Arthroplasty replacement finger. Medical search

Replacement of the knee joint.

Replacement of the hip joint.

Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion.

Four or five slender jointed digits in humans and primates, attached to each HAND.

Partial or total replacement of a joint.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

Replacement for a hip joint.

Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.

Replacement for a knee joint.

A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.

The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.

Prostheses used to partially or totally replace a human or animal joint. (from UMDNS, 1999)

The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.

The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.

Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.

Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).

The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive.

A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.

Replacement of the ANKLE JOINT.

Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.

Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses.

The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.

The part of the pelvis that comprises the pelvic socket where the head of FEMUR joins to form HIP JOINT (acetabulofemoral joint).

Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The articulation between the head of the HUMERUS and the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA.

Replacement of the ELBOW JOINT.

The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Pain during the period after surgery.

Surgical procedures conducted with the aid of computers. This is most frequently used in orthopedic and laparoscopic surgery for implant placement and instrument guidance. Image-guided surgery interactively combines prior CT scans or MRI images with real-time video.

The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.

The replacement of intervertebral discs in the spinal column with artificial devices. The procedure is done in the lumbar or cervical spine to relieve severe pain resulting from INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)

Partial or total replacement of one or more FINGERS, or a FINGER JOINT.

Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.

Aseptic or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The major types are idiopathic (primary), as a complication of fractures or dislocations, and LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE.

A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Fixation and immobility of a joint.

Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.

Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.

Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Recovery of blood lost from surgical procedures for reuse by the same patient in AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS. It is collected during (intraoperatively) or after completion of (postoperatively) the surgical procedures.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Congenital dislocation of the hip generally includes subluxation of the femoral head, acetabular dysplasia, and complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum. This condition occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in females than in males.

The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.

General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.

A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM.

A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.

Reinfusion of blood or blood products derived from the patient's own circulation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. These evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence Cysteine-X2-Cysteine-X(9-39)-Cysteine-X(l-3)-His-X(2-3)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine -X(4-48)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine, where X is any amino acid. The RING finger motif binds two atoms of zinc, with each zinc atom ligated tetrahedrally by either four cysteines or three cysteines and a histidine. The motif also forms into a unitary structure with a central cross-brace region and is found in many proteins that are involved in protein-protein interactions. The acronym RING stands for Really Interesting New Gene.

Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.

Procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys.

A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.

The period following a surgical operation.

Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.

Bones that make up the SKELETON of the FINGERS, consisting of two for the THUMB, and three for each of the other fingers.

The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.

The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.

The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.

A partial joint replacement in which only one surface of the joint is replaced with a PROSTHESIS.

A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.

An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.

Fractures of the femur.

Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.

A painful disability in the hand affecting the finger or thumb. It is caused by mechanical impingement of the digital flexor tendons as they pass through a narrowed retinacular pulley at the level of the metacarpal head. Thickening of the sheath and fibrocartilaginous metaplasia can occur, and nodules can form. (From Green's Operative Hand Surgery, 5th ed, p2137-58).

Movement of a body part initiated and maintained by a mechanical or electrical device to restore normal range of motion to joints, muscles, or tendons after surgery, prosthesis implantation, contracture flexion, or long immobilization.

A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.

Making measurements by the use of stereoscopic photographs.

Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.

Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.

The first digit on the radial side of the hand which in humans lies opposite the other four.

A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.

Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. It may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound.

The portion of the upper rounded extremity fitting into the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA. (from Stedman, 27th ed)

A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (see OSTEOARTHRITIS) of the METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion.

The period before a surgical operation.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.

Procedure to accelerate the ability of a patient to walk or move about by reducing the time to AMBULATION. It is characterized by a shorter period of hospitalization or recumbency than is normally practiced.

The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the HUMERUS in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the SHOULDER JOINT about its longitudinal axis.

Pain in the joint.

Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.

Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A dead body, usually a human body.

A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.

The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.

A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Also called the shoulder blade, it is a flat triangular bone, a pair of which form the back part of the shoulder girdle.

Therapeutic replacement or supplementation of defective or missing enzymes to alleviate the effects of enzyme deficiency (e.g., GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE replacement for GAUCHER DISEASE).

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).

Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.

Force exerted when gripping or grasping.

Restoration of an organ or other structure to its original site.

Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.

Tantalum. A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.

The articulation between a metatarsal bone (METATARSAL BONES) and a phalanx.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Hospitals with a much lower than average utilization by physicians and smaller number of procedures.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.

The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.

The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.

The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.

Types of prosthetic joints in which both wear surfaces of the joint coupling are metallic.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

Tuberculosis of the bones or joints.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.

The articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx.

The period during a surgical operation.

Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.

Measurements of joint flexibility (RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR), usually by employing an angle-measuring device (arthrometer). Arthrometry is used to measure ligamentous laxity and stability. It is often used to evaluate the outcome of ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT replacement surgery.

The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.

The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.

Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.

The joint that is formed by the distal end of the RADIUS, the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint, and the proximal row of CARPAL BONES; (SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; triquetral bone).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.

Control of bleeding during or after surgery.

The amount of force generated by MUSCLE CONTRACTION. Muscle strength can be measured during isometric, isotonic, or isokinetic contraction, either manually or using a device such as a MUSCLE STRENGTH DYNAMOMETER.

Arthritis caused by BACTERIA; RICKETTSIA; MYCOPLASMA; VIRUSES; FUNGI; or PARASITES.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Excision, in part or whole, of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common.

Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).

Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.

A depression in the lateral angle of the scapula that articulates with the head of the HUMERUS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.

Fractures of the proximal humerus, including the head, anatomic and surgical necks, and tuberosities.

Hospitals with a much higher than average utilization by physicians and a large number of procedures.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.

Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.

An alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances. It is used in dentures, certain surgical appliances, prostheses, implants, and instruments.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Moving a patient into a specific position or POSTURE to facilitate examination, surgery, or for therapeutic purposes.

Surgery which could be postponed or not done at all without danger to the patient. Elective surgery includes procedures to correct non-life-threatening medical problems as well as to alleviate conditions causing psychological stress or other potential risk to patients, e.g., cosmetic or contraceptive surgery.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.

Bone erosions and bone marrow edema as defined by magnetic resonance imaging reflect true bone marrow inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. (1/7)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathologic nature of features termed "bone erosion" and "bone marrow edema" (also called "osteitis) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: RA patients scheduled for joint replacement surgery (metacarpophalangeal or proximal interphalangeal joints) underwent MRI on the day before surgery. The presence and localization of bone erosions and bone marrow edema as evidenced by MRI (MRI bone erosions and MRI bone marrow edema) were documented in each joint (n=12 joints). After surgery, sequential sections from throughout the whole joint were analyzed histologically for bone marrow changes, and these results were correlated with the MRI findings. RESULTS: MRI bone erosion was recorded based on bone marrow inflammation adjacent to a site of cortical bone penetration. Inflammation was recorded based on either invading synovial tissue (pannus), formation of lymphocytic aggregates, or increased vascularity. Fat-rich bone marrow was replaced by inflammatory tissue, increasing water content, which appears as bright signal enhancement on STIR MRI sequences. MRI bone marrow edema was recorded based on the finding of inflammatory infiltrates, which were less dense than those of MRI bone erosions and localized more centrally in the joint. These lesions were either isolated or found in contact with MRI bone erosions. CONCLUSION: MRI bone erosions and MRI bone marrow edema are due to the formation of inflammatory infiltrates in the bone marrow of patients with RA. This emphasizes the value of MRI in sensitively detecting inflammatory tissue in the bone marrow and demonstrates that the inflammatory process extends to the bone marrow cavity, which is an additional target structure for antiinflammatory therapy. (+info)

Outcomes of hand surgery in the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. (2/7)

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Properties of the International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health in assessing hand outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (3/7)

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Static versus dynamic splinting for proximal interphalangeal joint pyrocarbon implant arthroplasty: a comparison of current and historical cohorts. (4/7)

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Conical, radiographic, and patient-reported results of surface replacing proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty of the hand. (5/7)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the one-year clinical, radiologic and patient-reported results of surface-replacing proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty (SR-PIP) of the hand. Fifteen patients with 18 joints underwent the procedure, and nine patients with 11 joints had follow-up of at least one year's duration. Of these joints, six had a diagnosis of osteoarthritis with no history of trauma, three had post-traumatic arthritis, one had psoriatic arthritis, and one had erosive arthritis. The mean clinical follow-up was at 3.3 years, and the mean radiographic follow-up was at 3.1 years. The average post-operative gain in range of motion at the PIP joint was 28 degrees and was statistically significant. Six patients completed self-reported questionnaires at a mean of 4.8 years post-operatively. The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score post-operatively was 17, and the Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) score for overall satisfaction was 70. There were three complications but only one reoperation. Seven of 11 joints showed some evidence of subsidence on follow-up radiographic examination. However, no joints were revised secondary to loosening. Longer follow-up is needed to determine if this observable radiologic subsidence leads to symptomatic loosening of the implant. (+info)

Outcomes of pyrolytic carbon arthroplasty for the proximal interphalangeal joint at 44 months' mean follow-up. (6/7)

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Long-term followup for rheumatoid arthritis patients in a multicenter outcomes study of silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty. (7/7)

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It is important to identify and address prosthesis failure early to prevent further complications and restore the functionality of the device. This may involve repairing or replacing the device, modifying the design, or changing the materials used in its construction. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct issues related to the implantation of the prosthetic device.

Prosthesis failure can occur in various types of prosthetic devices, including joint replacements, dental implants, and orthotic devices. The causes of prosthesis failure can range from manufacturing defects to user error or improper maintenance. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to prosthesis failure to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

In conclusion, prosthesis failure is a common issue that can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals who rely on prosthetic devices. Early identification and addressing of prosthesis failure are crucial to prevent further complications and restore functionality. A comprehensive understanding of the causes of prosthesis failure is necessary to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the pelvis. In a healthy hip joint, the smooth cartilage on the ends of the bones allows for easy movement and reduced friction. However, when the cartilage wears down due to age or injury, the bones can rub together, causing pain and stiffness.

Hip OA is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is more common in older adults, but it can also occur in younger people due to injuries or genetic factors. Women are more likely to develop hip OA than men, especially after the age of 50.

The symptoms of hip OA can vary, but they may include:

* Pain or stiffness in the groin or hip area
* Limited mobility or range of motion in the hip joint
* Cracking or grinding sounds when moving the hip joint
* Pain or discomfort when walking, standing, or engaging in other activities

If left untreated, hip OA can lead to further joint damage and disability. However, there are several treatment options available, including medications, physical therapy, and surgery, that can help manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease.

There are several types of prosthesis-related infections, including:

1. Bacterial infections: These are the most common type of prosthesis-related infection and can occur around any type of implanted device. They are caused by bacteria that enter the body through a surgical incision or other opening.
2. Fungal infections: These types of infections are less common and typically occur in individuals who have a weakened immune system or who have been taking antibiotics for another infection.
3. Viral infections: These infections can occur around implanted devices, such as pacemakers, and are caused by viruses that enter the body through a surgical incision or other opening.
4. Parasitic infections: These types of infections are rare and occur when parasites, such as tapeworms, infect the implanted device or the surrounding tissue.

Prosthesis-related infections can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and fever. In severe cases, these infections can lead to sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria or other microorganisms enter the bloodstream.

Prosthesis-related infections are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the type of microorganism causing the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or other antimicrobial agents to eliminate the infection, and may also involve surgical removal of the infected implant.

Prevention is key in avoiding prosthesis-related infections. This includes proper wound care after surgery, keeping the surgical site clean and dry, and taking antibiotics as directed by your healthcare provider to prevent infection. Additionally, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions for caring for your prosthesis, such as regularly cleaning and disinfecting the device and avoiding certain activities that may put excessive stress on the implant.

