Asia
Asia, Southeastern
Asia, Central
Asia, Western
Far East
Africa
Oceania
Geography
Pacific Islands
Americas
Thailand
Emigration and Immigration
Australasia
Europe
Chromosomes, Human, Y
Uzbekistan
Genetics, Population
DNA, Mitochondrial
Haplotypes
Siberia
South America
Laos
North America
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Myanmar
Middle East
Mongolia
Indonesia
Kyrgyzstan
India
Developing Countries
Vietnam
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Kazakhstan
Polynesia
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Africa, Northern
Malaysia
Molecular Sequence Data
Cambodia
Fossils
Latin America
Borneo
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Encephalitis, Japanese
Influenza in Birds
Melanesia
Evolution, Molecular
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
Disease Outbreaks
Melioidosis
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Singapore
Gene Pool
International Cooperation
Genotype
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
Alphavirus Infections
Gene Flow
Bacteriophage T4
Microsatellite Repeats
Biological Evolution
Hominidae
Prevalence
Behaviours and expectations in relation to sexual intercourse among 18-20 year old Asians and non-Asians. (1/114)
OBJECTIVES: To begin to map the reported behaviours and attitudes of young Britons of south Asian origin that may have implications for sexual health. "South Asian" refers to people able to trace their ancestry from the Indian subcontinent (that is, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), henceforth referred to as "Asian". DESIGN: A cross sectional study of sexual behaviour using self report measures in a self complete section of a social survey administered by trained interviewers in 1996. SETTING: Greater Glasgow, Scotland. SUBJECTS: Sample (n = 824) originally recruited aged 14-15 in 1992 in secondary schools in Greater Glasgow and subsequently traced through general practitioner registration for 1996 survey. 492 Asians and non-Asians aged 18-20 years old eventually interviewed in their own homes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported experience of sexual intercourse, age at first intercourse, and contraceptive practice over year before interview. METHODS: Measures of sexual behaviour and attitudes were elicited through a self complete questionnaire filled out in the presence of, and returned to, a trained social interviewer. RESULTS: Asians, and particularly Asian women, were far less likely to report having had heterosexual intercourse. Those Asian women who had had intercourse were likely to do so for the first time at an older age, and with an older partner, than the non-Asian women. Asian women were less likely to report using the pill than non-Asian women, irrespective of their marital status, and Asian men were less likely than non-Asian men to report using condoms. Asian sexual abstinence was reported to be for religious reasons, which were not important for non-Asians. In contrast with non-Asians, Asians saw themselves as likely to be married with children within the next 5 years. Asian men considered the ideal age to marry for men and women to be younger than the non-Asian men's average estimate. Asian and non-Asian women suggested a similar ideal age for men to marry, but Asian women considered a younger age appropriate for women than did non-Asian women. CONCLUSIONS: The higher level of sexual abstinence among Asians, and particularly women, has implications for the delivery of sexual health services to the minority who are sexually active before marriage. The underreporting of condom use by Asian men compared with their non-Asian counterparts, suggests a failure of the existing sexual health education and health services to reach minority ethnic young men which may be remedied by collaborative work with institutions currently used by the Asian community. (+info)Do Indo-Asians have smaller coronary arteries? (2/114)
There is a widespread belief that coronary arteries are smaller in Indo-Asians. The aim of the present study was to compare the size of atheroma-free proximal and distal epicardial coronary arteries of Indo-Asians and Caucasians. We analysed normal coronary angiograms from 77 Caucasians and 39 Indo-Asians. The two groups were comparable for dominance of the coronary arteries. Indo-Asian patients had generally smaller coronary arteries, with a statistically significant difference in the mean diameters of the left main coronary artery, proximal, mid and left anterior descending, and proximal and distal right coronary artery segments. There was a non-significant trend towards smaller coronary artery segment diameters for the distal left anterior descending, proximal and distal circumflex, and obtuse marginal artery segments. However, after correction for body surface area, none of these differences in size were statistically significant. Thus, the smaller coronary arteries in Indo-Asian patients were explained by body size alone and were not due to ethnic origin per se. This finding nevertheless has important therapeutic implications, since smaller coronary arteries may give rise to technical difficulties during bypass graft and intervention procedures such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stents and atherectomy. On smaller arteries, atheroma may also give an impression of more severe disease than on larger diameter arteries. (+info)Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--South-East Asia Region, 1998-1999. (3/114)
In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by the end of 2000 (1). To achieve this goal, the 10 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region (SEAR) began implementing polio eradication strategies in 1994. In 1999, most polio cases worldwide were reported in SEAR (i.e., 48% of reported polio cases and 62% of cases with wild poliovirus isolation) (2,3). This report summarizes progress in achieving high routine and supplemental vaccination coverage, the surveillance of cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), and the impact of these activities on polio eradication in the region during 1998-1999. (+info)Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in southwestern Asia. (4/114)
The origins and dispersal of farming and pastoral nomadism in southwestern Asia are complex, and there is controversy about whether they were associated with cultural transmission or demic diffusion. In addition, the spread of these technological innovations has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-Iranian languages in southwestern Asia. Here we present genetic evidence for the occurrence of two major population movements, supporting a model of demic diffusion of early farmers from southwestern Iran-and of pastoral nomads from western and central Asia-into India, associated with Dravidian and Indo-European-language dispersals, respectively. (+info)A signal, from human mtDNA, of postglacial recolonization in Europe. (5/114)
Mitochondrial HVS-I sequences from 10,365 subjects belonging to 56 populations/geographical regions of western Eurasia and northern Africa were first surveyed for the presence of the T-->C transition at nucleotide position 16298, a mutation which has previously been shown to characterize haplogroup V mtDNAs. All mtDNAs with this mutation were then screened for a number of diagnostic RFLP sites, revealing two major subsets of mtDNAs. One is haplogroup V proper, and the other has been termed "pre*V," since it predates V phylogenetically. The rather uncommon pre*V tends to be scattered throughout Europe (and northwestern Africa), whereas V attains two peaks of frequency: one situated in southwestern Europe and one in the Saami of northern Scandinavia. Geographical distributions and ages support the scenario that pre*V originated in Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), whereas the more recently derived haplogroup V arose in a southwestern European refugium soon after the LGM. The arrival of V in eastern/central Europe, however, occurred much later, possibly with (post-)Neolithic contacts. The distribution of haplogroup V mtDNAs in modern European populations would thus, at least in part, reflect the pattern of postglacial human recolonization from that refugium, affecting even the Saami. Overall, the present study shows that the dissection of mtDNA variation into small and well-defined evolutionary units is an essential step in the identification of spatial frequency patterns. Mass screening of a few markers identified using complete mtDNA sequences promises to be an efficient strategy for inferring features of human prehistory. (+info)Development of guidelines to facilitate improved support of South Asian carers by primary health care teams. (6/114)
