldehydes than ALDH1 and acts predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix, is the main enzyme ... Wang X, Weiner H (Jan 1995). "Involvement of glutamate 268 in the active site of human liver mitochondrial (class 2) aldehyde ... Xiao Q, Weiner H, Crabb DW (Nov 1996). "The mutation in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene responsible for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase

... it has been shown that alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase can interact with mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase to form a ... assisting the malate-aspartate shuttle with exchanging reducing equivalents so that malate can pass through the mitochondrial ... One is found in the mitochondrial matrix, participating as a key enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the oxidation ... Gelpí JL, Dordal A, Montserrat J, Mazo A, Cortés A (April 1992). "Kinetic studies of the regulation of mitochondrial malate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase

Binding experiments indicate that mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase can associate with the alpha-ketoglutarate ... Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial also known as malate dehydrogenase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MDH2 ... Lo, YW; Lin, ST; Chang, SJ; Chan, CH; Lyu, KW; Chang, JF; May, EW; Lin, DY; Chou, HC; Chan, HL (April 2015). "Mitochondrial ... Recent studies of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase are focused into the nature of the inactivation processes. The oligomeric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase_2

... inhibits aspartate aminotransferase, another PLP-dependent enzyme, which is an essential part of the malate ... potentially due to its impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Aminooxyacetic acid was previously used in a clinical ... Also, the inhibition of aspartate aminotransferase by aminooxyacetic acid has clinical implications for the treatment of breast ... Moreover, selective inhibition of aspartate aminotransferase with aminooxyacetic acid ameliorated experimental autoimmune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid

"Domain closure in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 227 (1): 197-213. doi:10.1016/0022- ... The enzyme aspartate aminotransferase catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from aspartate onto α-ketoglutarate to yield ... The aspartate family of amino acids includes: threonine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and aspartate. Lysine and isoleucine ... Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of aspartyl phosphate to yield aspartate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis

... aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.225.500 - aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial MeSH ... aspartate-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.250 - glutamate-trna ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.350 - glycine-trna ligase ... aspartate ammonia-lyase MeSH D08.811.520.232.400.350 - ethanolamine ammonia-lyase MeSH D08.811.520.232.400.500 - histidine ... protein d-aspartate-l-isoaspartate methyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.555.500.862 - thymidylate synthase MeSH D08.811.913.555. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

... determined that the appropriate terminology for AST and ALT are aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. The ... 87 hours for mitochondrial AST. Lala V, Goyal A, Bansal P, Minter D (July 2020). "Liver Function Tests". Stat Pearls. Treasure ... Aminotransferase is cleared by sinusoidal cells in the liver. ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to α- ... Aminotransferase clearance is carried out within the liver by sinusoidal cells. The half-life in the circulation is about 47 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase

Oxaloacetic acid + Glutamate ↔ α-Ketoglutarate + Aspartate (catalysed by aspartate aminotransferase) The glutamate produced by ... Fumarate A recent study showed that activation of HIF-1α allows cardiomyocytes to sustain mitochondrial membrane potential ... OAA either enters into TCA cycle or converts into aspartate in the mitochondria. Aspartate can re-enter purine nucleotide cycle ... The purine nucleotide cycle is a metabolic pathway in which ammonia and fumarate are generated from aspartate and inosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle

The "large" domain contains the PLP binding site, as seen in other PLP-dependent proteins, like aspartate aminotransferase. The ... Fujioka M (1969). "Purification and properties of serine hydroxymethylase from soluble and mitochondrial fractions of rabbit ... Purification and characterization of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic isoforms". Plant Physiol. Biochem. 33 (6): 665-673. ... April 2015). "How pyridoxal 5'-phosphate differentially regulates human cytosolic and mitochondrial serine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase

In people with alcoholic hepatitis, the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio is ... Polymorphisms in the enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol, such as ADH, ALDH, CYP4502E1, mitochondrial dysfunction, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease

