AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
ArteriolesPia MaterVasodilationVenulesRetinal ArteryVasoconstrictionMicrocirculationVasodilator AgentsMuscle, Smooth, VascularCheekNitric OxideEndothelium, VascularJuxtaglomerular ApparatusMicroscopy, VideoVasomotor SystemVasoconstrictor AgentsRats, Sprague-DawleyCapillariesAcetylcholineNitroarginineCerebral ArteriesNitroprussideMesoporphyrinsNG-Nitroarginine Methyl EsterRegional Blood FlowRenal CirculationCoronary VesselsArteriesNitric Oxide SynthaseSwine, MiniatureVascular ResistanceBlood PressureEnzyme InhibitorsMesocricetusMuscle, SkeletalHydronephrosisRetinal VesselsNitric Oxide Synthase Type IIIKidney GlomerulusAdenosineMuscle TonusIndomethacinRats, Inbred WKYRats, Inbred SHRNorepinephrineSwineDose-Response Relationship, DrugBlood Flow VelocityKidneyPotassium ChlorideRats, WistarBradykininHydrazines15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic AcidMicrovesselsAngiotensin IIRetinal VeinCyclic N-OxidesCyclooxygenase InhibitorsProstaglandinsGlyburideCorrosion CastingStress, MechanicalPotassium Channel BlockersMesenteryPimozidePerfusion
Arterioles
The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
Pia Mater
The innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the ARACHNOID and the DURA MATER.
Vasodilation
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Venules
The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins.
Retinal Artery
Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
Vasoconstriction
The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Microcirculation
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
Vasodilator Agents
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
Cheek
The part of the face that is below the eye and to the side of the nose and mouth.
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Endothelium, Vascular
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
A complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS found in the walls of afferent glomerular arterioles and sometimes the efferent arterioles. Extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. Granular epithelial peripolar cells are located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to visceral angle of the renal corpuscle.
Microscopy, Video
Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.
Vasomotor System
The neural systems which act on VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE to control blood vessel diameter. The major neural control is through the sympathetic nervous system.
Vasoconstrictor Agents
Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Capillaries
The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.
Nitroarginine
An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)
Cerebral Arteries
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
Nitroprusside
A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
Mesoporphyrins
Porphyrins with four methyl, two ethyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.
Regional Blood Flow
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Renal Circulation
The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.
Coronary Vessels
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Arteries
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Nitric Oxide Synthase
An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.
Swine, Miniature
Genetically developed small pigs for use in biomedical research. There are several strains - Yucatan miniature, Sinclair miniature, and Minnesota miniature.
Vascular Resistance
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Blood Pressure
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Mesocricetus
A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
Muscle, Skeletal
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.
Retinal Vessels
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.
Kidney Glomerulus
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
Adenosine
A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
Muscle Tonus
The state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. In skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Indomethacin
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Rats, Inbred WKY
A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).
Rats, Inbred SHR
A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.
Norepinephrine
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Blood Flow Velocity
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Kidney
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Potassium Chloride
A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Bradykinin
A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.
Hydrazines
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)
Microvessels
The finer blood vessels of the vasculature that are generally less than 100 microns in internal diameter.
Angiotensin II
An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.
Retinal Vein
Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
Cyclic N-Oxides
Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen.
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
Prostaglandins
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
Glyburide
An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.
Corrosion Casting
A tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. This results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope.
Stress, Mechanical
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
Potassium Channel Blockers
A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
Mesentery
A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the ABDOMINAL WALL and conveys their blood vessels and nerves.
Pimozide
A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
Perfusion
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (1/2323)

1. Calcium responses induced by brief stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed from the fluorescence changes in fura-2 loaded submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Initially, 1-1.5 h after loading with fura-2 (fresh tissues), ACh increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. This response diminished with time, and finally disappeared in 2-3 h (old tissues). 3. Ba2+ elevated [Ca2+]i to a similar extent in both fresh and old tissues. ACh further increased the Ba2+-elevated [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues, but reduced it in old tissues. Responses were not affected by either indomethacin or nitroarginine. 4. In fresh mesenteric arteries, mechanical removal of endothelial cells abolished the ACh-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, with no alteration of [Ca2+]i at rest and during elevation with Ba2+. 5. In the presence of indomethacin and nitroarginine, high-K+ solution elevated [Ca2+]i in both fresh and old tissues. Subsequent addition of ACh further increased [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues without changing it in old tissues. 6. Proadifen, an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, inhibited the ACh-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in both fresh and Ba2+-stimulated old tissues. It also inhibited the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 7. In fresh tissues, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was not changed by apamin, charybdotoxin (CTX), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or glibenclamide. In old tissues in which [Ca2+]i had previously been elevated with Ba2+, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was inhibited by CTX but not by apamin, 4-AP or glibenclamide. 8. It is concluded that in submucosal arterioles, ACh elevates endothelial [Ca2+]i and reduces muscular [Ca2+]i, probably through the hyperpolarization of endothelial or smooth muscle membrane by activating CTX-sensitive K+ channels.  (+info)

Interaction of amylin with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in the microvasculature of the hamster cheek pouch in vivo. (2/2323)

1. This study used intravital microscopy to investigate the receptors stimulated by amylin which shares around 50% sequence homology with the vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the hamster cheek pouch microvasculature in vivo. 2. Receptor agonists dilated arterioles (diameters 20-40 microm). The -log of the concentrations (+/- s.e.mean; n = 8) causing 50% increase in arteriole diameter were: human betaCGRP (10.8 +/- 0.3), human alphaCGRP (10.8 +/- 0.4), rat alphaCGRP (10.4 +/- 0.3). Rat amylin and the CGRP2 receptor selective agonist [Cys(ACM2,7]-human alphaCGRP were 100 fold less potent (estimates were 8.5 +/- 0.4 and 8.2 +/- 0.3 respectively). 3. The GCRP1 receptor antagonist, CGRP8-37 (300 nmol kg(-1); i.v.) reversibly inhibited the increase in diameter evoked by human alphaCGRP (0.3 nM) from 178 +/- 22% to 59 +/- 12% (n = 8; P < 0.05) and by rat amylin (100 nM) from 138 +/- 23% to 68 +/- 24% (n = 6; P < 0.05). CGRP8-37 did not inhibit vasodilation evoked by substance P (10 nM; n = 4: P > 0.05). 4. The amylin receptor antagonist, amylin8-37 (300 nmol kg(-1); i.v.) did not significantly inhibit the increase in diameter evoked by human alphaCGRP (0.3 nM) which was 112 +/- 26% in the absence, and 90 +/- 29% in the presence of antagonist (n = 4; P < 0.05); nor that evoked by rat amylin (100 nM) which was 146 +/- 23% in the absence and 144 +/- 32% in the presence of antagonist (n = 4; P > 0.05). 5. The agonist profile for vasodilatation and the inhibition of this dilatation by CGRP8-37, although not the amylin8-37 indicates that amylin causes vasodilatation through interaction with CGRP1 receptors in the hamster cheek pouch.  (+info)

Spread of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction along feed arteries and arterioles of hamster skeletal muscle. (3/2323)

1. In arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch, vasodilatation and vasoconstriction can spread via the conduction of electrical signals through gap junctions between cells that comprise the vessel wall. However, conduction in resistance networks supplying other tissues has received relatively little attention. In anaesthetized hamsters, we have investigated the spread of dilatation and constriction along feed arteries and arterioles of the retractor muscle, which is contiguous with the cheek pouch. 2. When released from a micropipette, acetylcholine (ACh) triggered vasodilatation that spread rapidly along feed arteries external to the muscle and arterioles within the muscle. Responses were independent of changes in wall shear rate, perivascular nerve activity, or release of nitric oxide, indicating cell-to-cell conduction. 3. Vasodilatation conducted without decrement along unbranched feed arteries, yet decayed markedly in arteriolar networks. Thus, branching of the conduction pathway dissipated the vasodilatation. 4. Noradrenaline (NA) or a depolarizing KCl stimulus evoked constriction of arterioles and feed arteries of the retractor muscle that was constrained to the vicinity of the micropipette. This behaviour contrasts sharply with the conduction of vasodilatation in these microvessels and with the conduction of vasoconstriction elicited by NA and KCl in cheek pouch arterioles. 5. Focal electrical stimulation produced constriction that spread rapidly along feed arteries and arterioles. These responses were inhibited by tetrodotoxin or prazosin, confirming the release of NA along perivascular sympathetic nerves, which are absent from arterioles studied in the cheek pouch. Thus, sympathetic nerve activity co-ordinated the contraction of smooth muscle cells as effectively as the conduction of vasodilatation co-ordinated their relaxation. 6. In the light of previous findings in the cheek pouch, the properties of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation in feed arteries and arterioles of the retractor muscle indicate that substantive differences can exist in the nature of signal transmission along microvessels of tissues that differ in structure and function.  (+info)

Neovascularization at the vascular pole region in diabetic glomerulopathy. (4/2323)

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy is associated with renal structural changes involving all of the compartments. Most characteristic is the diabetic glomerulopathy. Studies of the histological changes during the early phases of nephropathy have included the glomerulopathy and also the juxtaglomerular structures. Neovascularization, well-known in diabetic retinopathy, has also been observed in the kidney. The present study concerns estimates of frequency of neovascularization at the vascular pole region in early stages of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: Extra efferent arterioles at the glomerular vascular pole were detected during measurements of the vascular pole area applying 1-microm serial sections through kidney biopsies. It was observed that more than one efferent arteriole existed occasionally. The present study was carried out with the aim of estimating the frequency of this phenomenon in diabetic patients and in non-diabetic controls, the diabetic patients categorized according to the level of albumin excretion rate. RESULTS: Neovascularization was first observed in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Some of the cases presented the phenomenon in all of the glomeruli studied. As the examinations of many kidney biopsies continued the phenomenon was observed also in the non-diabetic control group and in one IDDM patient with normoalbuminuria. However, the frequency was statistically highly significantly increased in patients with elevated albumin-excretion. Within this group a strong correlation between frequency of neovascularization and the severity of diabetic glomerulopathy is seen. CONCLUSIONS: The vascular abnormality localized to the vascular pole region is observed occasionally in the normal kidney, but the frequency is increased in patients with diabetic glomerulopathy. The abnormality may develop as a consequence of a long-standing diabetic glomerulopathy and might lead to less pronounced elevation of albumin excretion.  (+info)

Inhibition of NO synthesis or endothelium removal reveals a vasoconstrictor effect of insulin on isolated arterioles. (5/2323)

In this study we tested the hypothesis that insulin may differentially affect isolated arterioles from red (RGM) and white gastrocnemius muscles (WGM) because of their differences in function and metabolic profile. We also determined whether the responses of these arterioles are endothelium dependent and mediated by either prostaglandins or nitric oxide (NO). Arterioles were isolated, pressurized to 85 mmHg, equilibrated in Krebs bicarbonate-buffered solution (pH 7.4) gassed with 10% O2 (5% CO2-85% N2), and studied in a no-flow state. Control diameters for first-order arterioles from RGM averaged 77 +/- 8 micrometers and from WGM averaged 77 +/- 5 micrometers. Cumulative dose-response curves to insulin (10 microU/ml, 100 microU/ml, 1 mU/ml, and 10 mU/ml) were obtained in arterioles before and after endothelium removal or administration of either indomethacin (Indo, 10(-5) M) or NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10(-4) M). Insulin evoked concentration-dependent increases in control diameter of intact RGM and WGM arterioles of 6-26% and 9-28%, respectively. Indo was without any effect on insulin-induced dilation in RGM and WGM arterioles. Insulin-evoked dilation in both RGM and WGM arterioles was completely inhibited and converted to vasoconstriction by endothelium removal and administration of L-NNA. These results indicate that in endothelium-intact arterioles from RGM and WGM, insulin evokes an endothelium-dependent dilation that is equivalent and mediated by NO. In contrast, in the absence of a functional endothelium, insulin evokes arteriolar constriction. The finding that insulin can constrict arterioles, at physiological concentrations, suggests that insulin may play a more significant role in the regulation of vascular tone and total peripheral resistance than previously appreciated.  (+info)

Conducted signals within arteriolar networks initiated by bioactive amino acids. (6/2323)

Our purpose was to determine the specificity of L-arginine (L-Arg)-induced conducted signals for intra- vs. extracellular actions of L-Arg. Diameter and red blood cell velocities were measured for arterioles [18 +/- 1.6 (SE) micrometer] in the cremaster muscle of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg) hamsters (n = 53). Remote (conducted) responses were viewed approximately 1,000 micrometer upstream from the local (micropipette) application. Six amino acids were tested: L-arginine, L-cystine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-histidine, and L-aspartate (100 microM each). Only L-Arg induced a remote dilation; L-lysine and L-aspartate had no effect, and the others each induced a significant remote constriction. There is a second conducted signal initiated by L-arginine that preconditions the arteriolar network and upregulates a direct response of L-arginine to dilate the remote site. This was blocked by inhibition of L-arginine uptake at the local (preconditioning) site (100 microM L-histidine or 1 mM phenformin). Arginine-glycine-aspartate (100 microM)-induced remote dilations (+3. 2 +/- 0.3 micrometer) were not mimicked by a peptide control and were prevented by anti- integrin alphav monoclonal antibody. Remote dilations were greater in animals with a higher wall shear stress for arginine-glycine-aspartate (r2 = 0.92) but not for L-arginine (r2 = 0.12). Thus L-arginine initiates separate conducted signals related to system y+ transport, integrins, and baseline flow.  (+info)

Endothelin antagonists block alpha1-adrenergic constriction of coronary arterioles. (7/2323)