BACKGROUND: Evidence based guidelines are regarded as an appropriate basis for providing effective health care, but few guidelines incorporate the views of users such as carers. AIM: To develop guidelines to assist primary health care teams (PHCTs) in their work with carers within South Asian communities. METHODS: The guidelines were drawn up by a development group consisting of members of teams in areas with South Asian communities (Leicester and Bradford). The teams were invited to make their recommendations based on a systematic review of literature on minority ethnic carers and the findings of a study of the needs and experiences of local South Asian carers. A grading system was devised to enable the teams and a group of expert peer reviewers to assess the quality of evidence in support of each recommendation. RESULTS: The teams agreed seven recommendations, graded according to available evidence and strength of opinion. External peer review supported the PHCTs' interpretation of evidence and their recommendations. The recommendations included consideration of communication and information for carers, coordination of care within teams, and recognition by team members of the roles of carers and their cultural and religious beliefs. CONCLUSION: There are particular steps that PHCTs can take to improve their support of South Asian carers. It is possible to develop guidelines that take users' views into account and incorporate evidence from qualitative studies. (+info)Perceptions of vocational trainees on gender and racial disadvantage within the Thames vocational training programme. (7/114)
BACKGROUND: A recent report has suggested that vocational trainees within London experienced racial or gender disadvantage during their selection. This exploratory study did not investigate the extent or the nature of this disadvantage. AIM: To undertake a survey using a pre-tested questionnaire with dental vocational trainees on the Thames Scheme. The questionnaire explored perceived and experienced aspects of gender and racial disadvantage during their vocational training programme. RESULTS: 127 trainees completed the questionnaire (response rate 92%). Minority ethnic respondents were more than twice as likely to feel their selection was influenced by gender (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.02, 5.10) and more than three times likely to feel selection was influenced by their race when compared with their white colleagues (OR 3.05, 95%; CI 1.01,11.45). The majority of trainees did not perceive any disadvantage whilst on the vocational training course. For example, only five respondents (4%) felt that minority ethnic individuals were treated less favourably during the vocational training course. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this preliminary study has attempted to explore inter-ethnic differences within the profession on perceived racial disadvantage and possible strategies for change. It is clear that the perception of disadvantage is greater than the reality within the experience of most trainees. (+info)DNA sequence variability of IGHG3 alleles associated to the main G3m haplotypes in human populations. (8/114)
The present study investigates the molecular basis of the G3m polymorphism expressed by the heavy constant domains of human immunoglobulins gamma 3 chains. By using a new protocol allowing the specific cloning of IGHG3 genes, a total of 51 full-length IGHG3 genomic sequences (about 2 kb) isolated from African, Siberian, West Asian and European population samples were sequenced. IGHG3 sequences were assigned precise G3m haplotypes on the basis of specific associations between G3m allotypes and IGHG3 RFLPs. Specific DNA substitutions involved in the expression of G3m(5), G3m(6), G3m(15), G3m(16), G3m(21), G3m(24) and G3m(28) allotypes were then deduced, elucidating almost completely the determination of the G3m polymorphism at the DNA level. The molecular evolution of G3m haplotypes was investigated by a maximum likelihood phylogeny of IGHG3 sequences. Sequence clusters are shown to be G3m haplotype-specific, corroborating the Gm molecular model deduced from serology, and showing that populations differentiation is much more recent than G3m haplotypes differentiation. The widely distributed G3m(5,10,11,13,14) haplotype is likely to be ancestral to the other G3m haplotypes presently found at high frequencies in different continental areas. (+info)I apologize for any confusion, but "Asia" is not a medical term. It is the largest continent in the world, comprising about 30% of the Earth's total land area and containing around 60% of the world's current human population. It is divided into several regions, including Northern Asia (Siberia), Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan), Southern Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives), Southeastern Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei), and Western Asia (Middle East).
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help.
Southeast Asia is a geographical region that consists of the countries that are located at the southeastern part of the Asian continent. The definition of which countries comprise Southeast Asia may vary, but it generally includes the following 11 countries:
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Indonesia
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Myanmar (Burma)
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Thailand
* Vietnam
Southeast Asia is known for its rich cultural diversity, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The region is also home to a diverse range of ecosystems, including rainforests, coral reefs, and mountain ranges. In recent years, Southeast Asia has experienced significant economic growth and development, but the region still faces challenges related to poverty, political instability, and environmental degradation.
Central Asia is a geographical region in Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east, and from Russia in the north to Afghanistan in the south. It includes the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
The medical definition of Central Asia may refer to the epidemiology, healthcare systems, or health issues specific to this region. For example, Central Asia has a high prevalence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS, due to various factors including poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and mobility of populations. In addition, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes are also becoming more prevalent in Central Asia, partly due to lifestyle changes such as unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.
Overall, the medical definition of Central Asia encompasses the unique health challenges and healthcare systems that exist within this geographical region.
"Western Asia" is a geographical region that is defined by the United Nations as one of the five sub-regions within the larger continent of Asia. It is also known as "Southwestern Asia" or the "Middle East." The UN definition includes the following countries:
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Georgia
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* State of Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen
* Islamic Republic of Iran (but sometimes considered part of Central Asia)
It is important to note that there are different definitions and interpretations of what constitutes "Western Asia" or the "Middle East," and some sources may include or exclude certain countries. Additionally, it's worth noting that cultural, historical, and political factors also play a role in defining this region, and the boundaries between Western Asia and other regions such as Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa can be fluid and contested.
The term "Far East" is a geographical term that has been used historically to describe the easternmost part of Asia, including countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asian nations. However, it's important to note that the use of this term can be seen as outdated and culturally insensitive, as it originated during a time when Western powers viewed these regions as distant and exotic.