Overall, while prosthesis-related infections can be serious, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help to effectively manage these complications and prevent long-term damage or loss of function. It is important to work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor for signs of infection and take steps to prevent and manage any potential complications associated with your prosthesis.

The risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee increases with age, obesity, and previous knee injuries or surgery. Symptoms of knee OA can include:

* Pain and stiffness in the knee, especially after activity or extended periods of standing or sitting
* Swelling and redness in the knee
* Difficulty moving the knee through its full range of motion
* Crunching or grinding sensations when the knee is bent or straightened
* Instability or a feeling that the knee may give way

Treatment for knee OA typically includes a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids can help manage symptoms, while physical therapy can improve joint mobility and strength. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition, can also help slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

1. Dislocation of the femoral head: This occurs when the ball-shaped head of the femur (thigh bone) is forced out of the socket of the pelvis.
2. Dislocation of the acetabulum: This occurs when the cup-shaped socket of the pelvis is forced out of its normal position.

Hip dislocation can cause severe pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected leg. Treatment options for hip dislocation vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Reduction: This involves manually putting the bones back into their proper position.
2. Surgery: This may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or bones.
3. Physical therapy: This can help improve mobility and strength in the affected limb.
4. Medications: These may be prescribed to manage pain, inflammation, and other symptoms.

Early diagnosis and treatment of hip dislocation are essential to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes for patients.

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative condition that causes the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and deformity.
3. Gout: A condition caused by the buildup of uric acid in the joints, leading to sudden and severe attacks of pain, inflammation, and swelling.
4. Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion the joints and reduce friction between tendons and bones.
5. Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendons, which connect muscles to bones.
6. Synovitis: Inflammation of the synovial membrane, a thin lining that covers the joints and lubricates them with fluid.
7. Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around the joints, such as the synovial membrane, tendons, and ligaments.
8. Spondyloarthritis: A group of conditions that affect the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to inflammation and pain in these areas.
9. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A condition that affects children and causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
10. Systemic lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body, including the joints.

These are just a few examples of the many types of joint diseases that exist. Each type has its own unique symptoms and causes, and they can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, injury, infection, or age-related wear and tear. Treatment options for joint diseases can range from medication and physical therapy to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause.

Postoperative pain is typically managed with pain medication, which may include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or other types of medications. The goal of managing postoperative pain is to provide effective pain relief while minimizing the risk of complications such as addiction, constipation, or nausea and vomiting.

In addition to medication, other techniques for managing postoperative pain may include breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage. It is important for patients to communicate with their healthcare provider about the severity of their pain and any side effects they experience from medication, in order to provide effective pain management and minimize complications.

Postoperative pain can be categorized into several different types, including:

* Acute pain: This type of pain is intense but short-lived, typically lasting for a few days or weeks after surgery.
* Chronic pain: This type of pain persists for longer than 3 months after surgery and can be more challenging to manage.
* Neuropathic pain: This type of pain is caused by damage to nerves and can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
* Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs and can be referred to other areas of the body, such as the back or abdomen.

Bone malalignment can occur in any bone of the body but is most common in the long bones of the arms and legs. There are several types of bone malalignment, including:

* Angular deformity: A deviation from the normal alignment of two bones meeting at a joint.
* Bowing or bending of a bone: A deviation from the normal straight line of a bone.
* Rotational deformity: A twisting or rotating of a bone around its long axis.
* Growth plate deformity: Abnormal growth or development of the growth plates in children and adolescents, leading to misalignment of the bones.

Bone malalignment can cause symptoms such as pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty performing daily activities. Treatment options for bone malalignment depend on the type and severity of the condition and may include:

* Bracing or casting to help align the bones
* Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery to correct the deformity and realign the bones.

This can cause pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking. In severe cases, it can lead to complete hip joint dislocation. FHN is typically caused by trauma or aseptic conditions such as osteonecrosis (death of bone cells due to lack of blood supply), sickle cell disease, Gaucher's disease, and long-term use of steroids. Treatment options include conservative management with pain management, physical therapy, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition; or surgical intervention such as femoral head osteotomy (cutting and realigning the bone) or hip replacement.

The prognosis for FHN depends on the severity of the condition, with more severe cases carrying a worse prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving outcomes.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

Symptoms of femoral neck fractures can include pain in the knee and thigh, swelling and bruising, and difficulty moving the leg. Treatment for these fractures may involve immobilizing the leg in a cast or brace, or surgery to realign and stabilize the bone. In some cases, the fracture may be treated with a combination of both methods.

The main types of femoral neck fractures are:

* Transverse fractures: These fractures occur horizontally across the femoral neck and can be stabilized with a plate or screws.
* Spiral fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is twisted and can be more challenging to treat.
* Compression fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is crushed due to pressure and can be treated with surgery to relieve the compression.
* Oblique fractures: These fractures occur at an angle and can be stabilized with a plate or screws.

The recovery time for femoral neck fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but it usually takes several months for the bone to fully heal. Physical therapy may be necessary to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg.

The symptoms of ankylosis may include pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and difficulty moving the affected joint. In severe cases, ankylosis can lead to a complete loss of mobility and flexibility in the affected joint, causing significant disability and impacting daily activities.

Treatment for ankylosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Conservative management may include physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle modifications, while surgical intervention may be necessary in severe cases to relieve pressure on nerves or realign the bones. In some cases, ankylosis may be a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and monitoring to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Osteolysis can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause osteolysis by secreting enzymes that break down bone tissue.
2. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of bone tissue, causing osteolysis.
3. Tumors: Malignant tumors like multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma can cause osteolysis by producing enzymes that destroy bone tissue.
4. Degenerative conditions: Conditions like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Paget's disease can lead to osteolysis due to the gradual breakdown of bone tissue.

Symptoms of osteolysis may include:

1. Bone pain or tenderness
2. Fractures or fracture risk
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in affected joints
4. Swelling or redness in the affected area
5. Difficulty healing from injuries or infections

Treatment for osteolysis depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infections
2. Pain management with medication or physical therapy
3. Surgery to repair or replace damaged bone tissue
4. Orthotics or assistive devices to support affected joints
5. Medications to slow down or stop bone loss, such as bisphosphonates or denosumab

In conclusion, osteolysis is a condition where there is a gradual loss or destruction of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone density and structural integrity. It can be caused by various factors, including infection, inflammation, tumors, and degenerative conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain management, surgery, orthotics, and medications to slow down or stop bone loss.

In general, surgical blood loss is considered excessive if it exceeds 10-20% of the patient's total blood volume. This can be determined by measuring the patient's hemoglobin levels before and after the procedure. A significant decrease in hemoglobin levels post-procedure may indicate excessive blood loss.

There are several factors that can contribute to surgical blood loss, including:

1. Injury to blood vessels or organs during the surgical procedure
2. Poor surgical technique
3. Use of scalpels or other sharp instruments that can cause bleeding
4. Failure to control bleeding with proper hemostatic techniques
5. Pre-existing medical conditions that increase the risk of bleeding, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.

Excessive surgical blood loss can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Anemia and low blood counts
2. Hypovolemic shock (a life-threatening condition caused by excessive fluid and blood loss)
3. Infection or sepsis
4. Poor wound healing
5. Reoperation or surgical intervention to control bleeding.

To prevent or minimize surgical blood loss, surgeons may use a variety of techniques, such as:

1. Applying topical hemostatic agents to the surgical site before starting the procedure
2. Using energy-based devices (such as lasers or ultrasonic devices) to seal blood vessels and control bleeding
3. Employing advanced surgical techniques that minimize tissue trauma and reduce the risk of bleeding
4. Monitoring the patient's hemoglobin levels throughout the procedure and taking appropriate action if bleeding becomes excessive.

There are several types of joint instability, including:

1. Ligamentous laxity: A condition where the ligaments surrounding a joint become stretched or torn, leading to instability.
2. Capsular laxity: A condition where the capsule, a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds a joint, becomes stretched or torn, leading to instability.
3. Muscular imbalance: A condition where the muscles surrounding a joint are either too weak or too strong, leading to instability.
4. Osteochondral defects: A condition where there is damage to the cartilage and bone within a joint, leading to instability.
5. Post-traumatic instability: A condition that develops after a traumatic injury to a joint, such as a dislocation or fracture.

Joint instability can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Trauma: A sudden and forceful injury to a joint, such as a fall or a blow.
2. Overuse: Repeated stress on a joint, such as from repetitive motion or sports activities.
3. Genetics: Some people may be born with joint instability due to inherited genetic factors.
4. Aging: As we age, our joints can become less stable due to wear and tear on the cartilage and other tissues.
5. Disease: Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, can cause joint instability.

Symptoms of joint instability may include:

1. Pain: A sharp, aching pain in the affected joint, especially with movement.
2. Stiffness: Limited range of motion and stiffness in the affected joint.
3. Swelling: Swelling and inflammation in the affected joint.
4. Instability: A feeling of looseness or instability in the affected joint.
5. Crepitus: Grinding or crunching sensations in the affected joint.

Treatment for joint instability depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Rest and ice: Resting the affected joint and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling.
2. Physical therapy: Strengthening the surrounding muscles to support the joint and improve stability.
3. Bracing: Using a brace or splint to provide support and stability to the affected joint.
4. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce pain and inflammation.
5. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or reconstruct the damaged tissues and improve joint stability.

Treatment for periprosthetic fractures typically involves a combination of immobilization in a cast or brace, pain management with medication, and physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected joint. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged artificial joint.

Periprosthetic fractures can have serious consequences if left untreated, including ongoing pain, limited mobility, and potentially even infection or sepsis. As such, it is important for individuals who experience any symptoms of a periprosthetic fracture to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Word: Periprosthetic
Pronunciation: /p?r?p?stræt?k/
Part of Speech: Adjective
Definition: Relating to or being a fracture that occurs around an artificial joint, such as a hip or knee replacement.

Surgical wound infections can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Poor surgical technique: If the surgeon does not follow proper surgical techniques, such as properly cleaning and closing the incision, the risk of infection increases.
2. Contamination of the wound site: If the wound site is contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms during the surgery, this can lead to an infection.
3. Use of contaminated instruments: If the instruments used during the surgery are contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms, this can also lead to an infection.
4. Poor post-operative care: If the patient does not receive proper post-operative care, such as timely changing of dressings and adequate pain management, the risk of infection increases.

There are several types of surgical wound infections, including:

1. Superficial wound infections: These infections occur only in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and can be treated with antibiotics.
2. Deep wound infections: These infections occur in the deeper tissues, such as muscle or bone, and can be more difficult to treat.
3. Wound hernias: These occur when the intestine bulges through the incision site, creating a hernia.
4. Abscesses: These occur when pus collects in the wound site, creating a pocket of infection.

Surgical wound infections can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

1. Cultures: These are used to identify the type of bacteria or other microorganisms causing the infection.
2. Imaging studies: These can help to determine the extent of the infection and whether it has spread to other areas of the body.
3. Physical examination: The surgeon will typically perform a physical examination of the wound site to look for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage.

Treatment of surgical wound infections typically involves a combination of antibiotics and wound care. In some cases, additional surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged structures.

Prevention is key when it comes to surgical wound infections. To reduce the risk of infection, surgeons and healthcare providers can take several steps, including:

1. Proper sterilization and disinfection of equipment and the surgical site.
2. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis, which is the use of antibiotics to prevent infections in high-risk patients.
3. Closure of the incision site with sutures or staples to reduce the risk of bacterial entry.
4. Monitoring for signs of infection and prompt treatment if an infection develops.
5. Proper wound care, including keeping the wound clean and dry, and changing dressings as needed.
6. Avoiding unnecessary delays in surgical procedure, which can increase the risk of infection.
7. Proper patient education on wound care and signs of infection.
8. Use of biological dressings such as antimicrobial impregnated dressings, which can help reduce the risk of infection.
9. Use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) which can help to promote wound healing and reduce the risk of infection.
10. Proper handling and disposal of sharps and other medical waste to reduce the risk of infection.