The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme participates in 5 ... December 2015). "Disruption of the GABA shunt affects mitochondrial respiration and virulence in the cereal pathogen Fusarium ... metabolic pathways: alanine and aspartate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and ... January 2004). "Structures of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and [2Fe-2S] cluster- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-aminobutyrate_transaminase

The ratio of the transaminase liver enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelets in the blood, known as the AST/ ... These are the consequences of a decreased capacity for storing fat and reduced mitochondrial function in adipose tissue and ... The Asia-Pacific Work Group advises that Vitamin E may improve liver condition and aminotransferase levels, but only in adults ... Although there was an improvement in insulin resistance and serum aminotransferases, this did not translate into NASH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease

... catalysed condensation reaction between the aspartate derived, L-aspartate semialdehyde, and pyruvate to form (4S)-4-hydroxy-2, ... AAA is then formed via a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase (PLP-AT) (E.C 2.6.1.39), using glutamate as ... Goncalves RL, Bunik VI, Brand MD (February 2016). "Production of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide by the mitochondrial 2-oxoadipate ... The DAP pathway is regulated at multiple levels, including upstream at the enzymes involved in aspartate processing as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine

... gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and their significance as diagnostic aids". Res. Vet. ... Recent reports based on mitochondrial genes analysis has shown that Japanese Fasciola spp. is more closely related to F. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciolosis

... where elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase can be found in the liver. Otherwise, the effects of oil spills on the ... A 1996 study looking at the mitochondrial DNA of the auk family found that the genus Cepphus is most closely related to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_guillemot

However, measurement of serum aminotransferase levels alone is not a good marker to determine cholestasis. In up to a third of ... Clinically, diagnosis generally requires a 1:40 or greater titer of anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) against PDC-E2 and ... In a later stage of cholestasis aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and unconjugated bilirubin may be ... Typically, aminotransferase enzymes are localized within hepatocytes and leak across the membrane upon damage. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

HEV, hepatitis E virus; NA, not available; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase. Reference ranges ... anti-mitochondrial); blood and feces cultures; and ova and parasites in feces. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/12/13-0521-f1

Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial. P00505 GOT2. 16q21. Enzyme. Not Available. HMDBP00378. Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate ... Aminoadipate aminotransferase, isoform CRA_b. Q4W5N8 AADAT. 4q33. Enzyme. Not Available. HMDBP08968. Kynurenine--oxoglutarate ... aminotransferase, mitochondrial. Q8N5Z0 AADAT. 4q33. Enzyme. Not Available. HMDBP00464. Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1 ...

https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000978/metabolite_protein_links

STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE K258H LACKING ITS PYRIDOXAL-5-PHOSPHATE-BINDING ... Chicken mitochondrial and Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferases K258H, in which the active site lysine residue has been ... Chicken mitochondrial and Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferases K258H, in which the active site lysine residue has been ... ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE. A, B. 401. Gallus gallus. Mutation(s): 1 Gene Names: GOT2. EC: 2.6.1.1 (PDB Primary Data), 2.6.1.7 ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1AKA

Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased;Mixed connective tissue disease;Model for end stage liver disease score ... Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal;Aspartate aminotransferase increased;Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency;AST to ... Alanine aminotransferase abnormal;Alanine aminotransferase increased;Alcoholic seizure;Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis; ...

https://www.gloria.tv/share/fHgjxRBwcV6o3XdGLZfcMCMS6

Liver function was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as ... mitochondrial function by determining states 3 and 4 of mitochondrial respiration, respiratory control rate and mitochondrial ... RESULTS: There were significant differences in serum aspartate aminotransferase values in groups SHAM vs. HBOI/R, I/R vs HBOI/R ... HBOI/R, State 4 in I/R vs HBOI/R groups, respiratory control rate in SHAM vs I/R groups; mitochondrial swelling in SHAM vs. I/R ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/acb/i/2014.v29suppl2/

Crystal Structures and Solution Studies of Oxime Adducts of Mitochondrial Aspartate Aminotransferase ...