In medical contexts, "Far East" may be used to describe medical conditions or treatments specific to populations in this region. However, it is generally more appropriate to use the specific names of countries or regions when discussing medical issues related to these areas.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Africa" actually refers to a continent, not a medical condition or concept. Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, consisting of 54 countries and a wide range of diverse ethnic groups, cultures, languages, and landscapes. It is home to a vast array of wildlife, including many species that are not found anywhere else in the world. If you have any questions about Africa's geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Oceania" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the region comprising of numerous countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean. This includes Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and many islands in the Pacific Ocean. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pacific Islands" is a geographic term referring to the islands located in the Pacific Ocean, and it is not a medical term. It includes thousands of islands spread across the Pacific Ocean, which are categorized into three main groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
If you have any medical terms you'd like defined, please let me know!
The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.
I'm not a medical professional, but the term "History, Ancient" is not a medical term per se. However, in a broader context, it could refer to the study of ancient medical practices, theories, and beliefs that existed in civilizations prior to the Middle Ages or Classical Antiquity. This might include the examination of ancient texts, artifacts, and archaeological evidence to understand how illnesses were treated and viewed in these historical periods. It forms an essential part of the evolution of medical knowledge and practices over time.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Thailand" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you!
Emigration is the process of leaving one's country of origin or habitual residence to settle in another country. It involves giving up the rights and privileges associated with citizenship in the country of origin and acquiring new rights and responsibilities as a citizen or resident of the destination country. Emigrants are people who choose to leave their native land to live elsewhere, often driven by factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, or conflict.
Immigration, on the other hand, is the process of entering and settling in a new country with the intention of becoming a permanent resident or citizen. Immigrants are individuals who come from another country to live in a new place, often seeking better job opportunities, education, or quality of life. They must comply with the immigration laws and regulations of the host country and may be required to undergo medical examinations, background checks, and other screening processes before being granted permission to enter and reside in the country.
In summary, emigration refers to leaving one's home country, while immigration refers to entering and settling in a new country.
Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.
Australasia is not a medical term, but a geographical region that includes Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean that are southwest of the Asian continent. It is sometimes used in a broader sense to include Papua New Guinea, the eastern islands of Indonesia, and the island nations of the South Pacific.
Therefore, there is no medical definition for 'Australasia'. However, it is important to note that Australia and New Zealand have well-developed healthcare systems and high standards of medical care, while some of the smaller island nations in the region may have more limited resources and access to medical services.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Europe" is a geographical and political designation, rather than a medical one. It refers to the continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Europe is made up of approximately 50 countries, depending on how one defines a "country."
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help answer them!
Human Y chromosomes are one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the X chromosome). They are found in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes and are significantly smaller than the X chromosome.
The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son through the paternal line, and it plays a crucial role in male sex determination. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) on the Y chromosome initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.
In addition to the SRY gene, the human Y chromosome contains several other genes that are essential for sperm production and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome has a much lower gene density compared to other chromosomes, with only about 80 protein-coding genes, making it one of the most gene-poor chromosomes in the human genome.
Because of its small size and low gene density, the Y chromosome is particularly susceptible to genetic mutations and deletions, which can lead to various genetic disorders and male infertility. Nonetheless, the Y chromosome remains a critical component of human genetics and evolution, providing valuable insights into sex determination, inheritance patterns, and human diversity.
Northern Asia, also known as North Asia or Siberia, is not a formally defined region in terms of medical geography. However, in general usage, it refers to the vast northern part of the Asian continent, covering areas such as Russia (east of the Ural Mountains), Mongolia, and some parts of Northern China (north of the Yangtze River).
In terms of medical relevance, Northern Asia is home to a diverse range of populations, climates, and environments, which can all impact health outcomes and disease patterns. For example, certain regions in Northern Asia have high rates of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and hepatitis, while others have high rates of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Additionally, the region's harsh climate and remote geography can pose challenges to accessing healthcare services, particularly in rural areas.
It is important to note that medical research and public health initiatives in Northern Asia may vary depending on the specific countries and regions involved, and further investigation would be needed to provide a more detailed medical definition of this region.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Population Genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with the genetic composition of populations and how this composition changes over time. It involves the study of the frequency and distribution of genes and genetic variations in populations, as well as the evolutionary forces that contribute to these patterns, such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
Population genetics can provide insights into a wide range of topics, including the history and relationships between populations, the genetic basis of diseases and other traits, and the potential impacts of environmental changes on genetic diversity. This field is important for understanding evolutionary processes at the population level and has applications in areas such as conservation biology, medical genetics, and forensic science.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.
MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.
Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.
A haplotype is a group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together from a single parent. It refers to a combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) that are located on the same chromosome and are usually transmitted as a unit. Haplotypes can be useful in tracing genetic ancestry, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and developing personalized medical treatments.
In population genetics, haplotypes are often used to study patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. By comparing haplotype frequencies across populations, researchers can infer historical events such as migrations, population expansions, and bottlenecks. Additionally, haplotypes can provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and genomic regions.
In clinical genetics, haplotypes can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or to predict an individual's response to certain medications. For example, specific haplotypes in the HLA gene region have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, while other haplotypes in the CYP450 gene family can affect how individuals metabolize drugs.
Overall, haplotypes provide a powerful tool for understanding the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases, as well as for developing personalized medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.
"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:
"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)
Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Siberia" is not a medical term. It's a geographical region in Russia, known for its harsh, cold climate and vast wilderness. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the southern portion of the Americas, which is a continent in the Western Hemisphere. South America is generally defined as including the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as the overseas departments and territories of French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK).
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Laos" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the third largest continent in the world, which includes countries such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health topics, I'd be happy to help with those!
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Myanmar" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a country in Southeast Asia, also known as Burma. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:
1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.
If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Middle East" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region that includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, and others. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mongolia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Indonesia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
I believe you may have made a typo in your question. "Archaeology" is the scientific study of past human cultures and societies through the recovery, examination, and analysis of material remains such as artifacts, buildings, biofacts (e.g., bones, shells), and cultural landscapes. It is not typically associated with medical definitions. If you intended to ask for a different term related to medicine or healthcare, please let me know so I can provide the correct information.
For more information about archaeology, you may be interested in visiting the World Archaeological Congress () or the Society for American Archaeology () websites to learn more about this fascinating field of study.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.
In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vietnam" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
I'm happy to help! However, it looks like there might be a bit of confusion in your question. "Human migration" is not a medical term per se, but rather a sociological or anthropological concept that refers to the large-scale movement of human populations from one area to another.
That being said, human migration can certainly have significant impacts on health and healthcare systems, both for the migrating populations themselves and for the communities they move into. For example, migrants may face language barriers, discrimination, or other challenges that affect their access to care, while also potentially bringing new diseases or health risks into a community.