It is important for patients to follow their healthcare provider's instructions for wound care and to seek medical attention if they notice any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or increased pain. By taking these precautions, the risk of surgical wound infections can be significantly reduced, leading to better outcomes for patients.

There are several common types of hip injuries that can occur, including:

1. Hip fractures: A break in the femur (thigh bone) or pelvis that can be caused by a fall or direct blow to the hip.
2. Muscle strains and tears: Injuries to the muscles and tendons surrounding the hip joint, often caused by overuse or sudden movement.
3. Ligament sprains: Injuries to the ligaments that connect bones together in the hip joint, often caused by twisting or bending movements.
4. Dislocations: When the ball of the femur becomes dislodged from the socket in the pelvis, causing pain and limited mobility.
5. Labral tears: Injuries to the cartilage that lines the edge of the hip joint, often caused by repetitive motion or trauma.
6. Osteonecrosis: Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply, often caused by a condition called avascular necrosis.
7. Hip impingement: When the ball of the femur and the socket of the pelvis do not fit together properly, causing friction and pain.
8. Hip bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion the joints and reduce friction, often caused by repetitive motion or trauma.

Symptoms of hip injuries can include pain, stiffness, limited mobility, swelling, and difficulty walking or standing. Treatment for hip injuries can range from conservative measures such as physical therapy, bracing, and medication to surgical interventions such as hip replacement or repair.

The term "leg length inequality" is used in the medical field to describe a condition where one leg is shorter than the other, resulting in an imbalance and potential discomfort or pain. The condition can be caused by various factors, such as genetics, injury, or uneven muscle development.

There are several different types of leg length inequality, including:

1. Congenital leg length inequality: This is a condition that is present at birth and is caused by genetic or environmental factors during fetal development.
2. Acquired leg length inequality: This type of inequality is caused by an injury or condition that affects the bones or muscles in one leg, such as a fracture or tendonitis.
3. Neurological leg length inequality: This type of inequality is caused by a neurological condition, such as cerebral palsy, that affects the development of the muscles and bones in one leg.

The symptoms of leg length inequality can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Pain or discomfort in the lower back, hips, or legs
2. Difficulty walking or standing for long periods of time
3. A noticeable difference in the length of the legs
4. Muscle spasms or cramps in the legs
5. Difficulty maintaining balance or stability

Treatment options for leg length inequality will depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Shoe lifts or inserts to raise the shorter leg
2. Orthotics or braces to support the affected leg
3. Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles and improve balance and coordination
4. Surgery to lengthen the shorter leg, either by cutting the bone and inserting a device to lengthen it or by fusion of the vertebrae to realign the spine.
5. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be necessary to effectively address the condition.

It is important to note that early diagnosis and treatment of leg length inequality can help prevent further progression of the condition and reduce the risk of complications. If you suspect you or your child may have leg length inequality, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition that occurs when the cartilage that cushions the joints breaks down over time, causing the bones to rub together. It is the most common form of arthritis and typically affects older adults.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition that occurs when the body's immune system attacks the lining of the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, and is typically seen in women.

Other types of arthritis include psoriatic arthritis, gouty arthritis, and lupus-related arthritis. Treatment for arthritis depends on the type and severity of the condition, but can include medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy and lifestyle changes, such as exercise and weight loss, can also be helpful. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints.

Arthritis is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting over 50 million adults in the United States alone. It can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, making everyday activities such as walking, dressing, and grooming difficult and painful. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Heterotopic ossification can cause a range of symptoms depending on its location and severity, including pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the affected limb or joint. Treatment options for heterotopic ossification include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to maintain range of motion, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth.

In medical imaging, heterotopic ossification is often diagnosed using X-rays or other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. These tests can help identify the presence of bone growth in an abnormal location and determine the extent of the condition.

Overall, heterotopic ossification is a relatively rare condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life if left untreated. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

There are several factors that can contribute to developing trigger finger, including:

- Overuse or repetitive strain on the affected hand or finger.
- Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout.
- Previous injury or trauma to the affected digit or tendon sheath.
- Age-related wear and tear, particularly in older adults.

Symptoms of trigger finger may include:

- Pain when bending or straightening your finger or thumb
- Swelling or redness at the base of the affected finger
- Locking or catching sensation in the affected finger
- Difficulty straightening or bending the affected finger

If left untreated, trigger finger can lead to chronic pain and stiffness, making it difficult to perform everyday activities. Treatment options may include:

- Rest and avoidance of aggravating activities
- Anti-inflammatory medication or corticosteroid injections to reduce swelling and relieve pain
- Physical therapy to improve finger mobility and strength
- Surgery to release the tendon sheath or repair the affected digit.

Early diagnosis and treatment of trigger finger can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications, making it easier to perform daily activities and regain full use of your hand and fingers.

Osteonecrosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Trauma or injury to the bone
* Blood vessel disorders, such as blood clots or inflammation
* Certain medications, such as corticosteroids
* Alcohol consumption
* Avascular necrosis can also be a complication of other conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease.

There are several risk factors for developing osteonecrosis, including:

* Previous joint surgery or injury
* Family history of osteonecrosis
* Age, as the risk increases with age
* Gender, as women are more likely to be affected than men
* Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and alcoholism.

Symptoms of osteonecrosis can include:

* Pain in the affected joint, which may worsen over time
* Limited mobility or stiffness in the joint
* Swelling or redness in the affected area
* A grinding or cracking sensation in the joint.

To diagnose osteonecrosis, a doctor may use a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans to evaluate the bone and joint. Treatment options for osteonecrosis depend on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Conservative management with pain medication and physical therapy
* Bone grafting or surgical intervention to repair or replace the damaged bone and joint.

There are several symptoms of RA, including:

1. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet
2. Swollen and warm joints
3. Redness and tenderness in the affected areas
4. Fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite
5. Loss of range of motion in the affected joints
6. Firm bumps of tissue under the skin (rheumatoid nodules)

RA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and physical therapy can also be helpful in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

There is no cure for RA, but early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

1. Injury to blood vessels during surgery
2. Poor suturing or stapling techniques
3. Bleeding disorders or use of anticoagulant medications
4. Infection or hematoma (a collection of blood outside the blood vessels)
5. Delayed recovery of blood clotting function

Postoperative hemorrhage can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. Mild bleeding may present as oozing or trickling of blood from the surgical site, while severe bleeding can lead to hypovolemic shock, organ failure, and even death.

To diagnose postoperative hemorrhage, a physical examination and medical history are usually sufficient. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be ordered to evaluate the extent of bleeding and identify any underlying causes.

Treatment of postoperative hemorrhage depends on the severity and location of the bleeding. Mild bleeding may be managed with dressings, compression bandages, and elevation of the affected limb. Severe bleeding may require interventions such as:

1. Surgical exploration to locate and control the source of bleeding
2. Transfusion of blood products or fresh frozen plasma to restore clotting function
3. Use of vasopressors to raise blood pressure and perfuse vital organs
4. Hemostatic agents such as clotting factors, fibrin sealants, or hemostatic powder to promote clot formation
5. In some cases, surgical intervention may be required to repair damaged blood vessels or organs.

Prevention of postoperative hemorrhage is crucial in reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes. Preventive measures include:

1. Proper preoperative evaluation and preparation, including assessment of bleeding risk factors
2. Use of appropriate anesthesia and surgical techniques to minimize tissue trauma
3. Conservative use of hemostatic agents and blood products during surgery
4. Closure of all bleeding sites before completion of the procedure
5. Monitoring of vital signs, including pulse rate and blood pressure, during and after surgery
6. Preoperative and postoperative management of underlying conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and coagulopathies.

Early recognition and prompt intervention are critical in effectively managing postoperative hemorrhage. In cases of severe bleeding, timely and appropriate interventions can reduce the risk of complications and improve patient outcomes.

Hallux rigidus is a condition that affects the big toe, causing pain and stiffness in the joint. It is also known as hallux limitus or hallux fixus. The term "hallux" refers to the big toe, while "rigidus" means stiff. This condition can cause significant discomfort and difficulty with walking, making it important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Causes:

Hallux rigidus can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Overuse or repetitive motion: Activities that involve repeated pressure on the big toe, such as running or jumping, can cause hallux rigidus.
2. Injury or trauma: A sudden injury to the big toe joint can lead to hallux rigidus.
3. Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other types of arthritis can cause inflammation in the joint and lead to hallux rigidus.
4. Genetics: Some people may be more prone to developing hallux rigidus due to their genetic makeup.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of hallux rigidus can include:

1. Pain in the big toe joint, which may worsen with activity or weight-bearing.
2. Stiffness and limited range of motion in the big toe joint.
3. Swelling and redness in the joint.
4. Difficulty bending or flexing the big toe.
5. Clicking or snapping sounds when the toe is moved.

Treatment:

Treatment for hallux rigidus depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Conservative measures: Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) can help reduce pain and inflammation. Physical therapy and exercises to strengthen the muscles around the joint can also be helpful.
2. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen or naproxen can help reduce pain and inflammation.
3. Injections: Corticosteroid injections into the joint can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
4. Orthotics: Custom orthotics or shoe inserts can help redistribute pressure and alleviate stress on the big toe joint.
5. Surgery: In severe cases of hallux rigidus, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for hallux rigidus is generally good if treated early and appropriately. However, if left untreated, the condition can progress and lead to chronic pain, limited mobility, and degenerative changes in the joint. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.

Complications:

Some potential complications of hallux rigidus include:

1. Chronic pain: Hallux rigidus can cause persistent pain and discomfort in the big toe joint, which can affect daily activities and quality of life.
2. Limited mobility: The stiffness and limited range of motion in the big toe joint can make it difficult to perform everyday activities like walking, running, or climbing stairs.
3. Degenerative changes: If left untreated, hallux rigidus can lead to degenerative changes in the joint, such as osteoarthritis or bone spurs.
4. Infection: Any injection or surgical procedure used to treat hallux rigidus carries a risk of infection.
5. Nerve damage: The nerves surrounding the big toe joint can become compressed or irritated, leading to numbness, tingling, or pain in the toe or foot.

Prevention:

To prevent hallux rigidus, it is important to take steps to reduce the risk factors. This includes:

1. Wearing appropriate shoes: Choose shoes with a wide toe box and a soft, cushioned insole to reduce pressure on the big toe joint.
2. Maintaining proper foot mechanics: Practice good foot hygiene, such as washing your feet regularly and trimming toenails straight across to prevent ingrown toenails.
3. Stretching and strengthening exercises: Regularly stretching and strengthening the muscles in your foot can help improve foot mechanics and reduce the risk of developing hallux rigidus.
4. Avoiding overuse: Take regular breaks to rest your feet and avoid overusing them, especially during activities that involve repetitive stress on the big toe joint.
5. Maintaining a healthy weight: Excessive weight can put additional stress on the foot, increasing the risk of developing hallux rigidus.

Treatment:

The treatment for hallux rigidus depends on the severity of the condition and can include:

1. Conservative treatments: Non-surgical treatments such as shoe modifications, orthotics, pain relief medication, physical therapy, and corticosterock injections can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
2. Surgical treatments: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint. Common surgical procedures include osteotomies (cutting and realigning the bone), joint fusions, and arthroplasty (replacing the joint with an artificial one).
3. Bracing: Wearing a brace can help support the foot and reduce pain and inflammation.
4. Physical therapy: A physical therapist can teach you exercises to strengthen your foot and ankle muscles, improve range of motion, and reduce stiffness.
5. Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding overuse, and taking regular breaks to rest your feet can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention:

Preventing hallux rigidus involves taking steps to reduce the risk factors that contribute to its development. This includes:

1. Wearing properly fitting shoes: Choose shoes with a wide toe box and avoid high heels or pointy shoes that can compress the toes.
2. Avoiding overuse: Take regular breaks to rest your feet and avoid overusing them, especially during activities that involve repetitive stress on the big toe joint.
3. Maintaining a healthy weight: Excessive weight can put additional stress on the foot, increasing the risk of developing hallux rigidus.
4. Strengthening foot muscles: Engaging in exercises that strengthen the foot and ankle muscles can help improve flexibility and reduce the risk of developing hallux rigidus.
5. Using orthotics: Custom orthotics or over-the-counter arch supports can help redistribute pressure and reduce stress on the big toe joint.