https://katalog.slub-dresden.de/en?tx_find_find%5Bq%5D%5Bauthor%5D%5B0%5D=Schirmer%2C%20Erika

... serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and histological changes. In addition, ... enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial swelling, and mitochondrial ... Vitamin C targeted the mitochondria, preventing mitochondrial swelling, MMP dissipation, and ROS burst, thus inhibiting hepatic ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dual-action-vitamin-c-iron-supplement-therapeutics-iron-deficiency-anemia-prev

... purification and crystallographic studies of the mature form of human mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. BioScience ...

https://www.hielscher.com/az/ultrasonic-lysis-of-e-coli.htm

Aspartate Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial Entry term(s). Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial Aspartate Glutamate Oxaloacetate ... Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial Entry term(s):. Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial Aspartate. Glutamate Oxaloacetate ... Aspartate Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial - Preferred Concept UI. M0370470. Scope note. An aspartate aminotransferase found in ... Mitochondrial Aspartate Aminotransferase. Oxaloacetate Transaminase-2, Glutamate. Transaminase-2, Glutamate Oxaloacetate. Tree ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36110

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36110&filter=ths_exact_term&q=ASPARTATO+AMINOTRANSFERASA+MITOCONDRIAL

Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial OS=Homo sapiens OX=9606 GN=GOT2 PE=1 SV=3 ... 2012) beta-adrenoceptor pathway enhances mitochondrial function in human neural stem cells via rotary cell culture system. J ... 2020) Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact. Cell ... Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase ,mitochondrial OS=Homo sapiens OX=9606 GN=PRDX3 PE=1 SV=3 ...

https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/profiling-the-secretome-of-space-traveler-human-neural-stem-cells

KO mice exhibited severe macrovesicular steatosis and 5 to 6-fold higher serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate ... aminotransferase levels. KO mice had a modest increase in hepatic oxidative stress, lower expression of mitochondrial ... KO mice exhibited severe macrovesicular steatosis and 5 to 6-fold higher serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate ... KO mice exhibited severe macrovesicular steatosis and 5 to 6-fold higher serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/%CE%B2-catenin-is-essential-for-ethanol-metabolism-and-protection-agai

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/12/13-0521-f1

mitochondrial/ cytoplasmatic. AST (aspartate aminotransferase). Liver Function Tests (or Liver Enzymes) - Includes blood tests ... When elevated above normal values, the ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) tests indicate liver ... Hepa-Merz® Infusion concentrate. Composition: One ampoule of 10 ml contains: Active substance: 5 g L-ornithine-L-aspartate. ... L-ornithine L-aspartate has been investigated for reproduction toxicity only to a limited extent in experimental animal studies ...

https://www.hepa-merz.com/welcome-tohepa-merz/diagnosis/blood-data/

... the joint effects of Mt5178 C/A polymorphism and coffee consumption on elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST ... serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was then conducted. For men with Mt5178C, ... Longevity-associated mitochondrial DNA 5178 cytosine/adenine (Mt5178 C/A) polymorphism modulates the effects of coffee ... ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GGT, gamma- ...

https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-016-0098-2

Blood was also harvested for serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) determinations. Results ... I/R promoted a significant increase of mitochondrial swelling in the studied animals. This increase of mitochondrial swelling ... Conclusion Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate showed better performance at nitrate and aspartate aminotransferase compared to histidine- ... Mitochondrial osmotic swelling showed an increase in all I/R NI/R groups in the presence or absence of MB. About MDA, there was ...

https://search.scielo.org/?lang=en&q=au:Castro-e-Silva,%20Orlando

The experimental protocol included (1) serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase; (2) mitochondrial function; (3) ... Hepatic function was studied using the serum determination of the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase ... such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); degeneration products of cell ... whereas in relation to aspartate aminotransferase enzymes only laser treatment was able to provide this protection. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Evora,+P+R+B

glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial (aspartate aminotransferase 2). 0.010. FGF1. fibroblast growth factor 1 ( ... translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog (yeast) and translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog ( ... solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6. 0.010. ...