We have previously observed that intracoronary administration of the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) over a period of minutes induced both an immediate and long-lasting (2 h) vasoconstriction of epicardial coronary arterioles. Because it is unlikely that alpha1-adrenergic constriction would persist for hours after removal of the agonist, this observation supports the view that another constrictor(s) is released during alpha1-adrenergic activation and induces the prolonged vasoconstriction. Therefore, we hypothesized that the prolonged microvascular constriction after PE is due to the production of endothelin (ET). We focused on ET not only because this peptide produces potent vasoconstriction but also because its vasoconstrictor action is characterized by a long duration. To test this hypothesis, the diameters of coronary arterioles (<222 micrometers) in the beating heart of pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs with stroboscopic intravital microscopy were measured during a 15-min intracoronary infusion of PE (1 microgram. kg-1 . min-1) and at 15-min intervals for a total of 120 min. All experiments were performed in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. At 120 min, arterioles in the PE group were constricted (-23 +/- 9% change in diameter vs. baseline). Pretreatment with the ET-converting enzyme inhibitor phosphoramidon or the ETA-receptor antagonist FR-139317 prevented the PE-induced constriction at 120 min (-1 +/- 3 and -6 +/- 3%, respectively, P < 0.01 vs. PE). Pretreatment with the selective alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (Prz) also prevented the sustained constriction (0 +/- 2%, P < 0.01 vs. PE) but Prz given 60 min after PE infusion did not (-13 +/- 3%). In the aggregate, these results show that vasoconstriction of epicardial coronary arterioles via alpha1-adrenergic activation is blocked by an ET antagonist and an inhibitor of its production. From these data, we conclude that alpha1-adrenergic activation promotes the production and/or release of ET, which produces or facilitates microvascular constriction of epicardial canine coronary arterioles.  (+info)

Flow regulation of ecNOS and Cu/Zn SOD mRNA expression in porcine coronary arterioles. (8/2323)

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased flow through coronary arterioles increases endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNA expression. Single porcine coronary arterioles (ID 100-160 micrometers; pressurized) were cannulated, perfused, and exposed to intraluminal flow sufficient to produce maximal flow-induced dilation of coronary arterioles (high flow; 7.52 +/- 0.22 microliter/min), low flow (0.84 +/- 0.05 microliter/min), or no flow for 2 or 4 h. Mean shear stress was calculated to be 5.7 +/- 1.0 dyn/cm2 for high-flow arterioles and 1. 6 +/- 1.0 dyn/cm2 for low-flow arterioles. At the end of the treatment period, mRNA was isolated from each vessel, and ecNOS and SOD mRNA expression was assessed using a semiquantitative RT-PCR. All data were standardized by coamplifying ecNOS or SOD with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The results indicate that ecNOS mRNA expression is increased in arterioles exposed to 2 or 4 h of high flow. In contrast, SOD mRNA expression was increased only after 4 h of high flow. Neither gene is induced by exposure to low flow. On the basis of these data, we concluded that ecNOS and SOD mRNA expression is regulated by flow in porcine coronary arterioles. In addition, we concluded that a threshold level of flow and shear stress must be sustained to elicit the upregulation of ecNOS and SOD mRNA expression.  (+info)