Early treatment is key to managing hallux rigidus effectively. If you experience symptoms, it's essential to see a doctor as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate treatment, most people with hallux rigidus can experience significant relief from their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

The word "arthralgia" comes from the Greek words "arthron," meaning joint, and "algos," meaning pain. It is often used interchangeably with the term "joint pain," but arthralgia specifically refers to a type of pain that is not caused by inflammation or injury.

Arthralgia can manifest in different ways, including:

1. Aching or dull pain in one or more joints
2. Sharp or stabbing pain in one or more joints
3. Pain that worsens with movement or weight-bearing activity
4. Pain that improves with rest
5. Pain that is localized to one joint or multiple joints
6. Pain that is accompanied by stiffness or limited range of motion
7. Pain that is worse in the morning or after periods of rest
8. Pain that is triggered by certain activities or movements

The diagnosis of arthralgia typically involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as diagnostic tests such as X-rays, blood tests, or imaging studies. Treatment for arthralgia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle modifications, or other interventions.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

Dislocation is a term used in medicine to describe the displacement of a bone or joint from its normal position, often due to injury or disease. This can cause pain, limited mobility, and potentially lead to long-term complications if left untreated.

There are several types of dislocations that can occur in different parts of the body, including:

1. Shoulder dislocation: The upper arm bone (humerus) is forced out of the shoulder socket.
2. Hip dislocation: The femur (thigh bone) is forced out of the hip socket.
3. Knee dislocation: The kneecap (patella) is forced out of its normal position in the knee joint.
4. Ankle dislocation: The bones of the ankle are forced out of their normal position.
5. Elbow dislocation: The humerus is forced out of the elbow joint.
6. Wrist dislocation: The bones of the wrist are forced out of their normal position.
7. Finger dislocation: One or more of the bones in a finger are forced out of their normal position.
8. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation: The jawbone is forced out of its normal position, which can cause pain and difficulty opening the mouth.

Dislocations can be caused by a variety of factors, including sports injuries, car accidents, falls, and certain medical conditions such as osteoporosis or degenerative joint disease. Treatment for dislocations often involves reducing the displaced bone or joint back into its normal position, either through manual manipulation or surgery. In some cases, physical therapy may be necessary to help restore strength and range of motion in the affected area.

Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected limb. In some cases, the clot can break loose and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening condition called Pulmonary Embolism (PE).

Treatment for venous thrombosis typically involves anticoagulant medications to prevent the clot from growing and to prevent new clots from forming. In some cases, a filter may be placed in the vena cava, the large vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart, to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

Prevention of venous thrombosis includes encouraging movement and exercise, avoiding long periods of immobility, and wearing compression stockings or sleeves to compress the veins and improve blood flow.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics for a period of at least six months, and surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases.

Preventive measures for osteoarticular tuberculosis include vaccination against tuberculosis, screening for the disease in high-risk populations such as those with weakened immune systems, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have active tuberculosis infections.

Some of the key features of osteoarticular tuberculosis include:

* Pain and swelling in the affected joint
* Limited mobility in the joint
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Night sweats and loss of appetite
* Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the joint fluid or tissue.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as it may mimic other conditions such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. However, early detection and appropriate treatment can help prevent long-term joint damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Overall, osteoarticular tuberculosis is a serious form of tuberculosis that affects the bones and joints, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Symptoms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration may include:

* Back pain
* Neck pain
* Stiffness in the back and neck
* Limited range of motion
* Muscle spasms
* Tingling or numbness in the arms or legs

Treatment for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Conservative treatments such as physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes
* Injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
* Surgery to remove the damaged disc and fuse the adjacent vertebrae together.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage the condition and prevent further damage.

A type of arthritis that is caused by an infection in the joint, typically bacterial or viral. The most common form of infectious arthritis is Lyme disease, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick. Other types of infectious arthritis include septic arthritis (caused by bacterial infection) and reactive arthritis (caused by a bacterial or viral infection in another part of the body).

Symptoms: Pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limited range of motion in the affected joint. Fever may also be present.

Diagnosis: A diagnosis is made based on symptoms, physical examination, blood tests (such as a complete blood count or a polymerase chain reaction test to detect the presence of bacteria or viruses), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or ultrasound).

Treatment: Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, as well as medication to manage symptoms such as pain and inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or joints.

There are several types of hip fractures, including:

1. Femoral neck fracture: A break in the thin neck of the femur just above the base of the thigh bone.
2. Subtrochanteric fracture: A break between the lesser trochanter (a bony prominence on the upper end of the femur) and the neck of the femur.
3. Diaphyseal fracture: A break in the shaft of the femur, which is the longest part of the bone.
4. Metaphyseal fracture: A break in the area where the thigh bone meets the pelvis.

Hip fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition that causes brittle and weak bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.
2. Trauma: A fall or injury that causes a direct blow to the hip.
3. Overuse: Repetitive strain on the bone, such as from sports or repetitive movements.
4. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as osteopenia (low bone density) or Paget's disease (a condition that causes abnormal bone growth), can increase the risk of hip fractures.

Treatment for hip fractures typically involves surgery to realign and stabilize the bones. This may involve inserting plates, screws, or rods to hold the bones in place while they heal. In some cases, a total hip replacement may be necessary. After surgery, physical therapy is often recommended to help regain strength and mobility in the affected limb.

Preventive measures for hip fractures include:

1. Exercise: Regular exercise, such as weight-bearing activities like walking or running, can help maintain bone density and reduce the risk of hip fractures.
2. Diet: A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D can help support bone health.
3. Fall prevention: Taking steps to prevent falls, such as removing tripping hazards from the home and using handrails, can help reduce the risk of hip fractures.
4. Osteoporosis treatment: If you have osteoporosis, medications or other treatments may be recommended to help strengthen your bones and reduce the risk of hip fractures.

Word in the news:

A recent study published in The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery found that hemarthrosis is a common complication of knee replacement surgery, occurring in up to 20% of patients. Researchers recommend that patients be carefully monitored for signs of hemarthrosis after surgery and receive prompt treatment to minimize the risk of long-term joint damage.

Foreign-body migration refers to the movement or migration of a foreign object or material within the body over time. This can occur after a surgical procedure, injury, or other medical intervention where a foreign object is introduced into the body. The term "foreign body" includes any object or material that is not naturally present within the body, such as implants, sutures, staples, and other medical devices.

The migration of a foreign body can occur due to various factors, including:

1. Mechanical forces: Movement of the body, such as during exercise or daily activities, can cause the foreign object to shift position or migrate to another part of the body.
2. Biological forces: The body's natural healing processes and inflammatory responses can cause the foreign object to move or change shape over time.
3. Chemical forces: Corrosion or degradation of the foreign material can lead to its migration within the body.
4. Cellular forces: Cells in the body can surround and interact with the foreign object, leading to its movement or displacement.

The migration of a foreign body can have significant clinical implications, including:

1. Pain and discomfort: The movement of a foreign object within the body can cause pain, discomfort, and inflammation.
2. Infection: The migration of a foreign object can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the object is made of a material that is susceptible to bacterial growth.
3. Organ damage: If the migrated foreign object damages surrounding tissues or organs, it can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.
4. Revision surgery: In some cases, the migration of a foreign body may require revision surgery to remove or reposition the object.

To prevent foreign-body migration, medical professionals use various techniques, such as:

1. Implant fixation: Implants can be fixed in place using bone screws, sutures, or other fixation devices to minimize their movement.
2. Biocompatible materials: Using biocompatible materials for implants and other medical devices can reduce the risk of foreign-body reaction and migration.
3. Proper surgical technique: Surgeons must use proper surgical techniques when inserting foreign objects into the body, such as using a sterile environment and appropriate insertion angles.
4. Postoperative care: Proper postoperative care, including antibiotics and pain management, can help prevent complications and promote healing.

Overall, preventing the migration of foreign bodies is essential to ensure successful medical outcomes and minimize the risk of complications.

Types of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Humeral Fractures: These are fractures that occur in the upper arm bone (humerus). They can be classified into diaphyseal fractures (fractures in the shaft of the humerus), metaphyseal fractures (fractures at the ends of the humerus), and subtrochanteric fractures (fractures between the upper and lower ends of the humerus).
2. Scapular Fractures: These are fractures that occur in the shoulder blade (scapula). They can be classified into avulsion fractures (fractures where a small piece of bone is pulled away from the main body of the scapula) and stress fractures (fractures that occur due to repetitive trauma or overuse).
3. Clavicular Fractures: These are fractures that occur in the collarbone (clavicle). They can be classified into midshaft fractures (fractures in the middle of the clavicle) and distal fractures (fractures at the end of the clavicle).

Causes of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Trauma: Trauma is the most common cause of shoulder fractures. This can include falls, car accidents, sports injuries, and direct blows to the shoulder.
2. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures.
3. Overuse: Overuse injuries can also cause shoulder fractures, especially in athletes who participate in sports that involve repetitive movements of the shoulder joint.

Symptoms of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Pain: The most common symptom of a shoulder fracture is pain. The pain may be severe and worsen with movement or weight-bearing activities.
2. Swelling and bruising: There may be swelling and bruising around the affected area.
3. Limited mobility: A shoulder fracture can cause limited mobility in the arm and shoulder, making it difficult to move the arm or perform everyday activities.
4. Deformity: In some cases, a shoulder fracture may cause a visible deformity, such as a bone that is visibly out of place.

Diagnosis of Shoulder Fractures:

1. X-rays: X-rays are the most common diagnostic tool for shoulder fractures. They can help to identify the type and severity of the fracture.
2. CT scans: CT scans may be used in some cases to provide a more detailed view of the fracture.
3. MRI scans: MRI scans may be used to evaluate soft tissue injuries, such as ligament sprains or tears.

Treatment of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Immobilization: The affected arm is immobilized in a sling or brace for several weeks to allow the fracture to heal.
2. Medication: Pain medication, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may be prescribed to manage pain and inflammation.
3. Physical therapy: Once the fracture has healed, physical therapy may be recommended to improve strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the bones or repair damaged soft tissue. Common surgical procedures for shoulder fractures include:

a. Shoulder joint replacement: This is a procedure where the damaged joint is replaced with an artificial one.

b. Osteotomy: This is a procedure where the surgeon cuts and realigns the bone to improve its alignment.

c. Internal fixation: This is a procedure where the surgeon uses screws, plates, or rods to hold the bones in place while they heal.

d. External fixation: This is a procedure where the surgeon attaches a device to the outside of the arm and shoulder to hold the bones in place while they heal.

It's important to note that the specific treatment plan will depend on the severity and type of fracture, as well as the individual's overall health and medical history. A healthcare professional should be consulted for proper evaluation and treatment.

Thromboembolism can be caused by a variety of factors, such as injury, surgery, cancer, and certain medical conditions like atrial fibrillation. It can also be inherited or acquired through genetic mutations.

The symptoms of thromboembolism depend on the location of the clot and the severity of the blockage. They may include:

* Swelling or redness in the affected limb
* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Weakness or numbness in the affected limb
* Shortness of breath or chest pain if the clot has traveled to the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
* Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting

Thromboembolism can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood tests. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant medications to prevent the clot from growing and to prevent new clots from forming. In some cases, thrombolysis or clot-busting drugs may be used to dissolve the clot. Filters can also be placed in the vena cava to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

Prevention of thromboembolism includes:

* Moving around regularly to improve blood flow
* Avoiding long periods of immobility, such as during long-distance travel
* Elevating the affected limb to reduce swelling
* Compression stockings to improve blood flow
* Avoiding smoking and managing weight
* Taking anticoagulant medications if recommended by a healthcare provider.