In summary, while "human migration" is not a medical definition in and of itself, it is an important concept to consider in the context of public health and healthcare delivery.
The term "Asian Continental Ancestry Group" is a medical/ethnic classification used to describe a person's genetic background and ancestry. According to this categorization, individuals with origins in the Asian continent are grouped together. This includes populations from regions such as East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, Korea), South Asia (e.g., India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (e.g., Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand), and Central Asia (e.g., Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan). It is important to note that this broad categorization may not fully capture the genetic diversity within these regions or accurately reflect an individual's specific ancestral origins.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geological processes" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Geological processes refer to the natural events that shape the Earth's surface and interior over time, such as volcanic activity, plate tectonics, erosion, and sedimentation. These processes are studied within the field of geology. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kazakhstan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the world's largest landlocked country, located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polynesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region in the Pacific Ocean, consisting of numerous island countries and territories. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Aphthovirus. It is the causative agent of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), a highly contagious and severe viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and buffalo. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through aerosolized particles in the air. FMDV has seven distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories [SAT] 1, 2, and 3), and infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. The virus primarily targets the animal's epithelial tissues, causing lesions and blisters in and around the mouth, feet, and mammary glands. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but poses significant economic consequences for the global livestock industry due to its high infectivity and morbidity rates.
Northern Africa is a geographical region that broadly consists of the countries of the African Transverse, which are Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Western Sahara. Sometimes, it may also include Sudan, South Sudan, and Mauritania. This region is characterized by its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains, as well as its unique cultural and historical heritage. Northern Africa has a diverse climate, with a hot, dry desert climate in the interior and a milder, wetter climate along the coasts. The major languages spoken in this region include Arabic, Berber, and French.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malaysia" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Southeast Asia, consisting of thirteen states and three federal territories. If you have any questions about Malaysia's geography, culture, or people, I would be happy to try to help answer those! However, if you have a question related to medicine or healthcare, please provide more details so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Cambodia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and the Gulf of Thailand. The capital city of Cambodia is Phnom Penh.
If you have any questions related to healthcare, medical conditions, treatments, or other health-related topics, I would be happy to help you with those!
In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.
Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The name "Chikungunya" is derived from a Makonde word meaning "to become contorted," which describes the stooped posture developed as a result of severe arthralgia (joint pain) that is a primary symptom of infection with this virus.
CHIKV infection typically causes a febrile illness, characterized by an abrupt onset of high fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. While the symptoms are usually self-limiting and resolve within 10 days, some individuals may experience persistent or recurring joint pain for several months or even years after the initial infection.
There is no specific antiviral treatment available for Chikungunya virus infection, and management primarily focuses on relieving symptoms with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, staying in air-conditioned or screened rooms, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed.
Chikungunya virus is found primarily in Africa, Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, but it has also caused outbreaks in Europe and the Americas due to the spread of its vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The virus can cause large-scale epidemics, with millions of cases reported during outbreaks. There is currently no approved vaccine for Chikungunya virus infection.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Latin America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and cultural region that includes parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean where Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are predominantly spoken. The term does not have a specific medical relevance or definition.
"Africa South of the Sahara" is a term commonly used in medical and scientific literature to refer to the region of the African continent that lies south of the Sahara Desert. This region includes 48 countries, with a population of over 1 billion people, and is characterized by its tropical or subtropical climate, diverse cultures, and unique health challenges.
The term "South of the Sahara" is used to distinguish this region from North Africa, which is predominantly Arab and Berber in culture and has closer ties to the Middle East than to Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara Desert serves as a natural geographical boundary between these two regions.
In medical terms, "Africa South of the Sahara" encompasses a wide range of health issues, including infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and Ebola, which are prevalent in many parts of the region. The area also faces challenges related to maternal and child health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Medical research and interventions focused on "Africa South of the Sahara" aim to address these unique health challenges and improve the overall health outcomes of the population in this region.
I'm not aware of a medical definition specifically for "Borneo." Borneo is the third-largest island in the world, located in Southeast Asia and divided among three countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei. It has a rich biodiversity with many plant and animal species, some of which have been studied in medical or scientific research. However, there is no established medical definition for "Borneo" itself.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo. The virus can also infect wild animals like deer and antelope. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but may have significant economic impacts due to restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.
The disease is characterized by fever, blister-like sores (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, gums, teats, and between the hooves. The vesicles can rupture, causing painful erosions that make it difficult for affected animals to eat, drink, or walk. In severe cases, FMD can lead to death, particularly among young animals.
The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus. There are seven serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. Infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes.
Prevention and control measures for foot-and-mouth disease include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, disinfection, and culling of infected animals in severe outbreaks. Rapid detection and response are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD within and between countries.
Japanese encephalitis is a viral inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes, particularly in rural and agricultural areas. The majority of JE cases occur in children under the age of 15. Most people infected with JEV do not develop symptoms, but some may experience mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and vomiting. In severe cases, JEV can cause high fever, neck stiffness, seizures, confusion, and coma. There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis, and care is focused on managing symptoms and supporting the patient's overall health. Prevention measures include vaccination and avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas.
'Avian influenza' refers to the infection caused by avian (bird) influenza A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian influenza viruses do not normally infect humans, but rare cases of human infection have occurred mainly after close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.
There are many different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are 16 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes, creating a vast number of possible combinations. Some of these combinations cause severe disease and death in birds (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), while others only cause mild illness (e.g., H9N2).
Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans. However, some forms are zoonotic, meaning they can infect animals and humans. The risk to human health is generally low. When human infections with avian influenza viruses have occurred, most have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated by their feces.
Avian influenza viruses have caused several pandemics in the past, including the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1), which was an H1N1 virus containing genes of avian origin. The concern is that a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus could mutate to become easily transmissible from human to human, leading to another pandemic. This is one of the reasons why avian influenza viruses are closely monitored by public health authorities worldwide.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Melanesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of an island group including New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and the Fiji islands. The term "Melanesia" comes from the Greek words "melas," meaning black, and "nesos," meaning island, referring to the dark skin of the inhabitants. It's primarily used in anthropological, geographical, and cultural contexts.
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.
'Burkholderia pseudomallei' is a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium that is the causative agent of melioidosis. It is found in soil and water in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. The bacterium can infect humans and animals through inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with contaminated soil or water. Melioidosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pneumonia, sepsis, and abscesses in various organs. It is a serious and potentially fatal disease, especially in people with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or compromised immune systems. Proper diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics are essential for managing melioidosis.
"Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is often found in avian species (birds) and can occasionally infect humans. The "H5N1" refers to the specific proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) found on the surface of the virus. This subtype has caused serious infections in humans, with high mortality rates, especially in cases where people have had close contact with infected birds. It does not commonly spread from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and adapt to efficiently transmit between humans, which would potentially cause a pandemic.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
Melioidosis is a bacterial infection caused by the soil-dwelling gram-negative bacillus, Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease primarily occurs in tropical areas such as Southeast Asia and northern Australia. It can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations including acute septicemia, pneumonia, and chronic suppurative infection. Risk factors for melioidosis include diabetes mellitus, renal disease, alcoholism, and lung disease. The diagnosis is confirmed by culturing B. pseudomallei from clinical specimens such as blood, sputum, or pus. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of antibiotics, including intravenous ceftazidime followed by oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Philippines" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, comprised of over 7,000 islands. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term or concept. Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes ranging from rainforests and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pakistan" is a country in South Asia and not a medical term or condition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Singapore" is not a medical term or concept. It is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
A gene pool refers to the total sum of genes contained within a population of interbreeding individuals of a species. It includes all the variations of genes, or alleles, that exist in that population. The concept of a gene pool is important in understanding genetic diversity and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
The size and diversity of a gene pool can have significant implications for the long-term survival and adaptability of a species. A larger and more diverse gene pool can provide a species with greater resistance to diseases, environmental changes, and other threats, as there is a wider variety of traits and genetic combinations available. On the other hand, a smaller or less diverse gene pool may make a species more susceptible to genetic disorders, reduced fitness, and extinction.
Geneticists and population biologists often study gene pools to understand the evolutionary history and dynamics of populations, as well as to inform conservation efforts for endangered species.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "International Cooperation" is not a medical term. It refers to the collaboration and exchange of resources and information between countries or international organizations in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, environment, and security, among others. In the context of healthcare and medicine, international cooperation can involve joint research projects, sharing of data and clinical trial results, collaborative efforts to combat global health issues (such as infectious diseases or chronic conditions), capacity building in low-resource settings, and standardizing medical practices and guidelines across countries.
Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.
It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.
Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a type of flavivirus that is the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis, a mosquito-borne viral infection of the brain. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex species mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex gelidus.
JEV is endemic in many parts of Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is estimated to cause around 68,000 clinical cases and 13,000-20,000 deaths each year. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds.
Most JEV infections are asymptomatic or result in mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. However, in some cases, the infection can progress to severe encephalitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the brain, leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures, tremors, paralysis, and coma. The case fatality rate for Japanese encephalitis is estimated to be 20-30%, and around half of those who survive have significant long-term neurological sequelae.
Prevention of JEV infection includes the use of insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito feeding times. Vaccination is also an effective means of preventing Japanese encephalitis, and vaccines are available for travelers to endemic areas as well as for residents of those areas.
Alphavirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response.
Some of the more common alphaviruses that cause human disease include:
* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV): This virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause a fever, rash, and severe joint pain. While most people recover from CHIKV infection within a few weeks, some may experience long-term joint pain and inflammation.
* Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals, including humans. EEEV can cause severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and coma. It has a high mortality rate of up to 30-50% in infected individuals.
* Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV): This virus is also transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on both birds and mammals. WEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It has a lower mortality rate than EEEV but can still cause significant illness.
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV): This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on horses and other mammals, including humans. VEEV can cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures. It is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ability to cause severe illness and death in large populations.
There are no specific treatments for alphavirus infections other than supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. Public health efforts also focus on reducing mosquito populations through environmental controls such as eliminating standing water and using insecticides.
Gene flow, also known as genetic migration or gene admixture, refers to the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another. It occurs when individuals reproduce and exchange genes with members of other populations through processes such as migration and interbreeding. This can result in an alteration of the genetic composition of both populations, increasing genetic diversity and reducing the differences between them. Gene flow is an important mechanism in evolutionary biology and population genetics, contributing to the distribution and frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) within and across populations.
Bacteriophage T4, also known as T4 phage, is a type of virus that infects and replicates within the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is one of the most well-studied bacteriophages and has been used as a model organism in molecular biology research for many decades.
T4 phage has a complex structure, with an icosahedral head that contains its genetic material (DNA) and a tail that attaches to the host cell and injects the DNA inside. The T4 phage genome is around 169 kilobases in length and encodes approximately 289 proteins.
Once inside the host cell, the T4 phage DNA takes over the bacterial machinery to produce new viral particles. The host cell eventually lyses (bursts), releasing hundreds of new phages into the environment. T4 phage is a lytic phage, meaning that it only replicates through the lytic cycle and does not integrate its genome into the host's chromosome.
T4 phage has been used in various applications, including bacterial typing, phage therapy, and genetic engineering. Its study has contributed significantly to our understanding of molecular biology, genetics, and virology.
Microsatellite repeats, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), are repetitive DNA sequences made up of units of 1-6 base pairs that are repeated in a head-to-tail manner. These repeats are spread throughout the human genome and are highly polymorphic, meaning they can have different numbers of repeat units in different individuals.
Microsatellites are useful as genetic markers because of their high degree of variability. They are commonly used in forensic science to identify individuals, in genealogy to trace ancestry, and in medical research to study genetic diseases and disorders. Mutations in microsatellite repeats have been associated with various neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome.
Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.
Hominidae, also known as the "great apes," is a family of primates that includes humans (Homo sapiens), orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei), bonobos (Pan paniscus), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). This family is characterized by their upright walking ability, although not all members exhibit this trait. Hominidae species are known for their high intelligence, complex social structures, and expressive facial features. They share a common ancestor with the Old World monkeys, and fossil records suggest that this split occurred around 25 million years ago.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that is primarily transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species of mosquitoes. It is caused by one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, or DENV 4). The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild fever and headache to severe flu-like illness, which is often characterized by the sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and skin rash. In some cases, dengue can progress to more severe forms, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and appropriately.
Dengue is prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas with poor sanitation and inadequate mosquito control. There is no specific treatment for dengue, and prevention efforts focus on reducing mosquito populations and avoiding mosquito bites. Vaccines are available in some countries to prevent dengue infection, but they are not widely used due to limitations in their effectiveness and safety.