Renal arteriolar angiotensin responses during varied adenosine receptor activation. | HypertensionRenal arteriolar angiotensin responses during varied adenosine receptor activation. | Hypertension
We performed experiments to test the hypothesis that endogenous adenosine acts as an essential cofactor required for eliciting angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced afferent and/or efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Enalaprilat (2 mg IV) was administered to anesthetized rats to reduce endogenous Ang II levels. Kidneys and blood were harvested from these animals and used for study of renal microvascular function using the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique. Arteriolar inside diameter was monitored videomicroscopically in (1) normal kidneys, (2) kidneys subjected to adenosine receptor blockade (100 mumol/L 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine), and (3) kidneys continuously exposed to 1 mumol/L adenosine. Under resting conditions, arteriolar diameters were similar in all three groups of kidneys, averaging 24.8 +/- 1.0 microns (n = 23) in afferent arterioles and 24.0 +/- 0.9 microns (n = 16) in efferent arterioles. In normal kidneys, adenosine (10 mumol/L) decreased both afferent ...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/23/1_Suppl/I114
Role of nNOS in Regulation of Renal Function in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension | HypertensionRole of nNOS in Regulation of Renal Function in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension | Hypertension
The major finding of the present study is that selective intrarenal nNOS inhibition by L-SMTC elicited marked decreases in renal hemodynamics and sodium excretory functions in normotensive rats and did not significantly influence renal function in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. This finding is in a good agreement with the previous studies demonstrating an important role for nNOS in buffering TGF-mediated afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction in normotensive rats.9-11 In line with our finding is also the recent observation made by Ichihara et al13 employing the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation that the decrease in afferent arteriolar diameter in response to L-SMTC administration was significantly less in Ang II-infused rats compared with control rats.. It has been also shown that nNOS activity, nNOS mRNA, and renin mRNA are increased in AT1A receptor gene and angiotensinogen gene knockout mice.18,19 In addition, studies evaluating the effects of sodium intake on renin, ...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/38/2/280
Homocysteine Inhibition of Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide-Mediated Dilation of Porcine Retinal Arterioles via Enhanced...Homocysteine Inhibition of Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide-Mediated Dilation of Porcine Retinal Arterioles via Enhanced...
Purpose.: Elevated plasma concentration of homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiologic studies have confirmed that elevated homocysteine levels are associated with ocular vascular diseases; however, the direct effect of homocysteine on ocular microvascular reactivity remains unknown. We investigated whether homocysteine affects endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilation of retinal arterioles and whether oxidative stress and distinct protein kinase signaling pathways are involved in the homocysteine-mediated effect. Methods.: Porcine retinal arterioles were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized without flow in vitro. Diameter changes were recorded using videomicroscopy techniques. Results.: Intraluminal treatment with homocysteine (1 mM, 180 minutes) significantly attenuated arteriolar dilation in response to the endothelium-dependent NO-mediated agonists bradykinin and A23187 but not in response to the ...
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2166282
Vascular Endothelium and Smooth Muscle Remodeling Accompanies Hypertrophy of Intestinal Arterioles in Streptozotocin Diabetic...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Vascular Endothelium and Smooth Muscle Remodeling Accompanies Hypertrophy of Intestinal Arterioles in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats. AU - Connors, Bret A.. AU - Bohlen, H.. AU - Evan, Andrew. PY - 1995/5. Y1 - 1995/5. N2 - The purpose of this study was to document alterations in endothelial and smooth muscle cell morphology of first- and second-order intestinal arterioles after 6 months of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Both light and scanning electron microscopic techniques were used to quantitate the changes in the microvasculature. After rendering the first- and second-order intestinal arterioles passive and processing the vessels, it was determined that these microvessels were significantly dilated in the diabetic animals. Further examination revealed that in the diabetic animals, the cross-sectional area of the endothelial layer was increased in both 1A and 2A vessels, and the smooth muscle layer cross-sectional area was significantly increased in 1A vessels. Individual ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/vascular-endothelium-and-smooth-muscle-remodeling-accompanies-hyp
Impaired retinal autoregulation in small retinal arterioles before and after focal laser treatment for diabetic maculopathy |...Impaired retinal autoregulation in small retinal arterioles before and after focal laser treatment for diabetic maculopathy |...
Aims: To study the effect of an acute increase in the arterial blood pressure on the diameter response of retinal arterioles supplying areas with focal diabetic macular oedema before and after laser photocoagulation, and control arterioles supplying areas without oedema.. Methods: In 17 diabetic patients the diameter response of arterioles after an increase in the arterial blood pressure induced by isometric exercise was studied using the retinal vessel analyser (RVA). In each patient a study arteriole supplying a focal area of macular oedema as well as a control arteriole supplying a retinal area without retinopathy lesions was selected, and the diameter response of these vessels was performed immediately before, and 1 hour and 3 months after focal laser photocoagulation of the focal oedema area.. Results: The diameter response was impaired in both study arterioles and control arterioles before focal laser photocoagulation. The treatment induced regression of the focal retinal oedema, but did ...
http://bjo.bmj.com/content/90/2/198
The control of blood flow in skeletal muscle arteriolesThe control of blood flow in skeletal muscle arterioles
Skeletal muscle arterioles dilate in response to application of acetylcholine (ACh), eliciting a conducted vasodilation (CVD) that travels along unbranched segments without decrement. CVD is known to entail cell-to-cell transmission of hyperpolarization along the endothelium via gap junction channels, a purely passive mechanism. In the present thesis I study CVD in bifurcating arteriolar networks, where the pathway for hyperpolarizing current expands compared to unbranched arterioles, to test for an active component to CVD. In a separate subset of arterioles, the effect of augmenting vasomotor tone on CVD was tested using elevated O2 or phenylephrine (PE) in the superfusion solution vs. control. Male C57BL/6 mice (n=13; 10-13 weeks old) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) and maintained at 37 [degrees]C. The cremaster was carefully exteriorized and spread onto a transparent Sylgard pedestal. The tissue was maintained at 34 [degrees]C with continuous ...
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/44847
Angiotensin II-Induced Ca2+ Influx in Renal Afferent and Efferent Arterioles | Circulation ResearchAngiotensin II-Induced Ca2+ Influx in Renal Afferent and Efferent Arterioles | Circulation Research
The present study is the first to demonstrate that Ang II activates differing Ca2+ entry mechanisms in afferent and efferent arterioles. Our findings are thus consistent with evolving concepts concerning the segmental heterogeneity of activation mechanisms within the renal microvasculature. In the afferent arteriole, Ang II stimulates Ca2+ influx via dihydropyridine-sensitive and voltage-activated L-type Ca2+ channels, an activating mechanism that is absent in the efferent arteriole. In the efferent arteriole, Ang II stimulates Ca2+ influx through a signaling pathway that is nifedipine-insensitive and is not voltage-activated. Store depletion with CPA activates a nifedipine-insensitive Ca2+ entry in efferent myocytes that has a sensitivity to SKF 96365 identical to that of the Ca2+ influx activated by Ang II in the intact arteriole. This store-operated Ca2+ entry mechanism is absent in the afferent arteriole.. Our findings agree with those of previous studies assessing renal microvascular ...
http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/87/7/551
Temporal Development of Retinal Arteriolar Endothelial Dysfunction in Early Stages of Diabetes in Porcine Model | IOVS | ARVO...Temporal Development of Retinal Arteriolar Endothelial Dysfunction in Early Stages of Diabetes in Porcine Model | IOVS | ARVO...
Purpose: : Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress are implicated in retinal vascular dysfunction associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Although retinal arterioles provide a major site of flow regulation, the temporal influence of hyperglycemia on retinal arteriolar reactivity and vascular oxidant production remains unclear. The development of a large animal model of diabetes relevant to the human retina for evaluation of vascular function is also lacking. Herein, we examined endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilation and production of superoxide in retinal arterioles at various time points in a porcine model of type 1 diabetes. Methods: : Retinal arterioles (,100 µm) were isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs (2, 6, 10 and 14 weeks of hyperglycemia, 477±43 mg/dL) and age-matched control pigs (63±14 mg/dL), and then cannulated and pressurized for in vitro study. Vascular diameter changes and superoxide production were monitored using videomicroscopic ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2362716
Postischemic Reperfusion Causes Smooth Muscle Calcium Sensitization and Vasoconstriction of Parenchymal Arterioles.
Parenchymal arterioles (PAs) are high-resistance vessels in the brain that connect pial vessels to the microcirculation. We previously showed that PAs have increased vasoconstriction after ischemia and reperfusion that could increase perfusion defici
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Postischemic-Reperfusion-Causes-Smooth-Muscle/24968928.html
KV 7.4 channels participate in the control of rodent renal vascular resting tone.<...KV 7.4 channels participate in the control of rodent renal vascular resting tone.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - KV 7.4 channels participate in the control of rodent renal vascular resting tone.. AU - Salomonsson, M.. AU - Brasen, Jens Christian. AU - Braunstein, Thomas Hartig. AU - Hagelqvist, Per Gustav. AU - Holstein-Rathlou, N.-H. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. N2 - Aim: We tested the hypothesis that KV7 channels contribute to basal renal vascular tone and that they participate in agonist-induced renal vasoconstriction or vasodilation. Methods: KV7 channel subtypes in renal arterioles were characterized by immunofluorescence. Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured using an ultrasonic flow probe. The isometric tension of rat interlobar arteries was examined in a wire myograph. Mice afferent arteriolar diameter was assessed utilizing the perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique. Results: Immunofluorescence revealed that KV7.4 channels were expressed in rat afferent arterioles. The KV7 blocker XE991 dose-dependently increased the isometric tension of rat interlobar arteries and caused a small ...
https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/kv-74-channels-participate-in-the-control-of-rodent-renal-vascula
PRIME PubMed | Regulation of angiotensin II receptor AT1 subtypes in renal afferent arterioles during chronic changes in sodium...PRIME PubMed | Regulation of angiotensin II receptor AT1 subtypes in renal afferent arterioles during chronic changes in sodium...
PubMed journal article: Regulation of angiotensin II receptor AT1 subtypes in renal afferent arterioles during chronic changes in sodium diet. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/9062366/Regulation_of_angiotensin_II_receptor_AT1_subtypes_in_renal_afferent_arterioles_during_chronic_changes_in_sodium_diet_
Abstract 5251: H2O2-induced Protein Kinase G Dimerization and Vasodilation in Human Coronary Arteriole | CirculationAbstract 5251: H2O2-induced Protein Kinase G Dimerization and Vasodilation in Human Coronary Arteriole | Circulation
Flow-induced dilation of human coronary arterioles (HCA) is mediated by a unique mechanism involving the release of H2O2 from the mitochondria of endothelial cells and subsequent smooth muscle relaxation via K+-channel-dependent membrane hyperpolarization. The precise mechanisms by which H2O2 induces smooth muscle hyperpolarization remain largely undefined. An important mechanism of action of H2O2 involves the oxidation of key cysteine residues in its target proteins, including protein kinase G 1-alpha (PKG-1α). Here we hypothesize that H2O2 dilates HCA through direct oxidation and activation of PKG-1α leading to the subsequent opening of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) in smooth muscle cells. In isolated HCA, H2O2 (10−6−3×10−4 M) induced dose-dependent dilations in both endothelium-intact and -denuded vessels (relaxations at 10−4 M of 83.5±3.7% and 85.1±8.4%, respectively; n=4 - 6). The relaxations were largely abolished by iberiotoxin, a BKCa blocker (3.4±2.1% ...
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/120/Suppl_18/S1074.2
The Contraction of Smooth Muscle Cells of Intrapulmonary Arterioles Is Determined by the Frequency of Ca2+ Oscillations Induced...The Contraction of Smooth Muscle Cells of Intrapulmonary Arterioles Is Determined by the Frequency of Ca2+ Oscillations Induced...
We used a lung slice preparation to study the contractile responses of intrapulmonary arterioles and the underlying changes in [Ca2+]i in their SMCs during stimulation with 5-HT and KCl. For the same reasons that apply to the study of bronchial airways (Bergner and Sanderson, 2002a), thin lung slices are well suited for the study of arterioles. The arterioles are easily identified, have reproducible contractile responses and the intracellular Ca2+ responses of their SMCs can be correlated with the contraction of the arteriole. In addition, the small intrapulmonary arterioles, at sites that are considered to be important in pulmonary hypertension, can be examined. A major advantage of the lung slice is the ability to simultaneously compare the responses of arteriole SMCs to those of airway SMCs. This allows for the instant collection of control data and facilitates an understanding of the specific physiological responses of each SMC type.. Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries to 5-HT has been ...
http://jgp.rupress.org/content/125/6/555
Microvascular oxygen tension in the rat mesentery | Heart and Circulatory Physiology
It is typical in microvascular networks for smaller vessels to have lower linear blood velocities (38, 67). Application of a LEA instrument to vessels with velocities below Vcr = 2,100 μm/s creates a progressive Po2 underestimation from large arterioles to capillaries due to an increase in the accumulated oxygen consumption with the decrease in velocity. In addition, a LEA instrument depresses Po2 in the perivascular tissue (16), thereby creating a greater oxygen sink, which adds to the diffusional oxygen losses from arterioles and amplifies the apparent longitudinal Po2 gradient. Previous workers have concluded that this apparent longitudinal Po2 gradient found in precapillary arterioles is due to high oxygen losses from the arterioles, which led them to further conclude that arterioles are the main site of oxygen supply to the tissue (52-54, 56).. In the study of Tsai et al. (54), the longitudinal oxygen saturation drop in mesenteric arterioles with an average diameter of 23 μm was estimated ...
http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/294/1/H21.long
Upregulation of Arginase by H2O2 Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide-Mediated Dilation of Coronary Arterioles |...Upregulation of Arginase by H2O2 Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide-Mediated Dilation of Coronary Arterioles |...
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http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/early/2006/06/22/01.ATV.0000233334.24805.62
A Human Arteriole Cross-Section. Arterioles are Small Branches of Arteries Photographic Print by Robert Caughey at AllPosters...A Human Arteriole Cross-Section. Arterioles are Small Branches of Arteries Photographic Print by Robert Caughey at AllPosters...
A Human Arteriole Cross-Section. Arterioles are Small Branches of Arteries Photographic Print by Robert Caughey - at AllPosters.com. Choose from over 500,000 Posters & Art Prints. Value Framing, Fast Delivery, 100% Satisfaction Guarantee.
https://www.allposters.com/-sp/A-Human-Arteriole-Cross-Section-Arterioles-are-Small-Branches-of-Arteries-Posters_i6016448_.htm
JCI - p66Shc regulates renal vascular tone in hypertension-induced nephropathyJCI - p66Shc regulates renal vascular tone in hypertension-induced nephropathy
Renal preglomerular arterioles regulate vascular tone to ensure a large pressure gradient over short distances, a function that is extremely important for maintaining renal microcirculation. Regulation of renal microvascular tone is impaired in salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension-induced nephropathy, but the molecular mechanisms contributing to this impairment remain elusive. Here, we assessed the contribution of the SH2 adaptor protein p66Shc (encoded by Shc1) in regulating renal vascular tone and the development of renal vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension-induced nephropathy. We generated a panel of mutant rat strains in which specific modifications of Shc1 were introduced into the Dahl SS rats. In SS rats, overexpression of p66Shc was linked to increased renal damage. Conversely, deletion of p66Shc from these rats restored the myogenic responsiveness of renal preglomerular arterioles ex vivo and promoted cellular contraction in primary vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that were ...
https://jci.org/articles/view/75079/figure/1
Publications [#304490] of Anita T. LaytonPublications [#304490] of Anita T. Layton