http://imp.princeton.edu/predictions/process/human-context-global/6802/?gene=4086

... except for a slight elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), which might be due to certain ... anti-mitochondrial antibody, HBs antigen, anti-HCV IgG and HIV test were negative. A complete blood cell count, renal function ...

https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-2690

Aspartate transaminase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase, AspAT/ASAT/AAT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), Serum ... Online conversion calculator for many types of measurement units in laboratory and medicine Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/ ... Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) conversion to nkat/l, µkat/l, nmol/(s•L), µmol/(s•L), U/L, IU/L, µmol/(min•L), µmol/(h•L ... Two isoenzymes of AST have been detected, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial. Only the cytoplasmic isoenzyme occurs in normal serum ...

http://unitslab.com/node/36

66. Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase 2, Mitochondrial (Aspartate Aminotransferase 2) Gene [This gene is involved in the ... 65. Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase 1, Soluble (Aspartate Aminotransferase 1) Gene [This gene plays a role in amino acid ... N methyl D aspartate receptor 7. Glucocorticoid Receptor [Widely expressed by human NR3C1 Gene (NR3 Family) as 6 isoforms, ... The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15. ( MSH )] (UMLS (CSP) C0017785) = ...

http://www.medindex.am/glossary/index.php/list/UMLS.+CSP-HL7-ICD9CM-NCI-NDFRT-RXNORM/,G,L,U.xhtml

... "aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial, aspartate catabolism, aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrion" YJR128W 9.031074 ... "mitochondrial inner memebrane translocase, protein-mitochondrial targeting*, ATP/ADP antiporter, mitochondrial inner membrane ... "Mitochondrial DiVision, mitochondrial genome maintenance*, molecular_function unknown, mitochondrial outer membrane" YPR154W ... "mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fission, molecular_function unknown, mitochondrial outer membrane" YDL086W 0.7765 ...

https://genomics.lbl.gov/YeastFitnessData/websitefiles/ratioresults/thrRatio_07.txt

Aspartate aminotransferase P2, mitochondrial (Frag... [more]. AAT3_ARATH. 4.214e-14. 64.29. Aspartate aminotransferase, ... Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial OS=Dicty... [more]. AATC_ORYSJ. 2.312e-12. 60.71. Aspartate aminotransferase, ... Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic OS=Dictyos... [more]. AAT1_MEDSA. 5.151e-12. 57.14. Aspartate aminotransferase 1 OS= ... Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic isozyme 1 ... [more]. AATC_DAUCA. 9.387e-14. 62.50. Aspartate aminotransferase, ...

https://www.citrusgenomedb.org/bio_data/220628

... aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, or gamma-glutamyltransferase) with or without clinical hepatitis, has ... which is the enzyme responsible for mitochondrial DNA synthesis. The ensuing mitochondrial dysfunction might also result in ... 5 times increase over baseline aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase) was observed more often among patients ... The mitochondrial basis of NRTI-induced lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis is one possible mechanism of cellular injury ...

https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/MMWRhtml/rr5107a1.htm

... enzymes directly associated with citrate production in the prostate cells are mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, ... In the mitochondria, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by mitochondrial glyoxylate aminotransferase AGT2 or into glycolate ... In a subsequent cyclization reaction, the enzyme Aspartate carbamoyltransferase forms N-carbamoyl-aspartate which is converted ... Next, aspartate undergoes a condensation reaction with carbamoyl-phosphate to form orotic acid. ...

https://pathbank.org/compounds?limit=20&page=4&sort_by=name.alphabetical&sort_order=asc&species_id%5B%5D=1&species_id%5B%5D=3&species_id%5B%5D=4&species_id%5B%5D=5&species_id%5B%5D=6&species_id%5B%5D=10&species_id%5B%5D=12&species_id%5B%5D=17&species_id%5B%5D=18&species_id%5B%5D=23&species_name=all