Example sentences:

1. The patient developed a foreign-body reaction after receiving a defective hip implant, resulting in severe pain and swelling.
2. The transplanted liver was rejected by the recipient's immune system, causing a foreign-body reaction that led to its failure.
3. The use of a certain drug was associated with a high risk of foreign-body reactions, leading to its withdrawal from the market.

The symptoms of pulmonary embolism can vary, but may include shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood, rapid heart rate, and fever. In some cases, the clot may be large enough to cause a pulmonary infarction (a " lung injury" caused by lack of oxygen), which can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Pulmonary embolism can be diagnosed with imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound. Treatment typically involves medications to dissolve the clot or prevent new ones from forming, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot.

Preventive measures include:

* Avoiding prolonged periods of immobility, such as during long-distance travel
* Exercising regularly to improve circulation
* Managing chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and cancer
* Taking blood-thinning medications to prevent clot formation

Early recognition and treatment of pulmonary embolism are critical to reduce the risk of complications and death.

Aortic valve stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, calcium buildup, or congenital heart defects. It is typically diagnosed through echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options for aortic valve stenosis include medications to manage symptoms, aortic valve replacement surgery, or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), which is a minimally invasive procedure.

In TAVR, a thin tube is inserted through a blood vessel in the leg and guided to the heart, where it delivers a new aortic valve. This can be performed through a small incision in the chest or through a catheter inserted into the femoral artery.

While TAVR has become increasingly popular for treating aortic valve stenosis, it is not suitable for all patients and requires careful evaluation to determine the best course of treatment. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of TAVR with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate treatment plan for each individual patient.

The exact cause of Raynaud disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. The condition can occur on its own or as a secondary symptom of another underlying medical condition such as scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis.

Symptoms of Raynaud Disease:

1) Discoloration: Raynaud disease causes the affected areas to turn white or blue in response to cold temperatures or stress.

2) Pain: The constriction of blood vessels can cause pain in the affected areas.

3) Numbness or tingling: The lack of blood flow can cause numbness or tingling sensations in the fingers and toes.

4) Swelling: In severe cases, swelling may occur in the affected areas.

5) Burning sensation: Some people with Raynaud disease may experience a burning sensation in their hands and feet.

Diagnosis of Raynaud Disease:

1) Medical history: A doctor will ask about symptoms, medical history, and any triggers that may cause the condition.

2) Physical examination: The doctor will perform a physical examination to look for signs of discoloration or swelling in the affected areas.

3) Tests: Additional tests such as nailfold capillary microscopy, pulse volume recording and thermography may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment options for Raynaud Disease:

1) Medications: Drugs such as calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, and anticoagulants can help to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.

2) Lifestyle changes: Avoiding triggers such as cold temperatures and taking steps to keep hands and feet warm can help manage the condition.

3) Alternative therapies: Some people with Raynaud disease may find relief with alternative therapies such as acupuncture or biofeedback.

It is important to note that in some cases, Raynaud disease can be a symptom of an underlying autoimmune disorder, such as lupus or scleroderma. If you suspect you have Raynaud disease, it is essential to seek medical attention to rule out any other conditions.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the body, usually in the legs. This can cause swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): PE occurs when a blood clot from the deep veins of the body travels to the lungs, causing shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up bloody mucus.

The risk factors for VTE include:

* Prolonged immobility (e.g., long-distance travel or bed rest)
* Injury or surgery
* Age > 60 years
* Family history of VTE
* Cancer and its treatment
* Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills
* Inherited blood-clotting disorders
* Inflammatory bowel disease

Prevention methods include:

* Moving around regularly during long-distance travel or bed rest
* Avoiding crossing your legs or ankles, which can restrict blood flow
* Wearing compression stockings during travel or when advised by a healthcare professional
* Elevating the affected leg when sitting or lying down
* Taking blood-thinning medication as prescribed by a healthcare professional

Early diagnosis and treatment of VTE can help prevent serious complications such as PE. Treatment options include anticoagulant medications, thrombolysis (dissolving the clot), and filtration devices.

Also known as nonunion or malunion.

Note: This term is not intended to be used as a substitute for proper medical advice. Do you have a specific question about your condition? Please ask your healthcare provider for more information.

There are different types of contractures, including:

1. Scar contracture: This type of contracture occurs when a scar tissue forms and tightens, causing a loss of movement in the affected area.
2. Neurogenic contracture: This type of contracture is caused by nerve damage and can occur after an injury or surgery.
3. Post-burn contracture: This type of contracture occurs after a burn injury and is caused by scarring and tightening of the skin and underlying tissues.
4. Congenital contracture: This type of contracture is present at birth and can be caused by genetic or environmental factors.

Signs and symptoms of contractures may include:

1. Limited range of motion
2. Pain or stiffness in the affected area
3. Skin tightening or shrinkage
4. Deformity of the affected area

Treatment options for contractures depend on the severity and cause of the condition, and may include:

1. Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
2. Bracing to support the affected area and prevent further tightening
3. Surgery to release or lengthen the scar tissue or tendons
4. Injections of botulinum toxin or other medications to relax the muscle and improve range of motion.

Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the femur, which is the longest bone in the human body and runs from the hip joint to the knee joint. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their impact on the affected individual can range from minimal to severe.

Types of Femoral Neoplasms:

There are several types of femoral neoplasms, including:

1. Osteosarcoma: This is a type of primary bone cancer that originates in the femur. It is rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
2. Chondrosarcoma: This is another type of primary bone cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the femur. It is more common than osteosarcoma and affects mostly older adults.
3. Ewing's Sarcoma: This is a rare type of bone cancer that can occur in any bone, including the femur. It typically affects children and young adults.
4. Giant Cell Tumor: This is a benign tumor that occurs in the bones, including the femur. While it is not cancerous, it can cause significant symptoms and may require surgical treatment.

Symptoms of Femoral Neoplasms:

The symptoms of femoral neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain: Patients with femoral neoplasms may experience pain in the affected leg, which can be worse with activity or weight-bearing.
2. Swelling: The affected limb may become swollen due to fluid accumulation or the growth of the tumor.
3. Limited mobility: Patients may experience limited mobility or stiffness in the affected joint due to pain or swelling.
4. Fracture: In some cases, femoral neoplasms can cause a fracture or weakening of the bone, which can lead to further complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Neoplasms:

The diagnosis of femoral neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies and biopsy. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, can help identify the location and extent of the tumor. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment for femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure that they do not grow or change over time.
2. Surgery: Many femoral neoplasms can be treated with surgery to remove the tumor and any affected bone tissue. In some cases, this may involve removing a portion of the femur or replacing it with a prosthetic implant.
3. Radiation therapy: This may be used in combination with surgery to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
4. Chemotherapy: This may also be used in combination with surgery and radiation therapy to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the body.
5. Targeted therapy: This is a type of chemotherapy that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the tumor. Examples include denintuzumab mafodotin, which targets a protein called B-cell CD19, and olaratumab, which targets a protein called platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-alpha).
6. Immunotherapy: This is a type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Examples include pembrolizumab and nivolumab, which are checkpoint inhibitors that work by blocking proteins on T cells that prevent them from attacking cancer cells.

The prognosis for patients with femoral neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with benign tumors than those with malignant ones. However, even for patients with malignant tumors, there are many treatment options available, and the prognosis can vary depending on the specifics of the case.

It's important to note that these are general treatment options and the best course of treatment will depend on the specifics of each individual case. Patients should discuss their diagnosis and treatment options with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate course of action for their specific situation.

Fat embolism is a condition that occurs when fat droplets enter the bloodstream and get stuck in a blood vessel, causing a blockage. This can lead to serious complications, such as respiratory failure or death.

Causes of Fat Embolism
---------------------

Fat embolism can occur due to various reasons, including:

* Trauma or injury: A blow to the body can cause fat droplets to enter the bloodstream.
* Surgery: Certain surgeries, such as hip replacement or knee replacement, can disrupt the fat tissue and cause it to enter the bloodstream.
* Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma, can cause fat embolism.
* Bone fractures: A fracture in a bone can cause fat droplets to enter the bloodstream.

Symptoms of Fat Embolism
-------------------------

The symptoms of fat embolism can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain or discomfort
* Rapid heart rate
* Coughing up blood
* Confusion or altered mental state
* Weakness or numbness in the legs
* Seizures

Diagnosis and Treatment of Fat Embolism
---------------------------------------

Diagnosing fat embolism can be challenging, as it may resemble other conditions such as pulmonary embolism or pneumonia. However, a doctor may use various tests, including:

* Chest X-ray: To look for signs of fluid accumulation in the lungs.
* CT scan: To visualize the fat droplets in the blood vessels.
* Blood tests: To check for signs of inflammation or infection.

Treatment for fat embolism typically involves supportive care, such as:

* Oxygen therapy: To help improve oxygen levels in the body.
* Pain management: To relieve chest pain and discomfort.
* Antibiotics: To prevent or treat any secondary infections.
* Medications to dissolve blood clots: To prevent further complications.

In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the fat droplets from the blood vessels.

Prevention of Fat Embolism
------------------------

Preventing fat embolism can be challenging, as it is a rare condition that can occur unexpectedly. However, there are some measures that may help reduce the risk, such as:

* Maintaining a healthy weight: To reduce the amount of fat that can enter the bloodstream.
* Exercising regularly: To improve circulation and reduce the risk of blood clots.
* Avoiding long periods of immobility: To reduce the risk of blood clots forming in the legs.

Conclusion
----------

Fat embolism is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when fat enters the bloodstream and causes blockages in the blood vessels. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes. If you suspect you or someone else may have fat embolism, seek medical attention immediately.

There are several causes of aortic valve insufficiency, including:

1. Congenital heart defects
2. Rheumatic fever
3. Endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart)
4. Aging and wear and tear on the valve
5. Trauma to the chest
6. Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency can include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), and chest X-ray.

Treatment options for aortic valve insufficiency depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Medications to manage symptoms such as heart failure, high blood pressure, and arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms)
2. Lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet and regular exercise
3. Repair or replacement of the aortic valve through surgery. This may involve replacing the valve with an artificial one, or repairing the existing valve through a procedure called valvuloplasty.
4. In some cases, catheter-based procedures such as balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement may be used.

It is important to note that aortic valve insufficiency can lead to complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and endocarditis, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Note: A malunited fracture is sometimes also referred to as a "nonunion fracture" or "fracture nonunion".

The term "hallux valgus" comes from Latin words that mean "big toe turned away." It is estimated that about 25% of adults in the United States have some degree of hallux valgus, with women being more likely to develop the condition than men.

Hallux valgus is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as wearing poorly fitting shoes or having a family history of the condition. It can also be brought on by certain injuries or conditions, such as arthritis or gout.

Symptoms of hallux valgus include:

* Pain or discomfort in the big toe
* Redness and swelling around the joint
* Difficulty walking or wearing shoes
* Thickening of the skin at the base of the big toe
* Corns or calluses on the side of the foot

Treatment for hallux valgus depends on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative measures such as wearing proper footwear, using orthotics, and taking anti-inflammatory medications to surgical interventions such as bunionectomy. Early diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Comminuted fractures are often more complex and difficult to treat than other types of fractures because they involve multiple breaks that may require different treatment approaches. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments, and the healing process can take longer for comminuted fractures compared to simple fractures.

Comminuted fractures are classified based on the number and distribution of the breaks in the bone. For example, a comminuted fracture may be described as being "segemental" if it involves multiple breaks in the same segment of the bone, or "non-segmental" if it involves breaks in multiple segments.