We have formulated a mathematical model for the rat afferent arteriole (AA). Our model consists of a series of arteriolar smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, each of which represents ion transport, cell membrane potential, and gap junction coupling. Cellular contraction and wall mechanics are also represented for the smooth muscle cells. Blood flow through the AA lumen is described by Poiseuille flow. The AA models representation of the myogenic response is based on the hypothesis that changes in hydrostatic pressure induce changes in the activity of nonselective cation channels. The resulting changes in membrane potential then affect calcium influx through changes in the activity of the voltage-gated calcium channels, so that vessel diameter decreases with increasing pressure values. With this configuration, the model AA maintains roughly stable renal blood flow within a physiologic range of blood flow pressure. Model simulation of vasoconstriction initiated from local stimulation also ...
https://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/math/alayton/publications/304490
Preserved coronary arteriolar dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for reactive oxygen species<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Preserved coronary arteriolar dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. T2 - Implications for reactive oxygen species. AU - Bagi, Zsolt. AU - Feher, Attila. AU - Beleznai, Timea. PY - 2009/1/1. Y1 - 2009/1/1. N2 - Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors that may greatly increase individuals risk of developing coronary artery disease. Type 2 diabetes is believed to impair coronary function. However, its impact on the vasomotor function of coronary resistance vessels in humans is still debated. Reduced, preserved or even augmented dilations of coronary arterioles have been reported in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide, may compensate for the loss of the vasodilatory function of coronary microvessels during disease development. Recent interventional clinical trials have yielded largely negative results, and there has ...
https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/preserved-coronary-arteriolar-dilatation-in-patients-with-type-2-
Abstract 11148: Aging Impairs Endothelium-dependent Dilation Via Thiol-Oxidation in Coronary Arterioles in Smp 30 Deficiency...Abstract 11148: Aging Impairs Endothelium-dependent Dilation Via Thiol-Oxidation in Coronary Arterioles in Smp 30 Deficiency...
Aging with oxidant stress is a major risk factor of coronary artery disease, however the underlying mechanisms have not been fully defined. Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) has been identified as an aging marker molecule, which decreases with aging and SMP 30 knock-out mice show a short life. To examine the effect of aging on coronary arterioles vasomotor tone, we measured endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh) and -independent vasodilation (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) of isolated, pressurized coronary arterioles (28±4 µm, diameter) from SMP30 KO and wild type (WT) mice. In SMP30 KO mice, ACh-induced vasoconstriction was appeared, which changed vasodilation with dithiothreitol, thiol-reducing agent (DTT, 0.1 µM), but L-NAME (0.3 mM) or sepiapterin (1 µM), tetrahydrobiopterin mimic, did not change vascular responses to ACh. In WT mice, ACh-induced vasodilation was appeared which was blunted with L-NAME. Inhibition of glutathione reductase by 1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (80 ...
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/Suppl_21/A11148
The Physiology of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles - ppt video online downloadThe Physiology of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles - ppt video online download
Role of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles The kidneys have an autoregulatory system to keep their blood flow and perfusion constant over a wide range of blood pressures. Unlike perfusion of all other organs, perfusion of the kidney is not regulated to maintain organ nutrition but to retain its filtration functions. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is regulated mainly by the balance of vascular tone in the afferent and efferent arterioles. Owing to this exceptional arrangement of resistance vessels in series, before and after the glomerulus, renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be regulated independently.
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3720970/
Direct evidence for myogenic autoregulation of the renal microcirculation in the hamster. | Circulation ResearchDirect evidence for myogenic autoregulation of the renal microcirculation in the hamster. | Circulation Research
We transplanted neonatal hamster renal tissue into a hamster check pouch chamber and subjected the renal tissue to increases and decreases in extravascular pressure. A decrease in extra-vascular pressure decreased, and an increase in extravascular pressure increased, the diameter of preglomerular arterioles. Thus, the change in preglomerular arteriolar diameter was directly related to alterations in extravascular pressure. Neither saralasin nor indomethacin affected these changes, whereas papaverin prevented them. The efferen arterioles responded passively to changes in extravascular pressure; i.e., the changes in their diameter were inversely related to changes in extravascular myogenic autoregulation of preglomerular vessels. ...
http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/47/2/226
Efferent Arteriole - Kidney Blood FilteringEfferent Arteriole - Kidney Blood Filtering
The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus. Because it has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, it creates some resistance to blood flow, producing the back-up of blood in the glomerulus which creates higher pressure in the glomerular cavity.. ...
http://www.innerbody.com/image_card08/card80-new.html
Plus itPlus it
The transient receptor potential type V1 channel (vanilloid receptor 1, TRPV1) is a Ca2+-permeable nonspecific cation channel activated by various painful stimuli including ischemia. We hypothesized that TRPV1 is expressed in the arterioles and is involved in the regulation of microvascular tone. We found that TRPV1 stimulation by capsaicin (intra-arterial administration) of the isolated, perfused right hind limb of the rat increased vascular resistance (by 98 ± 21 mm Hg at 10 μg) in association with decreased skeletal muscle perfusion and elevation of skin perfusion (detected by dual-channel laser Doppler flowmetry). Denervation of the hind limb did not affect capsaicin-evoked changes in vascular resistance and tissue perfusion in the hind limb but reduced the elevation of perfusion in the skin. In isolated, pressurized skeletal (musculus gracilis) muscle arterioles (diameter, 147 ± 35 μm), capsaicin had biphasic effects: at lower concentrations, capsaicin (up to 10 nM) evoked dilations ...
https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/73/5/1405
Arteriole blood vessel, light micrograph - Stock Image C019/8018 - Science Photo LibraryArteriole blood vessel, light micrograph - Stock Image C019/8018 - Science Photo Library
Arteriole. Light micrograph of a section through an arteriole, a small artery. The lumen (centre) of the arteriole is filled with red blood cells. The lumen is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are surrounded by a ring of smooth muscle (purple). Outside of this is elastic and collagen connective tissue (brown). Magnification: x250 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Human tissue. - Stock Image C019/8018
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/575907/view
Renal 41 to 50 - ACEMprimary.com
Chemical: Noradrenaline constricts interlobular and afferent arterioles. Angiotensin 11 constricts efferent arterioles , afferent arterioles. Dopamine (made in kidney) vasodilates. Acetylcholine vasodilates. Prostaglandins inc. bl flow in cortex, dec. bl flow in medulla.. - Neural: SNS -, dec bl flow. Fall of BP, vasoconstrictor response includes renal bl flow.. - Autoregulation: contractile response of smooth muscle of afferent arteriole to stretch (BP). NO may be involved. Angiotensin 11 plays a role in constricting efferent arterioles, maintaining GFR,. ...
http://acemprimary.com/physiology/renal/renal-41-to-50/
Red And White Blood Cells Within An Arteriole Arteries Branch Into Arterioles Within Organs And Deliver Blood To The...Red And White Blood Cells Within An Arteriole Arteries Branch Into Arterioles Within Organs And Deliver Blood To The...
Guarda Foto stock di Red And White Blood Cells Within An Arteriole Arteries Branch Into Arterioles Within Organs And Deliver Blood To The Capillaries Sem X6130. Cerca foto premium ad alta risoluzione su Getty Images.
https://www.gettyimages.it/detail/foto/red-and-white-blood-cells-within-an-arteriole-fotografie-stock/vis900019
Plus itPlus it
An increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in early diabetes mellitus is considered a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Insulin deficiency may increase the activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), which could promote afferent arteriolar vasodilation und thus contribute to glomerular hyperfiltration in early diabetes mellitus. To further elucidate this hypothesis we performed renal clearance experiments in anesthetized rats at 2 and 6 weeks after onset of streptozotocin-induced insulin-treated diabetes mellitus and studied the acute effect of the putative KATP channel blocker 4-morpholinecarboximidine-N-1-adamantyl-N′-cyclohexylhydrochloride (U37883A) on renal function. In control rats, application of U37883A (1.5 mg/kg i.v. bolus plus 1.5 mg/kg/hr) induced a significant reduction in heart rate, but did not affect or even slightly increased mean arterial blood pressure. Furthermore, U37883A did not significantly affect renal vascular resistance, renal ...
https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/286/3/1215
Plus itPlus it
The purpose of our study was to determine whether Gi-mediated control over adenylyl cyclase in preglomerular arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PGASMC) is enhanced in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). PGASMC were cultured from preglomerular microvessels isolated from adult SHR (14-15 wk of age) and age-matched WKY rats. Confluent monolayers of cells in third passage were used for the experiments. cAMP released into the media (30 min) as well as cellular levels of cAMP were measured in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1-isobutyl-3-methyl-xanthine (IBMX; 100 μM) and expressed as pmol/mg protein. Total (released + cellular) cAMP was significantly lower in SHR (14.19 ± 2.30 pmol/mg protein) as compared with WKY (28.3 ± 3.04 pmol/mg protein). Correspondingly, the released (4.6 ± 0.4 pmol/mg protein) as well as cellular (9.78 ± 2.18 pmol/mg protein) cAMP levels were also significantly lower in SHR when compared with WKY (8.85 ± 1.26 and 18.86 ± 2.0 pmol/mg protein, ...
https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/285/2/828
Difference Between Arteries and Arterioles | Definition, Characteristics, FunctionDifference Between Arteries and Arterioles | Definition, Characteristics, Function
What is the difference between Arteries and Arterioles? Arteries and arterioles are two types of blood vessels that mainly carry oxygenated blood. Arteries
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-arteries-and-arterioles/
Vascular Degeneration in Parkinsons Disease
10 μm) the PD cases have fewer capillaries in the RN and more small arterioles/veins (in the LC) with a significant reduction in the ratio of small/large vessels throughout all nuclei. The data suggest that vessel degeneration in PD cases is primarily at the level of capillaries, that may be more vulnerable to degeneration than the small arteries/veins, and/or to the enlarged capillaries as a result of vascular remodelling [6]. The transformation of the microvasculature from primarily capillaries to predominantly small arterioles/venules has a profound effect on oxygen diffusion. Arterioles (and venules) are much larger vessels with, on average, 3 layers of endothelial cells as well as smooth muscle cells and pericytes [7]. In normal tissue the majority of oxygen diffusion occurs from the capillary vessels consisting of only one layer of endothelial cells [7]. As a consequence of the loss of the capillary bed, tissues receive less oxygen leading to damage through processes such as the ...
http://www.scireslit.com/Alzheimers/APD-ID15.php
Despite latest advances in our understanding of the molecular and mobile - effects on platelets and insulin sensitivity, using...Despite latest advances in our understanding of the molecular and mobile - effects on platelets and insulin sensitivity, using...
Despite latest advances in our understanding of the molecular and mobile mechanisms behind vascular conducted responses (VCRs) in systemic arterioles, we even now know hardly any about their potential physiological and pathophysiological part in brain penetrating arterioles controlling blood circulation to the deeper areas of the brain. of VCRs, which is a rather new finding in this field, is discussed in the light of changes in plasma membrane ion channel conductance as a function of health status or disease. Finally, we discuss the possible role of VCRs in cerebrovascular function and disease as well as suggest future directions for studying VCRs in the cerebral circulation. were recently reported using a transgenic mouse expressing a GCamP2 Ca2+ sensor under the control of a Cx40 promotor found only in ECs of the vasculature and Purkinje fibers of the heart.16 Finally, sharp microelectrode measurements of models are routinely performed in only a few laboratories.10, 32, 34, 35 Molecular and ...
http://azd6482.com/despite-latest-advances-in-our-understanding-of-the-molecular-and-mobile/
Constriction of Pial Arterioles Produced by Prostaglandin F2α | StrokeConstriction of Pial Arterioles Produced by Prostaglandin F2α | Stroke
Prostaglandin F2α constricted pial arterioles when locally applied to the cerebral surface. Norepinephrine and serotonin each elicited similar contractile effects. The constriction produced by F2α in combination with either biogenic amine was greater than the constriction elicited by F2α or amine acting alone. The effect of one agent on the other was additive rather than potentiating. Since F2α, norepinephrine and serotonin are all naturally occurring agents, it is possible that their combined effect is important under pathological circumstances and this combined effect should not be overlooked in the search for single spasmogens of great potency. Before ascribing a pathologically important effect to F2α, either alone or in combination, evidence is required showing that doses effective in experiments are similar to the concentrations occurring during disease states and/or that vessels may become hypersensitive to F2α during such states.. ...
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/6/3/293
Tissue PO<sub>2</sub> and arteriolar responses to metabolic stimuli during maturation of striated...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Tissue PO2 and arteriolar responses to metabolic stimuli during maturation of striated muscle. AU - Proctor, K. G.. AU - Damon, D. N.. AU - Duling, B. R.. PY - 1981. Y1 - 1981. N2 - Tissue O2 tension (PO2) and small arteriolar diameter were measured in hamsters aged 32, 60, and 80 days. The cremaster muscle was isolated and superfused with a solution equilibrated with 0, 5, or 10% O2 and stimulated to contract at 1 Hz. Resting muscle tissue PO2 was proportional to superfusate PO2 and was not different between age groups. The decrease in tissue PO2 during contraction was greatest in adult animals when the superfusate PO2 was low but was equal in all groups when the superfusate PO2 was high. Elevated superfusate PO2 was correlated with a vasoconstriction, the magnitude of which varied inversely with age. Resting and contraction-induced vascular diameter were largest in the youngest animals, relative to maximum diameters, but absolute resting and contraction-induced diameters were ...
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/tissue-posub2sub-and-arteriolar-responses-to-metabolic-stimuli-du
Modulation of Calcium Current in Arteriolar Smooth Muscle by αvβ3 and α5β1 Integrin Ligands | JCBModulation of Calcium Current in Arteriolar Smooth Muscle by αvβ3 and α5β1 Integrin Ligands | JCB
A number of possible explanations may account for the differences between the effects of soluble and insoluble integrin ligands on Ca2+ channel current. An obvious possibility is that inhibition of current by soluble FN may be mediated by competitive antagonism of existing integrin- matrix interactions, as suggested for other systems (Poole and Watson, 1995). This would require constitutive phosphorylation of the channel through an integrin-dependent pathway. Indeed, the L-type calcium channel in vascular smooth muscle has been shown to require tyrosine phosphorylation for normal function (Wijetunge et al., 1992; Wijetunge and Hughes, 1996), but whether integrins regulate this pathway is not known. If they do, then disruption of existing integrin-matrix interactions by soluble ligands would produce inhibition of current while clustering of receptors by insoluble ligands (Altieri et al., 1990; Schwartz, 1993), including antibodies (Miyamoto et al., 1995a), would produce enhancement of current. In ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/143/1/241
Mechanisms of the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to the action of physical loads on the body]. - Semantic ScholarMechanisms of the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to the action of physical loads on the body]. - Semantic Scholar
Diastolic BP rose and cardiac output diminished after 6 months of exercises training because of the increase in peripheral resistance of blood vessels in athletes. In result of the training, skeletal muscles became capable of a profound relaxation leading, in its turn, to development of the ability for marked constriction of skeletal muscles arterioles. After the exercises, the rigidity of femoral and tibial arteries decreased as the result of involvement of the artery walls smooth muscle cells into peripheral vasodilatation. The functional condition of the skeletal muscles arterioles seems to be the main factor affecting circulatory changes both during acute effect of exercise and after a prolonged training.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mechanisms-of-the-adaptation-of-the-cardiovascula-St%C3%ABpochkina-Kriuchek/6e4738caded63997a240477ab6efd4aadfddbe1b
Control of ArteriolesControl of Arterioles