Western imperialism in Asia
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Western imperialism in Asia - Wikipedia
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Africa3
- with the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoking a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
- Before 2007, only sporadic human disease cases were reported from countries in Africa and Asia. (cdc.gov)
- Paul Mead] So, plague foci exist in discrete regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, including the western United States. (cdc.gov)
20181
- The 2018 Annual Report provides an overview of key efforts by the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) to support global, regional and national efforts towards a more stable. (unescwa.org)
20201
- Nguyen, Minh-Hoang and Nguyen, Huyen Thanh T. and Pham, Thanh-Hang and Ho, Manh-Toan and Ho, Manh-Toan and Vuong, Quan Hoang, Western Ideological Homogeneity in Entrepreneurial Finance Research: Evidence From Highly Cited Publications (August 1, 2020). (ssrn.com)
Southeast Asia3
- It originated in the 15th-century search for trade routes to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that led directly to the Age of Discovery, and additionally the introduction of early modern warfare into what Europeans first called the East Indies and later the Far East. (wikipedia.org)
- Between the 1870s and the beginning of World War I in 1914, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands-the established colonial powers in Asia-added to their empires vast expanses of territory in the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. (wikipedia.org)
- Subsequent outbreaks occurred in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
20171
- A previous unsuccessful attempt to declare Western Togoland independent from Ghana took place in 2017. (dw.com)
Avian influenza1
- In Alaska, diverse avian hosts from Asia and the Anthropogenic factors will also affect the evolution and Americas overlap in a region of intercontinental avifau- distribution of avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
America2
- From poultry, low and high pathogenicity viruses zone of Asia-to-America virus transfer because birds there (or genomic segments of these viruses) can be introduced can mingle in waters contaminated by wild-bird-origin AI viruses. (cdc.gov)
- However, we nal mixing hypothesized to be an important zone of Asia- focused on the natural virus transport system that migrato- to-America virus transfer. (cdc.gov)
Regions3
- Title : Typhoid Fever Surveillance and Vaccine Use - South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions, 2009-2013 Personal Author(s) : Date, Kashmira A.;Bentsi-Enchill, Adwoa D.;Fox, Kimberley K.;Abeysinghe, Nihal;Mintz, Eric D.;Khan, M. Imran;Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant;Hyde, Terri B. (cdc.gov)
- Details for: Strategy on health care financing for countries of the Western Pacific and South-East Asia Regions (2006-2010). (who.int)
- WHO seminar on Mosquito- borne Hemorrhagic Fevers in the South-east Asia and Western Pacific Regions, Bangkok, 1964. (cdc.gov)
20231
- Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church , "Mission Photograph Album - Western Asia - #01 page_0091," UMC Digital Galleries , accessed November 30, 2023, https://catalog.gcah.org/omeka/items/show/26597. (gcah.org)
Europe3
- The influence and imperialism of Western Europe and associated states (such as Russia, Japan, and the United States) peaked in Asian territories from the colonial period beginning in the 16th century and substantially reducing with 20th century decolonization. (wikipedia.org)
- In the 16th century, the Portuguese broke the (overland) monopoly of the Arabs and Italians in trade between Asia and Europe by the discovery of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope. (wikipedia.org)
- Scleromas are rare in the United States and Western Europe. (medlineplus.gov)
Search3
- Search all Western Asia Tenders from 300k+ Live tenders on Our Website. (tendersinfo.com)
- Tendersinfo has the largest database of Western Asia Tenders Where users can Search all types of etenders, E-procurement notices, Public Tenders, International Bidding Opportunities, Request for Proposal(RFP), Expression of Interest(EOI), General Procurement Notice(GPN) in Western Asia with ease. (tendersinfo.com)
- Find perfect Western Asia Tenders for your company by Using our advanced search feature which allows you to easily filter tenders by CPV, Funded Tenders, Live/Active Tender, archive tender, latest tender and Free Tenders, etc. (tendersinfo.com)
Pacific3
- and the United States, following the Spanish-American War in 1898, quickly emerged as new imperial powers in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area. (wikipedia.org)
- Billed as the largest W in the Asia-Pacific, W Hotels' flagship in north-western China has opened with 385 guestrooms and suites each boasting its own balcony. (ttgasia.com)
- His extensive industry knowledge and experience make Mahe the ideal candidate to drive Best Western Hotels & Resorts' future growth in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region. (visitcolombia.org)
Region16
- Over the past week more than 500 Libyans have fled conflict in Libya's Western Mountains region and sought shelter in the Dehiba area of southern Tunisia, some 200 kilometres south of the border crossing at Ras Adjir. (unhcr.org)
- A primary goal is to inspire peasant farmers to shift their smallholding practices to bring about a Small Farm Future in a disrupted and hungry Western Asian region. (gaiauniversity.org)
- The production sectors in the region of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia suffer from low productivity and poor competitiveness, which can largely be attributed to the inefficient use of resources, insufficient creation of "networking" and misuse technology. (reingex.com)
- The region known as Western Togoland has had secessionist attempts in the past. (dw.com)
- Armed men demanding the secession of Western Togoland from Ghana blockaded major entry points to the Volta region of Ghana on Friday morning. (dw.com)
- About 12 hours before Friday's dawn operation, the Western Togoland Restoration Front (WTRF) published photos of the graduation ceremony for around 500 personnel who underwent training for months in secret locations, raising questions over the effectiveness of security agencies in the region. (dw.com)
- Ghana's Western Togoland region is predominately wedged between Lake Volta and the Ghana-Togo border. (dw.com)
- In terms of language and culture, Western Togoland, especially the Volta region, has more in common with Togo. (dw.com)
- The 2016 Annual Report provides an overview of key economic and social developments throughout the Arab region, as well as facts and figures about the Economic and Social Commission for Western. (unescwa.org)
- As the United Nations enters its seventieth year, the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) embarks on its fifth decade of work in the Arab region. (unescwa.org)
- In his new role, Mahe will be responsible for all aspects of operating Best Western Hotels & Resorts in the region and will focus his efforts on supporting hoteliers through the upcoming recovery and expanding the brand's portfolio of hotels throughout APAC. (visitcolombia.org)
- Best Western will benefit enormously from Erwann's deep industry relationships and proven leadership within the region. (visitcolombia.org)
- Best Western Hotels & Resorts is often recognized for its excellence in the region, having been named the Best Midscale Hotel Chain in the Travel Weekly Asia Readers' Choice Awards for six consecutive years. (visitcolombia.org)