Treatment for comminuted fractures typically involves immobilization of the affected limb to allow the bone fragments to heal, as well as pain management and physical therapy to restore strength and range of motion. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments or to remove any loose pieces of bone that may be causing complications.

FAI is a common cause of hip pain in young adults and athletes who participate in high-impact activities such as running or jumping. It can also occur in older individuals as a result of wear and tear on the joint over time. The condition is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and patient history.

FAI can be classified into three types based on the location and severity of the impingement:

1. Cam impingement: This occurs when the femur is not properly positioned in the socket, causing the head of the femur to jam against the rim of the acetabulum.
2. Pincer impingement: This occurs when the acetabulum is too deep and covers the femur head, causing it to be pinched between the bone and soft tissue.
3. Combination impingement: This occurs when both cam and pincer impingements are present.

Treatment for FAI typically involves a combination of non-surgical and surgical options, depending on the severity of the condition and the individual patient's needs. Non-surgical treatment may include physical therapy to improve strength and range of motion, medication to reduce pain and inflammation, and lifestyle modifications such as avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition. Surgical options may include hip arthroscopy to remove any bone spurs or repair damaged tissue, or hip replacement surgery if the joint is severely damaged.

1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): The enlargement of the prostate gland can put pressure on the urethra and bladder, making it difficult to urinate.
2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland can cause urinary retention.
3. Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A blockage in the muscles of the bladder neck or urethra can prevent urine from flowing freely.
4. Neurological Disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries can disrupt the nerve signals that control urination, leading to urinary retention.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anesthetics, can cause urinary retention as a side effect.
6. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): UTIs can cause inflammation and scarring in the bladder or urethra, leading to urinary retention.
7. Impacted Stone: Kidney stones that are too large to pass can cause urinary retention if they become lodged in the ureter or bladder.
8. Bladder Cancer: Tumors in the bladder can grow and block the flow of urine, leading to urinary retention.
9. Urethral Stricture: A narrowing of the urethra can cause urinary retention by restricting the flow of urine.

Symptoms of urinary retention may include:

1. Difficulty starting to urinate
2. Weak or interrupted urine stream
3. Painful urination
4. Inability to fully empty the bladder
5. Frequent urination
6. Leaking of urine (incontinence)
7. Blood in the urine

Treatment for urinary retention depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, catheterization, or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated urinary retention can lead to complications such as kidney damage or sepsis.

Femoral neuropathy is a type of peripheral neuropathy that affects the femoral nerve, which runs from the lower back down to the thigh and leg. This condition can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, and weakness in the affected limb.

Causes of Femoral Neuropathy
-------------------------

There are several potential causes of femoral neuropathy, including:

1. Trauma or injury to the nerve
2. Compression or entrapment of the nerve due to a herniated disc or other soft tissue abnormality
3. Inflammation or infection of the nerve
4. Vitamin deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 deficiency
5. Chronic conditions such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis

Symptoms of Femoral Neuropathy
----------------------------

The symptoms of femoral neuropathy can vary depending on the severity and location of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain, numbness, or tingling in the thigh or leg
2. Weakness or muscle wasting in the affected limb
3. Difficulty moving the affected limb or maintaining balance
4. Sensitivity to touch or temperature changes
5. Loss of reflexes in the affected limb

Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Neuropathy
---------------------------------------------

Femoral neuropathy can be difficult to diagnose, as it may be mistaken for other conditions such as a muscle strain or sciatica. To diagnose femoral neuropathy, a healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination and order imaging tests such as an MRI or EMG to confirm the presence of nerve damage.

Treatment for femoral neuropathy depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Conservative treatments may include:

1. Pain management with medication or injections
2. Physical therapy to improve strength and balance
3. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss or avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
4. Electrical stimulation or other alternative therapies

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on the nerve or repair any structural issues. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Living with Femoral Neuropathy
------------------------------

Living with femoral neuropathy can be challenging, but there are several strategies that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

1. Pain management: Maintaining a consistent pain management plan can help reduce discomfort and improve mobility.
2. Assistive devices: Using canes, walkers, or other assistive devices can help improve balance and stability.
3. Physical therapy: Regular physical therapy sessions can help maintain strength and flexibility in the affected limb.
4. Lifestyle changes: Making lifestyle changes such as losing weight, avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition, and taking regular breaks to rest the affected limb can help manage symptoms.
5. Alternative therapies: Electrical stimulation or other alternative therapies may be helpful in managing symptoms.
6. Support groups: Joining a support group can provide emotional support and connect individuals with others who are experiencing similar challenges.

It is important to remember that each person's experience with femoral neuropathy is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. It is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses individual needs and goals. With the right treatment and support, it is possible to manage symptoms of femoral neuropathy and improve quality of life.

There are several types of knee dislocations, including:

1. Lateral dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the thigh bone (femur) becomes dislocated from the lateral (outer) aspect of the knee joint.
2. Medial dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the thigh bone becomes dislocated from the medial (inner) aspect of the knee joint.
3. Posterior dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the tibia (shin bone) becomes dislocated from the back of the knee joint.
4. Anterior dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the tibia becomes dislocated from the front of the knee joint.

Knee dislocations are often accompanied by other injuries, such as fractures or tears to the ligaments and tendons that surround the knee joint. Treatment for a knee dislocation usually involves reducing the dislocation back into place, followed by immobilization in a cast or brace to allow the joint to heal. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair any damaged ligaments or tendons.

There are several types of radiculopathy, including:

1. Cervical radiculopathy: This type affects the neck and arm region and is often caused by a herniated disk or degenerative changes in the spine.
2. Thoracic radiculopathy: This type affects the chest and abdominal regions and is often caused by a tumor or injury.
3. Lumbar radiculopathy: This type affects the lower back and leg region and is often caused by a herniated disk, spinal stenosis, or degenerative changes in the spine.
4. Sacral radiculopathy: This type affects the pelvis and legs and is often caused by a tumor or injury.

The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the location and severity of the nerve compression. They may include:

1. Pain in the affected area, which can be sharp or dull and may be accompanied by numbness, tingling, or weakness.
2. Numbness or tingling sensations in the skin of the affected limb.
3. Weakness in the affected muscles, which can make it difficult to move the affected limb or perform certain activities.
4. Difficulty with coordination and balance.
5. Tremors or spasms in the affected muscles.
6. Decreased reflexes in the affected area.
7. Difficulty with bladder or bowel control (in severe cases).

Treatment for radiculopathy depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Conservative treatments such as physical therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes may be effective in managing symptoms and improving function. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the nerve root.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the symptoms of radiculopathy, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

There are several types of tendon injuries, including:

1. Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive strain or overuse.
2. Tendon rupture: A complete tear of a tendon, which can be caused by trauma or degenerative conditions such as rotator cuff tears in the shoulder.
3. Tendon strain: A stretch or tear of a tendon, often caused by acute injury or overuse.
4. Tendon avulsion: A condition where a tendon is pulled away from its attachment point on a bone.

Symptoms of tendon injuries can include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the severity of the injury and may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or surgery. Preventive measures such as proper warm-up and cool-down exercises, stretching, and using appropriate equipment can help reduce the risk of tendon injuries.

There are several types of heart valve diseases, including:

1. Mitral regurgitation: This occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium.
2. Aortic stenosis: This occurs when the aortic valve becomes narrowed or blocked, restricting blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
3. Pulmonary stenosis: This occurs when the pulmonary valve becomes narrowed or blocked, restricting blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
4. Tricuspid regurgitation: This occurs when the tricuspid valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the right atrium.
5. Heart valve thickening or calcification: This can occur due to aging, rheumatic fever, or other conditions that cause inflammation in the heart.
6. Endocarditis: This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can damage the heart valves.
7. Rheumatic heart disease: This is a condition caused by rheumatic fever, which can damage the heart valves and cause scarring.
8. Congenital heart defects: These are heart defects that are present at birth, and can affect the heart valves as well as other structures of the heart.

Symptoms of heart valve disease can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs or feet, and chest pain. Treatment options for heart valve disease depend on the specific condition and can range from medication to surgery or other procedures.

Stress fractures can occur in any bone, but are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower extremities (such as the femur, tibia, and fibula). They can also occur in the bones of the upper extremities (such as the humerus, ulna, and radius) and in the spine.

Symptoms of stress fractures may include pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness over the affected area. In some cases, a individual may experience a snapping or popping sensation when bending or twisting. If left untreated, stress fractures can progress to more severe fractures and lead to chronic pain, limited mobility, and other complications.

Treatment for stress fractures typically involves rest, physical therapy, and medication to manage pain and inflammation. In some cases, a brace or cast may be used to immobilize the affected area and allow it to heal. Surgery may be necessary in more severe cases or if the fracture does not heal properly with conservative treatment.

Preventing stress fractures involves taking steps to reduce the amount of repetitive stress placed on bones, such as increasing training intensity gradually, wearing proper footwear and protective gear, and incorporating strengthening exercises into one's workout routine. Proper nutrition and hydration can also help support bone health and reduce the risk of fractures.

There are several possible causes of colonic pseudo-obstruction, including:

1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can cause colonic pseudo-obstruction due to chronic inflammation and scarring in the colon.
2. Ischemic colitis: Reduced blood flow to the colon can lead to inflammation and scarring, which can cause pseudo-obstruction.
3. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can cause inflammation in the colon, leading to pseudo-obstruction.
4. Radiation proctitis: Radiation therapy to the pelvic area can cause inflammation and scarring in the colon, leading to pseudo-obstruction.
5. Surgical scar adhesions: Adhesions from previous abdominal surgery can cause the colon to become rigid and dilated, mimicking an obstruction.
6. Other causes: Other possible causes of colonic pseudo-obstruction include diverticulitis, appendicitis, and some medications.

The symptoms of colonic pseudo-obstruction can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Distension (enlargement) of the abdomen
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Diarrhea or constipation
5. Fever
6. Loss of appetite

The diagnosis of colonic pseudo-obstruction is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, bowel rest, and/or surgery.

There are several factors that can contribute to bone resorption, including:

1. Hormonal changes: Hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin can regulate bone resorption. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to excessive bone resorption.
2. Aging: As we age, our bones undergo remodeling more frequently, leading to increased bone resorption.
3. Nutrient deficiencies: Deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients can impair bone health and lead to excessive bone resorption.
4. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase bone resorption, leading to bone loss and weakening.
5. Genetics: Some genetic disorders can affect bone metabolism and lead to abnormal bone resorption.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants, can increase bone resorption.
7. Diseases: Conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and bone cancer can lead to abnormal bone resorption.

Bone resorption can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing: This test measures the density of bone in specific areas of the body. Low BMD can indicate bone loss and excessive bone resorption.
2. X-rays and imaging studies: These tests can help identify abnormal bone growth or other signs of bone resorption.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain hormones and nutrients that are involved in bone metabolism.
4. Bone biopsy: A bone biopsy can provide a direct view of the bone tissue and help diagnose conditions such as Paget's disease or bone cancer.

Treatment for bone resorption depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, and other medications can help slow or stop bone resorption.
2. Diet and exercise: A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, can help maintain strong bones.
3. Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to improve bone strength and mobility.
4. Surgery: In severe cases of bone resorption, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged bone tissue.

The shoulder is a complex joint that consists of several bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, which work together to provide a wide range of motion and stability. Any disruption in this delicate balance can cause pain and dysfunction.