Now let us see how the above factors control the distribution of blood flow in physiological situations. The structures that normally have the largest changes in blood flow are the skin, the digestive tract and skeletal muscle.. SKIN: Blood flow to the skin is almost entirely for the purposes of thermoregulation. Very little of the total is required to support the metabolism of the skin cells. Heat is carried by the blood from inside the body to the skin, where it is lost to the atmosphere. Most heat is lost this way, with the only other significant loss of heat occurring through breathing. Sympathetic nerves control the skin arterioles for this purpose, with greater release of norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction. Since under neutral conditions there is some steady sympathetic activity to the skin, reduction of the sympathetic effects allows vasodilation. Unlike many structures, arterioles do not have the dual innervation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.. DIGESTIVE TRACT: As ...
http://courses.washington.edu/conj/heart/arterioles2011.htm
Arteriole - Academic Kids
An arteriole is a blood vessel that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. Arterioles have thick muscular walls and are the primary site of vascular resistance. The mean blood pressure in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the interaction between the cardiac output (the volume of blood the heart is pumping per minute) and the vascular resistance, usually termed total peripheral resistance by physicians and researchers. The up and down fluctuation of the arterial blood pressure is due to the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output and determined by the interaction of the stroke volume versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries. Template:Anatomy-stub ...
http://mobile.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Arteriole
Immature monocytes recruited to the ischemic mouse brain differentiate into macrophages with features of alternative activation...
Acute stroke induces a local inflammatory reaction causing leukocyte infiltration. Circulating monocytes are recruited to the ischemic brain and become tissue macrophages morphologically indistinguishable from reactive microglia. However, monocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with different functions. Herein, we investigated the infiltration and fate of the monocyte subsets in a mouse model of focal brain ischemia by permanent occlusion of the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery. We separated two main subtypes of CD11bhi monocytes according to their expression of the surface markers Ly6C and CD43. Using adoptive transfer of reporter monocytes and monocyte depletion, we identified the pro-inflammatory Ly6ChiCD43loCCR2+ subset as the predominant monocytes recruited to the ischemic tissue. Monocytes were seen in the leptomeninges from where they entered the cortex along the penetrating arterioles. Four days post-ischemia, they had invaded the infarcted core, where they were often
https://zenodo.org/record/33738/export/json
Arteriole, TEM - Stock Image C011/9459 - Science Photo LibraryArteriole, TEM - Stock Image C011/9459 - Science Photo Library
Arteriole. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through the wall of an arteriole, showing smooth muscle (brown), endothelial cells (green), and an inner and outer lamina (membrane, blue). Elastic and collagen connective tissue (clear) can also be seen, along with pinocytotic vesicles.. Magnification: x20,000 when printed 10 centimetres wide. - Stock Image C011/9459
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/442820/view
Glial Cell Calcium Signaling Mediates Capillary Regulation of Blood Flow in the Retina. - Dwight Bergles LaboratoryGlial Cell Calcium Signaling Mediates Capillary Regulation of Blood Flow in the Retina. - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
The brain is critically dependent on the regulation of blood flow to nourish active neurons. One widely held hypothesis of blood flow regulation holds that active neurons stimulate Ca(2+) increases in glial cells, triggering glial release of vasodilating agents. This hypothesis has been challenged, as arteriole dilation can occur in the absence of glial Ca(2+) signaling. We address this controversy by imaging glial Ca(2+) signaling and vessel dilation in the mouse retina. We find that sensory stimulation results in Ca(2+) increases in the glial endfeet contacting capillaries, but not arterioles, and that capillary dilations often follow spontaneous Ca(2+) signaling. In IP3R2(-/-) mice, where glial Ca(2+) signaling is reduced, light-evoked capillary, but not arteriole, dilation is abolished. The results show that, independent of arterioles, capillaries actively dilate and regulate blood flow. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that glial Ca(2+) signaling regulates capillary but not arteriole ...
http://bergleslab.com/index.php/2016/09/07/biesecker2016/
blood flow - Dwight Bergles Laboratoryblood flow - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
The brain is critically dependent on the regulation of blood flow to nourish active neurons. One widely held hypothesis of blood flow regulation holds that active neurons stimulate Ca(2+) increases in glial cells, triggering glial release of vasodilating agents. This hypothesis has been challenged, as arteriole dilation can occur in the absence of glial Ca(2+) signaling. We address this controversy by imaging glial Ca(2+) signaling and vessel dilation in the mouse retina. We find that sensory stimulation results in Ca(2+) increases in the glial endfeet contacting capillaries, but not arterioles, and that capillary dilations often follow spontaneous Ca(2+) signaling. In IP3R2(-/-) mice, where glial Ca(2+) signaling is reduced, light-evoked capillary, but not arteriole, dilation is abolished. The results show that, independent of arterioles, capillaries actively dilate and regulate blood flow. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that glial Ca(2+) signaling regulates capillary but not arteriole ...
http://bergleslab.com/index.php/tag/blood-flow/
Roles of Glia Limitans Astrocytes and Carbon Monoxide in Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Pial Arteriolar Dilation in Newborn Pigs...Roles of Glia Limitans Astrocytes and Carbon Monoxide in Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Pial Arteriolar Dilation in Newborn Pigs...
The major findings in newborn pigs are: (1) treatment with the astrocyte toxin, L-2αAAA, or the HO inhibitor, CrMP, block pial arteriolar dilation to ADP, but not to isoproterenol, bradykinin, or sodium nitroprusside; (2) ADP increases brain CO production and this increase is blocked by the astrocyte toxin or inhibition of HO; and (3) ADP increases CO production by astrocytes and, to a lesser extent, cerebral microvessels. These data, coupled with previous results showing CO dilates pial arterioles in vivo, suggest CO is an astrocyte-derived mediator of ADP-induced pial arteriolar dilation in piglets.. ADP can produce endothelium-dependent cerebral vasodilation,19 which may be mediated in part by NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in adult rats.20,21,30 In endothelium-denuded control arteries from rat brain, ADP also produced dose-dependent relaxation, but this relaxation was lower than that found in intact control arteries.31 In adult rats, ADP-induced pial arteriolar dilation ...
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/40/3/930
Interaction between ATP-sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channels and nitric oxide on pial arterioles in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interaction between ATP-sensitive K+ channels and nitric oxide on pial arterioles in piglets. AU - Bari, F.. AU - Errico, Robert A.. AU - Louis, Thomas M.. AU - Busija, David W.. PY - 1996. Y1 - 1996. N2 - The interaction between ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP)) and nitric oxide (NO) was studied in pial arterioles of piglets. We examined the effects of N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a general inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective inhibitor of neuronal NOS, on aprikalim-induced cerebral vasodilation. Topically applied, aprikalim, a selective activator of K(ATP), dilated arterioles by 11 ± 7% at 10-8 M and 17 ± 6% at 10-6 M. After L-NAME treatment (15 mg/kg, i.v.), the response was reduced (4 ± 4% and 12 ± 7%, respectively; n = 8, p ,0.05). Administration of 7-NI (50 mg/kg, i.p.) did not change pial arteriolar responsiveness to aprikalim. However, both L-NAME and 7-NI reduced the vasodilator responses to 10-4 M ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/interaction-between-atp-sensitive-ksupsup-channels-and-nitric-oxi
Responses of cerebral arterioles during chronic ethanol exposure<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Responses of cerebral arterioles during chronic ethanol exposure. AU - Mayhan, William. PY - 1992. Y1 - 1992. N2 - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol exposure on responses of cerebral arterioles in vivo. Rats were fed liquid diets with or without ethanol for 2-3 mo. Using intravital microscopy, we measured diameter of cerebral arterioles in non-ethanol- and ethanol-fed rats in response to acetylcholine, histamine, ADP, the thromboxane analogue (U- 46619), and nitroglycerin. In non-ethanol-fed rats, acetylcholine, histamine, and ADP produced dose-related dilatation of cerebral arterioles. In ethanol- fed rats, however, acetylcholine produced vasoconstriction, and vasodilatation in response to histamine and ADP was impaired. Dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to nitroglycerin and vasoconstriction in response to the thromboxane analogue (U-46619) were similar in non-ethanol- fed and ethanol-fed rats. Thus these findings suggest that chronic ...
https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/responses-of-cerebral-arterioles-during-chronic-ethanol-exposure
Role of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage- by Matthew NystoriakRole of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage- by Matthew Nystoriak
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) following cerebral aneurysm rupture is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The ability of SAH to induce vasospasm in large diameter pial arteries has been extensively studied, although the contribution of this phenomenon to patient outcome is unclear. Conversely, little is known regarding the impact of SAH on intracerebral (parenchymal) arterioles, which are critical for regulation of cerebral blood flow. To assess the function of parenchymal arterioles following SAH, measurements of diameter, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and membrane potential were performed in intact arterioles from unoperated (control), sham-operated and SAH model rats. At physiological intravascular pressure, parenchymal arterioles from SAH animals exhibited significantly elevated [Ca2+]i and enhanced constriction compared with arterioles from control and sham-operated animals. Elevated [Ca2+]i and enhanced tone following SAH were observed in the absence of vascular endothelium and were
https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/168/
Spatio-temporal variations in cell-free layer formation near bifurcations of small arterioles | ScholarBank@NUSSpatio-temporal variations in cell-free layer formation near bifurcations of small arterioles | [email protected]
Blood flow partitioning at an arteriolar bifurcation could lead to spatio-temporal variations in cell-free layer formation in the upstream and downstream vessels of the bifurcation. To investigate this effect, we quantitatively analyzed characteristics of the cell-free layer in the vicinity of an arteriolar bifurcation in the rat cremaster muscle in normal physiological flow conditions. To simulate hemorheological relevance to humans, red blood cell aggregation was elevated by infusion of Dextran 500 to levels seen in humans in normal states. Spatial variations of the layer width were observed in both the parent and larger daughter vessels. A more pronounced attenuation of the layer width was generally observed in the parent vessel at its wall adjacent to the side branch than at its opposite wall. A thicker layer width was consistently found at the opposite than adjacent wall of the larger daughter vessel. Accordingly, large asymmetries of the layer widths could be developed on opposite sides of ...
http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/67282
Frontiers | N-Cadherin and Integrin Blockade Inhibit Arteriolar Myogenic Reactivity but not Pressure-Induced Increases in...Frontiers | N-Cadherin and Integrin Blockade Inhibit Arteriolar Myogenic Reactivity but not Pressure-Induced Increases in...
The vascular myogenic response is characterized by arterial constriction in response to an increase in intraluminal pressure and dilatation to a decrease in pressure. This mechanism is important for the regulation of blood flow, capillary pressure and arterial pressure. The identity of the mechanosensory mechanism(s) for this response is incompletely understood but has been shown to include the integrins as cell-extracellular matrix receptors. The possibility that a cell-cell adhesion receptor is involved has not been studied. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that N-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion molecule in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), was important for myogenic responsiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate:1. whether cadherin inhibition blocks myogenic responses to increases in intraluminal pressure and 2. the effect of the cadherin or integrin blockade on pressure-induced changes in [Ca2+]i. Cadherin blockade was tested in isolated rat cremaster arterioles on myogenic
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2010.00165/full
Afferent glomerular arteriole | Article about afferent glomerular arteriole by The Free DictionaryAfferent glomerular arteriole | Article about afferent glomerular arteriole by The Free Dictionary
Looking for afferent glomerular arteriole? Find out information about afferent glomerular arteriole. An artery of small diameter that terminates in capillaries Explanation of afferent glomerular arteriole
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/afferent+glomerular+arteriole
Pericytes Dont Go With the Flow-They Change It | ALZFORUMPericytes Dont Go With the Flow-They Change It | ALZFORUM
In response to Dr. Grutzendlers comments, we would like to emphasize that two recent exceptional papers (Mishra et al., 2016; Biesecker et al., 2016) from two different groups have independently confirmed the role of pericytes in neurovascular coupling, as we also showed. These two papers demonstrated that astrocytic calcium regulates neurovascular coupling to pericytes, but not to arteriolar smooth muscle cells. Moreover, a recent single-cell RNA-seq study demonstrated expression of several contractile proteins in pericytes derived from mouse cortex or hippocampus including skeletal muscle actin, vimentin, desmin, calponin, non-muscle myosin variants, and a low SMA (smooth muscle actin) expression (Zeisel et al., 2015). This study confirmed earlier findings showing expression of contractile proteins in pericytes using immunocytochemical staining and immunogold labeling at the ultrastructural level. Additionally, two recent optogenetic studies, both presented at the Society for Neuroscience ...
https://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/pericytes-dont-go-flow-they-change-it
Modulation of Rat Pial Arteriolar Responses to Flow by Glucose | Anesthesiology | ASA PublicationsModulation of Rat Pial Arteriolar Responses to Flow by Glucose | Anesthesiology | ASA Publications
The apparatus was transferred to an inverted microscope (Nikon TMS-F, 20× objective, Nikon, Melville, NY). Steady-state measurements of internal diameter at the midpoint of the segment were made using a high resolution CCD video camera (Hitachi KPC503, Hitachi, San Jose, CA) and a video caliper (Living Systems) calibrated using a stage micrometer. The vessel was superfused with PSS at a rate of 6 ml/min, and the chamber was maintained at 37°C. Chamber temperature and pH were monitored continuously using a probe (Oakton, series 35616, Singapore), and samples of the superfusing buffer were periodically drawn from the chamber for gas analysis (AVL Instruments, model 995, Graz, Austria). A plexiglas cover excluded ambient air from the chamber. The reservoir containing the perfusate and superfusate and the vessel chamber itself were bubbled with gas whose composition was adjusted, using separate tanks and regulators for each of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, to achieve Po2and Pco2values in ...
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1943861
Efferent arteriole - Offline Wikipedia
The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli are much different. They do break up, but they form bundles of vessels (arteriolae recti) that cross the outer zone of the medulla to perfuse the inner zone. Vessels returning from the inner medulla (venulae recti) intersperse themselves in a highly regular fashion among the descending arteriolae recti to form a well-organized rete mirabile. This rete is responsible for the osmotic isolation of the inner medulla from the rest of the kidney and so permits the excretion of a hypertonic urine when circumstances require. Since the rete also isolates the inner medulla from gaseous exchange, any metabolism in this area is anaerobic, and red cells, which would serve no purpose there, are ordinarily shunted from the arteriolae recti by an unknown mechanism into the capillary plexus surrounding the tubules of the outer zone of the medulla. Blood in this plexus and returning from the inner medulla finds its way to the renal vein and the general ...
http://wiki-offline.jakearchibald.com/wiki/Efferent_arteriole
AT(1) receptor activation regulates the mRNA expression of CAT1, CAT2, arginase-1, and DDAH2 in preglomerular vessels from...AT(1) receptor activation regulates the mRNA expression of CAT1, CAT2, arginase-1, and DDAH2 in preglomerular vessels from...
Previously, we found increased expression of l-arginine metabolizing enzymes in both kidneys from two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats (Helle F, Hultstrom M, Skogstrand T, Palm F, Iversen BM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F78-F86, 2009). In the present study, we investigate whether AT(1) receptor activation can induce the changes observed in 2K1C. Four groups of rats were infused with 80 ng/min ANG II or saline for 14 days and/or given 60 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) losartan. Gene expression was studied in isolated preglomerular vessels by RT-PCR. Dose-responses to ANG II were studied in isolated preglomerular vessels with and without acute NOS inhibition [10(-4) mol/l N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)]. Expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), caveolin-1, and arginase-2 were not changed by ANG II infusion. CAT1 (0.3 8 +/- 0.07 to 0.73 +/- 0.12, P , 0.05), CAT2 (1.14 +/- 0.29 to 2.74 +/- 0.48), DDAH2 (1.09 +/- 0.27 to 2.3 +/- 0.46), and arginase-1 (1.08 +/- 0.17 to ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:538959
Paper - The angiology, angiogenesis, and organogenesis of the submaxillary gland - Embryology