... mice increases the activity of cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase in the ... The regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes by hydrocortisone was studied in the liver and kidney of 15-, 30- and 60-day ... Dey S, Sharma R. Hormonal regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes during postnatal development of mice. Indian Journal ... Our findings on hormonal regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes show that they are subjected to different physiological ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/27360?locale=es

Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activation decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by prevention of mitochondrial depolarization. ... "Aspartate Aminotransferases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Aspartate Aminotransferases" was a major or minor ... "Aspartate Aminotransferases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Aspartate Aminotransferases" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/101132/

3.10.1 Determination of Plasma Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) 45. 3.10.2 Determination of Plasma Aspartate Amino Transferase ( ... In vitro mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT) was carried out. Histopathological examination of liver and ... Biomarkers measured were plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ... 4.6: Effects of varying doses of EEGK and TFGK on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in arsenic-induced rats 58 ...

https://eprojecttopics.com/product/garcinia-kolaheckel-stem-bark-ethanolic-extract-and-its-triterpenoid-fraction-protected-against-sodium-arsenite-induced-hepatotoxicity-and-nephrotoxicity-in-rat-models/

Aspartate aminotransferase was elevated in 38% of patients with autism compared with 15% of controls (P , .0001). The serum ... A subgroup of these individuals has mitochondrial disease. Because a variety of metabolic disorders, including mitochondrial ... Subtle abnormalities in the serum creatine kinase level, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum bicarbonate led us to perform a ... Fever plus mitochondrial disease could be risk factors for autistic regression.. Abstract. Autistic spectrum disorders ...

https://elementulhuliganic.wordpress.com/tag/regression/

ALT, alanine aminotransferase. (cdc.gov)
We investigated the protective effects of vitamin C against liver damage by assessing the liver weight to body weight ratio (LW/BW), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and histological changes. (greenmedinfo.com)
KO mice exhibited severe macrovesicular steatosis and 5 to 6-fold higher serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. (elsevier.com)
When elevated above normal values, the ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) tests indicate liver damage. (hepa-merz.com)
After Mt5178 C/A genotyping, a cross-sectional study assessing the joint effects of Mt5178 C/A polymorphism and coffee consumption on elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was then conducted. (biomedcentral.com)
A complete blood cell count, renal function, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin level, urinalysis, stool routine, were within normal limits, except for a slight elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), which might be due to certain inflammatory process. (medicaljournals.se)
0.2 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase 689 U/L (RR: 15 - 37 U/L), alanine aminotransferase 935 U/L (RR: 12 - 78 U/L), and alkaline phosphatase 209 U/L (RR: 45 - 117 U/L). Results of the complete blood count, serum electrolyte levels, and coagulation studies were normal. (journalmc.org)
Serum alanine transferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, as well as the contents of liver triglyceride and total cholesterol, were significantly increased in these two models. (spandidos-publications.com)
Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly elevated at 2 and 4 weeks after MCD diet. (springeropen.com)
Liver function enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities including total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and globulin were not changed by BV supplementation. (blogspot.com)
Abnormal laboratory findings included markedly elevated liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), as well as total bilirubin. (cdc.gov)

Aspartate aminotransferase (glutamate oxalacetate transaminase) belongs to the transaminases, which catalyze the interconversion of amino acids and α‑ketoacids by transfer of amino groups. (unitslab.com)

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. (musc.edu)

The key regulatory enzymes directly associated with citrate production in the prostate cells are mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial aconitase. (pathbank.org)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Hormonal regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes during postnatal development of mice. (who.int)
The regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes by hydrocortisone was studied in the liver and kidney of 15-, 30- and 60-day old mice. (who.int)
Our findings on hormonal regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes show that they are subjected to different physiological control in various tissues during postnatal development of mice. (who.int)
Several acquired conditions are characterized not only by post-translational alterations in electron transport respiratory chain proteins and impairments in mitochondrial calcium handling, but also by abnormalities in TCAC enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)