Some common causes of shoulder pain include:

1. Rotator cuff injuries: The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, providing stability and mobility. Injuries to the rotator cuff can cause pain and weakness in the shoulder.
2. Bursitis: Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that cushion the joints and reduce friction between the bones, muscles, and tendons. Inflammation of the bursae (bursitis) can cause pain and swelling in the shoulder.
3. Tendinitis: Tendinitis is inflammation of the tendons, which connect the muscles to the bones. Tendinitis in the shoulder can cause pain and stiffness.
4. Dislocations: A dislocation occurs when the ball of the humerus (upper arm bone) is forced out of the shoulder socket. This can cause severe pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
5. Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition that affects the joints, including the shoulder. It can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
6. Frozen shoulder: Also known as adhesive capsulitis, frozen shoulder is a condition where the connective tissue in the shoulder joint becomes inflamed and scarred, leading to pain and stiffness.
7. Labral tears: The labrum is a cartilage ring that surrounds the shoulder socket, providing stability and support. Tears to the labrum can cause pain and instability in the shoulder.
8. Fractures: Fractures of the humerus, clavicle, or scapula (shoulder blade) can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
9. Rotator cuff tears: The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that provide stability and support to the shoulder joint. Tears to the rotator cuff can cause pain and weakness in the shoulder.
10. Impingement syndrome: Impingement syndrome occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff become pinched or compressed as they pass through the shoulder joint, leading to pain and inflammation.

These are just a few examples of common shoulder injuries and conditions. If you're experiencing shoulder pain or stiffness, it's important to see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are different types of spondylosis, including:

1. Cervical spondylosis: affects the neck area
2. Thoracic spondylosis: affects the chest area
3. Lumbar spondylosis: affects the lower back
4. Sacroiliac spondylosis: affects the pelvis and lower back

Spondylosis can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

1. Aging - wear and tear on the spine over time
2. Injury - trauma to the spine, such as a fall or a car accident
3. Overuse - repetitive strain on the spine, such as from heavy lifting or bending
4. Genetics - some people may be more prone to developing spondylosis due to their genetic makeup
5. Degenerative conditions - conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and degenerative disc disease can contribute to the development of spondylosis.

Symptoms of spondylosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Pain - in the neck, back, or other areas affected by the condition
2. Stiffness - limited mobility and reduced flexibility
3. Limited range of motion - difficulty moving or bending
4. Muscle spasms - sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles
5. Tenderness - pain or discomfort in the affected area when touched

Treatment for spondylosis depends on the severity and location of the condition, but may include:

1. Medications - such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and muscle relaxants
2. Physical therapy - exercises and stretches to improve mobility and reduce pain
3. Lifestyle changes - such as regular exercise, good posture, and weight management
4. Injections - corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
5. Surgery - in severe cases where other treatments have not been effective.

It's important to note that spondylosis is a degenerative condition, which means it cannot be cured, but with proper management and treatment, symptoms can be effectively managed and quality of life can be improved.

Examples:

1. A ruptured Achilles tendon occurs when the tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone is stretched too far and tears.
2. A ruptured appendix occurs when the appendix suddenly bursts, leading to infection and inflammation.
3. A ruptured aneurysm occurs when a weakened blood vessel bulges and bursts, leading to bleeding in the brain.
4. A ruptured eardrum occurs when there is sudden pressure on the eardrum, such as from an explosion or a blow to the head, which causes it to tear.
5. A ruptured ovarian cyst occurs when a fluid-filled sac on the ovary bursts, leading to pain and bleeding.

Symptoms of rupture can include sudden and severe pain, swelling, bruising, and bleeding. Treatment for rupture depends on the location and severity of the injury and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

The exact cause of PFPS is not well understood, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development. These include:

1) Overuse or repetitive strain on the knee joint, particularly during activities that involve bending or squatting.

2) Poor alignment of the kneecap in the groove of the femur (trochlear dysplasia), which can lead to abnormal pressure on the underside of the patella.

3) Weak quadriceps muscles, which can cause excessive stress on the patellar tendon and lead to pain.

4) Tight or inflexible soft tissues, particularly the iliotibial (IT) band, which can pull the kneecap out of alignment and cause pain.

Symptoms of PFPS typically include:

1) Pain in the front of the knee, usually around the kneecap.

2) Tenderness or swelling in the patellar tendon or the kneecap.

3) Pain or stiffness when bending or straightening the knee.

4) A grinding or clicking sensation in the knee joint.

Treatment for PFPS typically involves a combination of physical therapy, bracing, and medication. Physical therapy may include exercises to strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, as well as stretching and flexibility exercises to improve patellar alignment and reduce tension in the IT band. Bracing may involve wearing a knee brace or patellar stabilizer to help realign the kneecap and reduce pressure on the patellar tendon. Medication may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroid injections to reduce pain and inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the kneecap or repair damaged tissue.

Preventing PFPS involves taking steps to reduce stress on the patellar tendon and prevent overuse of the knee joint. This can include:

1) Warming up before exercise or athletic activity with stretching and light cardio.

2) Using proper technique and form during exercise or athletic activity.

3) Gradually increasing intensity and duration of exercise or athletic activity over time.

4) Strengthening the quadriceps and hamstring muscles through exercises like squats, lunges, and leg press.

5) Wearing properly fitting shoes with good arch support and cushioning.

IVDD can occur due to various factors such as trauma, injury, degenerative disc disease, or genetic predisposition. The condition can be classified into two main types:

1. Herniated Disc (HDD): This occurs when the soft, gel-like center of the disc bulges out through a tear in the tough outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves.
2. Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD): This is a condition where the disc loses its water content and becomes brittle, leading to tears and fragmentation of the disc.

Symptoms of IVDD can include:

* Back or neck pain
* Muscle spasms
* Weakness or numbness in the legs or arms
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Loss of bladder or bowel control (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of IVDD is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment options for IVDD vary depending on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative approaches such as pain medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications to surgical interventions in severe cases.

In summary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement (IVDD) is a condition where the soft tissue between two adjacent vertebrae in the spine is displaced or herniated, leading to pressure on nearby nerves and potential symptoms such as back pain, muscle spasms, and weakness. It can be classified into two main types: Herniated Disc and Degenerative Disc Disease, and diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative approaches to surgical interventions.

There are two main types of shoulder dislocations:

1. Shoulder dislocation: This occurs when the ball at the top of the humerus is forced out of its socket in the scapula.
2. Multidirectional instability (MDI): This occurs when the connections between the humerus, scapula, and collarbone (clavicle) are loose or unstable, causing the shoulder to dislocate in multiple directions.

Symptoms of a shoulder dislocation may include:

* Severe pain in your shoulder
* Swelling and bruising around your shoulder
* Difficulty moving your arm or putting weight on it
* A visible deformity in your shoulder

If you suspect that you have a shoulder dislocation, it's important to seek medical attention right away. Your doctor may perform an X-ray or other imaging tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity of the dislocation. Treatment options for a shoulder dislocation may include:

* Reduction: This is a procedure where your doctor manipulates the bones back into their proper position.
* Immobilization: Your arm may be immobilized in a sling or brace to allow the joint to heal.
* Physical therapy: After the initial injury has healed, physical therapy can help improve range of motion and strength in your shoulder.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair any damage to the surrounding tissues or to realign the bones. It's important to follow your doctor's recommendations for treatment and rehabilitation to ensure proper healing and prevent future complications.

Tibial fractures can range in severity from minor cracks or hairline breaks to more severe breaks that extend into the bone's shaft or even the joint. Treatment for these injuries often involves immobilization of the affected leg with a cast, brace, or walking boot, as well as pain management with medication and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): This is a genetic disorder that affects the formation of collagen, which is essential for bone strength and density. People with OI have brittle bones that are prone to fractures, often from minimal trauma.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development of cartilage and bone. People with achondroplasia have short stature, short limbs, and characteristic facial features.
3. Cleidocranial dysostosis: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the skull and collarbones. People with cleidocranial dysostosis may have misshapen or absent collarbones, as well as other skeletal abnormalities.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: This is a benign bone tumor that can affect any bone in the body. It is caused by a genetic mutation that causes an overgrowth of fibrous tissue in the bone, leading to deformity and weakness.
5. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED): This is a group of disorders that affect the growth plates at the ends of long bones, leading to irregular bone growth and deformity. MED can be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

These are just a few examples of developmental bone diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the formation and development of bones during fetal life or childhood, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics.

Symptoms of secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy may include:

1. Pain and stiffness in the hands and feet
2. Swelling and redness in the affected joints
3. Thickening and enlargement of the bones in the hands and feet
4. Limited range of motion in the affected joints
5. Warmth and erythema (redness) over the affected joints.

SHOA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, X-rays, and other imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for SHOA may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, as well as surgery to remove any excess bone growth. In some cases, the underlying condition that is causing the bone growth may also be treated.

SHOA is a rare condition, and it is estimated to affect only about 1 in 100,000 people. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults. The exact prevalence of SHOA is not known, as it is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed.

Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a rare condition that causes excessive growth and thickening of the bones in the hands and feet. It is often associated with other conditions, such as inflammatory diseases or cancers. The exact cause of SHOA is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal response to injury or inflammation. Treatment for SHOA typically focuses on managing the underlying condition that is causing the bone growth.

SHOA is a rare and often misdiagnosed condition that can cause significant pain and disability. It is important for individuals who are experiencing symptoms of SHOA to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. With proper treatment, many people with SHOA can experience improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

The term "coxa vara" comes from the Latin words "coxae," meaning "hip," and "varus," meaning "bent" or "curved." It is used to describe the abnormal curvature of the hip joint that occurs as a result of this condition.

People with coxa vara may experience pain in the hip joint, particularly when walking or standing for long periods. They may also have limited mobility and range of motion in the affected hip. In severe cases, the condition can lead to osteoarthritis or other complications.

Treatment for coxa vara usually involves physical therapy and bracing to help improve the alignment of the hip joint and reduce pain. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the defect in the acetabulum or to realign the femur head.

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the pelvis. In a normal hip joint, the ball (the head of the femur) fits snugly into the socket (the acetabulum). However, in dogs with hip dysplasia, the ball and socket may not fit together properly, causing the joint to become loose or unstable. This can lead to inflammation, pain, and degenerative changes in the joint over time.

There are two main types of hip dysplasia in dogs: developmental hip dysplasia and degenerative hip dysplasia. Developmental hip dysplasia occurs when the hip joint does not form properly during fetal development, while degenerative hip dysplasia is caused by wear and tear on the joint over time.

The symptoms of hip dysplasia in dogs can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Lameness or difficulty walking
* Pain or discomfort
* Stiffness or limited mobility
* Difficulty rising or climbing stairs
* Decreased activity level or reluctance to exercise
* Grinding or clicking sounds when the dog moves its hip joint

Hip dysplasia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, radiographs (x-rays), and arthroscopy. Treatment options for the condition may include:

* Medication to manage pain and inflammation
* Weight management to reduce the strain on the joint
* Surgery to repair or replace the damaged joint
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength

Preventative measures such as feeding a balanced diet, providing plenty of exercise and weight management can help to reduce the risk of developing hip dysplasia in dogs. However, if the condition does occur, early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage the symptoms and improve the dog's quality of life.

The term "genu valgum" comes from Latin words "genu," meaning "knee," and "valgum," meaning "bent." It is a type of malalignment or abnormal alignment of the knee joint, where the tibia (shinbone) is deviated inward, causing the knees to bend inward.

Genu valgum can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may have a genetic tendency to develop knock-knee deformity due to their inherited bone structure or muscle imbalance.
2. Growth plate issues: Genu valgum can occur during childhood and adolescence, particularly during periods of rapid growth. It can be caused by an imbalance in the growth plates of the long bones, leading to overgrowth or undergrowth of one side of the knee joint.
3. Muscle imbalance: Weakness or tightness in the muscles around the knee joint can contribute to genu valgum. For example, if the quadriceps muscle is weaker than the hamstring muscle, it can cause the knee to bend inward.
4. Trauma: A sudden injury or trauma to the knee joint can sometimes lead to genu valgum.
5. Neuromuscular disorders: Certain conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida can cause genu valgum due to muscle weakness or imbalance.

Genu valgum can be diagnosed through a physical examination and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include braces, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the alignment of the knee joint.