Beginning in small radicals around the base of the alveoli, venules are formed through the coalescence of capillaries. These rapidly converge to a. point near the terminal arterioles about the intercalary duct to form venae terminales. The veins are short and there is but a single one accompanying each terminal arteriole. At the point of junction of several intercalary ducts, the accompanying terminal veins through their confluence form the intralobular veins which collect the blood from different portions of the lobule and terminate in the lobular vein. This vessel makes its exit from the lobule at the hilus, side by side with the lobular artery. There is no reduplication of the veins of the intralobular system. As soon as the veins leave the lobules, however, and enter the sublobular interspaces, the venous system is doubled, yielding venae comites to each successive division of the A. submaxillaris. The sublobular veins parallel the course of the artery, giving ofi numerous anastomotic ...
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Paper_-_The_angiology,_angiogenesis,_and_organogenesis_of_the_submaxillary_gland
RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSM - Natural Ophthalmics
Signs and Symptoms. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAM) are acquired saccular or fusiform dilatations of the large arterioles of the retina.1-7 They are usually observed within the first three orders of bifurcation and can occur at arteriovenous crossings as well.4,7 Patients who develop RAM are typically between the ages of 50 and 80.1-7 They rarely occur in younger patients, but when they do the most consistently associated systemic disease is hypertension.7 There appears to be a female preponderance.4-6 The most common comorbidity is systemic arterial hypertension, occurring in approximately 80% of patients.1-7 There is also an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and arteriosclerosis.5,6 Ophthalmoscopically, RAM appear as an exudative, dilated arteriole within a major vascular branch within the first three bifurcations.1-9 In rare circumstances, they can occur just off of the optic disc.10 RAM are typically unilateral, but may be bilateral or multifocal.3,5 In many cases, ...
https://natoph.com/2015/06/01/retinal-arterial-macroaneurysm/
JCI - WelcomeJCI - Welcome
High blood pressure is the leading risk factor for death worldwide. One of the hallmarks is a rise of peripheral vascular resistance, which largely depends on arteriole tone. Ca2+-activated chloride currents (CaCCs) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are candidates for increasing vascular contractility. We analyzed the vascular tree and identified substantial CaCCs in VSMCs of the aorta and carotid arteries. CaCCs were small or absent in VSMCs of medium-sized vessels such as mesenteric arteries and larger retinal arterioles. In small vessels of the retina, brain, and skeletal muscle, where contractile intermediate cells or pericytes gradually replace VSMCs, CaCCs were particularly large. Targeted disruption of the calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A, also known as ANO1, in VSMCs, intermediate cells, and pericytes eliminated CaCCs in all vessels studied. Mice lacking vascular TMEM16A had lower systemic blood pressure and a decreased hypertensive response following vasoconstrictor ...
https://jci.org/tags/42?content=articles&page=8
Smoke Movement and Evacuation Time in the Arcade of a Traditional Market using Numerical Simulation<...Smoke Movement and Evacuation Time in the Arcade of a Traditional Market using Numerical Simulation<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Smoke Movement and Evacuation Time in the Arcade of a Traditional Market using Numerical Simulation. AU - Kim, Taeyeon. AU - Kim, Byungseon Sean. AU - Kim, Kwangho. PY - 2007. Y1 - 2007. N2 - This study proposes to analyze the smoke exhausting performance and evacuation time in an arcade of a Korean traditional market. The effect of three types of ventilation opening on smoke exhausting performance was analyzed using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) method. The ventilation opening delayed the spread of smoke efficiently, and is an important design factor to control smoke movement in arcades. Also the evacuation time was analyzed according to the height of the building and increased significantly with the increase in the number of floors. Given the conditions of the study, the arcade building had to be less than three-stories considering the spread of smoke.. AB - This study proposes to analyze the smoke exhausting performance and evacuation time in an arcade of a Korean ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/smoke-movement-and-evacuation-time-in-the-arcade-of-a-traditional
Tolstovstvo | ARCADETolstovstvo | ARCADE
Stanford strives to post only content for which we have licensed permission or that is otherwise permitted by copyright law. If you have a concern that your copyrighted material is posted here without your permission, please contact us and we will work with you to resolve your concern.. © 2021 Arcade bloggers retain copyright of their own posts, which are made available to the public under a Creative Commons license, unless stated otherwise. If any Arcade blogger elects a different license, the bloggers license takes precedence.. Arcade: A Digital Salon by http://arcade.stanford.edu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.. Based on a work at arcade.stanford.edu.. ...
https://arcade.stanford.edu/tags/tolstovstvo
periodization | ARCADEperiodization | ARCADE
Stanford strives to post only content for which we have licensed permission or that is otherwise permitted by copyright law. If you have a concern that your copyrighted material is posted here without your permission, please contact us and we will work with you to resolve your concern.. © 2021 Arcade bloggers retain copyright of their own posts, which are made available to the public under a Creative Commons license, unless stated otherwise. If any Arcade blogger elects a different license, the bloggers license takes precedence.. Arcade: A Digital Salon by http://arcade.stanford.edu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.. Based on a work at arcade.stanford.edu.. ...
https://arcade.stanford.edu/tags/periodization
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Nitroglycerin is, at typical doses, a VENOUS dilator. By decreasing venous return to the heart (preload) nitroglycerin decreases the filling pressure of the heart, decreasing myocardial wall tension, force of contraction, and by extension, myocardial workload and oxygen demand of the stressed tissue. Nitroglycerin only minor effect on arteries or arterioles at usual doses, although a high dose drip (greater than 40mcg/min) can have artery dilating effects. So, nitro does not dilate atherosclerotic arteries to allow blood to flow around any clots or occlusions in the arterial system of the heart. When nitroglycerin has been injected directly into a blocked coronary artery, it has not relieved pain! In other words, nitroglycerin eases coronary chest pain by reducing the hearts oxygen needs, NOT by providing more oxygen supply. Although blood pressure can drop with nitroglycerin, it can be minimized with the patient lying down ...
http://www.carpentercprsolutions.com/-blog/vasodilators
Coloured Tem Of Red Blood Cells In An Arteriole Poster by Steve GschmeissnerColoured Tem Of Red Blood Cells In An Arteriole Poster by Steve Gschmeissner
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https://fineartamerica.com/products/coloured-tem-of-red-blood-cells-in-an-arteriole-steve-gschmeissner-poster.html
Capillary arteriole definition | Drugs.comCapillary arteriole definition | Drugs.com
Definition of capillary arteriole. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and definitions.
https://www.drugs.com/dict/capillary-arteriole.html
Over-Dilation of Arterioles Causes Over-Sensitization of Nerves in People with FibromyalgiaOver-Dilation of Arterioles Causes Over-Sensitization of Nerves in People with Fibromyalgia
Study finds that arterioles in the palms of fibromyalgia patients are overly dilated, which causes over-sensitization of the nerves, resulting in pa
http://www.prohealth.com/fibromyalgia/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=18149
Quick Answer: Which Cells Of The Afferent Arteriole Secrete Renin Quizlet? - britanymarshallbeauty.comQuick Answer: Which Cells Of The Afferent Arteriole Secrete Renin Quizlet? - britanymarshallbeauty.com
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) A region of tissue found in each nephron in the kidney that is important is regulating blood pressure and body fluid and electrolytes. … The JGA also includes chemoreceptor cells of the adjacent region of the distal tubule, which form a tightly packed array called the macula densa ...
https://britanymarshallbeauty.com/qa/quick-answer-which-cells-of-the-afferent-arteriole-secrete-renin-quizlet.html
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Haunted Arcade - Vidjagame Apocalypse 336 - Laser TimeHaunted Arcade - Vidjagame Apocalypse 336 - Laser Time
In one of our earlier attempts to get an official Capcom podcast off the ground, it was me, Brett, and Seth, and the two of them were swapping arcade electrocution stories. I think both involved ill-advised arcade cabinets at their local swimming pools, and I distinctly remember SETH distinctly remembering that when he got shocked, he could feel it all the way in his teeth. Youd think that wouldve been the end of his Street Fighter fascination or at least the end of his swimming fascination, but I have since seen him partake in both. We also had a guest speaker that week, one of the cool dudes in QA, and he was lamenting having recently lost a friend to an arcade cabinet that arced on him while he was tinkering around inside. (Let that be a lesson-those things hold a dangerous charge for awhile even after theyre unplugged). Seemed like everyone had an arcade electrocution story except for me. At the time, I was still quite shy and deferential after so many years in Japan, and I remember ...
https://www.lasertimepodcast.com/2019/10/04/haunted-arcade-vidjagame-apocalypse-336/?replytocom=384487
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Effects of Empagliflozin + Linagliptin vs Metformin + Insulin Glargine on Renal and Vascular Changes in Type 2 Diabetes - Full...Effects of Empagliflozin + Linagliptin vs Metformin + Insulin Glargine on Renal and Vascular Changes in Type 2 Diabetes - Full...
Diabetes mellitus, considered at the beginning as a metabolic disorder, mutates into a predominantly vascular disease, once its duration extends over several years or/and when additional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors coexist, in particular arterial hypertension. As a consequence, treatment of type 2 diabetes should focus not only on metabolic control but also on improving the vascular structure and function in the micro- and macrocirculation (1). Glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion pointing to altered intraglomerular hemodynamics, e.g. reduced preglomerular (i.e. resistance of the afferent arteriole [Ra]) resistance and increased postglomerular (i.e. resistance of the efferent arteriole [Re]) resistance (resulting in an increased intraglomerular pressure [Pglom]) are considered to be pivotal hemodynamic hallmarks of renal impairment in early diabetes (2). Endothelium dysfunction is a key pathogenetic process leading to increased leakage of albumin through the glomerular barrier and ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02752113?view=results
Harold Layton | Page 5 | Department of MathematicsHarold Layton | Page 5 | Department of Mathematics
Professor Layton is modeling renal function at the level of the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney) and at the level of nephron populations. In particular, he is studying tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), the urine concentrating mechanism, and the hemodynamics of the afferent arteriole. Dynamic models for TGF and the afferent arteriole involve small systems of semilinear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with time-delays, and coupled ODES, which are solved numerically for cases of physiological interest, or which are linearized for qualitative analytical investigation. Dynamic models for the concentrating mechanism involve large systems of coupled hyperbolic PDEs that describe tubular convection and epithelial transport. Numerical solutions of these PDEs help to integrate and interpret quantities determined by physiologists in many separate experiments.. ...
https://math.duke.edu/people/harold-layton?page=4
Harold Layton, ProfessorHarold Layton, Professor
Professor Layton is modeling renal function at the level of the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney) and at the level of nephron populations. In particular, he is studying tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), the urine concentrating mechanism, and the hemodynamics of the afferent arteriole. Dynamic models for TGF and the afferent arteriole involve small systems of semilinear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with time-delays, and coupled ODES, which are solved numerically for cases of physiological interest, or which are linearized for qualitative analytical investigation. Dynamic models for the concentrating mechanism involve large systems of coupled hyperbolic PDEs that describe tubular convection and epithelial transport. Numerical solutions of these PDEs help to integrate and interpret quantities determined by physiologists in many separate experiments. ...
https://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/math/layton
EventsEvents
Endothelial cell, Ca2+-activated K channels (SKCa and IKCa channels) generate hyperpolarization that passes to the adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells to cause vasodilation in small resistance arterioles. IKCa channels expressed within endothelial cell projections toward the SMCs are activated by spontaneous Ca2+ events (Ca2+ puffs/pulsars). TRPV4 channels also cluster within this microdomain and are selectively activated at low intravascular pressure resulting in activation of endothelial cell IKCa channels and vasodilation, reducing the myogenic tone that underpins tissue blood-flow autoregulation. ...
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/events/index.cfm?viewtype=som&viewformat=event&eventinstanceid=30545
Which medications in the drug class Nebulized Vasoconstrictors are used in the treatment of Croup?Which medications in the drug class Nebulized Vasoconstrictors are used in the treatment of Croup?
Nebulized VasoconstrictorsEpinephrine stimulates alpha receptors and beta2 receptors. It constricts the precapillary arterioles, thus decreasing airway edema. Because of the potential adverse effects ... more
https://www.medscape.com/answers/962972-22253/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-nebulized-vasoconstrictors-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-croup
Vasoconstriction - The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki
It is a mechanism that can be used to help control [[Blood pressure,blood pressure]]. Vasoconstriction of [[Arterioles,arterioles]] reduces their diameter. This reduction in lumen diameter causes the resistance to [[Blood,blood]] flow to increase as more of the [[Red blood cells,Red Blood Cells]] come into contact with the arteriole walls. This causes blood pressure to increase,ref,Dee Unglaub Silverthorn (2010) Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, Sixth Edition, Glenview: Pearson. Page 519,/ref ...
https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php?title=Vasoconstriction&diff=prev&oldid=14705
Multiple Sclerosis--the vascular connection: June 2014Multiple Sclerosis--the vascular connection: June 2014
To tease apart the role of endothelial signaling in the living brain, they had to develop new ways to both image the brain at very high speeds, and also to selectively alter the ability of endothelial cells to propagate signals within intact vessels. The team achieved this through a range of techniques that use light and optics, including imaging using a high-speed camera with synchronized, strobed LED illumination to capture changes in the color, and thus the oxygenation level of flowing blood. Focused laser light was used in combination with a fluorescent dye within the bloodstream to cause oxidative damage to the inner endothelial layer of blood brain arterioles, while leaving the rest of the vessel intact and responsive. The team showed that, after damaging a small section of a vessel using their laser, the vessel no longer dilated beyond the damaged point. When the endothelium of a larger number of vessels was targeted in the same way, the overall blood flow response of the brain to ...
http://ccsviinms.blogspot.fi/2014/06/
Multiple Sclerosis--the vascular connection: June 2014Multiple Sclerosis--the vascular connection: June 2014
To tease apart the role of endothelial signaling in the living brain, they had to develop new ways to both image the brain at very high speeds, and also to selectively alter the ability of endothelial cells to propagate signals within intact vessels. The team achieved this through a range of techniques that use light and optics, including imaging using a high-speed camera with synchronized, strobed LED illumination to capture changes in the color, and thus the oxygenation level of flowing blood. Focused laser light was used in combination with a fluorescent dye within the bloodstream to cause oxidative damage to the inner endothelial layer of blood brain arterioles, while leaving the rest of the vessel intact and responsive. The team showed that, after damaging a small section of a vessel using their laser, the vessel no longer dilated beyond the damaged point. When the endothelium of a larger number of vessels was targeted in the same way, the overall blood flow response of the brain to ...
http://ccsviinms.blogspot.fi/2014_06_01_archive.html
Novel haemodynamic structures in the human glomerulusNovel haemodynamic structures in the human glomerulus
Afferent and efferent arterioles (21.5±1.2µm and 15.9±1.2µm diameter), recognised from vascular origins, lead into previously undescribed wider regions (43.2±2.8 µm and 38.4±4.9 µm diameter) we have termed vascular chambers (VCs) embedded in the mesangium of the vascular pole. Afferent VC(AVC) volume was 1.6 fold greater than Efferent VC(EVC) volume. From the AVC long non-branching high capacity conduit vessels (n=7) (Con; 15.9±0.7µm diameter) led to the glomerular edge where branching was more frequent. Conduit vessels have fewer podocytes than filtration capillaries. VCs were confirmed in fixed and unfixed specimens with a layer of banded collagen identified in AVC walls by multiphoton and electron microscopy. Thirteen highly branched efferent first order vessels (E1;9.9±0.4µm diam.) converge on the EVC draining into the efferent arteriole (15.9±1.2µm diam.). Banded collagen was scarce around EVC ...
https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/940145
Fenoldopam | CTDFenoldopam | CTD