- SLT use was higher among males in 10 countries of South-East Asia Region, however, in Timor-Leste, SLT use was higher among females. (who.int)
- Asia and the Americas overlap in a region of intercontinen- try, in which mutations can produce highly pathogenic tal avifaunal mixing. (cdc.gov)
- We focused on western Alaska because of Cross-host infections in wild birds probably occur most the unparalleled overlap of Old World and New World bird frequently when other birds of the same or different migration systems in this region. (cdc.gov)
Metropolitan Mus1
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Asia. (metmuseum.org)
TURKEY4
- ASIA/TURKEY - Erdogan remains in power. (fides.org)
- Meanwhile, in recent months, polls and analyzes by Western media have predicted the possible end of Erdogan's long term at the helm of Turkey. (fides.org)
- However, in the Western Balkans and Turkey, despite the ratification of the Istanbul Convention, these standards have yet to be met. (unwomen.org)
- This publication was produced under the framework of the EU-UN Women regional programme on ending violence against women in the Western Balkans and Turkey, "Implementing Norms, Changing Minds," funded by the European Union. (unwomen.org)
Central Asia6
- During this formative period, there is discontinuous evidence for episodic or down-the-line commercial connections with southeastern Iran and southern Mesopotamia, while long-distance trade with Central Asia was already quite structured," writes Frenez (p. 4). (harappa.com)
- With the new discoveries in Bahrain, Mortimer Wheeler proposed instead that they may have been produced locally for the needs of a cosmopolitan trade.68 Indus-related round seals depicting an Indian bison with the head lowered were later found also in Fars and Central Asia. (harappa.com)
- Situated between the great desert of central Asia and Siberian taiga forest. (westernaltai.com)
- Data shows that the most extensive trade diversion to Central Asia is for the U.S., the U.K., and Denmark. (journal-neo.su)
- Endangering the entire Middle East and Central Asia. (journal-neo.su)
- This approach takes into consideration the widespread multilingualism and multigraphism that has always played a fundamental role within the Iranian linguistic area, from the Iranian plateau to Central Asia, from Antiquity to the present day. (ancientegyptandwesternasia.it)
Centre1
- This Focus Asia was organized by the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies in co-operation with the Faculty of Law at Lund University. (lu.se)
Russia3
- In Asia, World War I and World War II were played out as struggles among several key imperial power, with conflicts involving the European powers along with Russia and the rising American and Japanese. (wikipedia.org)
- The ever-expanding list of Western sanctions on Russia has an unexpected and less-than-desirable effect. (journal-neo.su)
- Given that the E.U. is buying gas and oil from Russia via Indian refineries like there's no tomorrow, it seems like a no-brainer that the former Soviet republics would want to benefit from Western stupidity. (journal-neo.su)
Sectors2
- Tendersinfo covers every industries & sectors in Western Asia to help people find their next business opportunity. (tendersinfo.com)
- However, you can find some of the top industries and sectors In Western Asia which brings enormous business opportunities. (tendersinfo.com)
Destinations1
- Under Mahe's leadership, Best Western Hotels & Resorts will continue its focus on driving superior revenue to its hoteliers, expanding its portfolio of offerings in premier destinations, and providing exceptional travel experiences to its guests. (visitcolombia.org)
Nations5
- The Libya Socioeconomic Dialogue Project is managed and implemented by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), thanks to a funding by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ). (unescwa.org)
- The United States, Australia and New Zealand are among Western nations that have already restricted Huawei from the 5G mobile networks. (channelasia.tech)
- The movement says it wants to force the Ghanaian government to join United Nations (UN) facilitated negotiations aiming to declare Western Togoland an independent state. (dw.com)
- Western Togoland is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) . (dw.com)
- The year 2015 was remarkable for international development cooperation, the United Nations and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). (unescwa.org)
Economic4
- South East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Asia remained embedded in a world economic, financial, and military system in which the great powers compete to extend their influence. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the rapid post-war economic development and rise of the industrialized developed countries of Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and the developing countries of India, the People's Republic of China and its autonomous territory of Hong Kong, along with the collapse of the Soviet Union, have greatly diminished Western European influence in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
- The UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) is the regional body of the UN for Western Asia. (reingex.com)
- The UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) is a framework for sectoral policies conception and coordination in the Western Asian economies. (reingex.com)
Australia2
- Savings of up to 40% now achievable in Western Australia with 5 Plus Technology for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. (eco-business.com)
- Energy Solutions WA has been appointed as the exclusive 5 Plus dealer in Western Australia and will form the core of the Australian Authorised 5 Plus Dealers Network. (eco-business.com)
Resorts7
- Best Western Hotels & Resorts has opened a new property in downtown Jakarta. (ttgasia.com)
- Phoenix, Arizona, April 2, 2021 / TRAVELINDEX / Best Western Hotels and Resorts today announced that Erwann Mahe has been appointed Managing Director - Asia. (visitcolombia.org)
- I'm pleased to welcome Erwann Mahe to our leadership team in APAC," said Best Western Hotels & Resorts President and Chief Executive Officer David Kong. (visitcolombia.org)
- Mahe joins the Best Western Hotels & Resorts team with over 23 years of industry knowledge - his prior roles range from managing large-scale Accor hotels to holding executive-level positions, including Chief Operations Officer at Red Planet Hotels and Executive Vice President of Hotel Investment at The Erawan Group. (visitcolombia.org)
- Mahe joins Best Western Hotels & Resorts at an exciting time for the company as it celebrates 20 years of operation in Asia this year. (visitcolombia.org)
- In just 20 years, the brand has grown to one of the largest hotel chains in Asia with a diverse portfolio of world-class hotels and resorts. (visitcolombia.org)
- Best Western Hotels & Resorts headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, is a privately held hotel brand within the BWH Hotel Group® global network. (visitcolombia.org)
Countries2
- Discover Government & Private Tenders in all countries and 153+ industries in Western Asia. (tendersinfo.com)
- These kinds of figures are mirrored across a dozen Western countries. (journal-neo.su)
Travel1
- Take your camera with you and you will make your Western Asia travel experience unforgettable. (gyrocopteradventures.com)
Movements1