A study published in the Journal of Child Neurology noted that autistic spectrum disorders can be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. (wordpress.com)
Autistic spectrum disorders can be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. (wordpress.com)
There is also evidence that lactate can be elevated in sepsis in the absence of tissue hypoxia, as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction and downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation. (medscape.com)
Previous evidence has demonstrated that NASH can be induced by several factors, such as lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, genetic susceptibility, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal lipid metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum stress ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in pathological conditions leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (springeropen.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of 99m Tc-MIBI for evaluating the hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet in mice. (springeropen.com)
These results suggest that 99m Tc-MIBI SPECT imaging might be useful for detecting hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by steatosis and inflammation such as NAFLD or NASH. (springeropen.com)
Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to have an important role in the liver during NASH progression since mitochondrial dysfunction causes overproduction of ROS inducing lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and cell death. (springeropen.com)
The extended disease phenotype also includes growth retardation, premature aging, insulin resistance, hepatic impairment, type 2 diabetes, manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction, inadequate responses to oxidative stress and increased cardiovascular risk [7]. (researchsquare.com)

Two isoenzymes of AST have been detected, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial. (unitslab.com)
Only the cytoplasmic isoenzyme occurs in normal serum, while the mitochondrial, together with the cytoplasmic isoenzyme, has been detected in the serum of patients with coronary and hepatobiliary disease. (unitslab.com)
AATC_ORYSJ (Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (citrusgenomedb.org)

KO mice had a modest increase in hepatic oxidative stress, lower expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and lower citrate synthase activity, the first step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (elsevier.com)
Oxidative mitochondrial DNA lesions and mitochondrial DNA depletion may impair the synthesis of respiratory chain polypeptides. (springeropen.com)

Patients with inherited mitochondrial diseases associated with nuclear or mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutations that impair the respiratory chain. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A number of significant changes were found in the elderly compared to the adult group, including decreased levels of transcripts coding for components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which correlate with a parallel decline in the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO 2 max ), as monitored in the same subjects. (aging-us.com)

An aspartate aminotransferase found in MITOCHONDRIA . (bvsalud.org)

As such, increased PARylation was associated with reduced NAD+ levels and mitochondrial function and content, which was concurrent with elevated hepatic lipid content. (cyberleninka.org)

With a natural compound screening, we identified that xanthohumol inhibited OSCC cells by reducing survivin protein level and activating mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial swelling, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated to clarify the antioxidant effects of vitamin C. We found that vitamin C significantly attenuated impaired liver function in mice induced by iron overload via antioxidation, whereas no significant effect on iron uptake was observed. (greenmedinfo.com)

The mitochondrial isoenzyme is produced in hepatocytes and reacts to membrane stresses in a similar way to ALT. (hepa-merz.com)

HFHS diet supplemented with PARPi reversed NAFLD through repletion of NAD+, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and β-oxidation in liver. (cyberleninka.org)

Researchers determined that children who have mitochondrial-related dysfunctional cellular energy metabolism might be more prone to undergo autistic regression between 18 and 30 months of age if they also have infections or immunizations at the same time. (wordpress.com)
The first concerns genes coding for mitochondrial energy metabolism, to see whether changes in blood cells mirror those found in other tissues and may thus correlate with the global decrease in maximum oxygen uptake. (aging-us.com)

The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. (medindex.am)
In a subsequent cyclization reaction, the enzyme Aspartate carbamoyltransferase forms N-carbamoyl-aspartate which is converted into dihydroorotic acid by Dihydroorotase. (pathbank.org)

Aspartate Aminotransferases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)

Subtle abnormalities in the serum creatine kinase level, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum bicarbonate led us to perform a muscle biopsy, which showed type I myofiber atrophy, increased lipid content, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity. (wordpress.com)

Normal or near normal aminotransferase levels in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. (musc.edu)