A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation ...
http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=chem&acc=D018818
CHIKARA: Action Arcade Wrestling Features, Release Date, News, Screenshots and Videos - Operation SportsCHIKARA: Action Arcade Wrestling Features, Release Date, News, Screenshots and Videos - Operation Sports
Operation Sports presents the latest CHIKARA: Action Arcade Wrestling news, screenshots and videos. Looking for the CHIKARA: Action Arcade Wrestling release date or latest CHIKARA: Action Arcade Wrestling features? Youve come to the right place. ...
https://www.operationsports.com/games/chikara-action-arcade-wrestling/
Jolene Miklas Schneider | Handmade ArcadeJolene Miklas Schneider | Handmade Arcade
Allison loves birds and strives to produce clean, bright, happy, and modern pieces of art that are affordable to all. We think her silkscreen flock fits the bill.. Like what you see? See these items make their debut at the vendor booths. Limited sets of all seven products can be purchased at the discounted price of $395 at http://www.ashleycecil.com/shop and picked up at Handmade Arcade.. Handmade Arcade shoppers will also have an opportunity to speak with local ornithologists in person, and learn about ways to volunteer and help save birds-all while coloring a mural of birds most vulnerable to window collisions.. And dont forget to check out the HA raffles for a special customized basket with just bird-safe items!. Ready to shop and help our feathered friends? Well see you at Handmade Arcade!. ...
http://www.handmadearcade.com/author/jolene/
Afferent arteriolesAfferent arterioles
The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery, which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later ... The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important ... If the efferent arterioles are constricted then the blood pressure in the capillaries of the kidneys will increase. Efferent ... The macula densa cell can also increase the blood pressure of the afferent arterioles by decreasing the synthesis of adenosine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_arterioles
ArterioleArteriole
Pulmonary arterioles are a noteworthy exception as they vasodilate in response to high oxygen. Brain arterioles are ... An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to ... Arterioles have muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle cells) and are the primary site of vascular ... The arterioles achieve this decrease in pressure, as they are the site with the highest resistance (a large contributor to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole
Efferent arterioleEfferent arteriole
The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. Efferent (from Latin ex + ferre) ... The efferent arterioles form a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus, and carry blood away from the glomerulus that ... The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli are much different. They do break up, but they form bundles of vessels ... The efferent arterioles of the undifferentiated cortical glomeruli are the most complex. Promptly on leaving the glomerulus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_arteriole
Blood vesselBlood vessel
There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries ... In general, arteries and arterioles transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and its organs, and veins and venules ... There are various kinds of blood vessels: Arteries Elastic arteries Distributing arteries Arterioles Capillaries (smallest ... Blood is propelled through arteries and arterioles through pressure generated by the heartbeat. Blood vessels also transport ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel
Endometrial stromal sarcomaEndometrial stromal sarcoma
Prominent arterioles. Angiolymphatic invasion common. Up to 10-15 mitotic figures per 10 HPF in most active areas. Tongue-like ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_stromal_sarcoma
Cannon-Bard theoryCannon-Bard theory
... contraction of arterioles; dilatation of bronchioles; increased levels of blood sugar; sweating; widening of the pupils and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon–Bard_theory
Systemic vasculitisSystemic vasculitis
Affects capillaries, venules, or arterioles. Thought to be part of a group that includes granulomatosis with polyangiitis since ... Systemic vasculitis of medium and small arteries, including venules and arterioles. Produces granulomatous inflammation of the ... or arterioles. Therefore, complement will be low with histology showing vessel inflammation with immune deposits. Vasculitis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_vasculitis
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorBeta-2 adrenergic receptor
Dilate arterioles to skeletal muscle. In the normal eye, beta-2 stimulation by salbutamol increases intraocular pressure via ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor
MicrocirculationMicrocirculation
There, arterioles control the flow of blood to the capillaries. Arterioles contract and relax, varying their diameter and ... The microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules. Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the ... Metarterioles connect arterioles and capillaries. A tributary to the venules is known as a thoroughfare channel.[citation ... Arterioles respond to metabolic stimuli that are generated in the tissues. When tissue metabolism increases, catabolic products ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcirculation
Adventitial cystic diseaseAdventitial cystic disease
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventitial_cystic_disease
HemodynamicsHemodynamics
Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic observed in the arterioles, we expect the blood ... This is why[citation needed] the arterioles have the highest pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product ... In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in ... The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the ∆P is a result of a smaller radius of about 30 µm. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics
Robert HollenhorstRobert Hollenhorst
"Significance of bright plaques in the retinal arterioles". JAMA. 178: 23-29. doi:10.1001/jama.1961.03040400025005. PMC 1316410 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hollenhorst
Hollenhorst plaqueHollenhorst plaque
Hollenhorst RW (1961). "Significance of bright plaques in the retinal arterioles". JAMA. 178: 23-29. doi:10.1001/jama. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollenhorst_plaque
ConjunctivaConjunctiva
In some subjects, arterioles and venules can be seen to run parallel with each other. Paired arterioles are generally smaller ... The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature contains arterioles, meta-arterioles, venules, capillaries, and communicating vessels ... Hypertension is associated with an increase in the tortuosity of bulbar conjunctival blood vessels and capillary and arteriole ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctiva
Tubuloglomerular feedbackTubuloglomerular feedback
Efferent arterioles appear to play a lesser role; experimental evidence supports both vasoconstriction and vasodilation, with ... The muscle tension in the afferent arteriole is modified based on the difference between the sensed concentration and a target ... Constricting the smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole, results in a reduced concentration of chloride at the MD. TGF ... Adenosine constricts the afferent arteriole by binding with high affinity to the A1 receptors a Gi/Go. Adenosine binds with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback
Vascular resistanceVascular resistance
Another determinant of vascular resistance is the pre-capillary arterioles. These arterioles are less than 100 μm in diameter. ... Because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius, changes to arteriole diameter can result in ... known as resistance arterioles) tone. These vessels are from 450 μm down to 100 μm in diameter. (As a comparison, the diameter ... but the small arteries and arterioles are the site of about 70% of the pressure drop, and are the main regulators of SVR. When ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
... angiotensin II also constricts the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus in addition to the efferent arteriole it normally ... Prostaglandins normally dilate the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli. This helps maintain normal glomerular perfusion and ... Since NSAIDs block this prostaglandin-mediated effect of afferent arteriole dilation, particularly in kidney failure, NSAIDs ... which removes angiotensin II's vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole) and a diuretic (which drops plasma volume, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug
Myogenic mechanismMyogenic mechanism
The myogenic mechanism is how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow ... This is especially relevant in arterioles of the body. When blood pressure is increased in the blood vessels and the blood ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenic_mechanism
Renovascular hypertensionRenovascular hypertension
... located on the afferent arteriole wall). This leads to renin secretion that causes the angiotensinogen conversion to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension
BiofeedbackBiofeedback
Hand-warming involves arteriole vasodilation produced by a beta-2 adrenergic hormonal mechanism. Hand-cooling involves ... Skin temperature mainly reflects arteriole diameter. Hand-warming and hand-cooling are produced by separate mechanisms, and ... arteriole vasoconstriction produced by the increased firing of sympathetic C-fibers. Biofeedback therapists use temperature ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback
SpleenSpleen
The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles. The spleen is innervated by the splenic plexus, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen
Biofluid dynamicsBiofluid dynamics
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins make up the vasculature. The cardiovascular system circulates about 5 ... circulations take the blood through large arteries first and then branches into smaller arteries before reaching arterioles and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofluid_dynamics
Sickle cell retinopathySickle cell retinopathy
The occluded arterioles can be seen as dark red lines. They eventually turn into white silver-wire vessels. Stage of peripheral ... They are usually seen adjacent to the retinal arteriole. Bleeding in the deeper layers of the retina leads to the appearance of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_retinopathy
ArteryArtery
... down to the arterioles. The arterioles supply capillaries, which in turn empty into venules. The first branches off of the ... Arterioles have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary ... Arterioles help in regulating blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood ... Systemic arteries deliver blood to the arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where nutrients and gases are exchanged. After ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery
Trabecular arteriesTrabecular arteries
The arterioles end by opening freely into the splenic pulp; their walls become much attenuated, they lose their tubular ... The arterioles, supported by the minute trabeculae, traverse the pulp in all directions in bundles (penicilli) of straight ... The altered coat of the arterioles, consisting of adenoid tissue, presents here and there thickenings of a spheroidal shape, ... or central arterioles). Branches of the central arteries are given to the red pulp, and these are called penicillar arteries). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_arteries
BiomechanicsBiomechanics
However, this assumption fails when considering forward flow within arterioles. At the microscopic scale, the effects of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics
Arteriolar vasodilatorArteriolar vasodilator
... s are substances or medications that preferentially dilate arterioles. When used on people with certain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriolar_vasodilator
Lymphatic systemLymphatic system
The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles. In the human until the fifth month of prenatal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system
NephronNephron
The rest passes into an efferent arteriole. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent, and ... Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a vein, it is actually an arteriole.) Glomerulus is red; Bowman's capsule is ... Each glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. The glomerular blood pressure ... 397 The arterioles from the renal circulation enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole. The glomerular filtrate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron
Mortons neuromaMorton's neuroma
The arterioles are thickened and occlusion by thrombi are occasionally present. Though a neuroma is a soft-tissue abnormality ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton's_neuroma
2011 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 447.9 : Unspecified disorders of arteries and arterioles2011 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 447.9 : Unspecified disorders of arteries and arterioles
Home > 2011 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Diseases Of The Circulatory System 390-459 > Diseases Of Arteries, Arterioles, And ... 2015/16 ICD-10-CM I77.9 Disorder of arteries and arterioles, unspecified ...
http://www.icd9data.com/2011/Volume1/390-459/440-449/447/447.9.htm
Shear-controlled dilation in single or branched arterioles leads to unstable behavior which can be stabilized by series fluid...
Harrigan, T. P. (1995). Shear-controlled dilation in single or branched arterioles leads to unstable behavior which can be ... Harrigan, Timothy P. / Shear-controlled dilation in single or branched arterioles leads to unstable behavior which can be ... Harrigan, TP 1995, Shear-controlled dilation in single or branched arterioles leads to unstable behavior which can be ... Shear-controlled dilation in single or branched arterioles leads to unstable behavior which can be stabilized by series fluid ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/shear-controlled-dilation-in-single-or-branched-arterioles-leads-
Segmentally distinct effects of depolarization on intracellular [Ca2+] in renal arterioles.Segmentally distinct effects of depolarization on intracellular [Ca2+] in renal arterioles.
... in renal arterioles and the possible role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in these responses. Glomeruli with attached arterioles ... Segmentally distinct effects of depolarization on intracellular [Ca2+] in renal arterioles. Academic Article ... In contrast to the behavior of afferent arterioles, the 100 mM K+ solution reduced efferent arteriolar [Ca2+]i from 188 +/- 17 ... Animals, Arterioles, Calcium, Female, In Vitro Techniques, Kidney Glomerulus, Kinetics, Membrane Potentials, Muscle, Smooth, ...
https://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub1149981
Cardiovascular: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaCardiovascular: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
The term cardiovascular refers to the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular). The cardiovascular system includes:
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002310.htm
Fluorescent imaging of nitric oxide production in neuronal varicosities associated with intraparenchymal arterioles in rat...
Fluorescent imaging of nitric oxide production in neuronal varicosities associated with intraparenchymal arterioles in rat ... Fluorescent imaging of nitric oxide production in neuronal varicosities associated with intraparenchymal arterioles in rat ...
https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/publications/102623
Which chemical released by white blood cells causes arterioles to dilate? - MediHealthWriterWhich chemical released by white blood cells causes arterioles to dilate? - MediHealthWriter
Which chemical released by white blood cells causes arterioles to dilate?. ) Any organism that causes disease is classified as ... 9) Which chemical released by white blood cells causes arterioles to dilate? ...
https://www.medihealthwriter.com/chemical-released-white-blood-cells-causes-arterioles-dilate/
Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles<...Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles<...
Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles. Heyu Ni, Peter S.T. Yuen, Jessie M. Papalia, ... Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles. / Ni, Heyu; Yuen, Peter S.T.; Papalia, Jessie ... Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles. Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
https://pure.fujita-hu.ac.jp/en/publications/plasma-fibronectin-promotes-thrombus-growth-and-stability-in-inju
A case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with severe fibrinoid necrosis located mainly in the glomerular afferent...
We report here, a patient of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with severe fibrinoid necrosis in the afferent arteriole of the ... N2 - We report here, a patient of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with severe fibrinoid necrosis in the afferent arteriole ... AB - We report here, a patient of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with severe fibrinoid necrosis in the afferent arteriole ... Pathological investigation of renal tissue revealed severe fibrinoid necrosis of the arterioles mainly in the glomerular ...
https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-case-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-associated-with-severe-fib
Study on distribution of pericyte and fluorescent granular perithelial (FGP) cell in the transitional region between arteriole...Study on distribution of pericyte and fluorescent granular perithelial (FGP) cell in the transitional region between arteriole...
As an important complement to the field, our group proves the presence of PVMs in both peri‐arteriole space and peri‐venule ... As an important complement to the field, our group proves the presence of PVMs in both peri-arteriole space and peri-venule ... Multiple studies have reported the presence of PVMs surrounding musculated vessels, known as arterioles 10‐35 μm in diameter . ... Subsequent cell counting revealed more peri-arteriole PVMs than peri-venule PVMs in both cortical and subcortical regions in ...
https://scite.ai/reports/study-on-distribution-of-pericyte-JVXnek
Early recovery and functional outcome are related with causal stroke subtype: data from the tinzaparin in acute ischemic stroke...Early recovery and functional outcome are related with causal stroke subtype: data from the tinzaparin in acute ischemic stroke...