- A (H5N1) viruses from Asia across Eurasia ( 8,9 ) demon- of avian diversity and abundance, intercontinental host strated how avian vectors can be involved in the distribu- movements, and genetic analyses, our results suggest that tion of avian and mammalian infections. (cdc.gov)
Mountains1
- They have told us that mounting pressure on the cities of the Western Mountains by government forces, lack of basic medical supplies and shortages of food prompted their departure. (unhcr.org)
Main1
- The food in Asia can be a main theme of discussion. (westernunion.com)
Territory2
Largest2
- Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, nomadic horsemen burst out of Mongolia in the thirteenth century and began their sweep across Asia, creating the largest empire the world has ever known. (metmuseum.org)
- Mongolia is seventh largest country in Asia and 18th largest in the world. (westernaltai.com)
Remains1
- The United States remains influential with trade and military bases in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
China2
- Asian culture differs from Western culture in the way you buy things, specially in China, where the price of an item is just the starting point. (westernunion.com)
- Register today to stay up-to-date with the latest news from Asia, China and beyond. (asiatimes.com)
Development5
- By the early 16th century, the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the spice trade under colonialism. (wikipedia.org)
- This article attempts to outline the consequent development of the Western concept of the nation state. (wikipedia.org)
- European political power, commerce, and culture in Asia gave rise to growing trade in commodities-a key development in the rise of today's modern world free market economy. (wikipedia.org)
- The two companies are also working together at Best Western Premier Bayphere Pattaya - another upscale development on Thailand's Eastern Seaboard, scheduled to open in 1Q2020. (ttgasia.com)
- Public lectures at the conference offer research and analysis on such issues as international law, legal profession, dispute resolution, gender, law and development, and labour rights, drawing on varying experiences in East, South-East, and South Asia. (lu.se)
Page1
- Whether You are looking for local tenders, state tenders or international Tenders Our Western Asia Tenders page has the most comprehensive coverage throughout all cities, villages and govt authorities in Western Asia so that you do not have to refer 100+ websites or newspapers. (tendersinfo.com)
Culture2
- The MA programme includes teaching in history, archaeology, culture, and languages of ancient and late Egypt and Western Asia (ranging from philology to museology, history of religions to material culture). (unipi.it)
- Transplanting western legal institutions in Asia can be interpreted as a global convergence which creates homogeneity in a world that is very diverse in local culture and resources. (lu.se)
Hotel2
- The ticket to Asia and the hotel may be the expected price or even lower than normal, but once in the country, you will see that everything is much lower than you may have thought. (westernunion.com)
- Best Western signed a Professional Service Agreement (PSA) with Thai property-for-investment developer Habitat Group for the new hotel. (ttgasia.com)
Find4
- Western Asia Tenders - Find latest government Tenders, and tenders notices in Western Asia. (tendersinfo.com)
- Our Database is updated on daily basis So that you can be assured to find the Western Asia tender you are looking for. (tendersinfo.com)
- Employing the mind-sponge mechanism and biblio-metric analyses (Y-index and social structure), we analyze 412 highly cited publications extracted from Web of Science database and find Western ideological dominance as well as weak tolerance towards heterogeneity in the set of core ideologies of entrepreneurial finance. (ssrn.com)
- You can find many Shamans in Western and Northern part of the country. (westernaltai.com)
State2
- The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state. (wikipedia.org)
- This is a very serious situation because just few weeks ago we saw [what happened] when they mounted signs along the major roads welcoming people into the Western Togoland State," a local resident told DW. (dw.com)
Found2
- Police are investigating a murder-suicide case after a family of three, including a 7-year-old boy, was found dead at home in Western District on Hong Kong Island on Monday. (asiatimes.com)
- So for example, we found that nearly all of the cases were in the western parts of the districts and that most occurred during the months October through January. (cdc.gov)
Collection2
- Bluphere, BW Premier Collection by Best Western is set to open in Pattaya come 2Q2020 as the first new-build under the soft brand in Asia. (ttgasia.com)
- Located 100m from the beach in Na Jomtien, Pattaya, Bluphere, BW Premier Collection by Best Western will feature 195 suites and a range of facilities, including a rooftop swimming pool. (ttgasia.com)
Latest4
- Browse through thousands of fresh Western Asia Tenders along with latest tender results to Select the right tender for Your business and craft the perfect tender bidding strategy. (tendersinfo.com)
- Get latest Tender Notices from 1000s of Government Public Procurement portals, govt tender wesites and newpapers in Western Asia. (tendersinfo.com)
- Never miss a single tender notice and tender update in Western Asia, get latest Western Asia Tenders on daily basis through custom email alerts & through website access. (tendersinfo.com)
- Tendersinfo is the best and most reliable online tenders website in Western Asia, providing latest government and private tenders, public procurement notices and contracts from all over Western Asia. (tendersinfo.com)
People2
- The United States wants to steer people away from Huawei towards Western products because of its concerns over the security of the Chinese company's technology, the U.S. envoy to the European Union has revealed. (channelasia.tech)
- The U.S. is very supportive of the discouraging the purchase of any Chinese digital products that involve potential national security implications and steering people away from Huawei into Western products is our desired outcome," Sondland told Reuters before an event in Brussels. (channelasia.tech)
Institutions1
- When Asia develops strong legal institutions, western models are often adopted. (lu.se)
Life2
- CATEGORIESCommercial & Heavy Duty Engine OilsPassenger Car Engine OilsHydraulic OilsIndustrial OilsGreaseSpecialty ProductGear LubricantsMotorcycle OilsTransmission FluidsMarine Engine Oilsalpha Additives Treatment SeriesGulf Western Oil ALPHA ENGINE BOOSTER PLUS Available in: 300ml - 330159 DESCRIPTION ALPHA ENGINE BOOSTER PLUS boosts overall engine oil performance, prolonging engine oil life. (gulfwesternasia.com)
- This time the theme of the festival was urban life in Asia. (lu.se)
Country2
- Spain's stance on the matter is especially important, as the country was Western Sahara's colonial ruler until 1976 . (foreignpolicy.com)
- These results are consistent across author-, institution-, and country-levels, which reveals strong evidence for the existence of Western ideological homogeneity in the field. (ssrn.com)
Make1
- Having these things in mind will make you a seasoned traveler of Asia. (westernunion.com)
Local1
- You don't need to learn the local language when traveling to Asia, but there will be a moment where a translator app might be able to ease your interactions. (westernunion.com)
Trade1
- The Western European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade. (wikipedia.org)
Issues1
- See below for listed expert on issues in the western Himalayas. (lu.se)