It has been observed that adrenalectomy decreases and hydrocortisone treatment to adrenalectomized mice increases the activity of cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase in the liver of 15-, 30- and 60-day old mice. (who.int)

RÉSUMÉ La présente étude prospective de suivi visait à déterminer l'incidence et les facteurs de risque des maladies iatrogènes ainsi que leur évolution chez des patients admis en unité de soins intensifs pédiatriques d'un hôpital universitaire en Libye. (who.int)

Colorectal cancer cells utilize autophagy to maintain mitochondrial metabolism for cell proliferation under nutrient stress. (umich.edu)
Hepcidin sequesters iron to sustain nucleotide metabolism and mitochondrial function in colorectal cancer epithelial cells. (umich.edu)

This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Aspartate Aminotransferases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Aspartate Aminotransferases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (musc.edu)

Aspartate aminotransferase is commonly found in human tissue. (unitslab.com)

Natural substrates and analogs rapidly diffuse through crystals of pig heart mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and react at the active sites causing spectral changes that can be measured by single-crystal microspectrophotometry. (unipr.it)

Sponsor decision to end development of RP103 for mitochondrial disease due to lack of efficacy demonstrated in base study RP103-MITO-001. (clinicaltrials.gov)

A long-term extension study to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release capsules (RP103) in children with inherited mitochondrial diseases who previously enrolled into study RP103-MITO-001 (NCT02023866). (clinicaltrials.gov)

Catalytic activity of aspartate aminotransferase in the crystal. (unipr.it)

Anatomy11

Organisms12

Diseases30

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment55

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care8

Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase catalyses cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase reactions. (1/21)

Effect of betaxolol on aspartate aminotransferase activity in hypoxic rat retina in vitro. (2/21)

Release of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate upon unfolding of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. (3/21)

iMolTalk: an interactive, internet-based protein structure analysis server. (4/21)

Production and characterization of alien chromosome additions in shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) carrying extra chromosome(s) of Japanese bunching onion (A. fistulosum L.). (5/21)

Modulation of mitochondrial calcium management attenuates hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury. (6/21)

Effects of L-malate on physical stamina and activities of enzymes related to the malate-aspartate shuttle in liver of mice. (7/21)

Cisplatin-induced toxicity is associated with platinum deposition in mouse kidney mitochondria in vivo and with selective inactivation of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in LLC-PK1 cells. (8/21)

Aspartate Aminotransferases

Alanine Transaminase

Transaminases

Aspartate Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial

Pyridoxal Phosphate

Tyrosine Transaminase

Liver

Aspartic Acid

Pyridoxamine

Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase

Drug-Induced Liver Injury

gamma-Glutamyltransferase

Liver Function Tests

Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase

Liver Diseases

Aspartate Aminotransferase, Cytoplasmic

Pyridoxal

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

Bilirubin

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase

Aspartate Ammonia-Lyase

Ketoglutaric Acids

Oxamic Acid

Carbon Tetrachloride

Aminooxyacetic Acid

Kinetics

Blood Chemical Analysis

Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Clinical Enzyme Tests

Isoenzymes

Cytosol

Alkaline Phosphatase

Galactosamine

Creatine Kinase

Mitochondria, Liver

Liver Cirrhosis

Pyridoxine

Glutamates

Apoenzymes

Fatty Liver

Swine

Biological Markers

Amino Acid Sequence

Escherichia coli

Aspartate Kinase

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Chemistry, Clinical

Malate Dehydrogenase

Molecular Sequence Data

Protective Agents

Amino Acids

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

Oxaloacetates

Substrate Specificity

Spectrophotometry

Autoanalysis

Acetaminophen

Reperfusion Injury

Maleates

Mitochondria, Heart

Rats, Wistar

Mitochondria

Schiff Bases

Aminobutyrates

Enzymes

Oxytropis

Malates

Binding Sites

Protein Conformation

D-Alanine Transaminase

Malondialdehyde

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Alanine

Plant Extracts

Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic

Borohydrides

Hepatitis

Time Factors

Catalysis

Glutamine