Arterioles * Aspirin / administration & dosage * Aspirin / therapeutic use * Brain Ischemia / classification * Brain Ischemia ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17689415/?dopt=Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism Medication: Aldosterone Antagonists, Selective, Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing, Antihypertensives, OtherHyperaldosteronism Medication: Aldosterone Antagonists, Selective, Diuretics, Potassium-Sparing, Antihypertensives, Other
Doxazosin is an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist, which causes vasodilation of veins and arterioles. These effects result in ... It causes vasodilation of veins and arterioles. These effects result in decreased peripheral resistance and blood pressure. ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/920713-75487/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antihypertensives-other-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-hyperaldosteronism
Figure 2 - Susceptibility of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) - Volume 13,...
D) Splenic arteriole. Positive IHC staining of vascular smooth muscle cells.. Main Article ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/12/1821-f2.htm
Imaging intact human organs with local resolution of cellular structures using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography | Nature...Imaging intact human organs with local resolution of cellular structures using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography | Nature...
... efferent or afferent arteriole; g, glomerulus) and in the spleen (rp, red pulp; wp, white pulp; a, arteriole; ss, splenic sinus ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-021-01317-x?error=cookies_not_supported
Relationships between retinal arteriole anatomy and aortic geometry and function and peripheral resistance in hypertensivesRelationships between retinal arteriole anatomy and aortic geometry and function and peripheral resistance in hypertensives
... 05 ... This tudy highlights that wall-to-lumen ratio of the retinal arterioles is a marker of blood pressure regimen, total resistance ... Aims : To study the relationships between retinal arteriole anatomy and aortic geometry and function and peripheral resistance ...
http://publications.imageens.com/relationships-between-retinal-arteriole-anatomy-and-aortic-geometry-and-function-and-peripheral-resistance-in-hypertensives/
Medical Examination (Ages 1-74) Data (1971-75)Medical Examination (Ages 1-74) Data (1971-75)
Narrow Arterioles 1 - Right 5 ** 2 - Left 3 3 - Both 139 Blank 23661 830 Tortuous Arterioles 1 - Right 2 ** 2 - Left 1 3 - Both ...
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/surveys/hanes/hanes1/type_txt/h1medex.asp
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Hypertensive retinopathy: Stages, causes, treatment, and moreHypertensive retinopathy: Stages, causes, treatment, and more
Stage 2: Stage 1 plus arteriovenous crossing sign, a pattern where arterioles cross over with veins ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypertensive-retinopathy-stages
Endocrine System Anatomy: Overview, Gross AnatomyEndocrine System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy
The endocrine system-the other communication system in the body-is made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones, chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide processes such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. Hormones are also involved in regulating emotional life.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948709-overview
Brimonidine evokes heterogeneous vasomotor response of retinal arterioles: diminished nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation when...
Brimonidine evokes heterogeneous vasomotor response of retinal arterioles: diminished nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation when ... All first-order arterioles (82 +/- 2 microm ID) dilated dose dependently to brimonidine (0.1 nM to 10 microM) with 10% dilation ... Second-order arterioles (50 +/- 1 microm ID) responded heterogeneously with either dilation or constriction. The incidence and ... Herein, we examined the vasomotor action of brimonidine on different branching orders of retinal arterioles in vitro and ...
https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n63051SE
Internet Scientific Publications
Minoxidil dilates arterioles. The effect seems to result from opening of potassium channels in smooth muscle membranes by the ...
http://ispub.com/IJPHARM/9/2/7517
Endogenous nitric oxide and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids modulate angiotensin II-induced constriction in the rabbit afferent...
keywords = "Afferent arteriole, Angiotensin II, Endothelium, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, Nitric oxide",. author = "K. Kohagura ... induced constriction in isolated microperfused afferent arteriole (Af-Art) of the rabbit kidney. When Af-Arts were treated with ... induced constriction in isolated microperfused afferent arteriole (Af-Art) of the rabbit kidney. When Af-Arts were treated with ... induced constriction in isolated microperfused afferent arteriole (Af-Art) of the rabbit kidney. When Af-Arts were treated with ...
https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/endogenous-nitric-oxide-and-epoxyeicosatrienoic-acids-modulate-an
TelangiectasiaTelangiectasia
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most ...
https://fpnotebook.com/derm/Exam/Tlngcts.htm
FLC Search | Directories | Fort Lewis College | Durango COFLC Search | Directories | Fort Lewis College | Durango CO
Arterioles. Capillaries. Venuoles. Veins. Distribution system * Slide 1 WEBSITE. faculty.fortlewis.edu/byrd_s/physiologyweb/ ...
https://www.fortlewis.edu/search-directories/flc-search?f.Tabs%7CAllDocumentsFill=All+Results&f.Format%7Cf=ppt&collection=fortlewis-search
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Categories: Arterioles Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 2 images ...
https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Arterioles&parentid=3501&catid=3506
WEBVTTWEBVTT
51.952 two sets of arterioles. Arteriole that leads into the 48:51.946 48:56.466 glomerulus and an arteriole that leads out ... 03.462 sitting on either side of an arteriole--now what did 49:03.464 49:06.294 arterioles do? They were of the right size ... Well, the glomerular 49:34.690 49:39.410 capillaries sit here between two arterioles and they can 49:39.413 49:42.593 ... 05.113 across that arteriole so the pressures lower coming out. 50:05.110 50:08.260 If I want the higher pressure drop on ...
https://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/caption-files/beng100_16_032508.vtt
PDF] O(2) release from erythrocytes flowing in a narrow O(2)-permeable tube: effects of erythrocyte aggregation. | Semantic...PDF] O(2) release from erythrocytes flowing in a narrow O(2)-permeable tube: effects of erythrocyte aggregation. | Semantic...
Effect of erythrocyte aggregation and flow rate on cell-free layer formation in arterioles.. *P. Ong, B. Namgung, Paul C. ... The results show that cell-free layer formation in the arterioles is enhanced by a combination of flow reduction and red blood ... Simulation of NO and O2 transport facilitated by polymerized hemoglobin solutions in an arteriole that takes into account wall ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/O%282%29-release-from-erythrocytes-flowing-in-a-narrow-Tateishi-Suzuki/c7f4ee60ddb37d439e1c813e9b6ed51542bc955b?p2df
Notch signaling functions in noncanonical juxtacrine manner in platelets to amplify thrombogenicity | eLifeNotch signaling functions in noncanonical juxtacrine manner in platelets to amplify thrombogenicity | eLife
The arteriole was injured by topically placing a Whatman filter paper saturated with ferric chloride (10%) solution for 3 min ... Intravital imaging of thrombus formation in murine mesenteric arterioles. Request a detailed protocol Ferric chloride-induced ... 15 or 20 min after ferric chloride-induced injury of the mesenteric arterioles. (B-D) Bar diagrams showing time to first ... equipped with monochrome CCD cooled camera was employed to image isolated mesenteric arterioles of diameter 100-150 µm. ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/79590
CapillariesVenulesCapillaryAfferentDilationVeinsRetinalVesselsDilateSplenicPeripheralPulmonaryVasodilationRenalPulpWallsVesselRabbit kidneyKidneysAccumulateSmallDiameterOuterExcessiveCentralReceiveBeginsControl
Capillaries3
  • Afferent arterioles pass blood into the glomerular capillaries, where hydrostatic pressure pushes water and solutes into Bowman's capsule. (justia.com)
  • Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles then capillaries then the venules and veins of the venous system. (medbeautys.com)
  • Camphora used in this product fights against fungal infections and protects our skin from excessive irritation, itching and rashes and this compound is used to increase the blood flow in peripheral capillaries and arterioles. (yamunapharmacy.com)
Venules6
  • As an important complement to the field, our group proves the presence of PVMs in both peri‐arteriole space and peri‐venule space (Figure B) by showing PVMs surrounding both musculated arterioles and nonmusculated venules. (scite.ai)
  • Arterioles and venules have normal color, sheen, and course. (moviecultists.com)
  • 1 - 4 In general, it is believed that the choriocapillaris hemodynamics involve arterioles at the center of the lobules that are responsible for feeding the lobules, after which the blood drains into the peripheral venules that are located in the outer rim of the lobules. (arvojournals.org)
  • 1 - 4 However, it is still disputed as to whether the outer rim of these lobules consists of venules or arterioles. (arvojournals.org)
  • Venules are followed along two sides of this arteriole and short precapillaries are branched out in tree-like manner from it forming capillary network surrounding arteriole and capillary plexuses. (scirp.org)
  • Postcapillaries branched from the network are being emerged the venules accompanied arterioles. (scirp.org)
Capillary3
  • Telangiectasia - facial spider veins caused by dilation of capillary vessels or arterioles. (amaramd.com)
  • From the aorta blood flows into the arteries and arterioles and ultimately to the capillary beds. (medbeautys.com)
  • Arteries terminate at the capillary bed where oxygen and nutrient rich blood leaks out of the smallest arteries (arterioles) and bathes our tissues in life sustaining fluid. (arcphysicaltherapy.com)
Afferent5
  • In contrast to the behavior of afferent arterioles, the 100 mM K+ solution reduced efferent arteriolar [Ca2+]i from 188 +/- 17 to 148 +/- 13 nM (n = 11, P (uab.edu)
  • We report here, a patient of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with severe fibrinoid necrosis in the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus, in whom antiphospholipid antibody might have contributed to the pathogenesis. (elsevier.com)
  • Pathological investigation of renal tissue revealed severe fibrinoid necrosis of the arterioles mainly in the glomerular afferent arteriole associated with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. (elsevier.com)
  • We examined whether endogenous NO or EETs modulate angiotensin II- (AngII) induced constriction in isolated microperfused afferent arteriole (Af-Art) of the rabbit kidney. (elsevier.com)
  • Net filtration pressure is expressed as the hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole minus the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space minus the osmotic pressure in the efferent arteriole. (justia.com)
Dilation4
  • Harrigan, TP 1995, ' Shear-controlled dilation in single or branched arterioles leads to unstable behavior which can be stabilized by series fluid resistances ', Paper presented at Proceedings of the 1995 Bioengineering Conference, Beever Creek, CO, USA, 6/28/95 - 7/2/95 pp. 527-528. (elsevier.com)
  • All first-order arterioles (82 +/- 2 microm ID) dilated dose dependently to brimonidine (0.1 nM to 10 microM) with 10% dilation at the highest concentration. (tamu.edu)
  • Second-order arterioles (50 +/- 1 microm ID) responded heterogeneously with either dilation or constriction. (tamu.edu)
  • Therefore, dilation of arterial blood vessels (mainly arterioles) leads to a decrease in blood pressure. (fasting.ws)
Veins1
  • Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins. (fasting.ws)
Retinal9
  • To study the relationships between retinal arteriole anatomy and aortic geometry and function and peripheral resistance in hypertensives. (imageens.com)
  • This tudy highlights that wall-to-lumen ratio of the retinal arterioles is a marker of blood pressure regimen, total resistance and remodeling of the distal arterial tree. (imageens.com)
  • Brimonidine evokes heterogeneous vasomotor response of retinal arterioles: diminished nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation when size goes small. (tamu.edu)
  • Herein, we examined the vasomotor action of brimonidine on different branching orders of retinal arterioles in vitro and determined the contribution of the alpha2-AR subtype and the role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) in this vasomotor response. (tamu.edu)
  • First- and second-order retinal arterioles of pigs were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized for functional studies. (tamu.edu)
  • RT-PCR was performed for detection of alpha-AR and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA in retinal arterioles. (tamu.edu)
  • Regardless of vessel size, vasomotor responses (i.e., vasodilation and vasoconstriction) of retinal arterioles were sensitive to the alpha2-AR antagonist rauwolscine. (tamu.edu)
  • Consistent with the functional data, alpha2A-AR and eNOS mRNAs were detected in retinal arterioles. (tamu.edu)
  • Collectively, our data demonstrate that brimonidine at clinical doses evokes a consistent NO-dependent vasodilation in first-order retinal arterioles but a heterogeneous response in second-order arterioles. (tamu.edu)
Vessels3
  • Multiple studies have reported the presence of PVMs surrounding musculated vessels, known as arterioles 10-35 μm in diameter. (scite.ai)
  • The patented BEMER EVO signal stimulates vasomotion in humans, i.e. the pumping movement of the smallest vessels (arterioles). (provenexpert.com)
  • Modern research shows that acupoints are located in areas where there is a high density of free nerve endings, mast cells, small arterioles and lymphatic vessels. (burnthillsvethosp.com)
Dilate2
  • Which chemical released by white blood cells causes arterioles to dilate? (medihealthwriter.com)
  • Skeletal muscle arterioles dilate in response to application of acetylcholine (ACh), eliciting a conducted vasodilation (CVD) that travels along unbranched segments without decrement. (umsystem.edu)
Splenic1
Peripheral1
  • The choriocapillaris lobules appear to be supplied from peripheral arterioles, not central. (arvojournals.org)
Pulmonary1
  • Results: MCT caused increased RVP, medial wall thickening of the pulmonary arterioles, and increased expression level of ET-1, ET receptor A, and NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4 proteins. (ewha.ac.kr)
Vasodilation2
  • Administration of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester abolished the brimonidine-induced vasodilation in first- and second-order arterioles. (tamu.edu)
  • Nanoparticle inhalation impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in subepicardial arterioles. (cdc.gov)
Renal2
  • Segmentally distinct effects of depolarization on intracellular [Ca2+] in renal arterioles. (uab.edu)
  • Experiments were performed to determine the influence of depolarization on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in renal arterioles and the possible role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in these responses. (uab.edu)
Pulp2
  • The Greek word "Endodontics" literally means "inside the tooth" and relates to the tooth pulp, tissues, nerves, and arterioles. (harbordentalmn.com)
  • The origin of accessory canals, particularly accessory furcation canals, is a failure in the formation of the Hertwig's sheath (3,6,18), which Figun and Garino (18) called a physiological periodontal fistula through which arterioles, pulp and collagen fibers can grow (3). (bvsalud.org)
Walls3
  • It affects primarily the inner and middle layers of the walls of arterioles. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The walls thicken, narrowing the arterioles. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Either of these disorders may stress the walls of arterioles, resulting in thickening. (merckmanuals.com)
Vessel1
  • Subsequent cell counting revealed more peri-arteriole PVMs than peri-venule PVMs in both cortical and subcortical regions in mouse brain, but no difference if normalized to vessel length ( Figure 1C). (scite.ai)
Rabbit kidney1
  • Glomeruli with attached arterioles and thick ascending limb were dissected from rabbit kidney and loaded with fura 2. (uab.edu)
Kidneys1
  • The heart needs the kidneys to constrict arterioles to maintain blood pressure and the kidneys need the heart to pump fluid for them to excrete. (foleyforsenate.com)
Accumulate1
  • The clinical presentation is highly variable, in the feces, but the eggs accumulate in making its diagnosis a challenge, symptoms the arterioles that irrigate the affected such as malaise and myalgias are usually tissue4. (bvsalud.org)
Small1
  • Arteriolosclerosis means hardening of the arterioles, which are small arteries. (merckmanuals.com)
Diameter1
  • Periosteum of fetal vertebral bodies are distributed originating from fine arteries of 70 - 120 diameter and arterioles of 30 - 50 diameter which are part of arteries of network of micro blood circulation. (scirp.org)
Outer3
  • During ICGA, C-shaped precapillary arterioles multiplied in numbers and emerged in the posterior pole, forming the outer rim of the numerous mosaics or lobules. (arvojournals.org)
  • When the FA and ICGA images were superimposed, the C-shaped arterioles observed during the ICGA were shown to correspond to the outer dark rim of the mosaics seen during the FA. (arvojournals.org)
  • to the outer single section of the arterioles pass out of the subcostai. (juanfreire.com)
Excessive1
  • Excessive peptidergic sensory innervation of cutaneous arteriole-venule shunts (AVS) in the palmar glabrous skin of fibromyalgia patients: Implications for widespread deep tissue pain and fatigue. (bvsalud.org)
Central1
  • The central zone of vertebral body is supplied with blood by the main arteriole. (scirp.org)
Receive1
  • As a result, organs supplied by the affected arterioles do not receive enough blood. (merckmanuals.com)
Begins1
  • The process begins with brief contraction of nearby arterioles ( see arteries). (britannica.com)
Control1
  • The deficiency of pFN did not affect the initial platelet adhesion, but a delay of several minutes in thrombus formation was observed in the arterioles of pFN-deficient mice as compared with control mice. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
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