In the medical field, bone anteversion is often used to describe the alignment of the bones in the hip joint. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the pelvis. In a normal hip joint, the femur is rotated backward so that the head of the femur (the top of the bone) is facing slightly behind the body of the pelvis. This alignment allows for smooth movement of the leg in the frontal plane.

In contrast, when the bones of the pelvis and femur are rotated forward, the leg is positioned more internally than normal, which can lead to abnormal movement patterns and potentially cause pain or discomfort. Bone anteversion can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and can be treated with physical therapy, bracing, or surgery depending on the severity of the condition.

In addition to its use in describing hip alignment, bone anteversion can also refer to rotation of other bones in the body, such as the elbow or knee joints.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

There are two main types of thrombophlebitis:

1. Superficial thrombophlebitis: This type of thrombophlebitis affects the superficial veins, which are located just under the skin. It is often caused by injury or trauma to the vein, and it can cause redness, swelling, and pain in the affected area.
2. Deep vein thrombophlebitis: This type of thrombophlebitis affects the deep veins, which are located deeper in the body. It is often caused by blood clots that form in the legs or arms, and it can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and warmth in the affected limb.

Thrombophlebitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Injury or trauma to the vein
2. Blood clotting disorders
3. Prolonged bed rest or immobility
4. Surgery or medical procedures
5. Certain medications, such as hormone replacement therapy or chemotherapy
6. Age, as the risk of developing thrombophlebitis increases with age
7. Family history of blood clotting disorders
8. Increased pressure on the veins, such as during pregnancy or obesity

Thrombophlebitis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

1. Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of the veins and can help identify blood clots or inflammation.
2. Venography: This test involves injecting a dye into the vein to make it visible under X-ray imaging.
3. Blood tests: These can be used to check for signs of blood clotting disorders or other underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development of thrombophlebitis.

Treatment for thrombophlebitis typically involves anticoagulation therapy, which is designed to prevent the blood clot from growing larger and to prevent new clots from forming. This can involve medications such as heparin or warfarin, or other drugs that work by blocking the production of clots. In some cases, a filter may be placed in the vena cava, the large vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart, to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

In addition to anticoagulation therapy, treatment for thrombophlebitis may also include:

1. Elevation of the affected limb to reduce swelling
2. Compression stockings to help reduce swelling and improve blood flow
3. Pain management with medication or heat or cold applications
4. Antibiotics if there is an infection
5. Rest and avoiding strenuous activities until the symptoms resolve.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot or repair the affected vein.

It's important to note that early diagnosis and treatment of thrombophlebitis can help prevent complications such as infection, inflammation, or damage to the valves in the affected vein. If you suspect you or someone else may have thrombophlebitis, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

Staphylococcal infections can be classified into two categories:

1. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - This type of infection is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe skin infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections and surgical site infections.

2. Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) - This type of infection is not resistant to antibiotics and can cause milder skin infections, respiratory tract infections, sinusitis and food poisoning.

Staphylococcal infections are caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria which can enter the body through various means such as:

1. Skin cuts or open wounds
2. Respiratory tract infections
3. Contaminated food and water
4. Healthcare-associated infections
5. Surgical site infections

Symptoms of Staphylococcal infections may vary depending on the type of infection and severity, but they can include:

1. Skin redness and swelling
2. Increased pain or tenderness
3. Warmth or redness in the affected area
4. Pus or discharge
5. Fever and chills
6. Swollen lymph nodes
7. Shortness of breath

Diagnosis of Staphylococcal infections is based on physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment of Staphylococcal infections depends on the type of infection and severity, but may include:

1. Antibiotics to fight the infection
2. Drainage of abscesses or pus collection
3. Wound care and debridement
4. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management
5. Surgical intervention in severe cases.

Preventive measures for Staphylococcal infections include:

1. Good hand hygiene practices
2. Proper cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment
3. Avoiding close contact with people who have Staphylococcal infections
4. Covering wounds and open sores
5. Proper sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment.

It is important to note that MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of Staphylococcal infection that is resistant to many antibiotics, and can be difficult to treat. Therefore, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several causes of muscle weakness, including:

1. Neuromuscular diseases: These are disorders that affect the nerves that control voluntary muscle movement, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and polio.
2. Musculoskeletal disorders: These are conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints, such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.
3. Metabolic disorders: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to produce energy, such as hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism.
4. Injuries: Muscle weakness can occur due to injuries such as muscle strains and tears.
5. Infections: Certain infections such as botulism and Lyme disease can cause muscle weakness.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D and B12 can cause muscle weakness.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as steroids and anticonvulsants can cause muscle weakness as a side effect.

The symptoms of muscle weakness can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak after performing simple tasks.
2. Lack of strength: Difficulty lifting objects or performing physical activities.
3. Muscle cramps: Spasms or twitches in the muscles.
4. Muscle wasting: Loss of muscle mass and tone.
5. Difficulty speaking or swallowing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the face, tongue, or throat.
6. Difficulty walking or standing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the legs or lower back.
7. Droopy facial features: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the facial muscles.

If you are experiencing muscle weakness, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging studies to help diagnose the cause of the muscle weakness. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes. In some cases, muscle weakness may be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention.

The symptoms of hypopituitarism can vary depending on the specific hormone deficiency and can include:

1. Growth hormone deficiency: Short stature, delayed puberty, and decreased muscle mass.
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency: Weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency: Hypothyroidism, decreased metabolism, dry skin, and constipation.
4. Prolactin deficiency: Lack of milk production in lactating women, erectile dysfunction, and infertility.
5. Vasopressin (ADH) deficiency: Increased thirst and urination.
6. Oxytocin deficiency: Difficulty breastfeeding, low milk supply, and uterine atony.

Hypopituitarism can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

1. Traumatic brain injury or surgery
2. Tumors, cysts, or inflammation in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
3. Radiation therapy
4. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
5. Autoimmune disorders such as hypophyseal lymphocytic infiltration
6. Genetic mutations

Diagnosis of hypopituitarism involves a series of tests to assess the levels of hormones in the blood and urine, as well as imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to evaluate the pituitary gland. Treatment depends on the specific hormone deficiency and can include hormone replacement therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. In some cases, hypopituitarism may be a temporary condition that resolves once the underlying cause is treated. However, in other cases, it may be a lifelong condition requiring ongoing management.

In conclusion, hypopituitarism is a rare but potentially debilitating disorder that can affect various aspects of human physiology. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism and seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time. With proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals with hypopituitarism can lead relatively normal lives.

Intra-articular fractures can be classified into several categories based on their location within the joint:

1. Intra-articular fractures of the shoulder: These include fractures of the humeral head, glenoid, and clavicle.
2. Intra-articular fractures of the elbow: These include fractures of the radial head and neck, coronoid process, and distal humerus.
3. Intra-articular fractures of the wrist: These include fractures of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate bones.
4. Intra-articular fractures of the hip: These include fractures of the femoral head and acetabulum.
5. Intra-articular fractures of the knee: These include fractures of the tibial plateau, femoral condyle, and patella.
6. Intra-articular fractures of the ankle: These include fractures of the talus, calcaneus, and fibula.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, such as falls, sports injuries, and motor vehicle accidents. Treatment for these types of fractures often involves immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bones, and physical therapy to restore strength and range of motion. In some cases, arthroscopy may be used to help repair the joint and improve outcomes.

Overall, intra-articular fractures can be challenging to treat and require careful planning and execution to ensure proper healing and minimize complications. It is important for patients to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected joint.

1. Meniscal tears: The meniscus is a cartilage structure in the knee joint that can tear due to twisting or bending movements.
2. Ligament sprains: The ligaments that connect the bones of the knee joint can become stretched or torn, leading to instability and pain.
3. Torn cartilage: The articular cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the knee joint can tear due to wear and tear or trauma.
4. Fractures: The bones of the knee joint can fracture as a result of a direct blow or fall.
5. Dislocations: The bones of the knee joint can become dislocated, causing pain and instability.
6. Patellar tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the shinbone.
7. Iliotibial band syndrome: Inflammation of the iliotibial band, a ligament that runs down the outside of the thigh and crosses the knee joint.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition in which a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached from the end of a bone in the knee joint.
9. Baker's cyst: A fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee, usually as a result of a tear in the meniscus or a knee injury.

Symptoms of knee injuries can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. Treatment for knee injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may range from conservative measures such as physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention.

Symptoms: The symptoms of a foreign-body granuloma depend on the location and size of the foreign body, but may include redness, swelling, pain, and difficulty moving the affected area.

Causes and risk factors: A foreign body can enter the body through a variety of means, such as puncture wounds, lacerations, or surgical incisions. Risk factors for developing a foreign-body granuloma include poor hygiene, accidental injuries, and certain medical conditions that impair immune function.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis of a foreign-body granuloma is based on a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, and histopathology.

Treatment: Treatment of a foreign-body granuloma depends on the size and location of the foreign body, but may include surgical removal of the foreign body, antibiotics for any accompanying infections, and management of any complications. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, and the granuloma may resolve on its own over time.

Prognosis: The prognosis for a foreign-body granuloma is generally good if the foreign body is removed promptly and there are no complications. However, if left untreated, the granuloma can become chronic and cause ongoing symptoms and discomfort. In rare cases, the granuloma may progress to more severe conditions, such as sepsis or tissue necrosis.

Prevention: Prevention of foreign-body granulomas involves good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding contact with potential sources of infection. In high-risk individuals, such as those with compromised immune systems, it may be advisable to avoid certain activities or environments that could increase the risk of infection.

Anatomy36

Diseases55

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment101

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture9

Humanities2

Information Science7

Health Care36

Bone erosions and bone marrow edema as defined by magnetic resonance imaging reflect true bone marrow inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. (1/7)

Outcomes of hand surgery in the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. (2/7)

Properties of the International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health in assessing hand outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (3/7)

Static versus dynamic splinting for proximal interphalangeal joint pyrocarbon implant arthroplasty: a comparison of current and historical cohorts. (4/7)

Conical, radiographic, and patient-reported results of surface replacing proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty of the hand. (5/7)

Outcomes of pyrolytic carbon arthroplasty for the proximal interphalangeal joint at 44 months' mean follow-up. (6/7)

Long-term followup for rheumatoid arthritis patients in a multicenter outcomes study of silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty. (7/7)

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip

Arthroplasty

Fingers

Arthroplasty, Replacement

Zinc Fingers

Hip Prosthesis

Prosthesis Failure

Knee Prosthesis

Reoperation

Prosthesis Design

Joint Prosthesis

Range of Motion, Articular

Hip Joint

Osteoarthritis, Hip

Prosthesis-Related Infections

Cementation

Knee Joint

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Ankle

Bone Cements

Osteoarthritis, Knee

Treatment Outcome

Recovery of Function

Postoperative Complications

Polyethylene

Femur

Acetabulum

Hip Dislocation

Follow-Up Studies

Shoulder Joint

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Elbow

Joint Diseases

Femur Head

Pain, Postoperative

Surgery, Computer-Assisted

Patella

Total Disc Replacement

Retrospective Studies

Prosthesis Fitting

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Finger

Bone Malalignment

Femur Head Necrosis

Osteoarthritis

Time Factors

Femoral Neck Fractures

Pain Measurement

Ankylosis

Polyethylenes

Prospective Studies

Osteolysis

Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive

Biomechanical Phenomena

Arthrodesis

Blood Loss, Surgical

Joint Instability

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Osteotomy

Osseointegration

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Operative Blood Salvage

Bone Transplantation

Tibia

Periprosthetic Fractures

Molecular Sequence Data

Hip Dislocation, Congenital

Postoperative Care

Femoral Nerve

Surgical Wound Infection

Hip Injuries

Elbow Joint

Leg Length Inequality

Blood Transfusion, Autologous

Equipment Failure Analysis

Amino Acid Sequence

RING Finger Domains

Joint Deformities, Acquired

Arthritis

Renal Replacement Therapy

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Postoperative Period